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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Ecological Biogeography'
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Viljoen, Jan-Adriaan. "Ecological influences in the biogeography of the Austral sedges." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/20302.
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The biogeographic history of a species is a result of both stochastic processes such as dispersal and habitat filters that determine where a population with a given set of biological requirements can become established. In this dissertation, I examine the geographical and ecological distribution of the sedge tribe Schoeneae in conjunction with its inferred speciation history in order to determine the pattern of dispersal and the environmental factors that have influenced establishment. The biogeographic reconstruction indicates numerous transoceanic dispersal events consistent with random diffusion from an Australian point of origin, but with a bias towards habitats with vegetation type and moisture regime similar to the ancestral conditions of the given subgroup (open and dry habitats in the majority of cases). The global distribution of the tribe also suggests a preference for low-nutrient soils, which I investigate at the local (microhabitat) scale by contrasting the distributions of the tribes Schoeneae and Cypereae on the Cape Peninsula along soil fertility axes. The relationships between the phenotypic traits of species and their soil nutrient levels are also examined to determine whether the coexistence of the two groups in the Cape can be attributed to differences in nutrient accumulation behaviour or strategy of biomass allocation to roots or structural organs vs. leaves. No robust patterns were observed to identify such adaptations or to distinguish the tribes ecologically, a result that is at least partly due to low statistical power in the data set collected, which constrains the analysis to the use of simple models less able to detect subtle patterns in the ecological history of these sedges.
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Eeley, Harriet Amelia Catherine. "Ecological and evolutionary patterns of primate species area." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.359391.
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Gray, Duncan Peter. "Ecological connectivity in braided riverscapes." Thesis, University of Canterbury. School of Biological Sciences, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/4181.
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Rivers are hierarchical networks that integrate both large and small scale processes within catchments. They are highly influenced by variation in flow and are characterised by strong longitudinal movement of materials. I conducted an extensive literature review that indicated braided rivers lie at the upper end of the river complexity gradient due to the addition of strong lateral and vertical connectivity with their floodplains. The management of these rivers requires an understanding of the connective linkages that drive complexity, however in developed regions few braided river systems remain intact. The large number of relatively pristine braided rivers in New Zealand provided a unique opportunity to study physical and biotic patterns in these large dynamic systems. Initially I examined horizontal connectivity through patterns in regional and local diversity in eleven braided rivers in the North and South islands of New Zealand. Subsequently, the next component of my thesis focused on vertical connectivity through intensive investigations of energy pathways and the recipient spring stream food-webs.
The eleven river survey included sampling of multiple reaches and habitats (main channels, side braids, spring sources, spring streams and ponds) and confirmed the importance of lateral habitats to invertebrate diversity. However, I found that large spatial scales made a greater contribution to diversity than small scales, such that major differences occurred between rivers rather than habitats. This result suggested either a role for catchment-scale factors, such as flow, or biogeographic patterning. Subsequent analysis of the relationships between invertebrate diversity and the physical environment indicated strong regulation by flow variability, but also biogeographic community patterns. Braided rivers are clearly disturbance dominated ecosystems, however the effects of disturbance are manifest in different ways across the riverscape.
The role of vertical hydrological connectivity in linking the different components of the floodplain was investigated by tracing carbon pathways from the terrestrial floodplain to spring-fed streams and their communities. Using δ13C isotope signatures it was possible to show that inorganic carbon in groundwater was derived from terrestrial vegetation and subsequently incorporated into spring stream food-webs. However, the degree to which a stream community uses groundwater as opposed to allochthonous carbon is affected by the successional stage of riparian vegetation, a function of the shifting habitat mosaic that is regulated primarily by flow variation and sediment dynamics. In summary, the structure of braided river ecosystems is regulated primarily at the catchment scale, but connectivity at smaller scales plays an important role in determining ecological structure and function.
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Lee, Timothy Robert Charles. "Molecular phylogenetic, ecological, and evolutionary studies of Australian Rhinotermitid termites." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/14528.
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The termite family Rhinotermitidae contains some of the world’s most economically significant pests. In Australia, members of the Rhinotermitidae are found distributed across nearly all environments on the mainland. Some Australian species in this family are of particular evolutionary significance because they are the only species in the family to build mounds above ground- the other species nest underground or in wood. How these Australian rhinotermitids- in the genus Coptotermes- acquired the ability to build mounds has not been studied, nor has the time of their arrival in Australia or how they diversified there. Little is known also about the colony and population structure of many species in the Australian Rhinotermitidae. This thesis describes the use of several different methods to address the issues above. I conducted a mitochondrial and nuclear molecular phylogenetic analysis, including all Australian species of Coptotermes as well as members of the genus from around the world to estimate the timing and pattern of diversification in this group. Using environmental niche analysis software, I estimated the environmental niches of all Australian Coptotermes and compared them to determine environmental influences on the evolution of moundbuilding behaviour in this group and to analyse patterns of diversification in the group over evolutionary time. Having found two divergent genetic lineages among the Australian Coptotermes, I described two new species from Queensland and Western Australia based on morphological and molecular data. I performed the first investigation of colony and population structure in the Australian pest rhinotermitid Schedorhinotermes intermedius, using five microsatellites markers I discovered, and I also tested one hypothesis concerning the presence of all-female workers and soldiers in this species. Finally, we investigated the role of juvenile hormone analogues in inducing the differentiation of presoldiers in Coptotermes lacteus, S. intermedius, and Mastotermes darwiniensis. My project shows that the Australian Coptotermes termites arrived in Australia from South- East Asia about 12.5 million years ago and rapidly diversified, adapting to newly developing environments very different to those in which their ancestors existed. I found that the Australian Coptotermes’ niches diverged rapidly and that the degree of niche similarity between taxa was uncorrelated with their degree of phylogenetic relatedness. I also found that the Australian mound-building Coptotermes live in significantly different ecological niches from one another. My project also adds two new species to the known Australian Coptotermes fauna- C. cooloolae and C. nanus- and provides evidence that there are yet more species undiscovered in this group. This project also confirms genetically that S. intermedius colonies are usually headed by a single king and queen, with some being headed by secondary reproductives. I was able to rule out parthenogenesis as a mechanism maintaining its strongly biased sex ratio. Finally, this project demonstrated that C. lacteus and S. intermedius workers can be induced to differentiate into presoldiers using juvenile hormone analogues Hydroprene and Methoprene, with the former much more readily differentiating than the latter. This study furthers our understanding of the Australian termite fauna. My work contributes to the discussion of the systematics of the Australian Rhinotermitidae, our understanding of their evolution and colony dynamics.
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PASLARU, VIOREL. "ECOLOGICAL MECHANISMS IN PHILOSOPHICAL FOCUS." University of Cincinnati / OhioLINK, 2007. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ucin1195862599.
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Boynton, Primrose. "Ecological Patterns and Processes in Sarracenia Carnivorous Pitcher Plant Fungi." Thesis, Harvard University, 2012. http://dissertations.umi.com/gsas.harvard:10636.
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The kingdom Fungi is taxonomically and ecologically diverse, containing an estimated 1.5 million species. Fungi include decomposers, pathogens, and plant and animal mutualists. Many fungi are microorganisms, and the processes shaping microbial diversity may be fundamentally different from those that shape plants and animals. However, ecologists do not yet fully understand how fungal species are distributed over space and time. Using fungi that inhabit the water of Sarracenia carnivorous pitchers, I describe inter and intraspecific fungal diversity and investigate the processes that shape fungal diversity. I introduce these concepts in Chapter 1. In Chapter 2, I describe changes in fungal species diversity over space and time. I enumerated fungal species in five Sarracenia populations across the United States and Canada, and show that thousands, but not hundreds of kilometers separate distinct fungal communities. I also sampled a single Sarracenia population over a Sarracenia growing season, and found that young fungal communities are significantly different from older fungal communities. Observed patterns correlate with environmental factors including temperature and pitcher pH, and with the presence or population structure of pitcher inhabiting arthropods. In Chapter 3, I describe dispersal of and competition among three common pitcher fungi. I tracked Candida glaebosa, Rhodotorula glutinis, and Pseudozyma aphidis appearances in pitchers in a single Sarracenia population, and show that different appearances reflect different dispersal times. I also describe interactions between dispersal and competition in microcosms: high numbers of propagules introduced into a microcosm give a competitive advantage to investigated fungi. In Chapter 4, I describe changes in genotype composition of a population of Candida glaebosa, which is widespread and abundant in pitchers, and disperses early in the season. I observed three C. glaebosa populations in five locations; C. glaebosa population structure does not reflect broader community structure as described in Chapter 2. Population structure instead correlates with host taxonomy, and I contrast inter and intraspecific diversity patterns and the processes that potentially cause such patterns.
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Thomas, Daniel. "Hitchhiking in the Canopy: Ecological Patterns of Forest Mycobiomes." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/23141.
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The fungal microbiome, or “mycobiome” of plants is diverse and important to
host health, but the fluxes of fungi among plant hosts and with the surrounding
environment are poorly understood. In chapter two, we employed sterile culture
techniques and spatial sampling to examine leaves as possible vectors for transfer of their
endophytic fungi from the canopy to substrate on the forest floor, as predicted by the
Foraging Ascomycete hypothesis. Some foliar endophytic fungal species are also present
as wood-decomposing fungi on the forest floor, that transfer of mycelium across these
two life history stages can occur, that endophytic life history stages are buffered from
environmental conditions in comparison to wood-decomposing fungi, and that spatial
linkages between the two life history stages can be observed. In another study, described
in chapter 3, wood and leaf wood endophytes were sampled across a 25 ha plot, to
explore landscape patterns of mycobiomes, and to explore the concept of a core
microbiome in aerial plant tissues. We found that core microbiomes may be observed in a
real ecological setting, but that the concept of core must be carefully defined and that
some level of buffering from disturbance may be necessary to allow core microbiomes to
assemble. In chapter four, we return to examine some of the assumptions and
implications of the Foraging Ascomycete hypothesis, with an agent-based model. We
model the conditions under which dispersal through falling leaves may represent a
fitness-enhancing dispersal strategy for fungi, and that deforestation as is currently
underway throughout the world may have impacts on fungi that rely upon a canopy-
inhabiting life stage for dispersal. In chapter five, some challenges associated with
environmental sampling of microbes using illumina© MiSeq sequences are critically
examined. We find that biases introduced by random sampling at various stages of
IVenvironmental DNA extraction and illumina© MiSeq sequencing are not well corrected
by currently accepted bioinformatic algorithms. In addition, information loss from
differential extraction, PCR amplification, and sequencing success, requires that users of
MiSeq read libraries to interpret read abundances carefully.
This dissertation includes previously published, co-authored material.
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Fragoso, Glaucia Moreira. "Biogeography of spring phytoplankton communities from the Labrador Sea : drivers, trends, ecological traits and biogeochemical implications." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2016. https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/403357/.
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The Labrador Sea is a high latitude sea of the sub-Arctic region known to be an important oceanic sink for atmospheric CO2 due to intensive convective mixing during winter and the development of extensive phytoplankton blooms that occur during spring and summer. Therefore, a broad-scale investigation of the response of phytoplankton community composition to environmental forcing is essential for understanding planktonic food-web organization and biogeochemical functioning in the Labrador Sea. The aim of the research included in this thesis is to investigate the biogeographical and biochemical aspects of phytoplankton communities resulting from the contrasting hydrographical zones that divide the Labrador Sea into distinct ecological provinces. In Chapter 2, the phytoplankton community structure from near surface waters during spring and early summer (2011 to 2014) was investigated in detail, including species composition and environmental controls. This initial results demonstrated that the Labrador Sea spring and early summer blooms were composed of contrasting phytoplankton communities, for which taxonomic segregation appeared to be controlled by the physical and chemical characteristics of the dominant water masses. In Chapter 3, further work included an investigation of spring phytoplankton communities from surface waters of the Labrador Sea using pigment-based data and CHEMTAX analysis over ten-years (2005-2014). The photophysiological parameters (derived from photosynthesis-irradiance curves) and biochemical (particulate organic carbon to nitrogen ratio (POC:PON)) values differed among distinct phytoplankton communities. These results have provided a baseline of current distributions and an evaluation of the biogeochemical role of spring phytoplankton communities in the Labrador Sea, which will improve our understanding of potential long-term responses of phytoplankton communities in high-latitude oceans to a changing climate. In Chapter 4, potential indicator phytoplankton species of Atlantic and Arctic waters were investigated during spring in the Labrador Sea to identify possible functional traits driving biogeography. Future implications in trait biogeography and species distributions under a global warming scenario are discussed. In Chapter 5, a synthesis of the main findings of each result Chapter is included, in addition to schematic representation of the environmental controls on phytoplankton communities and species/classes succession from May to June in the Labrador Sea. Work that would increment our knowledge of phytoplankton from the Labrador Sea is suggested together with a final conclusion.
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U'Ren, Jana M. "Host-, Geographic-, and Ecological Specificity of Endophytic and Endolichenic Fungal Communities." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/202977.
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As one of the most diverse and ecologically important clades of life, fungi are best known as pathogens, saprotrophs, mycorrhizae, and lichens. Yet an enormous amount of previously unknown diversity occurs among endophytic and endolichenic fungi--species-rich, horizontally transmitted fungi that live within asymptomatic photosynthetic structures such as leaves and lichens. Here, I explore the biodiversity of these understudied symbiotrophs and the ecological and biogeographic factors influencing their communities.To evaluate methods currently used in ecological studies of environmental samples of fungi, I assessed inter- and intraspecific divergence of a fast-evolving locus for four genera commonly found as endophytes, and compared analytical methods for identifying and delimiting OTUs. Then I used the most robust methods to show that after soil contact, seeds of a focal tree species contain diverse fungi that are closely related to endophytes and pathogens.To explore the ecological specificity of symbiotrophic fungi, I examined endophytic, endolichenic, and saprotrophic communities inhabiting physically proximate hosts in a biotically rich area of southeastern Arizona. I found that endolichenic fungi are largely distinct from plant-associated fungi, with the exception of a group of ecologically flexible symbionts that occur in lichens and mosses. Although numerous endophytes were found in non-living leaves, fungi that were highly abundant in leaf litter were seldom found as endophytes.To assess symbiotroph biodiversity and ecological specificity at a broad geographic and phylogenetic scale, I isolated>4100 endophytic and endolichenic fungi from diverse communities of plants and lichens across five climatic regions in North America. I found that the abundance, diversity, and composition of these nearly ubiquitous fungi differ as a function of climate, locality, and host. Differences among communities reflect environmental characteristics more strongly than geographic distance.Last, I addressed a series of hypotheses regarding the ecological specificity of fungi inhabiting living and non-living leaves. I show that like endophytes, saprotrophic communities are structured by environmental characteristics, and at small spatial scales by host and leaf status. Yet, differences in communities between living leaves and leaf litter suggest that most endophytes either rapidly complete their life-cycle or are out-competed by robust saprotrophs once leaves senesce.
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Radomski, Thomas P. "Biogeography and Climatic Niche Evolution in the Eastern Red-backed Salamander (Plethodon cinereus)." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1473718749599987.
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Fisher, David. "Postglacial Transient Dynamics of Olympic Peninsula Forests: Comparing Predictions and Observations." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/13328.
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Interpreting particular climatic drivers of local and regional vegetation change from paleoecological records is complex. I explicitly simulated vegetation change from the late-Glacial period to the present on the Olympic Peninsula, WA and made formal comparisons to pollen records. A temporally continuous paleoclimate scenario drove the process-based vegetation model, LPJ-GUESS. Nine tree species and a grass type were parameterized, with special attention to species requirements for establishment as limited by snowpack. Simulations produced realistic present-day species composition in five forest zones and captured late-Glacial to late Holocene transitions in forest communities. Early Holocene fire-adapted communities were not simulated well by LPJ-GUESS. Scenarios with varying amounts of snow relative to rain showed the influence of snowpack on key bioclimatic variables and on species composition at a subalpine location. This study affirms the importance of exploring climate change with methods that consider species interactions, transient dynamics, and functional components of the climate.
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Judkins, Heather L. "Cephalopods of the Broad Caribbean : distribution, abundance, and ecological importance." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0003021.
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Matos, Rafael Pereira de. "Estudos fitogeogrÃficos e modelagem ecolÃgica do gÃnero Dimorphandra Schott (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae)." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2015. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=15372.
