Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'École néo-classique d'économie politique'
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Masson, Bernard. "Marchés, monnaie, titres : études sur les traditions néoclassique, classique et préclassique." Paris 10, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA100114.
Full textThis thesis tries to show, in opposition to two symetrical and familiar opinions, that economic theory in retrospect exhibits unity and diversity and always the one with the other. Neoclassical, classical and preclassical traditions are here identified by a small number of propositions drawn out of l. Walras, a. Smith and j. Law. Then these propositions are formalised with the help of contemporary treatments or techniques. The results allow some iconoclast connections : the previous authors, plus ricardo and marx, leontief sraffa, torrens, sismondi or quesnay appear to give specific answers on the ground of a common way to set the problems. This common way takes into account the behaviour of economic agents; it always define the rules of their assembling, in order to construct a "social machine"
N'Djomon, Abel Béranger. "Apports de l'école autrichienne d'économie à l'analyse des problèmes de développement : une analyse catallactique du développement." Aix-Marseille 3, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX32014.
Full text“Catallactic analysis” is an approach inherited from the Austrian school of economics which can be applied to study of economic development. “Catallactic development” (CD) turns out to be more fruitful than the concept of “economic development”. It highlights the spontaneous nature of progress in contrast to the constructivist underpinnings of traditional theories of economic development. “Catallaxy” is a process in which each individual trades with other individuals in order to satisfy his needs in a give-and-take process. Catallaxy thus provides mutual gains to those involved in the process. The study of the development process from a catallactic perspective rehabilitates the entrepreneur as an actor of the development process. The subsequent entrepreneurial opportunities theory (SEOT) is a proposal of “CD” that builds upon the study of the market process with entrepreneurs as the driving force. It rests, on the one hand, on the Austrian theory of markets and entrepreneurship put forward by Kirzner, and on the other, on the analysis of the psychological and institutional factors critical for entrepreneurial action. It sees the entrepreneur as a homo agens, whose alertness towards entrepreneurial opportunities (EO), allow him to be inspired by some entrepreneurial discoveries and/or exploitations of EO in order to create further ones, be they innovative or merely imitative. The catallactic development process that the SEOT sketches relies on innovative and imitative phenomena initiated by entrepreneurial action. The application of the TOES framework to the case of sub-Saharan Africa helps to explore the implications of “CD” in this region and to offer some suggestions
Benharrats, Nadia. "Déficit budgétaire- déficit extérieur : le cas de la France." Paris 10, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA100142.
Full textMusy, Olivier. "La dynamique de l'inflation dans les modèles néo-keynésiens." Aix-Marseille 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005AIX24009.
Full textErreygers, Guido. "Terre, rente et choix de techniques : une étude sur la théorie néo-ricardienne." Paris 10, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA100076.
Full textThe thesis concerns the position of non-reproducible natural resources (in short : 'lands') within the neo-ricardian theory. The aim is exclusively theoretical, namely to examine whether the integration of land into the neo-ricardian theory is done in a coherent way, and to determine the effects of their presence on certain aspects of the theory. The first part deals with an analysis of the theories of rent of the three most important writers of classical political economy (Smith, Ricardo, Marx). In the second part, the theory of rent of Piero Sraffa, the principle point of reference of neo-ricardian conomics, is presented, criticized and amended. In the third part, Sraffa’s narrow point of view is abandoned, and the effects of the presence of land on the choice of techniques are analysed. The most important result of the thesis is the demonstration of a new theorem on the uniqueness of cost-minimizing techniques in the presence of land
Gnandou, Ide. "La théorie des anticipations rationnelles et la nouvelle macroéconomie classique : portée, sens et signification pour l'analyse économique avec une étude de comportements économiques au Niger." Paris 9, 1989. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=1989PA090018.
Full textOtmani, Abdelhafid. "L’Algérie : modèles économiques et réformes." Paris 8, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA084065.