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FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgicoEstudar padrÃes de distribuiÃÃo dos organismos à relevante na ecologia, biogeografia e biologia da conservaÃÃo fornecendo subsÃdios para compreender a evoluÃÃo da biodiversidade. Dimorphandra Schott à um gÃnero de distribuiÃÃo neotropical com 25 espÃcies no Brasil, distribuÃdas tanto em formaÃÃes savÃnicas (Cerrado) como ombrÃfilas (Floresta AmazÃnica e AtlÃntica). Este trabalho objetivou entender como està distribuÃda e quais os fatores ambientais estÃo associados à riqueza e a diversidade de Dimorphandra. Foram utilizadas ferramentas de Sistemas de InformaÃÃo GeogrÃfica, modelagem ecolÃgica e dados de ocorrÃncia obtidos da rede SpeciesLink, informaÃÃes bibliogrÃficas e visitas à herbÃrios. Esses dados foram classificados dentro de provÃncias biogeogrÃficas de acordo com um esquema de regionalizaÃÃo biogeogrÃfica e com os grupos gerados por uma anÃlise de agrupamento â UPGMA realizada no programa PC-ORD e uma anÃlise parcimoniosa de endemicidade (PAE) feita por meio do programa PAUP. Paralelamente, modelos ecolÃgicos de distribuiÃÃo baseados em algoritmos (BIOCLIM e CCSM) foram formulados para opassado, presente e futuro em ambiente do MAXENT e DIVA-GIS. Ambos os centros de riqueza e diversidade foram a regiÃo amazÃnica. As espÃcies com mais ampla distribuiÃÃo foram D. mollis Benth. e D. gardneriana Tul., ambas ocorrendo no corredor de formaÃÃes vegetacionais abertas e secas no sentido nordeste-sudeste. TrÃs blocos fitogeogrÃficos foram determinados pela anÃlise de agrupamento: A) AmazÃnia; B) EcÃtono Cerrado/Floresta AtlÃntica; e C) Escudo das Guianas. A anÃlise de PAE evidenciou dois grandes clados com suporte estatÃstico (bootstrap) acima de 80%. Foram estabelecidos os seguintes padrÃes de distribuiÃÃo: 1) Amplo na AmazÃnia, 2) Restrito ao Norte da AmazÃnia (acima do Rio Negro), 3) Escudo das Guianas, 4) EcÃtono Cerrado/Floresta AtlÃntica, e 5) MicroendÃmico aos Cerrados de Minas Gerais. Os resultados da modelagem preditiva demonstraram uma tendÃncia de reduÃÃo da maior parte da Ãrea de ocorrÃncia potencial do gÃnero em um cenÃrio futuro, com exceÃÃo de pequenas regiÃes no Escudo das Guianas, as quais teriam condiÃÃes de expandir a distribuiÃÃo das espÃcies. Como conclusÃes, conheceu-se a distribuiÃÃo do gÃnero pela AmÃrica do Sul, seus centros de riqueza e diversidade, no caso a regiÃo amazÃnica, alÃm de ter sido verificada uma tendÃncia geral na reduÃÃo da Ãrea potencial de ocorrÃncia do gÃnero no futuro e expansÃo em Ãreas de altas altitudes, consideradas refÃgios.
Studying patterns of distribution of organisms is relevant in ecology, biogeography and conservation studies under even to understand the evolution of biodiversity. Dimorphandra Schott. is a widespread neotropical genus with 25 taxa in Brazil, occurring in savanna (Cerrado) and ombrophylous vegetation (Amazonia and Atlantic Rain Forest). This work aims to understand the factor that drives the richness and diversity of Dimorphandra. We used SIG, ecological modeling and databank of SpeciesLink and bibliography. These data were classified within biogeographic provinces according to a biogeographically regionalization scheme and according to groups generated by a cluster analysis in the PC-ORD program and a Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity (PAE) by PAUP program. At the same time, ecological distribution models were formulated to the past, present and future based on algorithms (BIOCLIM and CCSM) using the softwares MAXENT and DIVA-GIS, referring to each group according to the UPGMA results. The richness and diversity centers were in the Amazon region. The species more widespread were D. mollis Benth. and D. gardneriana Tul., occurring in the Seasonal Tropical Dry Forests (STDFs) in the northeast-southeast direction. Three phytogeographic groups were determined by the cluster analysis: A) Amazon and its two subgroups: Broad Amazon and North of Negro River Basin; B) Ecotones Brazilian Savanna/Atlantic Forest; and C) Guyana Highlands. PAE analysis pointed two major clades with good support (>80% bootstrap). Some distribution patterns were determined: 1) Broad Amazon Pattern, 2) Restricted to northern Amazon Pattern, 3) Guyana Shield Pattern, 4) Ecotones Brazilian Savanna/Atlantic Forest Pattern and 5) Micro Endemic Minas Geraisâ Brazilian Savanna Pattern. Predictive modeling results demonstrated a trend on reduction of most potential occurrence areas, except in small regions in Guyana Highlands, which expanded in a future scenario. Finally, we can conclude that distribution of the genus through South America was known as well its richness and diversity centers, besides it has been checked a general trend on reduction of potential occurrence area of this genus in a future scenario except in high areas which are considered refugia.
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McKenna, David J. "Demographic and ecological indicators of rarity in a suite of obligate-seeding Persoonia (Proteaceae) shrubs." Access electronically, 2007. http://www.library.uow.edu.au/adt-NWU/public/adt-NWU20080131.142010/index.html.
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Villalba, Almendra Ana. "Evolution and Biogeography of Mesoamerican Small Mammals: With Focus on the Genus Handleyomys and Related Taxa." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2015. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5812.
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Mesoamerica is considered a biodiversity hot spot with levels of endemism and species diversity likely underestimated. For mammals, the patterns of diversification of Mesoamerican taxa still are controversial. Reasons for this include the region's complex geologic history, and the relatively recent timing of such geological events. Previous studies, however, support the view that substantial migration between North (NA) and South America (SA) occurred prior or/and during the Great American Biotic Interchange (GABI) ~3.5 Ma. This was followed by repeated periods of isolation during Pleistocene climatic oscillations, which produced most of the diversification in the region. From a North American origin, the subfamily Sigmodontinae migrated to SA, where most of its present day diversity exists. The taxonomic history of this subfamily, and of Oryzomynii, its largest tribe, has been exceptionally complex. Recently, extensive studies have helped to clarify genealogical relationships among major clades, but have left the evolutionary histories of several groups unresolved. Such is the case for the genus Handleyomys that includes nine species; seven of which are endemic to Mesoamerica; and of its phylogenetic position among closely related genera Euryoryzomys, Hylaeamys, Oecomys, Nephelomys and Transandinomys. The results supported the monophyly of Handleyomys, and four clades with inter-generic levels of divergence within the genus, three of these clades restricted to Mesoamerica (the alfaroi, chapmani and melanotis species groups). Furthermore, the estimated time for the split of the Mesoamerican Handleyomys is on average, 2.0 Myr older than the proposed migrations to NA during the GABI. In addition, the position of Handleyomys as the sister clade to Euryoryzomys, Hylaeamys, Oecomys, Nephelomys and Transandinomys was well supported, as it was a biogeographic hypotheses that depicted a polyphyletic origin for these genera and Handleyomys 5.5-6.0 Ma. The integrative approach implemented in this dissertation allowed the development of more biologically realistic hypothesis than has previously been conducted in Mesoamerica, where half of the endemic mammals are listed under the IUCN Red list; and where mammals with small ranges, which are the most vulnerable to extinction, are found largely outside reserves. The continued decline of the ecosystems health in this region calls for a more precise account of its biodiversity for its proper conservation; and for rigorous biogeographic studies for its management, since the region also serves as a biological corridor for intercontinental connectivity.
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Jiménez, Ontiveros Vicente Luis. "Stochastic models and the temporal dynamics of ecological communities." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/672831.
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This thesis develops a quantitative approach to understanding and predicting the spatiotemporal distribution of biodiversity, based on a stochastic version of the theory of island biogeography. Here, I present R package ‘island’, that estimates colonization and extinction rates in a variety of temporal samplings, estimates the influence of the environment on these processes, and simulates temporal dynamics of the associated models. ‘island’ has been applied specially to microbial communities, but applies to any ecological community. This stochastic model is valuable as an effective model that summarizes the effects of dispersal, selection, drift, making easy the study of complex temporal dynamics. This thesis also emphasizes the importance of long-term research for obtaining new insights into community ecology and improve our understanding of the spatiotemporal distribution of biodiversityEsta tesis desarrolla una aproximación cuantitativa para entender y predecir la distribución en el tiempo y el espacio de la biodiversidad, basándose en una versión estocástica de la teoría de biogeografía de islas. Así, presenta el paquete de R ’island’ que estima tasas de colonización y extinción en una variedad de muestreos temporales, estima la influencia del ambiente sobre estos procesos, y simula la dinámica de los modelos asociados. ‘island’ se ha aplicado especialmente en comunidades microbianas, pero es aplicable de forma general. Esta versión estocástica es valiosa como un modelo efectivo que promedia los efectos de dispersión, selección y deriva, lo que facilita el manejo de dinámicas temporales complejas. Esta tesis también enfatiza la importancia de los estudios a largo plazo para obtener nuevos conocimientos sobre ecología de comunidades y acerca la comprensión de la distribución de las especies en el espacio y el tiempo
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Bledsoe, April Dawn. "A Tale of Two Species: Black-tailed and White-tailed Prairie Dog Biogeography from the Last Interglacial to 2070." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2020. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3764.
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Ecological niche models (ENMs) were created for White-tailed and Black-tailed prairie dogs and projected into the Last Interglacial (LI), the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), and mid-Holocene (mid-H) to discern possible past suitable habitat for both species. Additionally, ENMs were projected into the future year 2070 representative concentration pathways (RCPs) 2.6 and 8.5 to discern how climate change may affect future habitat suitability. Kernel density estimations, minimum convex polygons, and median distribution centers of White-tailed and Black-tailed occurrence records were examined between time-periods to discern the effects of anthropogenic westward expansion on both species’ distributions. Current ENMs were constructed from commonly used bioclimatic variables and non-traditional variables (including EPA level III Ecoregions) for White-tailed and Black-tailed prairie dogs for variable comparison performance in ENMs. Results indicate that both species respond to climate change and each occupy distinct ecological niches. Biogeographical changes coincident with westward expansion remain unknown.
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Seidel, Richard Alan. "Conservation Biology of the Gammarus pecos Species Complex: Ecological Patterns across Aquatic Habitats in an Arid Ecosystem." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1251472290.
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Bolte, Constance E. "NICHE CONSERVATISM OR DIVERGENCE: INSIGHTS INTO THE EVOLUTIONARY HISTORIES OF Pinus taeda, Pinus rigida, AND Pinus pungens." VCU Scholars Compass, 2017. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/4842.
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Environmentally related selective pressures and community interactions are well-documented drivers for niche differentiation, as natural selection acts on adaptive traits best fit for survival. Here, we investigated niche evolution between and within Pinus taeda, Pinus rigida, and Pinus pungens and sought to identify which climate variables contributed to species divergence. We also sought to describe niche differentiation across genetic groupings previously identified for P. taeda and P. rigida. Ecological niche models were produced using Maximum Entropy followed by statistical testing based on a measure of niche overlap, Schoener’s D. Both niche conservatism and niche divergence were detected, thus leading us to conclude that directional or disruptive selection drove divergence of the P. taeda lineage from its ancestor with P. rigida and P. pungens, while stabilizing selection was associated with the divergence of P. rigida and P. pungens. The latter implies that factors beyond climate are important drivers of speciation within Pinus.
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Lucas, Joan Manel Alfaro. "Faunal composition and community structure of the world\'s deepest whale-fall community: shedding light on the ecological role of Osedax (Polychaeta: Siboglinidae) and whale-fall biogeography." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/21/21134/tde-20032016-201739/.
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This study aims to describe the faunal composition and community structure of the world\'s deepest whale fall and the first found in the South Atlantic Ocean. This discovery adds very important data on the poorly known whale-fall biogeography and provides new insights on the ecological role of the \"bone-eating\" worm Osedax (Polychaeta: Siboglinidae) on associated biota. The whale fall was serendipitously found in April 24th, 2013 at the base of São Paulo Ridge at 4204 m depth in the SW Atlantic Ocean using the HOV Shinkai 6500 during the Brazil-Japan joint Iatá-Piúna Oceanographic Expedition on board RV Yokosuka (Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, JAMSTEC). Detailed video surveys of the carcass were made using high-definition video cameras. Vertebrae, surrounding sediments and fauna were also collected using the submersible manipulators and a slurp gun. The partial skeleton belonged to an Antarctic Minke whale, Balaenoptera bonaerensis, and was composed of nine caudal vertebrae, whose degradation state suggests it was on the bottom for at least 5 years. Most of the 41 invertebrate species found are new to science, with ca. 12% of the genera shared with NE Pacific whale falls, vent and seep ecosystems. This similarity strongly supports the hypothesis that whale falls act as \"stepping-stones\" for the dispersion of chemosynthetic fauna and that some whale-fall specialists are widespread worldwide at genus level. Detailed investigation of inner bone assemblages indicates that Osedax degradation deeply affects their diversity and structure. Bones colonized by Osedax support distinct, significantly more diverse and abundant assemblages. This renders Osedax the status of ecosystem engineer, creating new microhabitats and enhancing biodiversity in deep-sea whale-fall communities.O presente estudo descreve a composição faunística e a estrutura da comunidade de carcaça de baleia mais profunda do mundo e a primeira a ser encontrada no Oceano Atlântico Sul. A descoberta adiciona dados importantes à quase desconhecida biogeografia destas comunidades, assim como aumenta o conhecimento sobre o papel ecológico dos vermes-zumbis do gênero Osedax (Polychaeta: Siboglinidae), especialistas no consumo e degradação de ossos. A carcaça foi fortuitamente descoberta em 24 de Abril de 2013, na base da Dorsal de São Paulo a 4204 m de profundidade (Atlântico Sudoeste), utilizando-se o submersível de pesquisa tripulado Shinkai 6500 (Agência Japonesa para o Estudo das Ciências do Mar e da Terra e Tecnologia, JAMSTEC na sigla em inglês). Os mergulhos fizeram parte da Expedição Oceanográfica Iatá-Piúna, fruto de um acordo bilateral de cooperação científica em Ciências do Mar entre Brasil e Japão. Durante dois mergulhos foram feitos vídeos detalhados da carcaça através de uma câmera de alta definição. Também foram coletadas vértebras, sedimentos e fauna por meio dos braços manipuladores e de um sugador. O esqueleto parcial pertencia a uma baleia Minke Antártica, Balaenoptera bonaerensis, e era composto por nove vértebras, cujo estado de degradação sugere que a baleia estava no assoalho marinho por pelo menos 5 anos. A maioria das 41 espécies de invertebrados encontradas são novas para a ciência e cerca de 12% dos gêneros são compartilhados com ambientes redutores do Pacífico Nordeste, como carcaças, fontes hidrotermais e exsudações frias. Tal semelhança corrobora fortemente a hipótese de que carcaças de baleia atuam como \"pedras de dispersão\" para a fauna de ambientes quimiossintetizantes e que alguns organismos especialistas de carcaças de baleia possuem distribuição mundial em nível genérico. A investigação detalhada da endofauna dos ossos indicou que a degradação promovida por Osedax afeta profundamente sua diversidade e estrutura. Ossos colonizados por Osedax sustentam assembleias de organismos significativamente mais diversas e abundantes. Isso faz com que Osedax seja considerado um engenheiro ecossistêmico, pois cria novos microhábitats promovendo o aumento da biodiversidade em comunidades de carcaças de baleia no mar profundo.
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Mosher, Danika. "Past, Current, and Future Potential Distributions of Red Spruce and Fraser Fir Forests in the Southern Appalachians: Interpreting Possible Impacts of Climate Change." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2020. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3851.
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Spruce-Fir forests are relicts from the Pleistocene and can only be found within the Southern Appalachians. Analyzing the relationships between species distribution, climatic parameters, topography, and biotic interactions through ecological niche modeling creates prediction maps for conservation efforts. Maxent, Boosted Regression, and Random Forest were utilized to compare which model and variable combinations best approximate the unique mountain forest environment. Maxent with a bias file produced optimal results and was used to examine distributional changes that may occur in the future and how these changes compare to paleo-environmental distributions. Fraser fir has shown evidence of being influenced by changing climates based on historical data and in future predictions. These findings show areas of decline in 2050 and 2070. When combined with weather, climate, genetics, and ecological studies, this is a useful tool for resource allocation to areas that are predicted to be resilient in the face of climate change.
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Adamson, Eleanor A. S. "Influence of historical landscapes, drainage evolution and ecological traits on patterns of genetic diversity in Southeast Asian freshwater snakehead fishes." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2010. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/39612/1/Eleanor_Adamson_Thesis.pdf.
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Snakehead fishes in the family Channidae are obligate freshwater fishes represented by two extant genera, the African Parachannna and the Asian Channa. These species prefer still or slow flowing water bodies, where they are top predators that exercise high levels of parental care, have the ability to breathe air, can tolerate poor water quality, and interestingly, can aestivate or traverse terrestrial habitat in response to seasonal changes in freshwater habitat availability. These attributes suggest that snakehead fishes may possess high dispersal potential, irrespective of the terrestrial barriers that would otherwise constrain the distribution of most freshwater fishes.
A number of biogeographical hypotheses have been developed to account for the modern distributions of snakehead fishes across two continents, including ancient vicariance during Gondwanan break-up, or recent colonisation tracking the formation of suitable climatic conditions. Taxonomic uncertainty also surrounds some members of the Channa genus, as geographical distributions for some taxa across southern and Southeast (SE) Asia are very large, and in one case is highly disjunct. The current study adopted a molecular genetics approach to gain an understanding of the evolution of this group of fishes, and in particular how the phylogeography of two Asian species may have been influenced by contemporary versus historical levels of dispersal and vicariance.
First, a molecular phylogeny was constructed based on multiple DNA loci and calibrated with fossil evidence to provide a dated chronology of divergence events among extant species, and also within species with widespread geographical distributions. The data provide strong evidence that trans-continental distribution of the Channidae arose as a result of dispersal out of Asia and into Africa in the mid–Eocene. Among Asian Channa, deep divergence among lineages indicates that the Oligocene-Miocene boundary was a time of significant species radiation, potentially associated with historical changes in climate and drainage geomorphology. Mid-Miocene divergence among lineages suggests that a taxonomic revision is warranted for two taxa. Deep intra-specific divergence (~8Mya) was also detected between C. striata lineages that occur sympatrically in the Mekong River Basin.
The study then examined the phylogeography and population structure of two major taxa, Channa striata (the chevron snakehead) and the C. micropeltes (the giant snakehead), across SE Asia. Species specific microsatellite loci were developed and used in addition to a mitochondrial DNA marker (Cyt b) to screen neutral genetic variation within and among wild populations.
C. striata individuals were sampled across SE Asia (n=988), with the major focus being the Mekong Basin, which is the largest drainage basin in the region. The distributions of two divergent lineages were identified and admixture analysis showed that where they co-occur they are interbreeding, indicating that after long periods of evolution in isolation, divergence has not resulted in reproductive isolation. One lineage is predominantly confined to upland areas of northern Lao PDR to the north of the Khorat Plateau, while the other, which is more closely related to individuals from southern India, has a widespread distribution across mainland SE Asian and Sumatra. The phylogeographical pattern recovered is associated with past river networks, and high diversity and divergence among all populations sampled reveal that contemporary dispersal is very low for this taxon, even where populations occur in contiguous freshwater habitats.
C. micropeltes (n=280) were also sampled from across the Mekong River Basin, focusing on the lower basin where it constitutes an important wild fishery resource. In comparison with C. striata, allelic diversity and genetic divergence among populations were extremely low, suggesting very recent colonisation of the greater Mekong region. Populations were significantly structured into at least three discrete populations in the lower Mekong.
Results of this study have implications for establishing effective conservation plans for managing both species, that represent economically important wild fishery resources for the region. For C. micropeltes, it is likely that a single fisheries stock in the Tonle Sap Great Lake is being exploited by multiple fisheries operations, and future management initiatives for this species in this region will need to account for this. For C. striata, conservation of natural levels of genetic variation will require management initiatives designed to promote population persistence at very localised spatial scales, as the high level of population structuring uncovered for this species indicates that significant unique diversity is present at this fine spatial scale.
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Portillo, José Thales da Motta. "Biogeography and ecophylogenetics of atlantic forest snakes /." São José do Rio Preto, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/181614.
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Orientador: Ricardo Jannini SawayaBanca: Marcio Roberto Costa Martins
Banca: Laura Rodrigues Vieira de Alencar
Banca: Fernando Rodrigues da Silva
Banca: Cristiano de Campos Nogueira
Resumo: A Mata Atlântica da América do sul é um mosaico de diferentes fitofisionomias, relacionadas a pressões seletivas correspondentes a fatores ecológicos e evolutivos distintos, os quais regulam a distribuição da biodiversidade entre os habitats. Exploramos, neste trabalho, como a diversidade de serpentes é distribuída ao longo do gradiente latitudinal da Mata Atlântica. Primeiro analisamos a associação entre a riqueza em espécies e a diversidade filogenética de serpentes com tempo para especiação e extensão geográfica ao longo do gradiente latitudinal. Nós também exploramos as amplitudes de nicho climático destas serpentes. E, finalmente, decompusemos a composição filogenética de ilhas costeiras do sudeste da Mata Atlântica no intuito de entender como área e distância com o continente poderia afetar diferentes componentes da diversidade de serpentes. Encontramos que área é o principal fator relacionado com riqueza em espécies, independentemente do tempo para especiação. Observamos a maior riqueza em espécies em linhagens mais recentes nas zonas serranas do sudeste. Amplitudes de nicho climático, associadas à precipitação, mostraram conservação filogenética, afetando a distribuição dos clados mais recentes. Em nosso exemplo de ilhas, mostramos que distintos fatores ecológicos podem afetar riqueza em espécies e diversidade filogenética diferentemente. Desta maneira, fatores idiossincráticos poderiam gerar diferentes respostas em diferentes linhagens ao longo do gradiente...
Abstract: The Atlantic Forest of South America is a mosaic of different vegetation physiognomies corresponding to distinct evolutionary and ecological factors that drive biodiversity distribution. One of these factors is climatic variation. We explored herein how snake diversity, (measured as species richness and phylogenetic diversity) is distributed along the Atlantic Forest latitudinal gradient, taking area and time-for-speciation into account. We first analyzed the association of species richness and phylogenetic diversity with time-forspeciation and geographical extent along the latitudinal gradient. We also explored climatic niche breadths. And finally, we decomposed the phylogenetic composition across coastal islands in southeastern Atlantic Forest, to understand how island area and distance from the mainland drive different components of snake diversity. We found that area is a major driver of species richness, regardless of time-for-speciation. We observed higher species richness of more recent lineages in southeastern mountain ranges. Climatic niche breadths associated to precipitation showed phylogenetic conservatism, affecting the distribution of more recent clades. In our island case study, we show that distinct ecological factors can drive species richness and phylogenetic diversity differently. In this way, idiosyncratic factors generate different responses in different lineages across environmental gradients. We hope to shed some light on ecological and historical ...
Doutor
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ROCHA, Bruno César Luz. "Habitats adequados e aspectos ecológicos do tubarão-baleia (Rhincodon, typus Smith 1828) no Oceano Atlântico Sudoeste e Equatorial." Universidade Federal da Pernambuco, 2016. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/18654.
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Compreender detalhadamente a história de vida do tubarão-baleia é fundamental para assegurar a sua conservação. No entanto, apesar da espécie possuir distribuição circumglobal e ser relativamente bem estudada entre os elasmobrânquios, ainda existe uma grande escassez de informações relacionadas a muitos dos seus aspectos ecológicos e biológicos em todo o mundo, principalmente no que diz respeito aos seus movimentos migratórios e ciclo reprodutivo. No Oceano Atlântico, particularmente, a espécie vem sendo investigada majoritariamente no Golfo do México/ Mar do Caribe, permanecendo uma grande lacuna para o restante dessa bacia oceânica. O presente estudo representa a primeira iniciativa de investigação da distribuição espacial do tubarão-baleia em escala oceânica no sudoeste do Atlântico baseada em registros de ocorrências na costa do Brasil, além de ter sido o primeiro trabalho também sobre o rastreamento de tubarões-baleia na região equatorial. Com o objetivo de complementar o conhecimento acerca da distribuição geográfica e movimentação do tubarão-baleia nas regiões sudoeste e equatorial do oceano Atlântico, foram empregadas técnicas modernas de modelagem ecológica e rastreamento via satélite, além da utilização do método tradicional de censo visual para identificação de aspectos populacionais no Arquipélago de São Pedro e São Paulo (ASPSP). Primeiramente, foram realizadas predições referentes à distribuição espacial de habitats adequados para alimentação e inferências sobre a influência de variáveis ambientais específicas para ocorrência do tubarão-baleia na costa do Brasil/ sudoeste do oceano Atlântico. Em seguida, a sazonalidade, a abundância relativa e a estrutura populacional dos tubarões-baleia que visitam o ASPSP foram investigadas, incluindo inferências acerca da importância de ecossistemas insulares oceânicos para a parcela madura da espécie. Por fim, na terceira parte da Tese, os deslocamentos horizontais e verticais de tubarões-baleia marcados com transmissores via satélite no ASPSP foram descritos e o comportamento de mergulho avaliado com relação a fatores biofísicos e ambientais específicos. Os resultados obtidos no presente estudo são relevantes não somente para a conservação do tubarão-baleia, mas para o ecossistema marinho na costa do Brasil, de uma forma geral, posto que o mapeamento de habitats ideais para alimentação da espécie também serve para identificar áreas ecologicamente importantes para outras espécies. Ademais, a identificação do ASPSP como uma área importante para a parcela adulta dos tubarões-baleia ressalta sua importância ecológica no ciclo de vida da espécie, destacando a necessidade de se envidar maiores esforços para a conservação do local.
Understanding the life history of the whale shark is fundamental to assure its conservation. However, in spite of the circumglobal distribution of the species and the fact that it is relatively well studied among elasmobranchs, there is still a serious lack of information concerning its biology in the entire world, mainly regarding its migratory movements and reproductive cycle. In the Atlantic Ocean, particularly, the whale sharks have been predominantly studied in the Gulf of Mexico/Caribbean Sea, with a big gap still remaining for the rest of this ocean basin. Aiming to help to fill this gap on geographical distribution and movement patterns of whale sharks in the Equatorial and Southwest Atlantic regions, modern techniques of ecological modelling and satellite tracking were used, in addition to the use of scientific traditional method of visual census to describe the population aspects of the species in the archipelago of São Pedro and São Paulo (ASPSP). Firstly, geographical predictions of suitable habitats for whale shark feeding and inferences of the influence of specific environmental variables on the occurrence distribution in the Brazilian coast/southwestern Atlantic Ocean were conducted to describe the potential spatial distribution of the species. Then, the seasonality of occurrence, relative abundance and population structure of the whale sharks visiting the ASPSP were investigated, including a discussion regarding the importance of the insular oceanic ecosystems to the mature portion of the species. Finally, in the third part of the thesis, the horizontal and vertical displacements of whale sharks satellite tagged off ASPSP were described and the diving behavior assessed in relation to specific biophysical and environmental factors. The present study represents the first oceanic-scale spatial distribution investigation effort in the southwest Atlantic on whale shark presence records from the Brazilian coast, besides of being the first study using satellite tracking on the species in the equatorial Atlantic as well. The results presented here are of great relevance not only for the whale shark conservation but also for the Brazilian marine ecosystem, as the mapping of suitable feeding habitats could contribute to the identification of areas of ecological importance to other marine species. Moreover, the identification of the ASPSP as an important area for the mature part of whale shark populations highlights its ecological relevance on the species life cycle, emphasizing the need of increasing the conservation efforts in this habitat.
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Cazelles, Kévin. "Influence des interactions biotiques sur la répartition gégographique des espèces." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT122.
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Parmi les problèmes les plus fréquemment soulevés en biogéographie, figure celui de l’intégration des interactions écologiques dans les modèles de distribution d’espèces. Bien que la littérature scientifique apporte un ensemble de preuves soulignant le rôle prépondérant des interactions dans la structuration des communautés locales, on trouve relativement peu d’études révélant les empreintes laissées par les interactions dans les données de distribution d’espèces. Proposer une explication simple et claire à ce problème demeure un défi important que la biogéographie doit mener. Le problème majeur que pose l’absence de réponse claire sur le rôle des interactions aux larges échelles spatiales est que la plupart des scénarios de changements de biodiversité partent de l’hypothèse que les interactions sont négligeables. Si cette hypothèse est régulièrement rejetée, alors il faut réviser ces scénarios et soutenir le développement de méthodologies incluant les relations entre les espèces. Je commence cette thèse par un travail théorique sur le sujet car les théories classiques en biogéographie relèguent souvent au second plan les interactions écologiques. Au premier chapitre, je traite de l'intégration des interactions écologiques dans un modèle théorique de distribution d'espèces issue d'une des théories les plus importantes en biogéographie: la théorie de la biogéographie des îles. Ce travail montre comment les effets conjoints des facteurs biotiques et abiotiques changent les attendus de la théorie classique. En m'appuyant sur ce premier chapitre, je montre au second chapitre comment les interactions peuvent se répercuter dans les données de co-occurrence d’espèces. Ces données indiquent la présence ou l’absence de plusieurs espèces sur un même ensemble de sites dispersés sur de larges étendues spatiales. À l’aide d’un modèle probabiliste, j'obtiens des résultats théoriques liant les données de co-occurrence et l’information contenue dans les réseaux écologiques.Je démontre clairement que les interactions affectent les données de co-occurrence. Je montre également que plus le nombre d’interactions séparant deux espèces est grand, moins leur interactions indirect est détectable. De même si une espèce entretient de nombreuses interactions, il sera difficile de trouver une quelconque trace des interactions dans les données de co-occurrence pour cette espèce. Au troisième chapitre, je présente l’analyse de cinq jeux de données de co-occurrence pour lesquels la description des interactions était disponible. Avec ces donnés, j'ai été capable de confirmer les hypothèses du second chapitre en montrant que les espèces qui interagissent co-occurrent différemment de celles n’interagissant pas. Mes résultats indiquent aussi que l’abondance d'interactions est un frein à leur détection dans les données de co-occurrence. Cependant, en intégrant la similarité des facteurs abiotiques pour les différents sites, je montre que les signaux de co-occurrence s’affaiblissent pour parfois disparaitre. Mes résultats suggèrent donc qu’en utilisant des facteurs abiotiques pour inférer les probabilités de co-occurrence,une partie du lien entre les espèces est capturée, mais cette part est entachée d’une grande incertitude. Ceci vient questionner la qualité des prédictions données par les modèles classiques de distribution d'espèces actuellement utilisés. Les résultats de ma recherche apportent des éléments théoriques nouveaux sur le rôle des interactions écologiques dans le tracé des aires de répartition des espèces en plus de proposer une méthode originale pour étudier les données de co-occurrence d’espèces : les regarder à la lumière des réseaux écologiques. Avant de conclure ma thèse, je propose au chapitre 4 une démarche prometteuse pour aller encore améliorer l’intégration des interactions en biogéographie : les introduire par le biais des contraintes énergétiques, ce qui offre une base solide pour une théorie métabolique de la biogéographieOne of the most pressing challenges currently in the field of biogeography is the successful integration of ecological interactions in species distribution models. Although the scientific literature points out the evidence of the controlling role interactions play on local community structure, relatively few studies have demonstrated its importance over large geographical gradients. Developing a concise, clear explanation for this issue remains a significant challenge that biogeographers need to answer. The main issue associated to the lack of a clear answer concerning the role of interactions at broad spatial scales is that most of scenarios of biodiversity changes assume that interactions can be ignored. When tested, if this hypothesis is proven false, then a re-consideration of species distribution models and their development must be undertaken to include relationships among species. I begin this thesis with a theoretical investigation on this topic, where classical theories have typically ignored ecological interactions. In the first chapter of the thesis I present the integration of interaction networks into a theoretical model of species distribution coming from one of the most important theory in biogeography: the theory of island biogeography. This work shows how together the biotic and abiotic factors can affect the expectations derived from the classical theory. Building upon the findings in the first chapter, in the second chapter, I show how interactions can affect co-occurrence (between species) data. Such data contains the presence or absence of several species for a similar set of sites dispersed along large latitudinal gradients. Using a probabilistic model, I obtain theoretical results linking co-occurrence data and the information included in ecological networks. I clearly demonstrate that interactions shape co-occurrence data. Furthermore, I show that the higher the number of links between two species, the more difficult it is to detect their indirect interaction. Similarly, if a species experiences many interactions, it is then challenging to detect any sign of interactions in co-occurrence data for this species.In the third chapter of the thesis, I assess five sets of co-occurrence data, which had descriptions of their interactions available. Using this data, I was able to confirm my hypotheses put forth in my second chapter, by showing that species co-occur differently from non-interacting one. These results also point out that the abundance of interaction must preclude their detection in co-occurrence data. However, when accounting for abiotic similarities among sites, signals of interactions are weakened. Therefore, my results suggest that using abiotic factors to infer co-occurrence probabilities capture a part of the link between species and further pinpoint the uncertainty associated to this part. As a result of these findings, the predictive power of classical species distribution models used to date is brought into question. My research findings bring new theoretical elements to the forefront when considering the influence of ecological interactions and how they shape species geographical distributions, while also introducing an original methodology for studying species co-occurrence: examining them in the light of ecological networks. Before concluding, my fourth and final chapter, I propose a promising new avenue to further investigate integrating species interactions in biogeography. Here, I introduce interactions in terms of energetic constraints, which will provide a sound basis for a metabolic theory of biogeography
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Purcell, Jessica. "Ecological influences and the biogeographic distribution of sociality in Anelosimus spiders." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/7678.