Full textThe purpose of this thesis is to provide a comprehensive and critical view of the systemic change of the Algerian economy. In this work we have studied three economic models, two neoclassical, the first radical and the second gradual. The third is heterodox, Post-Keynesian. Indeed, the strategies followed by countries in transition are now well-known, which exhorts us also to empirical and theoretical comparisons, in light of these models, between the various approaches taken to identify and subsequently to detect malfunctions or defects that characterize the economic reforms in Algeria. If, in Algeria, the results obtained after the changes are detectable, their confrontation and reconciliation with a theoretical model developed still extremely complex. Indeed, it turns out that for a real economic takeoff, Algeria should review all the basic elements that affect the proper functioning of its institutions and hampering economic development, while the country has all the necessary resources. It is clear that no model among those discussed in the first part, has been followed, not even a combination of these three models, it appears that the rule in Algeria, it is the non- model. Political improvisation, that characterized the economic and political decisions for a quarter century, cannot be sustained. This country will never experience success, if the idea of leap for a real model of transition and development is not implemented in the context of a clear and determined policy
Barrois, Pierre-Paul. "La nature catallactique de la firme : de la conception néo-industrielle à une conception autrichienne du gouvernement des hommes dans l'entreprise." Aix-Marseille 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005AIX32033.
Full textThe study of the firm, and more generally speaking the interpersonal coordination, has known some significant progress, specially since the developments of neo-institutional or contractual perspectives through those two main branches: the theory of transaction cost and the agency theory. The critical analysis of those approaches led us, at first, to reject the strict firm/market's dichotomy. Thus, the firm appears like a nexus of contracts. It lead us to enlarge their anthropological vision prompted by Hobbes and Machiavelli for restricting instrumental and totalitarian limits. Then, it shows the necessity to go far away the neoclassical paradigm in order to apprehend in a more astute way human behaviours and their modality of coordination. Therefore, we set the possibility to built an Austrian theory of the firm. Moreover, it is established that Austrian school disposed a range of key concepts quite adapted to a firm's conceptualisation. Supported on the catallaxy notion for his harmonisation proprieties, the firm presents itself like an open club, a cognitive entity and a polyarchical community of individual entrepreneurs
Boyer, Jean-Daniel. "Architecture du système d'Adam Smith." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006STR1EC07.
Full textThis thesis examines the structure underlying Adam Smith’s work. It attempts to show that its coherence may be discerned as we let ourselves be guided by the idea that some of the author’s methodological principles are drawn from Newton. We wonder about the author’s explicit evocation of gravitation which is assumed to explain the way societies work. For social norms indeed, appear to be revolving round natural laws, just as market prices are, round natural prices or round the value of commodities. There also lies the implicit evocation of a force of attraction governing the destiny of human societies that would in time, tend towards an ideal City. Such a process would then be at the root of the need for the implementation and establishment of a specific institution of justice: the state. And Adam Smith would eventually emphasize the liberalism of liberty and justice
Laszlo, Christopher. "Propriétés émergentes et principes de gestion des entreprises multinationales : application de la théorie générale de l'évolution." Paris 10, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA100129.
Full textA new competitive environment exists, driven by the explosive growth in technological innovation over the last one hundred and twenty years, and by the globalization, informatisation, and ecological interdependence of the business world. The global corporation acquires a new set of characteristics and dynamics, which in turn calls for a new theoretical framework capable of explaining the corporate phenomenon, as well as an ensemble of principles of action with which to manage it. But neo-classical and associated management theories of the firm have not undertaken this effort of reconceptualization over the last century. It is in this context that evolutionary-systems theory is adapted and applied to the corporation and its environment. This body of theory provides insights into properties and dynamics characterized by complexity, openness, fluctuation, disorder, and uncertainty. The principles of management which are derived from the principal postulates of the theory offer a framework for action. Organized around elements of strategy, organization, and operations, they are centered on processes of self-organization, self learning, relations between activities, information flows, and on the co-evolution of the corporation with its environment. The principles are conceived as guidelines to managers of global industrial corporations. Two case studies illustrate their application, one in the United States and the other in Eastern Europe
Laget, Florence. "La pensée politique de Jean-Baptiste Say : droit et politique au service de l'ordre libéral." Lyon 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LYO33014.
Full textBerthonnet, Irène. "De l’efficacité à la concurrence : Histoire d’une synthèse entre économie néoclassique et néolibéralisme." Thesis, Lille 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LIL12028.