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The puzzle of how complex and costly social behaviours have evolved in so many diverse organisms has challenged many generations of biologists. This thesis focuses on interactions between sociality and ecology. My empirical work investigates South American Anelosimus spiders. This genus provides an ideal system for investigating the ecology of social evolution because the species are easy to manipulate and possess social behaviours ranging from nearly solitary to highly social. Social species cooperate to build communal nests, capture prey, and raise young, and groups may persist for many generations. Most Anelosimus species exhibit subsocial behaviours, in which siblings cooperate for a portion of their life cycle, but disperse each generation prior to sexual maturity.
I investigate four distinct questions regarding the role of ecology in spider sociality and more generally. First, I ask whether sociality varies between populations of a social species along an altitudinal gradient. I then experimentally transplant small subsocial groups across this altitudinal gradient to investigate the ecological factors that may contribute to this pattern. Third, I examine how sociality may shape community structure in an area where social and subsocial Anelosimus species coexist. Finally, I explore the co-evolutionary dynamics between different social behaviours and dispersal in an individual-based simulation model.
I document an intraspecific gradient of decreasing sociality with increasing elevation within the social spider Anelosimus eximius in Ecuador. Through a transplant experiment, I demonstrate that ecological factors including intense rainfall and predator abundance likely contribute to the absence of small groups or solitary Anelosimus spiders from the lowland tropical rainforest. In one area containing at least five sympatric Anelosimus species, I find that social and subsocial species utilize different local habitats. Within those habitats, co-occurring species show different phenologies and construct nests in different positions on a common plant substrate. My modelling study shows that less costly social traits are less sensitive to selection on dispersal than more costly ones, thus extending previous research emphasizing the interplay between dispersal and costly altruistic behaviours. Overall, this thesis shows that ecological factors can influence the origin and maintenance of sociality, both in current communities and over evolutionary time.
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Valles, Carlos Mariano Alvez. "Biogeography and conservation of Amazon palms." Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora (UFJF), 2017. https://repositorio.ufjf.br/jspui/handle/ufjf/6607.
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Palms are abundant in tropical forests and are recognized as effective bioindicators of hot climates. Moreover, play an important ecological and economic role for local populations. Though palms remain relatively well-conserved, they are under increasing pressure from deforestation. Therefore, endemicity is important for the delimitation of conservation areas. The purposes of the study is 1) to synthesize available information in the literature on species diversity, ecological aspects, use and conservation of Amazon palms (Chapter 1); to analyse palms species richness patterns relative to the latitudinal gradient, sample efforts, and deforestation in the Amazon region (Chapter 2); to compare richness and floristic similarities patterns among the Amazonian sub-regions (Chapter 2); to detect endemic areas for palms in the Amazon region (Chapter 3); and to determine whether the species that define these endemic areas are protected within conservation units (Chapter 3). Records of occurrences were extracted from the Global Biodiversity Information Facility (GBIF). The final dataset consisted of 17,310 records, for 177 species of Amazonian palms. The areas with the greatest richness were in the western, central and northeastern Amazon, principally at latitudes 0–5ºS. Most palms species grow in different habitats, but the highest species richness are found in terra firme forest. Palms are widely used with different category of use according to the regions and species, principally are used for human consumption, elaboration of utensils and tools, and construction of houses. Highest rates of deforestation (>2000 km2) were found in the southern and eastern brazilian Amazon, which coincide with low species richness and gaps in records. Similarity analysis resulted in two groups of sub-regions: the first included the Amazon s.s., Andes and Guiana, and the other group included the Plateau and Gurupi sub-region. The combination of PAE and NDM-VNDM analyses resulted in eight endemic palm areas in western Amazon shared with Andean sub-region. Of the species that define the endemic areas, five are threatened with extinction in one of three IUCN categories (EN, VU, NT), and they are not protected in any conservation units. In conclusion, the western Amazon, besides having high palm richness, also has palm endemic areas, especially, near the Andean sub-region and the Peruvian Amazon, and areas with low species richness, especially those areas with data deficiency, need to be further researched for a better knowledge of their diversity and richness patterns.
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VALLE, BARBARA. "PLANT AND ARTHROPOD COMMUNITIES OF ALPINE ICE-RELATED LANDFORMS: ECOLOGICAL AND BIOGEOGRAPHIC IMPORTANCE." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/2434/947188.
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This PhD thesis is mainly organised as collection of research papers published, submitted, and in preparation.
Chapter 1 outlines the state of the art, the main aims of the PhD project and the approaches used for reaching these objectives on peculiar study areas
Chapter 2, “Vanishing habitats”, presents, as a first result, a scientific call for studying and monitoring glacial and periglacial habitats – refugia for a cold-adapted and threatened biodiversity - because of the lack of knowledge that still affects these habitats (Gobbi et al. 2021). The study points out the urgency in planning this research due to the risk of total disappearance of these habitats in the current scenario of global warming.
Chapter 3, “Glacial and periglacial biodiversity”, is focused in analysing with multiple approaches the glacial and periglacial biodiversity. Studies 3.1-3.2 (Valle et al. 2022a-b) describe plants and arthropod communities of threatened glacial sites (Peirabroc, Clapier and Calderone glaciers) in peripheral mountain chains (Maritime Alps and Apennines, Italy, respectively). In these studies also important environmental parameters (e.g. debris thickness, soil temperatures and chemical parameters) have been correlated with biological communities. Study 3.3 focuses on glacial springtails and regards the description of a new species of ice-dwelling springtail from Calderone glacier (3.3, Valle et al. 2021). Studies 3.4-3.5 (Valle et al. 2020, Ornaghi et al. submitted) analyse the efficacy of cryophilic ground beetles (Carabidae: Nebrini) as ecological indicators of sub-superficial ice presence, through community, demographic (3.5) and morphometric (3.6) approaches. The paragraph 3.6 focuses on the biodiversity hosted by two of the few Dolomitic debris-covered glaciers, Sorapiss glaciers (Bernasconi et al. 2019). The last study (3.7, Fugazza et al. in submission) is a glaciological analysis that lays the foundations for studying in detail how the thickness of the stony debris accumulating on the glaciers influences the distribution of the biological community on debris-covered glacier.
In chapter 4, “Toward a synthesis of glacial ecology”, we move from the detail spatial scale (i.e. the glacier) of the previous chapter to a regional scale (e.g. Alpine), that could be useful for global considerations. The first study (4.1, Valle et al. in preparation) gives a complete overview on taxonomy, ecology and biogeography of ice-dwelling cryphilic springtails from European Alps. The second study (4.2, in preparation) aims to answer the question “what is the fate of cold-adapted species during global warming and glacier retreat?”; in order to do this, a comprehensive database with abundance data of 513 species of plants, ground beetles and spiders sampled in 463 glacial and periglacial plots has been analysed. The second paper (4.3, Hågvar et al. 2020) is a review of ecological studies performed in Europe (Svalbard, Scandinavia and European Alps) and points out the ecological features of young environments close to retreating glaciers: these “virgin” soils are colonised by a pioneer peculiar biological community in which springtails results a key taxon of the early trophic chain and consequently the early successional stages.
In chapter 5 are presented conclusions and perspectives of the research.
Chapter 6 reports the comprehensive Curriculum Vitae of my PhD, including all papers published, in submission and in preparation, congresses, teaching activity, grants, awards, dissemination, education activities and other projects which I joined.
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Pierrat, Benjamin. "Macroécologie des échinides de l'océan Austral : Distribution, Biogéographie et Modélisation." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00717643.
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Quels sont les grands patrons de distribution des espèces et quels sont les facteurs qui les contrôlent? Ces questions sont au cœur des problématiques macroécologiques et prennent un intérêt tout particulier au regard du réchauffement climatique global actuel. L'objectif principal de ce travail de thèse était de déterminer les patrons de distribution actuels des espèces d'oursins antarctiques et subantarctiques à l'échelle de l'océan Austral et de mettre en évidence les facteurs qui contrôlent ces distributions. La modélisation des niches écologiques d'une vingtaine d'espèces d'oursins a permis de mettre en évidence deux grands patrons de distribution : (1) un premier représenté par les espèces dont la distribution n'est pas limitée au sud du Front Polaire et s'étend des côtes antarctiques aux zones subantarctiques et tempérées froides et (2) un deuxième constitué d'espèces restreintes à la zone antarctique. Au sein de ces deux patrons, cinq sous-patrons ont également pu être défini sur la base de différences de distribution latitudinale et bathymétrique entre groupes d'espèces. Cette approche biogéographique par modélisation de niche écologique a été complétée par l'analyse de similarité de l'ensemble des faunes d'oursins, de bivalves et de gastéropodes, au niveau spécifique et générique, entre biorégions de l'océan Austral. Cette analyse démontre qu'il existe chez les oursins et les bivalves des connexions fauniques entre l'Amérique du Sud et les zones subantarctiques ainsi qu'une séparation entre l'Est et l'Ouest antarctique. Au contraire, les faunes de gastéropodes subantarctiques montrent des affinités plutôt antarctiques que sud-américaines, l'Antarctique ne formant qu'une unique province pour ce clade. Ces différences entre clades sont interprétées comme étant le résultat d'histoires évolutive et biogéographique distinctes entre oursins et bivalves d'une part et gastéropodes d'autre part. L'hypothèse d'une réponse évolutive différente des clades aux changements environnementaux survenus au cours du Cénozoïque est avancée. Enfin, l'existence de connexions fauniques trans-antarctiques est mise en évidence dans l'étude des trois clades ; celles-ci sont interprétées comme le résultat de la dislocation de la calotte ouest-antarctique et l'ouverture de bras de mer trans-antarctiques au cours du Pléistocène. Parmi les paramètres environnementaux utilisés dans la modélisation des niches écologiques, les résultats montrent que trois paramètres jouent un rôle majeur dans la distribution des oursins : la profondeur, la couverture de glace et la température des eaux de surface. Toutefois, l'importance relative de ces paramètres diffère selon les espèces d'oursins étudiées. L'étude du genre Sterechinus souligne tout particulièrement ces différences. En effet, l'espèce S. neumayeri est plus sensible aux conditions environnementales qui prédominent près des côtes antarctiques (température des eaux de surface et couverture de glace), alors que S. antarcticus semble être beaucoup moins contraint par ces mêmes paramètres. La distribution potentielle de S. antarcticus est d'ailleurs beaucoup plus étendue en latitude. Cependant, S. antarcticus n'est pas présent sur l'ensemble de son aire de distribution potentielle, ceci pouvant être expliqué alternativement par le résultat (1) de facteurs océanographiques (rôle de barrière biogéographique joué par le Front Polaire), (2) d'interactions biotiques (phénomènes de compétition inter-spécifique) et (3) du contexte temporel (colonisation toujours en cours).
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Costa, Wilian França. "Segmentação multiresolução variográfica ótima." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3141/tde-15122016-082121/.
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O desenvolvimento de soluções que auxiliem na extração de informações de dados oriundos de sistemas de sensoriamento remoto e outras geotecnologias são essenciais em diversas atividades, por exemplo, a identificação de requisitos para o monitoramento ambiental; a definição de regiões de conservação; o planejamento e execução de atividades de verificação quanto ao cumprimento e uso do espaço; o gerenciamento de recursos naturais; a definição de áreas protegidas e ecossistemas; e o planejamento para aplicação e reposição de insumos agrícolas. Neste contexto, o presente trabalho apresenta um método para parametrizar um algoritmo segmentador Multiresolution, de forma que os segmentos obtidos sejam os maiores possíveis dentro de limites pré-estabelecidos de heterogeneidade para os dados avaliados. O método faz uso de variografia, uma ferramenta geoestatística que apresenta uma estimativa de quanto duas amostras variam em uma região espacial, de acordo com a distância relativa entre elas. Mostra-se também como a avaliação de múltiplos variogramas pode ser empregada na delimitação de regiões quando combinada a este algoritmo de segmentação, desde que os dados estejam dispostos em uma grade amostral regularmente espaçada. O método desenvolvido utiliza o efeito pepita estimado para os atributos dispostos em camadas sobrepostas e quantifica a segmentação em dois momentos (ou médias) para identificar o valor do parâmetro espacial ótimo a ser aplicado no segmentador. Apresenta-se, como exemplos de aplicabilidade do método, três casos típicos desta área: (i) definição de zonas de manejo para agricultura de precisão; (ii) seleção de regiões para estimativas de degradação ambiental na vizinhança de ponto de coleta/observação de espécies; e (iii) a identificação de regiões bioclimáticas que compõem uma Unidade de Conservação da biodiversidade.Information extraction of data derived from remote sensing and other geotechnologies is important for many activities, e.g., the identification of environmental requirements, the definition of conservation areas, the planning and implementation of activities regarding compliance of correct land use; the management of natural resources, the definition of protected ecosystem areas, and the spatial planning of agricultural input reposition. This thesis presents a parameter optimisation method for the Multiresolution segmentation algorithm. The goal of the method is to obtain maximum sized segments within the established heterogeneity limits. The method makes use of variography, a geostatistical tool that gives a measure of how much two samples will vary in a region depending on the distance between each one of them. The variogram nugget effect is measured for each attribute layer and then averaged to obtain the optimal value for spatial segmentation with the Multiresolution algorithm. The segments thus obtained are superimposed on a regularly spaced sampled grid of georeferenced data to divide the region under study. To show the usefulnesss of this method, the following three case studies were performed: (i) the delineation of precision farming management zones; (ii) the selection of regions for environmental degradation estimates in the neighbourhood of species occurrence points; and (iii) the identification of bioclimatic regions that are present in biodiversity conservation units.
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Ortiz, Álvarez Rüdiger. "Microbial community assembly and biogeography in the Pyrenean lacustrine district." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Girona, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/663398.
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The microbial metacommunity of the Pyrenees mountain range has never been studied at the regional level. In this PhD thesis, the main goal is to describe the taxonomic diversity and reveal the ecological processes (biotic and abiotic) behind the spatial distribution and heterogeneity of surface communities of alpine lakes. With a sampling of more than 300 lakes during summer of 2011 and high-througput sequencing of ribosomal markers (16S and 18S rRNA), we analized the microbial profiles of archaeal, bacterial and eukaryotic communities. We highlighted the discovery and description of novel and unknown lineages such as Pacearchaeota or Woesearchaeota (Archaea) or Chytridiomycota (Eukarya). We analyzed the role of environmental filtering and dispersal processes, as well as potential species interactions as drivers of local community assemblagesLa metacomunidad microbiana de Pirineos nunca ha sido estudiada a nivel de región completa. En esta tesis se busca describir la diversidad taxonómica y revelar los procesos ecológicos (bióticos y abióticos) que pueden estar tras la distribución espacial y la heterogeneidad de las comunidades superficiales de lagos alpinos. Mediante un muestreo de más de 300 lagos durante el verano de 2011 y técnicas de secuenciación masiva de genes ribosómicos (16S y 18S rRNA) se obtuvieron los perfiles microbianos de comunidades de arqueas, bacterias y eucariotas. Se puso énfasis en el descubrimiento y descripción de linajes nóveles y desconocidos como Pacearchaeota o Woesearchaeota (Archaea) o Chytridiomycota (Eukarya). Se analizan el filtro ambiental y procesos de dispersión, así como las interacciones potenciales entre especies como responsables del ensamblaje de las comunidades locales
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Albuquerque, Hermano Gomes. "Comunidade de mamíferos em uma paisagem fragmentada no município de Cachoeiras de Macacu, RJ." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2010. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=2411.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e TecnológicoA Mata Atlântica sofre fortes pressões antrópicas desde o descobrimento do Brasil. Desse contexto surge a necessidades de estudos que busquem os efeitos dessa degradação sobre a biodiversidade desse bioma. Mamíferos são bons bioindicadores da qualidade ambiental dos ecossistemas a eles associados. Sendo assim, esse estudo objetivou a busca da relação entre a estrutura da comunidade de mamíferos e a estrutura da cobertura vegetal de uma paisagem do município de Cachoeiras de Macacu, RJ. Os resultados apontaram para uma relação entre a distância entre os fragmentos e sua composição, ou seja, quanto mais próximos os fragmentos estão entre si, mais semelhantes eles são em relação a composição da comunidade de mamíferos. Nessa perspectiva, refletimos sobre a importância da Teoria de Biogeografia de Ilhas e da Teoria de Metapopulações no pensar de estratégias conservacionistas e entendemos que elas podem ajudar na construção de modelos complexos sobre a composição das espécies de mamíferos.