Full textEfficiency and competition are systematically connected in mainstream economics. During the 20th century, this connection has evolved from the assertion of the efficiency of competitive markets to the belief that efficiency is the competitive design in itself. This identification results from various changes of perspectives, approximations, and semantic changes in the various streams of mainstream economics, thus contributing to the doctrinal aspect of the identification of efficiency to competition. This doctrinal characteristic is the result of a co-construction by neoclassical economics and neoliberalism. These theories are apprehended as two specific approaches, different but compatible. Interactions between neoclassical economics and neoliberalism lead to the definition of mainstream economics as a synthesis of these two approaches. The demonstration is based on a history of the Pareto criterion, from 1894 to contemporary economics. The criterion, initially named « maximum of ophelimity for the community » has undergone several theoretical, epistemological and semantic transformations, before becoming widely used as an efficiency criterion. Elaborated upon the properties of the competitive general equilibrium, it is intrinsically linked to the competitive design. But competition can be described and operated in many different ways, and the theoretical indetermination of the economic concept of competition conveys a strong uncertainty regarding the scope and meaning of the assertion of competition’s efficiency
Rigault, Florence. "Autorité, libéralisme et organisation : dynamiques du projet fayolien." Paris 1, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996PA010010.
Full textHenri Fayol's administrative doctrine - the result of his life-long (1860-1918) experience as engineer then managing director with commentry-fourchambault - is usually summarized by a single saying : "administration means foresight, organization, command, co-ordination and control". This maxim sum up a whole theoretical construction and holds the founding concepts of the economics of organizations. Our work is concerned with the definition of the all the aspects - theoretical, historical and epistemological - of the Fayolian project. We suggest a four-fold reading of Fayol's work : a philosophy of administration, the administration in the public sector, the experimental administration and the teaching of administration. The authority principle sets up the formal structure of the firm. From this point of view, Fayol aims at a social system where function is proportionate to capacity, where collective interest has priority over individual interest. Though the early XXth century France showed not least than four main schools (taylorization, the "amarism", the "belotism"), the taylorian way quickly prevailed. Rebuilding the theoretical origins of the administrative doctrine leads us to an examination of its epistemological foundations in the light of Fayol's application of experimental method. As we come closer to Fayol's liberalism, we are intended to understand it simultaneously as the continuation of leroy-beaulieu and colson and as a prefiguration of the "builder" liberalism of the interwar years. Fayol's main concern, besides his liberalism, was the rightful acknowledgment of the role of engineers and directors in the firm. Fayol's popularity did not begin in 1916 France with the publishing of general and industrial management, but fifteen years later in the us, thanks to colonel Urwick and Luther Gulick, founders of a second Fayolism. Eventually, reading once again chester barnard's and herbert simon's works leads us to thinking of them as a major legacy of the administrative doctrine
Desreumaux, Vincent. "La justice sociale et le marché : essai sur l’économie du bien-être parétienne." Thesis, Lille 1, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009LIL12019.
Full textThis study deals with the paretian theories of welfare economics and social justice, which develop through the 20th century. We seek to explain the emergence of this field, represented by works such as Bergson’s, Samuelson’s and Arrow’s on the individualistic social welfare function, Hicks’, Kaldor’s and Scitovsky’s on compensation criteria, Pazner and Schmeidler on the egalitarian-equivalent criterion or Kolm’s and Varian’s on the envy-freeness criterion. We show that the neoclassical welfare theory is prompted, often in an implicit manner, by a project of political philosophy, which is understood as an alternative to previous theories in this area such as classical utilitarianism and social contract theory. This project is based on the idea that the market constitutes the best way to solve questions of collective choice. In substance, a society of homo œconomicus is – or could be – efficient and equitable. This line of interpretation permits us to make sense of the repeated attempt to introduce, in the Walras-Pareto general equilibrium analytical framework, a theory of social justice, compatible with the individualistic ethic underlying this framework. We also show the ethical limits of this attempt: by renouncing to substantial justifications offered by utilitarianism and social contract theory, the paretian theory of welfare and social justice seems to lack a truly convincing philosophical foundation. Its ethical justification appears weak, in particular concerning the articulation between individual judgements and collective justice criteria
Hupfel, Simon. "L' évolution comparée des manufactures de soieries de Lyon et de Londres, 1789-1848 : une approche institutionnaliste." Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010ENSL0088.
Full textThe bulk of the investigations undertaken in this thesis could be described as an attempt, taking the silk manufactures of Lyon and London in a comparative view, to shed some light on the nature of the economic and political transitions experienced by France and England between 1789 and 1848. Both the performances and the general attributes of the two industries were very similar by the end of the18th century ; both of them being especially organised on the basis of thousands of urban workshops. The great flexibility of this organisation enabled the manufacture to respond to the brisk variations of the demand for luxury upon which it depended. In this framework, the enthusiasm shared by the weavers from Lyon and London to set up institutions securing to them the possibility to participate to the collective regulation of their trade soon entered in contradiction with the project, gaining ground on both sides of the Channel, to engage further into the division of labour by regrouping workers in bigger units of mechanized production. Each community thus had to face new attacks threatening their bodies of regulations, the intensity of which is even amplified after the fall of Napoléon. Those attacks finally led the national authorities to repeal the official wage-fixing mechanisms existing in both industries (occuring in 1824 in London, and in 1831 in Lyon). While this repeal initiated the decline of the London manufacture, its main French rival continued to develop well into the second half of the century. The main argument we introduce is that such a striking divergence should be related to the existence in Lyon of a web of local autonomous institutions capable of regulating the complex functionning of urban dispersed manufactures, contrasting with the weakness of the London’s structures of local government. Although this disparity derives partly from the specificities of the Lyon case, it has also been caused by the political choices made by the national authorities of the two countries. The attention devoted to the study of the influence of different forms of government on economic activity could thus provide original reasons to explain the French specialization on upper quality manufactured goods, and consequently to understand the role played by skilled urban artisans in the emergence of a workers’ movement in France and England
Roy, Loraine. "The relevance of monetary valuations of biodiversity for public decision making." Thesis, Lille 1, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013LIL12019/document.
Full textThere is a profusion of research on environmental monetary valuation methods, and particularly in ‘biodiversity valuations’ because biodiversity losses have become one of today’s two environmental iconic problems. Often, it is the neoclassical/welfare theory of the economic value and environmental asset valuation that is applied to value biodiversity. However, this theory raises many concerns, by itself, but also regarding its applicability to biodiversity. This PhD attempts to identify some major factors playing a role in the relevance of valuations for public decision makers, a relevance that schematically results from the content and the legitimacy of valuations. The first factor we deal with is the influential power of money and the Cost Benefit Analysis, the second is the shift in ethical approach that monetary valuations risk to bring to the general economic approach (strongly anthropocentric and merely instrumental), the third factor is the methodological recourse to discounting and the fourth factor is the complexity of the notion biodiversity and particularly of its functional dimension. To work on those factors, we emphasize the relevance and necessity, of an interdisciplinary research, and of a constant effort on the part of economists, to clarify the nature of their fundamental approach to biodiversity when having recourse to monetary valuations
Dosquet, Yaël. "La gouvernementalité de la nouvelle économie classique : de la révolution cognitive de l'économie politique à l'escalade sémantique de la gouvernementalité libérale, comment expliquer le succès de la composition de la Théorie des Cycles à l'Équilibre d'Anticipations Rationnelles dans les années 1970." Paris, EHESS, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012EHES0021.
Full textKeynesian macroeconomics is rooted in the neoclassical theory. Obviously, it was Robert Lucas who, in 1972, contributed to the reconstruction of a neoclassical macroeconomics based upon business cycle theory with rational expectations equilibrium. Although this epistemological event is well known, no traditional epistemology provides a satisfying explanation. Hence, the purpose of this thesis is to demonstrate that the issues raised by the internal and external epistemological success of this neoclassical theory must be approached in two non distinct ways. On the one hand, through analysing how the theoretical strategic insights of this theory have composed a semantic ascent (Quine). On the other hand, through the genealogy of the muted roots of political economy as discipline. These roots can be reached thanks to the governmentality concept (Foucault). The governmentality concept raises the question of knowing how human beings rule themselves by producing truth. So, this genealogy enlightens the 1970’ governmental practice instability, from the point of view that Lucas’ model was the only one to provide a reliable solution to the blind alley issue that occidental economies were facing. This analytical renewal of the governing by the truth problem can be pointed out as a cognitive revolution of political economy
Chbouki, Moktar. "Institutions, transition et performances économiques : une contribution méthodologique à l'analyse néo-institutionnaliste du changement économique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM1087.