The Atlantic Forest suffers strong anthropogenic pressures since the discovery of Brazil. Because of this context, the need for studies that seek the effects of degradation on the biodiversity of this biome is substantial. Mammals are good bioindicators of ecosystem quality. Thus, this study aimed to search the relationship between the structure of mammal community and vegetation cover in a landscape of the city of Cachoeiras de Macacu, RJ. Results showed a relationship between the distance between the fragments and their composition, so how closer the fragments are, more similar they are in relation to community composition of mammals. From this perspective, we reflect on the importance of the Theory of Island Biogeography and Metapopulation Theory to think of conservation strategies and understand that they can help in the construction of complex models on the composition of species of mammals
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Villamil, Montero Daniel Antonio 1985. "Etnobotânica de Passiflora L. uma aproximação na biogeografia, agroecologia e conservação dos maracujazeiros /." Botucatu, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/151143.
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Orientador: Lin Chau MingBanca: Giuseppina Pace Pereira Lima
Banca: Ana Paula Fortuna Perez
Banca: Igor Otávio Minatel
Banca: Camila Renata Corrêa Camacho
Resumo: As relações e interações entre os seres humanos e as passifloras são múltiplas e complexas, incluindo casos como a domesticação, dispersão, aproveitamento e depredação de espécies (entre outras). Dada sua importância econômica, as passifloras constituem um recurso genético muito importante e a caracterização de populações silvestres e cultivadas é uma prioridade para os países neotropicais que albergam a maior diversidade do gênero. Mais de 80 espécies produzem frutos comestíveis e pelo menos 37 são cultivadas local e regionalmente. A implementação de estratégias para a conservação e o aproveitamento destes recursos fitogenéticos são necessárias, devido ao seu potencial para o desenvolvimento e diversificação de agricultura. O estudo aprofundado das relações humanas com as plantas cultivadas do gênero Passiflora pretende contribuir com delineamentos para programas de conservação da biodiversidade de passifloráceas. Neste trabalho são abordadas informações agroecológicas, biogeográficas e etnobotânicas correspondentes às espécies úteis de Passiflora.
Abstract: Relationships and interactions between humans and passionflowers are multiple and complex, including cases such as domestication (among others). Due to their economic importance, passiflowers constitute a very important genetic resource and the characterization of wild and cultivated populations is a priority for Neotropical countries that have the greatest diversity of the genus. More than 80 species produce edible fruits and at least 37 are grown locally and regionally. The implementation of strategies for the conservation and utilization of these genetic resources are necessary due to their potential for the development and diversification of agriculture. A depth study of cultivated plants of the genus Passiflora intends to contribute with designs for programs of conservation of the biodiversity of Passifloracea. In this work the agroecological, biogeographic and ethnobotanical information corresponding to the useful species of Passiflora are presented and discussed ...
Doutor
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Machado, Thais Gomes. "Distribuição da fauna de colêmbolos cavernícolas em matriz de minério de ferro no Quadrilátero Ferrífero, Minas Gerais, sudeste do Brasil." Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, 2016. http://tede.bc.uepb.edu.br/tede/jspui/handle/tede/2789.
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Vale S. A.
In general, cave species have changes in their morphology and physiology as way of adaptation to the environment and are classified as troglobites; eutroglophiles; subtroglophiles and trogloxenes. Compared to epigean ecosystem, the cave ecosystem has low species diversity, dependence of nutrients from the external environment, humidity and stable temperature in the year, therefore, this environment is strongly influenced by external environmental changes, such as mining, deforestation, urbanization, etc. This study examines the distribution of troglobite species of Collembola caves in different lithologies in areas of mining interest. Located in Minas Gerais, the Quadrilátero Ferrífero represents one of the main metallogenetic provinces of Brazil. We examined the biological material deposited in the Reference Collection in the Paraíba Soil Fauna in the Universidade Estadual da Paraíba. Held up the organization of a database with records of occurrence and geographical distribution of species, for the geo-referencing of all wells. We performed the analysis of 1.589 specimens, divided into 16 families, 59 genera and 131 species. Of these, 13 were considered possible troglobites. The species Pararrhopalites sp4, Pararrhopalites sp7, Pseudosinella sp4, Trogolaphysa sp6, Troglobius ferroicus e Troglobius sp2 were confirmed troglobite. Arrhopalites sp2 and Arrhopalites sp3 can be the same specie and is believed that Pseudosinella sp4 move around on MSS and Trogolaphysa sp6 may be experiencing a vicarious process. Human activities and the use of natural resources in this environment entails degradation and local or regional extinction of species. The cave environment acts as excellent places for ecological studies and frequently have endemic species, so it is extremely important to preserve this environment and your fauna.
Em geral, espécies cavernícolas possuem alterações em sua morfologia e fisiologia como forma de adaptação ao ambiente e podem ser classificadas como troglóbias, eutroglófilas, subtroglófilas e trogloxenas. Quando comparados a ecossistemas epígeos, ecossistemas cavernícolas possuem baixa diversidade de espécies, dependência de nutrientes provenientes do meio externo e condições de umidade e temperatura estáveis ao longo do ano. Desta forma, este ambiente é fortemente influenciado por alterações ambientais externas, como a mineração, desmatamento, urbanização, entre outras. O presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a distribuição das espécies troglóbias de Collembola em cavernas inseridas em diferentes litologias em áreas de significativo interesse minerário. Localizado em Minas Gerais, o Quadrilátero Ferrífero representa uma das principais províncias metalogenéticas do Brasil. Analisamos o material biológico depositado na Coleção de Referência em Fauna de Solo da Paraíba da Universidade Estadual da Paraíba. Foi realizada a organização de um banco de dados com os registros da ocorrência e a distribuição geográfica das espécies, para o georreferenciamento de todas as cavidades. Foram analisados 1.589 espécimes, divididos em 16 famílias, 59 gêneros e 131 espécies. Destas, 13 foram consideradas possivelmente troglóbias. As espécies Pararrhopalites sp4, Pararrhopalites sp7, Pseudosinella sp4, Trogolaphysa sp6, Troglobius ferroicus e Troglobius sp2 foram consideradas troglóbias. Arrhopalites sp2 e Arrhopalites sp3 podem ser a mesma espécie. Acredita-se que Pseudosinella sp4 locomove-se pelo MSS e Trogolaphysa sp6 pode estar passando por um processo vicariante. As atividades antrópicas e o uso dos recursos naturais nestes ambientes acarretam degradação e extinção local ou regional das espécies. O ambiente cavernícola funciona como locais excelentes para estudos ecológicos e frequentemente abrigam espécies endêmicas, portanto é de fundamental importância à conservação deste ambiente e consequentemente de sua fauna.
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Cordeiro, Luciana Silva. "Distribuição geográfica e modelagem de nicho de espécies endêmicas de Erythroxylaceae na região neotropical." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2013. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/17157.
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CORDEIRO, Luciana Silva. Distribuição geográfica e modelagem de nicho de espécies endêmicas de Erythroxylaceae na região neotropical. 2013. 112 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em ecologia e recursos naturais)- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2013.Submitted by Elineudson Ribeiro (elineudsonr@gmail.com) on 2016-05-24T18:22:01Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_lscordeiro.pdf: 3092947 bytes, checksum: 46906e0f9b04cecf7e34a3a5479d6391 (MD5)
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The high species richness and endemism in the tropical region is influenced by the amount of vegetation types and environmental conditions favorable for the maintenance of diversity. For this study we selected the genus Erythroxylum, which in Brazil is one of the most important centers of endemism, totaling 74 species with restricted distribution in the country. Erythroxylum are recognized in 19 sections, nine of which are represented in the flora. From previous knowledge about the distribution patterns, areas of endemism and species information obtained about the genre, the premise of this study are: (1) species are more taxonomically close phylogenetic niche conservatism (2) areas of endemism are basic units where there is overlap of a complex group of species that co-ocorring restricted to certain locations, (3) environmental filtering and abiotic factors acting as limiters for the survival and dispersal of plant species and help to understand the limits of plant distribution. Our hypothesis is that the distribution of taxonomically close species may be the result of a close relationship between environmental variables and soil. The aim of this study is to investigate which environmental factors could be influencing the current distribution of species of Erythroxylum in Brazilian territory. The sites of occurrence of the species were obtained from information from the virtual collection of CRIA and databases yielded by different groups. To understand the distribution of species and sections in which these are inserted, and confirmation of the centers of richness were generated models using environmental layers available by Wordclim and maximum entropy algorithm. To analyse the preferences of the species as climatic variables and soil in a crop of Brazilian territory were generated models of spatial distribution. The species analysed were the main centers of richness and endemism coincide in places near the transition between areas in Brazil. Some taxonomic sections could be delimited in space, and the distribution associated with different phytogeographic domains. The models show higher affinity of the genre to places with strong seasonality and climate presence of shallow soils and acids.
A grande riqueza de espécies e endemismos na região tropical é influenciada pela quantidade de tipos vegetacionais e condições ambientais favoráveis para a manutenção da diversidade. Para este estudo foi selecionado o gênero Erythroxylum que tem no Brasil um dos centros de endemismos mais importantes, totalizando 74 espécies com distribuição restrita ao país. Em Erythroxylum são reconhecidas 19 seções, das quais nove estão representadas na flora brasileira. A partir de conhecimentos prévios sobre os padrões de distribuição, áreas de endemismo e informações obtidas sobre as espécies do gênero, as premissa desse trabalho são: (1) espécies taxonomicamente próximas apresentam maior conservantismo filogenético de nicho (2) áreas de endemismo são unidades básicas onde há sobreposição de um grupo complexo de espécies que coocorrem restritos a determinados locais, (3) os filtros ambientais e fatores abióticos atuam como limitadores para a sobrevivência e dispersão de espécies vegetais e ajudam a compreender os limites de distribuição de plantas. A hipótese deste estudo é que a distribuição de espécies próximas taxonomicamente pode ser resultado de uma relação estreita entre variáveis ambientais e solo. O objetivo desse trabalho é investigar quais fatores ambientais poderiam estar influenciando na atual distribuição das espécies de Erythroxylum em território brasileiro. Os locais de ocorrência das espécies foram obtidos a partir de informações provenientes do acervo virtual do CRIA e de bancos de dados cedidos por diferentes grupos. Para compreender a distribuição das espécies e seções nas quais essas estão inseridas, e a confirmação dos centros de riqueza, foram gerados modelos utilizando as camadas ambientais disponibilizadas pelo Wordclim e o algorítimo de máxima entropia. Para analisar as preferências das espécies quanto as variáveis climáticas e edáficas num recorte do território brasileiro foram gerados modelos de distribuição espacial. As espécies analisadas tiveram os principais centros de riqueza e endemismo coincidentes em locais próximos a transição entre domínios no território brasileiro. Algumas seções taxonômicas puderam ser delimitadas no espaço, tendo a distribuição associada a domínios fitogeográficos diferentes. Os modelos gerados demonstram maior afinidade do gênero a locais com forte estacionalidade climática e presença de solos rasos e ácidos.
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Matos, Rafael Pereira de. "Estudos fitogeográficos e modelagem ecológica do gênero Dimorphandra Schott (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae)." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2015. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/19821.
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MATOS, Rafael Pereira de. Estudos fitogeográficos e modelagem ecológica do gênero Dimorphandra Schott (Leguminosae, Caesalpinioideae). 2015. 79 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ecologia e Recursos Naturais)-Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2015.Submitted by Vitor Campos (vitband@gmail.com) on 2016-09-26T23:15:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015_dis_rpmatos.pdf: 22298599 bytes, checksum: 27e3572d95bd054957b2112cc860b0b2 (MD5)
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Studying patterns of distribution of organisms is relevant in ecology, biogeography and conservation studies under even to understand the evolution of biodiversity. Dimorphandra Schott. is a widespread neotropical genus with 25 taxa in Brazil, occurring in savanna (Cerrado) and ombrophylous vegetation (Amazonia and Atlantic Rain Forest). This work aims to understand the factor that drives the richness and diversity of Dimorphandra. We used SIG, ecological modeling and databank of SpeciesLink and bibliography. These data were classified within biogeographic provinces according to a biogeographically regionalization scheme and according to groups generated by a cluster analysis in the PC-ORD program and a Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity (PAE) by PAUP program. At the same time, ecological distribution models were formulated to the past, present and future based on algorithms (BIOCLIM and CCSM) using the softwares MAXENT and DIVA-GIS, referring to each group according to the UPGMA results. The richness and diversity centers were in the Amazon region. The species more widespread were D. mollis Benth. and D. gardneriana Tul., occurring in the Seasonal Tropical Dry Forests (STDFs) in the northeast-southeast direction. Three phytogeographic groups were determined by the cluster analysis: A) Amazon and its two subgroups: Broad Amazon and North of Negro River Basin; B) Ecotones Brazilian Savanna/Atlantic Forest; and C) Guyana Highlands. PAE analysis pointed two major clades with good support (>80% bootstrap). Some distribution patterns were determined: 1) Broad Amazon Pattern, 2) Restricted to northern Amazon Pattern, 3) Guyana Shield Pattern, 4) Ecotones Brazilian Savanna/Atlantic Forest Pattern and 5) Micro Endemic Minas Gerais’ Brazilian Savanna Pattern. Predictive modeling results demonstrated a trend on reduction of most potential occurrence areas, except in small regions in Guyana Highlands, which expanded in a future scenario. Finally, we can conclude that distribution of the genus through South America was known as well its richness and diversity centers, besides it has been checked a general trend on reduction of potential occurrence area of this genus in a future scenario except in high areas which are considered refugia.
Estudar padrões de distribuição dos organismos é relevante na ecologia, biogeografia e biologia da conservação fornecendo subsídios para compreender a evolução da biodiversidade. Dimorphandra Schott é um gênero de distribuição neotropical com 25 espécies no Brasil, distribuídas tanto em formações savânicas (Cerrado) como ombrófilas (Floresta Amazônica e Atlântica). Este trabalho objetivou entender como está distribuída e quais os fatores ambientais estão associados à riqueza e a diversidade de Dimorphandra. Foram utilizadas ferramentas de Sistemas de Informação Geográfica, modelagem ecológica e dados de ocorrência obtidos da rede SpeciesLink, informações bibliográficas e visitas à herbários. Esses dados foram classificados dentro de províncias biogeográficas de acordo com um esquema de regionalização biogeográfica e com os grupos gerados por uma análise de agrupamento – UPGMA realizada no programa PC-ORD e uma análise parcimoniosa de endemicidade (PAE) feita por meio do programa PAUP. Paralelamente, modelos ecológicos de distribuição baseados em algoritmos (BIOCLIM e CCSM) foram formulados para opassado, presente e futuro em ambiente do MAXENT e DIVA-GIS. Ambos os centros de riqueza e diversidade foram a região amazônica. As espécies com mais ampla distribuição foram D. mollis Benth. e D. gardneriana Tul., ambas ocorrendo no corredor de formações vegetacionais abertas e secas no sentido nordeste-sudeste. Três blocos fitogeográficos foram determinados pela análise de agrupamento: A) Amazônia; B) Ecótono Cerrado/Floresta Atlântica; e C) Escudo das Guianas. A análise de PAE evidenciou dois grandes clados com suporte estatístico (bootstrap) acima de 80%. Foram estabelecidos os seguintes padrões de distribuição: 1) Amplo na Amazônia, 2) Restrito ao Norte da Amazônia (acima do Rio Negro), 3) Escudo das Guianas, 4) Ecótono Cerrado/Floresta Atlântica, e 5) Microendêmico aos Cerrados de Minas Gerais. Os resultados da modelagem preditiva demonstraram uma tendência de redução da maior parte da área de ocorrência potencial do gênero em um cenário futuro, com exceção de pequenas regiões no Escudo das Guianas, as quais teriam condições de expandir a distribuição das espécies. Como conclusões, conheceu-se a distribuição do gênero pela América do Sul, seus centros de riqueza e diversidade, no caso a região amazônica, além de ter sido verificada uma tendência geral na redução da área potencial de ocorrência do gênero no futuro e expansão em áreas de altas altitudes, consideradas refúgios.
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Aranha, Bruno Almozara 1981. "Padrão filogenético de comunidades do cerrado = evolução e biogeografia = Phylogenetic pattern of cerrado communities: evolution and biogeography." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/314961.