Full textThis study returns to the issue of institutional change that Eastern European countries have experienced for the past two decades. This change still presents a certain acuteness to grasp the sense of the differences in the economical performances observed between the economies in transition. To understand the uneven success of this process we broadened in an evolutionist approach the neo-institutionalist methodological framework by questioning the anthropologic systems that supported all society projects including the very idea of doing economics. The anthropological science that studies mental rigidity is trying to understand why societies that are so geographically close do not merge for millenniums. The principle of the world’s cultural diversity allowed to understand how informal institutions emerged and influenced economic performance. An increase in the stock of knowledge combined with a demographic transition would constitute the base of mental transition which supported by reliable institutions would be decisive in the success of the process of political and economic change. Political and economic change is just the reflection of a mental transition taking part in the core structures of a society. The Cultural Revolution, synonym of evolution of the mentalities, is an autonomous phenomenon that precedes economic development and political modernity. Relying at once on a framework of mentalities, the politics and the economics never act without results. They are, by virtue of their nature, endogenous and contingent because a society can only change if it acknowledges the necessity for change
Fessler, Damien. "Valeur et mesure dans les " Recherches sur les principes mathématiques de la théorie des richesses " d'Antoine-Augustin Cournot." Phd thesis, Université Panthéon-Sorbonne - Paris I, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00163290.
Full textCette thèse montre que, loin de constituer une rupture avec la théorie économique dominante, la démarche des Recherches traduit au contraire l'attachement de Cournot au concept classique de valeur, caractérisé par la coexistence de plusieurs registres d'évaluation, hiérarchisés et articulés entre eux. Cette thèse montre en outre l'originalité de la posture épistémologique de Cournot et la manière dont il conçoit l'intervention des mathématiques dans la connaissance.
Dimassi, Rose M. "La dynamique économique de l'innovation : étude et analyse selon les deux approches néoclassique et évolutionniste." Thesis, Paris 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA01E013.
Full textThis thesis project aims to study the innovation dynamics, from both the economic and political standpoints, on the factors targeting the promotion of innovation in Lebanon, a country characterized by an ever-changing and unstable environment. The study is largely based on the Neoclassical and the Evolutionary economic reasoning regarding innovation. It explores similarities and heterogeneities of these two economic mainstreams. Relying on these respective approaches, we will try to identify the role of structures and driving forces in either accelerating or slowing the macroeconomic innovation mechanism. According to the neoclassical orthodox approach, the major macroeconomic indicators were reviewed, namely economic policies, inputs and outputs. Nonetheless, knowing that these indicators are not sufficient to explain the innovation process as adopted by the evolutionary literature, we use the evolutionary approach focusing on the dimensions of innovation dynamics, an economic phenomenon entitled National Innovation System (NIS) enabled by the interaction of economic actors. As a result of these two approaches, we detail descriptive census data collected on innovation endeavors undertaken by various economic players involved in the Lebanese NIS such as: the Government, universities, enterprises and intermediaries-collaborators. The qualitative analysis of information from documents, interviews and case studies, shows the extent of the functioning progress of the NIS, carried out by local actors. The results obtained show that the country is well endowed with highly skilled human capital, but reflect the burden of political conflicts, insecurity and endemic corruption, as major problems likely to stifle, hamper or limit the innovation progress. Also and from analytical assessment, we provide the principal themes in this corpus that allow us to suggest a theoretical model indicating the NIS evolution continuum that ranks the eight NIS theoretical functions through three successive stages: resources mobilization, development and sustainability. This study sets key landmarks for determining progress in innovation support at the national level. As such, applying theories of innovation strengthening in developing countries would require further reflection on the NIS internal structure and functioning, in order to better take into account the impact of environmental conditions of the local economy
Silvant, Claire. "L’école libérale française et l’intervention publique dans la deuxième moitié du XIXe siècle." Thesis, Paris 10, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA100189.
Full textThe object of this dissertation is to analyze the conceptions of public intervention in the French liberal School in the second half of the 19th century. The first chapter is devoted to the exposition of three different views of these economists on State. We elaborate a typology relying on their analyses of the legitimate State attributes; this typology distinguishes an “orthodoxy” considering the only provision of security and justice, a “regulatory” liberalism, and a more “interventionist” liberalism. We question this typology, wondering if it remains relevant when our liberal economists discuss the practical questions of their time.Thus the second chapter of our study presents to the liberal analyses of taxation. We highlight the richness of the French thought on this topic. We particularly put forward the formalized contributions of three of them: Cournot, Dupuit and Fauveau. In the third chapter we study the positions of our economists on the question of the issuing of banknotes, on credit, and on the metallic standard. We show that their theoretical divergences are well explained by their preference for a rule or for a discretionary public intervention.Our last chapter investigates the question of property rights. By examining their ideas on inheritance and on intellectual property, we emphasize the opposition inside this School between the advocates of a regulatory State and the defenders of the State as a protector of natural rights. Finally the boundary between the liberal “orthodoxy” and the liberal “heterodoxy” is less steady than what we could think
Goutsmedt, Aurélien. "Les macroéconomistes et la stagflation : essais sur les transformations de la macroéconomie dans les années 1970." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01E031/document.