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Orientador: Fernando Roberto MartinsTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: Investigamos o padrão filogenético de comunidades silvestres do cerrado sensu lato. No primeiro capítulo utilizamos o padrão filogenético para investigar se há maior influência do tipo de solo ou do regime de fogo sobre a organização de algumas comunidades silvestres do cerrado. No município de Itirapina, estados de São Paulo amostraram espécies silvestres de cinco comunidades de cerrado com diferentes fitofisionomias, classificadas em protegidas e desprotegidas do fogo em solos arenosos e solo argiloso. Levantamos os dados florísticos de cerrados da região de Itirapina para compor um pool de espécies silvestres e construir a mega-árvore filogenética. Com dados da espessura da casca para todas as espécies do pool, calculamos se esse atributo ecológico ligado à tolerância ao fogo é convergente ou filogeneticamente conservado. Testamos se a distribuição dos valores da espessura de casca nas espécies amostradas nas cinco comunidades é independente da proteção contra o fogo e do tipo de solo e se nas comunidades de solo arenoso é independente da proteção contra o fogo. Por fim, calculamos o padrão filogenético das comunidades e a distância filogenética entre elas. Encontramos que a espessura de casca é um atributo convergente e que a distribuição de seus valores é mais dependente do tipo de solo do que da proteção contra o fogo. As comunidades silvestres apresentaram padrão filogenético aleatório, mas a comunidade sobre o solo argiloso foi a única que apresentou uma distância filogenética significativamente maior do que as demais comunidades. Concluímos que o solo é um filtro ambiental importante na organização de comunidades silvestres locais do cerrado. Dado que espécies silvestres do cerrado evoluíram in situ sob a pressão de incêndios recorrentes, especulamos que provavelmente o solo teve um papel muito importante para a evolução de espécies pré-adaptadas. No segundo capítulo investigamos o padrão filogenético de comunidades silvestres em todo o território do cerrado no Brasil. Avaliamos o papel da heterogeneidade ambiental na distribuição atual da flora em províncias florísticas para inferir sobre a evolução e a manutenção da diversidade do cerrado. Construímos um banco de dados com 142 comunidades silvestres de cerrado sensu lato, localizadas em todas as províncias florísticas. Calculamos o padrão filogenético das comunidades silvestres do cerrado em duas escalas espaciais: considerando apenas as comunidades localizadas em cada província florística; e considerando todo o domínio. Em todas as situações o padrão filogenético do cerrado foi aleatório, e os índices filogenéticos não se correlacionaram com as variáveis ambientais, mas apenas com as espaciais. Concluímos que processos biogeográficos estocásticos, como a história biogeográfica e a migração, foram mais importantes na diversificação e na distribuição atual das espécies silvestres do cerrado do que a heterogeneidade ambiental. Os dois capítulos evidenciaram que o padrão filogenético das comunidades silvestres do cerrado é aleatório, e atribuímos esse padrão a pré-adaptações ligadas ao escleromorfismo pré-existente nas linhagens ancestrais da flora do cerrado
Abstract: We investigated the phylogenetically pattern of cerrado sensu lato woody communities. In the first chapiter we used the phylogenetic pattern to investigate whether the influence of soil type or fire regime prevails on assembly of some woody cerrado communities. In the municipality of Itirapina, state of São Paulo, we sampled cerrado woody species from five communities with distinct phytophisiognomies, classified in protected and unprotected from fire, and in sand soil and clay soil. We looked for floristic data from Itirapina cerrado to bild regional woody species pool and constructed the phylogenetic mega-tree. With bark thickness for all species pool, we evaluated whether this ecological trait related with fire resistence was phylogenetically convergent or conserved. We tested if the bark thickness values distribution in the woody cerrado species from the five sampled communities was independent of fire protection and soil type. And regarding only sand soil communities, we tested, again, if bark thickness values distribution was independent from fire protection. Finelly, we calculated the communities phylogenetically pattern and the phylogenetic distance between them. We found that bark thickness was a convergent trait and their values distribution was dependent of soil type rather than fire protection. The phylogenetic pattern of cerrado communities was random, but the community with clay soil was the only who showed a greater and significant phylogenetic distance comparing with the others cerrado communities. We concluded that soil type was an important environment filter acting in the assembly of cerrado woody communities. Given that cerrado species evolved in situ under recurrent fire pression, we speculated that the soil plobably had an important role for the evolution of pré-adapted lineages. In the second chapter we investigated the phylogenetic pattern of wood cerrado communities over the whole cerrado domais in Brazil. We evaluated the role of environmental heterogeneity in the actual distribution of cerrado woody flora in floristic provinces with the aim to infer about the evolution and maintenance of cerrado diversity. We bild a data bank with 142 woody cerrado communities located in all floristic provinces. We calculated the community phylogenetic pattern in two spatial scales: province scale and domain scale. In all scales the phylogenetic pattern was random, and the phylogenetic indexes were not correlated with environmental variables, but only with spatial variables. We conclude that stochastic biogeographical processes, such as bigeographic history and migration, were more important in the diversification and distribution of cerrado woody species than environmental heterogeneity. The two chapters highlight that the cerrado woody communities phylogenetic patterns is random, and we attributed this pattern to pre-adaptations related with scleromorphism pre-exisitent in the ancestral lineages of cerrado flora
Doutorado
Biologia Vegetal
Doutor em Biologia Vegetal
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Machado, Filho Hermes de Oliveira. "Composição florística de um ambiente rochoso da Área de Proteção Ambiental (APA) do Cariri, Paraíba: diversidade, riqueza e fitogeografia." Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, 2011. http://tede.bc.uepb.edu.br/tede/jspui/handle/tede/1709.
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Previous issue date: 2011-12-09Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
A rocky environments is a geomorphological shape which holds richness and specific endemism, even more, taking as reference semiarid conditions. Based on this perspective, this work aims to present the study of the floristic composition, emphasizing diversity, richness, and biogeographic patterns on a rocky outcrop, in the Environment Protection Area (APA), in the region of Cariri , located between the municipalities of Boa Vista and Cabaceiras, state of Paraiba (Northeast from Brazil). Field works have been done aiming the collecting of botanic material and observations in loco , over all the area extension, in the period between March 2010 and October 2010. Based on APG (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group) III, the checklist was elaborated to the studied area. Moreover, it was made a binary matrix of presence/absence of the registered species, in order to detect the similarity of the flora together to other areas, focusing mainly floras installed in the Brazilian semiarid zone. It was also made another binary matrix to verify the geographic distribution patterns of its species and established relations of this flora together to other South American biogeographical provinces. The analyses of geographic distribution have been supported in searches to specialized bibliography and data basis of neotropical species as: taxonomic papers, local floras, W3 Tropicos (Missouri Botanical Garden) and the species list on line of the Brazilian flora. In the studied area, 127 species were registered, distributed in 53 flowering plant families. Fabaceae was the most representative, with 14 species, result in agreement with the vast majority of the floristic studies taken in the Brazilian semiarid zones. Other families highlighted in number of species were: Convolvulaceae, Malvaceae and Euphorbiaceae, with nine species each; Asteraceae, with seven; Cactaceae, with six; Bromeliaceae, with five and Rubiaceae, with six species. The herbaceous and subshrub components were predominant over the others in the local flora. The similarity analyzes showed that the flora on rocky environments trends to form specific blocks, when compared to other formations. The species presented basically three patterns of geographic distribution: ample-continuous or tropical (CA), with 44% of total species; restrictcontinuous or pre-Andine sub-tropical (CR), with 34% and restrict (R), corresponding to the Caatinga/Savannah , with 22%. The analyzes of the flora similarity in the South American region has shown the close relation between floras in Caatinga and Savannah pattern, with level of meaning = 98,2 (Jaccard index). This result points to the existence, nowadays, of a floristic corridor among these vegetation types, this aspect probably features the Arc-Pleistocenic relict, when the Caatinga became a forest reduct and turning a floristic connection possible with the most diverse vegetation types, mainly with those which make the xeric corridor in South America. The obtained data through this study point to the existence of a diversified flora, showing biogeographic patterns closely related to the species distribution, several of them being endemic to Caatinga vegetation, as Allamanda blanchetti DC. (Apocynaceae). For all those reasons, the area dealt here, comes out as a center of great importance for local fauna and flora maintenance, as well as for the micro-region in the Cariri, Paraiba state, where it is located.
Os ambientes rochosos são feições geomorfológicas que abrigam riqueza e endemismo específico, ainda mais, tomando-se como referência condições de semi-aridez. Nesta perspectiva, o presente trabalho visa apresentar o estudo da composição florística, com ênfase à diversidade, riqueza e padrões biogeográficos em afloramentos rochosos na Área de Proteção Ambiental (APA) do Cariri, localizado entre os municípios de Boa Vista e Cabaceiras, Estado da Paraíba (Nordeste do Brasil). Foram realizados trabalhos de campo visando à coleta de material botânico e observações in loco‟ em toda a extensão da área no período entre Março/2010 e Outubro/2011. Baseando-se no APG (Angiosperm Phylogeny Group) III elaborou-se a lista florística da área estudada. Posteriormente, confeccionou-se uma matriz binária de presença/ausência das espécies registradas a fim de detectar a similaridade da flora com a de outras áreas, enfocando principalmente floras instaladas no domínio semiárido brasileiro. Também foi confeccionada uma matriz binária de presença/ausência desta vez englobando as províncias biogeográficas sul-americanas para verificar a distribuição geográfica dos táxons e estabelecer as relações da flora ora abordada com as demais províncias da América do Sul. As análises de distribuição geográfica foram apoiadas em consultas a bibliografia especializada e em bases de dados de espécies neotropicais, como: artigos de cunho taxonômico, floras locais, W 3 Tropicos (Missouri Botanical Garden) e na lista de espècies On line da flora do Brasil. Na área de estudo foram registradas 129 espécies distribuídas em 53 famílias de Angiospermas. Fabaceae foi a família mais representativa, com 14 espécies; corroborando com os resultados apontados na grande maioria dos estudos florísticos conduzidos em áreas do semiárido brasileiro. Outras famílias que se destacaram em número de espécies foram: Convolvulaceae, Malvaceae e Euphorbiaceae, com nove espécies cada; Asteraceae, com sete; Cactaceae, com seis; Bromeliaceae e Poaceae, com cinco e Rubiaceae, com quatro espécies. O componente herbáceo e o arbustivo foram predominantes sobre os demais componentes da flora local. A análise de similaridade evidenciou que, a flora de ambientes rochosos tende a formar blocos específicos quando comparados a outros tipos de formações. As espécies apresentaram basicamente três padrões de distribuição geográfica: contínuoamplo ou tropical (CA), com 44% do total de espécies; contínuo-restrito ou subtropical pré-andino (CR), com 34% e, restrito (R), correspondendo ao padrão Caatinga/Cerrado, com 22%. A análise de similaridade da flora da área no cenário sul-americano evidenciou a estreita relação entre as floras das Províncias da Caatinga e do Cerrado, com nível de significância = 98,2 (índice de Jaccard). Esse resultado aponta a existência, na atualidade, de um corredor florístico entre essas formações, aspecto este que provavelmente caracteriza o relicto ArcoPleistocênico; quando a Caatinga tornou-se um reduto florestal e possibilitou uma conexão florística com as mais diversas formações vegetacionais, principalmente com as que compõem o corredor xérico, da América do Sul. Os dados obtidos através da realização desse estudo apontam a existência de uma diversificada flora exibindo padrões biogeográficos intrinsecamente relacionados à distribuição das espécies, várias delas endêmicas da Caatinga, como Allamanda blanchetti DC. (Apocynaceae). Por estas razões, a área aqui abordada configura-se como um centro de fundamental importância para a manutenção da flora e fauna local, bem como para a microrregião do Cariri Paraibano, onde a mesma encontra-se inserida.
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Silvestre, Leandro Costa. "Riqueza e pambiogeografia de samambaias e licófitas da província da caatinga." Universidade Estadual da Paraíba, 2014. http://tede.bc.uepb.edu.br/tede/jspui/handle/tede/2252.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
Ferns and Lycophyta species that occur in the Caatinga Province were recorded and their biogeographical relations established using a Pambiogeographic analysis. The study aimed to conduct an analysis of the Panbiogeography of ferns and lycophytes species inventoried for the Province of Caatinga, evaluating their global distribution, as well as the explanation of this distribution based on the plant geography of South America and biogeographic processes. 52 species of ferns and five of lycophytes were recorded. The most represented genera in the neotropics were Anemia Sw (10 spp.), Adiantum L (2 spp.), Doryopteris J. Sm. (2 spp.), Sticherus C. Presl (2.spp.). About the species restricted to Brazil, only Anemia dardanoi Brade was verified as endemic to the Caatinga Province. Pambiogeographic analysis allowed the recognition of 54 individual tracks and 17 generalized tracks. The analyzes also showed 10 pambiogeographics nodes delimited to Neotropical region. The ferns and Lycophyta distribution occurrent in the Caatinga Province was mainly on seasonally dry tropical forests and Neotropical savannas in the Americas, indicating a continues distribution on these areas.
As espécies de samambaias e Lycophyta que ocorrem na Província da Caatinga foram registradas e suas relações biogeográficas estabelecidas empregando uma análise Pambiogeográfica. O estudo visou realizar uma análise de Pambiogeografia das espécies de samambaias e licófitas inventariadas para a Província da Caatinga avaliando a sua distribuição global, bem como a explicação dessa distribuição com base na fitogeografia da América do Sul e processos biogeográficos. Foram registradas 52 espécies de samambaias e cinco licófitas. Os gêneros com maior representatividade na região neotropical foram Anemia Sw (10 spp.), Adiantum L (2 spp.), Doryopteris J. Sm. (2 spp.), Sticherus C. Presl (2.spp.). Das espécies restritas ao Brasil apenas Anemia dardanoi Brade foi constatada como endêmica da Província da Caatinga. A análise de Pambiogeografia permitiu o reconhecimento de 54 traços individuais e 17 traços generalizados. As análises também registraram 10 nós pambiogeográficos delimitados a região neotropical. A distribuição das samambaias e Lycophyta ocorrentes na Província da Caatinga deu-se principalmente sobre as florestas tropicais sazonalmente secas e savanas neotropicais nas Américas, indicando uma distribuição continua sobre estas áreas.
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Cordeiro, Luciana Silva. "DistribuiÃÃo geogrÃfica e modelagem de nicho de espÃcies endÃmicas de Erythroxylaceae na regiÃo neotropical." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2013. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=9321.
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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel SuperiorA grande riqueza de espÃcies e endemismos na regiÃo tropical à influenciada pela quantidade de tipos vegetacionais e condiÃÃes ambientais favorÃveis para a manutenÃÃo da diversidade. Para este estudo foi selecionado o gÃnero Erythroxylum que tem no Brasil um dos centros de endemismos mais importantes, totalizando 74 espÃcies com distribuiÃÃo restrita ao paÃs. Em Erythroxylum sÃo reconhecidas 19 seÃÃes, das quais nove estÃo representadas na flora brasileira. A partir de conhecimentos prÃvios sobre os padrÃes de distribuiÃÃo, Ãreas de endemismo e informaÃÃes obtidas sobre as espÃcies do gÃnero, as premissa desse trabalho sÃo: (1) espÃcies taxonomicamente prÃximas apresentam maior conservantismo filogenÃtico de nicho (2) Ãreas de endemismo sÃo unidades bÃsicas onde hà sobreposiÃÃo de um grupo complexo de espÃcies que coocorrem restritos a determinados locais, (3) os filtros ambientais e fatores abiÃticos atuam como limitadores para a sobrevivÃncia e dispersÃo de espÃcies vegetais e ajudam a compreender os limites de distribuiÃÃo de plantas. A hipÃtese deste estudo à que a distribuiÃÃo de espÃcies prÃximas taxonomicamente pode ser resultado de uma relaÃÃo estreita entre variÃveis ambientais e solo. O objetivo desse trabalho à investigar quais fatores ambientais poderiam estar influenciando na atual distribuiÃÃo das espÃcies de Erythroxylum em territÃrio brasileiro. Os locais de ocorrÃncia das espÃcies foram obtidos a partir de informaÃÃes provenientes do acervo virtual do CRIA e de bancos de dados cedidos por diferentes grupos. Para compreender a distribuiÃÃo das espÃcies e seÃÃes nas quais essas estÃo inseridas, e a confirmaÃÃo dos centros de riqueza, foram gerados modelos utilizando as camadas ambientais disponibilizadas pelo Wordclim e o algorÃtimo de mÃxima entropia. Para analisar as preferÃncias das espÃcies quanto as variÃveis climÃticas e edÃficas num recorte do territÃrio brasileiro foram gerados modelos de distribuiÃÃo espacial. As espÃcies analisadas tiveram os principais centros de riqueza e endemismo coincidentes em locais prÃximos a transiÃÃo entre domÃnios no territÃrio brasileiro. Algumas seÃÃes taxonÃmicas puderam ser delimitadas no espaÃo, tendo a distribuiÃÃo associada a domÃnios fitogeogrÃficos diferentes. Os modelos gerados demonstram maior afinidade do gÃnero a locais com forte estacionalidade climÃtica e presenÃa de solos rasos e Ãcidos.