Full textThis thesis focuses on the transformations of macroeconomics in the United States during the 1970s, while questioning the way to study and to analyze these transformations. From the point of view of economic history, the period seems to mark a break with the relative stability post World War II years. This period of economic stability, that one calls “stagflation”, echoes the instability of U.S. macroeconomic theory. The consensus of the time, regarded as “Keynesian”, is attacked by economists labeled as “Monetarist” and “New Classical”. The last group is the one of “revolutionaries”, regarding as having radically transformed the discipline, as the Copernican revolution overthrown the geocentric representation of the universe. My goal in the thesis is to study the influence of New Classical economists on macroeconomics in the 1970s, by appealing to an historiographical framework which outs at the heart the role played by stagflation, and by confronting the results of this work to the standard narrative. This thesis is built around four articles, independent from one another. The first chapter proposes a comparison between the methodologies of Lucas and Sargent, and shows how the latter intend to give a more realistic character to the new classical economy models, by using rational expectations to describe different economic phenomena. The second chapter takes interest in the confrontation between Lucas and Sargent on one side, and the defenders of structural econometric models on the other. The third chapter studies the evolution in the works of Robert Gordon on inflation in the 1970s, and documents the way he gradually adopts the natural rate of unemployment hypothesis. Finally, the chapter four is interested in the empirical debates in the early 1980s, about the Lucas critique
Ruellou, Thomas. "De la théorie des prix à la science du législateur : le moment Adam Smith." Thesis, Paris 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA01E056.
Full textThis thesis aims at questioning the homogeneity of classical political economy by showing that alternative links between price theory and the science of a legislator may be endorsed, depending on what conception of the autonomy of the economic domain is retained. In this respect, Adam Smith departs from François Quesnay and David Ricardo. While these authors are often compared on the sole ground of price theory, and thereby subsumed under a common framework, Dugald Stewart played a prominent role in the development of a trend in the history of ideas which actually excluded Smith from the start. In the light of the author’ understanding of the autonomy of the economy, the first part of this thesis shows that key concepts of classical price theory, among which the rule of distribtuion orthe circulation of commodities, reflect the fact that the economy is embedded in society considered as a whole. Yet, while Quesnay, Stewart and Ricardo did contribute to classical theory in this respect, Smith's analyses do not fit its logical requirements and seem to represent a deadlock.These are however the sign of an alternative project, dealt within the second part of the thesis. Quesnay, Stewart and Ricardo presuppose that the economy is subject to an overall order which ought to be realised thanks to market competition, although they disagree as to what formof institution is best suited to do so. On the contrary, Smith presupposes that the legislator is not impeded by any economic mechanism, since the economy are only a dimension of social interactions, whereby conflicting interests need to be counterbalanced
Gaul, Michael. "Progrès et prix naturels : conceptions de l'Histoire dans la pensée économique de Cantillon à Marx." Thesis, Paris 1, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020PA01E025.
Full textThis thesis analyzes the relations between the origin of the notion of historical progress in the second half of the eighteenth century and the formation of political economy as an autonomous science. In contrast to a traditional view, post-Smithian classical political economy and Ricardian economics in particular appear not as the ‘dismal science’, but rather as a pure theory of progress. The first part deals with the way in which conceptions of history and economic theory are articulated in the works of Richard Cantillon, François Quesnay et Adam Smith. Whereas Cantillon’s theory expresses a cyclical conception of history and physiocratic thought aims at the repression of this cyclical conception, Smith’s theory is opposed both to Cantillon and Quesnay, through its foundation of a progressive conception of history and the affirmation that progress is ‘natural’. Since Smith’s progressive conception of the historical process is based upon a simple, yet novel co-ordination of technical change in time and across space, the second and third parts study the classical theory of technical progress and the classical theory of international trade. It is in this context that Ricardo turns out to be the most radical of the ‘Smithian’ economists: Ricardo identified the condition under which progress is indeed ‘natural’ and insisted upon the fact that this condition is approximately satisfied by natural prices. In the final analysis, it is Smith’s affirmation of natural progress which provides the common framework for post-Smithian classical economists, Marx included, and distinguishes them from earlier exponents of the same ‘surplus approach’ to value and distribution