The high species richness and endemism in the tropical region is influenced by the amount of vegetation types and environmental conditions favorable for the maintenance of diversity. For this study we selected the genus Erythroxylum, which in Brazil is one of the most important centers of endemism, totaling 74 species with restricted distribution in the country. Erythroxylum are recognized in 19 sections, nine of which are represented in the flora. From previous knowledge about the distribution patterns, areas of endemism and species information obtained about the genre, the premise of this study are: (1) species are more taxonomically close phylogenetic niche conservatism (2) areas of endemism are basic units where there is overlap of a complex group of species that co-ocorring restricted to certain locations, (3) environmental filtering and abiotic factors acting as limiters for the survival and dispersal of plant species and help to understand the limits of plant distribution. Our hypothesis is that the distribution of taxonomically close species may be the result of a close relationship between environmental variables and soil. The aim of this study is to investigate which environmental factors could be influencing the current distribution of species of Erythroxylum in Brazilian territory. The sites of occurrence of the species were obtained from information from the virtual collection of CRIA and databases yielded by different groups. To understand the distribution of species and sections in which these are inserted, and confirmation of the centers of richness were generated models using environmental layers available by Wordclim and maximum entropy algorithm. To analyse the preferences of the species as climatic variables and soil in a crop of Brazilian territory were generated models of spatial distribution. The species analysed were the main centers of richness and endemism coincide in places near the transition between areas in Brazil. Some taxonomic sections could be delimited in space, and the distribution associated with different phytogeographic domains. The models show higher affinity of the genre to places with strong seasonality and climate presence of shallow soils and acids.
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Diogo, Ivan Jeferson Sampaio. "Aspectos biogeogrÃficos e autoecolÃgicos de encraves florestais Ãmidos no nordeste do Brasil." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2013. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=9416.
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CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel SuperiorA origem da vegetaÃÃo encontrada nos brejos de altitude nordestinos està associada Ãs variaÃÃes climÃticas ocorridas durante o Pleistoceno, que facilitaram a entrada de espÃcies das florestas AtlÃntica e AmazÃnica no domÃnio semiÃrido. A dispersÃo e a polinizaÃÃo sÃo atuais provas do processo evolutivo que levou ao refÃgio de determinadas espÃcies. O presente trabalho verificou o nÃmero de espÃcies das Florestas AmazÃnica e AtlÃntica, Caatinga e outros Brejos de Altitudes nordestinos presentes na composiÃÃo florÃstica da Serra de BaturitÃ, determinando as sÃndromes de dispersÃo e de polinizaÃÃo da flora do remanescente. O compartilhamento de espÃcies entre os domÃnios indica que houve condiÃÃes ambientais adequadas durante o Pleistoceno tardio para permitir o intercÃmbio entre as floras AmazÃnica e AtlÃntica, gerando ambientes de transiÃÃo ou ecÃtonos nas florestas serranas Ãmidas do Nordeste. Os preditores ambientais zoocoria e carbono orgÃnico do solo juntamente com seus processos ecolÃgicos associados determinam a distribuiÃÃo de espÃcies nos brejos de altitude e consequentemente o nicho ecolÃgico. A Serra de Baturità apresenta a maioria das espÃcies melitÃfilas e dispersas por animais, que diferem entre os componentes lenhoso e nÃo lenhoso da vegetaÃÃo, a altitude e a vertente encontrada.
The origin of vegetation found in the brejos nordestinos is linked to climatic variations that occurred during the Pleistocene, which facilitated the entry of species of Amazonian and Atlantic forests in semiarid areas. The dispersal and pollination are present evidence of the evolutionary process that led to the refuge for certain species. The present study examined the contribution of the number of species of Amazon and Atlantic Forest, Caatinga and Mountain Forests of Northeast to the floristic composition of Baturità mountain range, determining the dispersal and pollinating syndromes. The sharing of species between areas indicates the existence of adequate environmental conditions during the late Pleistocene to allow the exchange between the Amazon and Atlantic floras, creating transition environments or ecotones in moist mountain forests of the Northeast. The environmental predictors zoochory and soil organic carbon along with their associated ecological processes determine the distribution of species in the moist forests and hence the ecological niche. Baturità presents most species melittophilous and dispersed by animals, which differ between woody and non-woody components of vegetation, altitude and slope found.
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Duarte, Liliana Neto. "Plantas invasoras no sul de Portugal: uma abordagem biogeográfica." Master's thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/20705.
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As espécies invasoras são uma das principais ameaças à biodiversidade causando impactes ecológicos, económicos e nos serviços dos ecossistemas. O conhecimento conjunto da dinâmica das séries de vegetação e da ecologia das plantas invasoras é uma ferramenta útil na recuperação ecológica de áreas invadidas e na prevenção de invasões. Este trabalho tem como objectivo principal averiguar a relação entre a distribuição das plantas invasoras e as comunidades vegetais terrestres do Sul de Portugal. Para tal, fez-se corresponder a distribuição de nove plantas invasoras selecionadas com as séries de vegetação e territórios biogeográficos, em 60 quadrículas com 1 Km2. A Província Lusitana-Andaluza Costeira revelou-se a mais invadida, com predomínio de Acacia dealbata, Acacia longifolia e Opuntia maxima no potencial climatófilo de sobreiral psamófilo; A. longifolia dominou no potencial edafoxerófilo de zimbral de Juniperus turbinata e A. dealbata e Arundo donax no potencial edafo-higrófilo de freixial. Com base nos resultados, estabeleceram-se áreas prioritárias para intervenção; INVASIVE PLANTS IN SOUTHERN PORTUGAL
A BIOGEOGRAPHICAL APPROACH
Abstract: Invasive species are one of the main threats to biodiversity worldwide and are responsible for negative impacts at ecological, economic and ecosystem services level. Complementarity between vegetation series dynamics and invasive plants ecology knowledge is essential to address ecological restoration and to prevent invasions. The main goal of this work is to investigate the relationship between invasive plants distribution and terrestrial plant communities of Southern Portugal. Fieldwork was conducted in 60 1 Km2 sampling plots and a correspondence was made between nine selected invasive plants and the vegetation series and the biogegraphic units The Andalusian-Lusitanian Coastal province was the most invaded biogeographic unit and revealed the dominance of Acacia dealbata, Acacia longifolia and Opuntia maxima in the cork oak psammophilous series; A. longifolia dominated in the maritime turbinate juniper edapho-xerophilous series and A. dealbata and Arundo donax in the ash edaphohygrophilous groves potential. Based on the results, priority areas for intervention were defined.
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Santos, Isaac Trindade. "Diversidade beta taxonômica e funcional dos peixes de água doce do Brasil." Universidade Federal de Sergipe, 2017. https://ri.ufs.br/handle/riufs/4483.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPESThe first part of this work we assess the relationship between the taxonomic and functional alfa- and beta-diversity (TβD and FβD) in primary ray-finned fishes (Actinopterygii) from Brazil, at three different spatial scales. We assess the contribution of the components of β-div – turnover (replacement of species) and nestedness (species loss) – to the observed pattern, and whether they are driven by stochastic or deterministic processes. While TβD was ruled by high rates of turnover (from 93 to 98%), FβD had a greater contribution of nestedness (70 to 80%). Observed TβD was higher than by chance. In addition, environmental filtering and biotic interactions play a greater role for the formation and maintenance of primary ray-finned fish diversity patterns in the Neotropics. In the second part of this work we assessed how the patterns of beta diversity are affected by human actions. Taking the ‘Bento Rodrigues dam disaster’ at the Doce Basin as a case model, we evaluate the possible consequences of different levels of local species extinctions to the regional taxonomic β-div and functional richness across six neighbour river basins. A higher contribution of nestedness (13-19%), leaded to an increase in the pattern of beta diversity: 0.75 to 0.81 (Sørensen dissimilarity index). The functional richness from Doce Basin also decreased from 69-36%. Owing to the regional pattern of species sharing among basins, the likely consequences of fish extinctions include a decreasing trend of turnover contribution (87-81%). The disaster caused substantial changes on regional patterns of β-div and functional richness, owing to a process known as subtractive heterogenization. These findings might be relevant for both, local conservation purposes and the overview of how disturbance affect biodiversity.
Na primeira parte deste trabalho foi avaliada a relação entre as diversidades taxonômica e funcional, alfa e beta (TβD and FβD), dos peixes de nadadeira raiada (Actinopterygii) de água doce do Brasil, em três escalas diferentes. Avaliou-se a contribuição dos componentes da β-div – ‘turnover’ (substituição de espécies entre comunidades) e ‘nestedness’, ou aninhamento, (perda de espécies) – para os padrões observados, e se eles são influenciados por processos estocásticos ou determinísticos. Enquanto TβD teve altas taxas de ‘turnover’ (de 93 para 98%), FβD possuiu uma maior contribuição do aninhamento (70 - 80%). Os padrões de TβD foi maior do que o esperado ao acaso. Além disso, filtros ambientais e interações bióticas desempenham um papel maior para a formação e manutenção dos padrões de diversidade dos peixes de nadadeiras raiadas primários nos Neotrópicos. Na segunda parte deste trabalho avaliou-se como os padrões de beta diversidade são influenciados por ações humanas. Utilizando o ‘desastre da barragem de Bento Rodrigues’, na Bacia do Rio Doce como um modelo de caso, nós avaliamos as possíveis consequências de diferentes níveis de extinções locais de espécies para a β-div regional e riqueza funcional entre seis bacias vizinhas. Uma maior contribuição do nestedness (13-19%), levou a um aumento nos padrões de diversidade beta: de 0,75 para 081 (índice de dissimilaridade de Sørensen). A riqueza functional da Bacia do Doce também diminui de 69-36%. Graças ao padrão regional de compartilhamento de espécies entre bacias, as possíveis consequências das extinções de peixes incluem a diminuição na contribuição do turnover (87-81%). O desastre causou mudanças substanciais nos padrões regionais de β-div e riqueza funcional, devido a um processo conhecido como heterogeinização subtrativa. Estes resultados podem ser relevantes para ambos, a conservação local e visão geral de como distúrbios afetam a biodiversidade.
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Martins, Fernanda Alves. "Determinantes da diversidade de odonata no Brasil: uma abordagem em diferentes escalas espaciais." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2016. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/5933.
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Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES
The interactions between the organisms and their physical environment and among the organisms themselves occur at definite spatial scales, and give rise to spatial patterns that may be assessed to a better understanding of these relationships. Thus, in order to understand the variation in species diversity, it is necessary to link the scale in which the variation is measured to the scale in which the processes operate. The main objective of this work is thus to identify the factors that best explain the diversity of dragonflies’ tropical assemblages and determine how they interact across scales. The work is based on the Community Assembly conceptual framework that relies on the idea that community assembly is affected by spatial processes hierarchically arranged. Dragonflies are good models because they comprise two distinct groups of species regarding to body size, thermoregulatory responses and dispersal ability. Due to their ecological differences, they may respond differently to local as well as to regional environmental conditions. Despite of their ecological differences, our results suggest that richness patterns for both groups are affected by the same factors, i.e., they respond in a similar fashion to the analysed factors. In regional scales, environmental filters, such as temperature seasonality, affect species richness. The abundance is the main predictor of local species richness. Nevertheless, the assemblages’ compositional patterns are different. Comparatively, Zygoptera (low-dispersal group) assemblages are more affected by local scale processes than Anisoptera. Our results suggest a better integration of metacommunity theory (focused on the role of dispersal shaping different spatial dynamics in the assemblages) and community assembly theory. The fact that the dispersal processes is more important at smaller scales indicate the potential importance of occupancy dynamics at this scale, calling for explicitly incorporating dispersal, affecting the spatial dynamics at different spatial scales. Furthermore, our results suggest that rather than being mutually exclusive, neutral and deterministic processes acts jointly on community assembly.
As interações ecológicas entre os organismos e seus ambientes ocorrem em diferentes escalas espaciais, dando origem a padrões espaciais de composição e riqueza das espécies. O objetivo principal desta tese é investigar fatores que operam em diferentes escalas na estruturação das comunidades de libélulas tropicais. O estudo se apoia no marco conceitual de Community Assembly, que se baseia na ideia de que a organização das comunidades ecológicas é afetada por processos hierárquicos espacialmente organizados. Libélulas são bons modelos de estudo porque compreendem dois grupos de espécies que diferem em características ecofisiológica tais como tamanho corporal afetando as relações com seus ambientes locais e regionais, influenciando os padrões de diversidade resultantes. A subordem Zygoptera compreende organismos com menor tamanho corporal e possuem menor habilidade de dispersão enquanto que Anisoptera é composta por espécies com maior tamanho corporal e maior habilidade de dispersão. Apesar das diferenças ecofisiológicas, nossos resultados indicam que a riqueza de espécies nos dois grupos de libélulas responde de maneira similar aos fatores analisados. Em escalas regionais, a riqueza de espécies de ambos os grupos é influenciada de maneira consistente por filtros ambientais, tais como as variações sazonais da temperatura ambiente. Em escalas locais, a riqueza dos dois grupos é determinada primariamente pela abundância total. No entanto, os padrões de composição das comunidades são diferentes para Zygoptera e Anisoptera. As comunidades de Zygoptera são mais afetadas por fatores que ocorrem em escala local do que Anisoptera. Nossos resultados sugerem que a dispersão desempenha um importante papel em escalas espaciais reduzidas, indicando a importância que as dinâmicas de ocupação podem ter na formação das comunidades ecológicas. Nesse sentido, sugerimos uma maior integração da teoria de metacomunidades (que enfatiza a importância do processo de dispersão na formação das dinâmicas espaciais nas comunidades) e com a teoria de Community Asssembly, com a incorporação explícita do processo de dispersão, afetando as dinâmicas espaciais nas diferentes escalas. Além disso, nossos resultados sugerem que processos neutros e processos determinados pelo nicho não são mutuamente exclusivos, mas atuam conjuntamente na formação das comunidades ecológicas.
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Breier, Tiago Boer. "O epifitismo vascular em florestas do sudoeste do Brasil." [s.n.], 2005. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/315187.
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Orientador: João SemirTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
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Resumo: O presente estudo aborda quatro comunidades de epífitos vasculares em diferentes formações florestais do Estado de São Paulo, comparando composição florística, formas de vida, síndromes de polinização e dispersão, com base nos dados coletados em uma amostragem padronizada realizada em áreas de 10,24ha em cada formação: Floresta de Restinga (Parque Estadual Ilha do Cardoso), Floresta Ombrófila Densa Submontana (Parque Estadual Carlos Botelho), Floresta Estacional Semidecidual (Estação Ecológica Caetetus) e Cerradão (Estação Ecológica Assis). Foram registradas respectivamente 178, 161, 25 e 16 espécies de epífitos vasculares, ou seja, plantas que crescem sem contato caule-solo, incluindo plantas com estruturas haustoriais. Ao todo, nas quatro parcelas, foram registradas 277 espécies de epífitos vasculares pertencentes 109 gêneros e a 37 famílias. As maiores similaridades, no nível de espécie, foram encontradas comparando a flora das florestas mesófilas entre si e a flora das florestas higrófilas entre si, as demais comparações par a par, entre uma floresta mesófila e uma higrófila apresentaram baixos valores de similaridade. A única espécie presente nas quatro formações foi Pleopeltis angusta (Polypodiaceae). Em todas as áreas, holoepífitos verdadeiros foram à forma de vida com maior número de espécies. Entomofilia e anemocoria foram respectivamente às síndromes de polinização e dispersão com maior número de espécies. Estudos detalhados sobre estrutura e distribuição espacial das comunidades de epífitos indicam grandes diferenças na ocupação do espaço, de acordo com o tipo de floresta. A riqueza de epífitos apresentou diferentes respostas, de acorco com o tipo florestal, a parâmetros quantitativos dos forófitos e a parâmetros quantitativos das parcelas. Palavras-chaves: epífitos vasculares, comunidades, síndromes de polinização, síndromes de dispersão, formas de vida, biogeografia, ecologia
Abstract: This work presents four communities of vascular epiphytes in different forest formations in the State of São Paulo, and it compares the floristic composition, life forms, pollination and dispersal syndromes, using data collected through standardized samplings, performed in 10,24ha areas in each formation: Coastal Plain Forest (Ilha do Cardoso State Park), Submontane Rain Forest (Carlos Botelho State Park), Seasonal Semideciduous Forest (Caetetus Ecological Station) and Woody Savanna Forest (Assis Ecological Station). I sampled respectively 178, 161, 25 and 16 species of vascular epiphytes (plants that grow without stem-soil contact, including plants with haustorial structures. Altogether, in the four plots studied, there were 277 species of vascular epiphytes belonging to 109 genera and 37 families. The highest similarity values, in the species level, were found in the comparison among the flora of mesophilous forests and among the flora of hygrophilous forests; the other paired comparisons, between one mesophilous and one hygrophilous forest, presented the lowest similarities values. The only species common to all four forest formations, in the plot sampling, was Pleopeltis angusta (Polypodiaceae). In all areas, the life form of true holoepiphyte was the richer. Entomophily and anemocory were, respectively, the most diverse syndromes. Detailed studies on the spatial distribution of epiphyte communities suggest large differences in space occupation, according to forest type. Epiphyte richness presented different types of relationship, according to forest formation, to quantitative parameters of phorophytes and to quantitative parameters measured in the plots. Keywords: vascular epiphytes, community, pollination syndromes, dispersal syndromes, life forms, biogeography, ecology
Doutorado
Biologia Vegetal
Doutor em Biologia Vegetal
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Maestri, Renan. "Evolução morfológica na radiação dos roedores sigmodontíneos : ecologia e história evolutiva." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/163695.
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Radiações evolutivas estão entre os eventos mais fascinantes da evolução. Grande parte da diversidade da vida, tanto de espécies como ecológica, surgiu nos breves intervalos temporais de rápida especiação que configuram as radiações. As causas ecológicas e não-ecológicas do surgimento da diversidade em radiações evolutivas, em especial nas radiações adaptativas, são tema de pesquisa há muito tempo, pelo menos desde que Darwin observou a imensa diversidade de um grupo de pássaros nas ilhas Galápagos. Desde então, as ilhas têm sido os ambientes ideais para o estudo desse fenômeno, e foi a partir das observações e experimentos em ilhas que toda a teoria ecológica das radiações evolutivas surgiu. Contudo, as causas ecológicas das radiações explosivas ocorridas em amplas escalas continentais permanecem tema de constante debate. Nesta tese, foram investigados os determinantes ecológicos e não-ecológicos (e.g., geografia, contingências históricas, efeitos filogenéticos) da evolução morfológica dos roedores sigmodontíneos durante sua radiação na região Neotropical, em especial no continente sul-americano. Para isso, foi quantificada a morfologia do crânio e mandíbula de mais de dois mil exemplares do grupo, e foram investigadas variações ecomorfológicas nos níveis interespecífico (I), intraespecífico (II), e entre assembleias de sigmodontíneos (III). Na Parte I da tese, foram investigadas duas predições da teoria da radiação adaptativa, a correlação-fenótipo ambiente (capítulo 1) e a funcionalidade do fenótipo através da força da mordida (capítulo 2), permitindo determinar o papel da divergência ecológica na evolução morfológica das espécies. Na Parte II (capítulo 3), foram investigadas as contribuições relativas de processos determinísticos e neutros sobre a variação morfológica entre populações de uma espécie de roedor sigmodontíneo amplamente distribuída, Akodon cursor. Na Parte III, a influência da variação ambiental e da distribuição espacial das linhagens filogenéticas de sigmodontíneos sobre o tamanho corporal (capítulo 4) e forma do crânio e mandíbula (capítulo 5), foram investigados no contexto biogeográfico da variação no tamanho e forma média entre assembleias de sigmodontíneos. As contribuições originais desta tese foram: (i) mostrar que a radiação evolutiva dos roedores sigmodontíneos foi guiada principalmente por fatores históricos e geográficos ao invés de fatores ecológicos; (ii) sugerir que radiações evolutivas ocorridas em escalas continentais, especialmente de roedores, têm um componente geográfico e histórico mais determinante do que o componente ecológico; (iii) revelar que a força da mordida varia pouco entre roedores sigmodontíneos herbívoros e granívoros, o que provavelmente é resultado do fenótipo generalista desses roedores; (iv) apontar que sigmodontíneos com dieta insetívora têm uma taxa de evolução mais rápida, e parecem estar evoluindo sua forma do crânio/mandíbula e sua força da mordida em uma direção diferente das demais espécies; (v) demonstrar que, dentro de uma espécie de sigmodontíneo (Akodon cursor), fluxo gênico e deriva genética explicam melhor a forma do crânio entre populações, enquanto a variação ambiental explica melhor o tamanho do crânio, indicando que o tamanho é uma característica mais lábil e mais sujeita a pressões ambientais do que a forma do crânio; (vi) mostrar que a variação biogeográfica, tanto do tamanho quanto da forma média do crânio/mandíbula entre assembleias de sigmodontíneos, está sob influência da distribuição diferencial das linhagens filogenéticas ao longo do espaço geográfico, bem como de variáveis ambientais; o que indica conservação filogenética de nicho à nível de metacomunidades. De modo geral, ao investigar as contribuições relativas dos componentes adaptativo e não-adaptativo da evolução morfológica, foram obtidas informações importantes para conhecer as causas da diversificação morfológica em Sigmodontinae, aumentando nosso conhecimento sobre as origens de toda a diversidade biológica.Evolutionary radiations are among the most fascinating phenomena of evolution. Most of the biological diversity on the planet, both in terms of species and ecological diversity, appeared during these brief intervals of rapid speciation. The ecological and non-ecological causes of the emergence of diversity in evolutionary radiations, especially in adaptive radiations, have long been the subject of research, beginning with Darwin and his notice of the astonishing diversity of bird forms in the Galapagos Islands. Islands have since been ideal environments in which to study evolutionary and adaptive radiations, and indeed it was from observations and experiments on islands that all ecological theory of evolutionary radiations arose. However, the ecological causes of explosive radiations occurring on large continental scales are still a matter of debate. In this dissertation, I investigated the ecological and non-ecological (e.g., geography, historical contingencies, phylogenetic effects) determinants of morphological evolution in sigmodontine rodents during their radiation in the Neotropical region, particularly on the South-American continent. The skull and mandible morphology of more than two thousand specimens was quantified, and ecomorphological variation was investigated on three levels: interspecific (I), intraspecific (II), and among sigmodontine assemblages (III). In part I, two predictions from the ecological theory of adaptive radiation were investigated: the phenotype-environment correlation (chapter 1), and the trait utility through the bite force (chapter 2). This approach enabled determination of the role of ecological divergence in species morphological evolution. In part II (chapter 3), I investigated the relative contributions of deterministic and neutral processes to morphological variation among populations of one widely distributed sigmodontine species, Akodon cursor. In part III, I investigated the influence of environmental variation and spatial distribution of phylogenetic lineages on body size (chapter 4) and on shape of the skull and mandible (chapter 5), in the context of biogeographical variation of mean size and shape in sigmodontine assemblages. The original contributions of this dissertation are as follows: (i) to demonstrate that the evolutionary radiation of sigmodontines was driven mainly by historical and geographical factors instead of ecological factors; (ii) to suggest that evolutionary radiations on continental scales, especially rodent radiations, have a more determinant historical and geographical component than an ecological one; (iii) to show small variation in bite force between sigmodontine herbivores and granivores, which is likely a consequence of the generalist phenotype of these rodents; (iv) to highlight that insectivorous sigmodontines have a faster rate of morphological evolution than other diet groups, and that skull and mandible morphology and bite force are evolving in different directions than in other species; (v) to demonstrate that within a sigmodontine species (Akodon cursor), gene flow and genetic drift better explain variation in skull shape among populations, while environmental variation better explains variation in skull size, which suggests that size is more labile feature than shape and thus more prone to change with environmental pressures; and (vi) to show that biogeographical variation in mean body size, mean skull shape, and mean mandible shape across sigmodontine assemblages is influenced by the different distributions of phylogenetic lineages over geographical space, as well by environmental variables, which indicates phylogenetic niche conservatism at the metacommunity level. These results shed light on some of the factors driving morphological diversification in Sigmodontinae. Further, the analytical approach(es) utilized may be useful for general investigations of the relative contributions of adaptive and non-adaptive components of morphological evolution, thereby potentially increasing our knowledge of the origins of all biological diversity.
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Vargas, Mariana L. "Host-parasite coevolution in New Zealand: how has Odontacarus, a mite with a free-living stage in its life-cycle, coevolved with its skink host?" Lincoln University, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1072.
Full textAbstract:
The effect of a free-living stage in host-parasite coevolution: a skink mite phylogenetic study in New Zealand. During the last decade, phylogenetic trees have even been used to compare ecologically related taxa such as parasites and their hosts, and are used to determine their level of coevolution or reciprocal adaptation in time. Diverse coevolutionary events have been detected for this ecological association, where generally the parasite has been regarded as one that feeds exclusively on the host and is likely to cospeciate with it. A different coevolutionary pattern might occur when the parasite has a free-living stage in its life cycle, in which the parasite may have the opportunity to abandon its host and successfully colonise a new species (host-switching) making cospeciation less likely. Many New Zealand skinks are infested with a parasitic mite, Odontacarus sp. (Prostigmata: Leeuwenhoekiidae), which becomes free-living as an adult. The genetic variation of these mites found on four hosts was analyzed for host- parasite coevolutionary events. The hosts were the McCann’s skink and the common skink in coastal Birdling Flat, Canterbury, plus these species and the Grand and Otago skinks in Macraes Flat, Central Otago, South Island, New Zealand. The genetic variation of fast evolving nuclear Internal Transcribed Spacers 2 and mitochondrial Cytochrome c Oxidase I in Odontacarus mites found on these hosts was determined by PCR and DNA sequencing and phylogenetic trees were built using the computer programs PAUP*4 and MrBayes 3. The results show that mite haplotypes only had a significant geographical division and no host-related differences. In Birdling Flat, the COI haplotypes were represented in two groups that infested both regional hosts and had 5.7 % divergence. The same individual mites belonged to a single ITS 2 haplotype, thus indicating a historical geographical division between two populations that now interbreed successfully. The Macraes Flat mites were divided into two COI haplotypes with 2.4% divergence and internal nodes, which showed greater genetic variability than the Birdling Flat populations. The Macraes Flat mites formed two ITS 2 haplotypes with 6% divergence. This greater geographical structure of the Otago mites is probably due to the older age of the mainland area compared to the recently exposed coastal locality of Birdling Flat. The COI haplotypes from the two different regions had a mean distance of 15.5%, with an earlier divergence time than that known for the hosts. For both genes, the haplotypes from different regions had 100% bootstrap support and the parasite showed no host specificity. Mites of the different COI and ITS haplotypes were found on most of the host species that were sampled in Canterbury and Otago. The results of this study suggest that a free-living stage in a parasite’s life cycle can favour coevolutionary events such as inertia (failure to speciate) and host-switching, probably as a result of resource-tracking of the parasite. NB: Electronic files contained on CD to accompany print copy are not included with this version of the thesis.
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Silva, Hilda Maria Andrade da. "Biogeografia e sistemática dos peixes aulopiformes." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2011. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=3609.
Full textAbstract:
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de JaneiroOs Aulopiformes são peixes marinhos com amplitude temporal do Eocretáceo ao Recente. Os táxons fósseis são encontrados em depósitos sedimentares das Américas do Sul e do Norte, Europa, Ásia e África. Os representantes viventes podem ser encontrados desde águas rasas costeiras, estuários, até profundidades abissais, excedendo 3.000 m. Os limites do grupo, suas intra e inter-relações são objeto de muitos estudos. O objetivo central desta tese é aplicar métodos de Biogeografia Histórica como Panbiogeografia e a Análise de Parcimônia de Endemismos aos peixes Aulopiformes. Adicionalmente, foi realizada a análise filogenética dos Aulopiformes. Como resultado foram obtidos: 21 traços generalizados de Synodontoidei, 28 de Chlorophthalmoidei, 3 de Giganturoidei e 7 de Enchodontoidei. O clado Synodontoidei apresenta um padrão de distribuição primordialmente em águas tropicais e subtropicais, associado à borda de placas tectônicas e ao tipo de substrato. O clado Chlorophthalmoidei apresenta padrões de distribuição associados a cadeias de montanhas submarinas e corais de profundidade. O clado Giganturoidei possui uma distribuição vicariante com a família Giganturidae ocupando águas mais quentes e Bathysauridae as regiões mais frias. O clado Enchodontoidei foi associado a recifes de coral e zonas de ressurgência pretéritos. Adicionalmente, foi analisada uma matriz de dados com 84 táxons e 105 caracteres morfológicos não ordenados e sem pesagem a priori. Como resultado foram obtidas sete árvores igualmente parcimoniosas com 1214 passos, índice de consistência de 0,1129 e índice de retenção de 0,4970. A ordem Aulopiformes não constituiu um grupo monofilético, com as famílias Chlorophthalmidae, Notosudidae, Synodontidae, Paraulopidae, Pseudotrichonotidae e Ipnopidae mais proximamente relacionados ao Myctophidea que aos Alepisauroidei. Assim a partir da combinação dos resultados alcançados conclui-se que a Biogeografia Histórica funcionou como uma ferramenta na identificação dos problemas taxonômicos dos Aulopiformes e a sua análise filogenética permitiu identificar controvérsias sistemáticas, indicando que são necessários maiores estudos sobre a anatomia dos aulopiformes, a fim de esclarecer suas inter-relações.
The Aulopiformes are marine fishes ranging from Early Cretaceous to Recent. Fossil taxa are found in sediments from South and North America, Europe, Asia and Africa. The living forms can be found from shallow coastal estuaries, to the abyssal depths, exceeding 3,000 m. Interrelationships among this group are subject of many studies. The aim of these studies is to apply historical biogeography methods as Panbiogeography and Parsimony Analysis of Endemicity to Aulopiformes fishes. Additionally, were performed a phylogenetic analysis of this taxon. As a result were obtained: 21 generalized tracks from Synodontoidei; 28, Chlorophthalmoidei; 3, Giganturoidei and 7 to Enchodontoidei. Synodontoidei shows a pattern of distribution primarily in tropical and subtropical regions, associated with the edge of tectonic plates and the substrate. Chlorophthalmoidei distributions are linked to chains of seamounts and deep water corals. Giganturoidei is a vicariant, group with Giganturidae occupying warmer waters and Bathysauridae colder regions. Enchodontoidei was associated with coral reefs and upwelling areas on past. Additionally, we analyzed a data matrix with 84 taxa and 105 morphological characters unordered and without a priori weighting. Results obtained with seven equally parsimonious trees with 1214 steps, consistency index of 0.1129 and retention index of 0.4970. The order Aulopiformes did not constitute a monophyletic group, with the families Chlorophthalmidae, Notosudidae, Synodontidae, Paraulopidae, Pseudotrichonotidae and Ipnopidae more closely related to Myctophidea than Alepisauroidei. From the composite of results it is concluded that the Historical Biogeography functioned as a tool to identifying taxonomic problems and its phylogenetic analysis recognized systematics disagreements, showing that more studies are required on Aulopiformess anatomy in order to clarify their interrelationships.
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Diogo, Ivan Jeferson Sampaio. "Aspectos biogeográficos e autoecológicos de encraves florestais úmidos no nordeste do Brasil." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2013. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/17144.
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DIOGO, Ivan Jeferson Sampaio. Aspectos biogeográficos e autoecológicos de encraves florestais úmidos no nordeste do Brasil. 2013. 87 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em ecologia e recursos naturais)- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2013.Submitted by Elineudson Ribeiro (elineudsonr@gmail.com) on 2016-05-20T18:08:23Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2013_dis_ijsdiogo.pdf: 1562015 bytes, checksum: 94a9fdf4c149caf413552b026bc16f4f (MD5)
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The origin of vegetation found in the brejos nordestinos is linked to climatic variations that occurred during the Pleistocene, which facilitated the entry of species of Amazonian and Atlantic forests in semiarid areas. The dispersal and pollination are present evidence of the evolutionary process that led to the refuge for certain species. The present study examined the contribution of the number of species of Amazon and Atlantic Forest, Caatinga and Mountain Forests of Northeast to the floristic composition of Baturité mountain range, determining the dispersal and pollinating syndromes. The sharing of species between areas indicates the existence of adequate environmental conditions during the late Pleistocene to allow the exchange between the Amazon and Atlantic floras, creating transition environments or ecotones in moist mountain forests of the Northeast. The environmental predictors zoochory and soil organic carbon along with their associated ecological processes determine the distribution of species in the moist forests and hence the ecological niche. Baturité presents most species melittophilous and dispersed by animals, which differ between woody and non-woody components of vegetation, altitude and slope found.
A origem da vegetação encontrada nos brejos de altitude nordestinos está associada às variações climáticas ocorridas durante o Pleistoceno, que facilitaram a entrada de espécies das florestas Atlântica e Amazônica no domínio semiárido. A dispersão e a polinização são atuais provas do processo evolutivo que levou ao refúgio de determinadas espécies. O presente trabalho verificou o número de espécies das Florestas Amazônica e Atlântica, Caatinga e outros Brejos de Altitudes nordestinos presentes na composição florística da Serra de Baturité, determinando as síndromes de dispersão e de polinização da flora do remanescente. O compartilhamento de espécies entre os domínios indica que houve condições ambientais adequadas durante o Pleistoceno tardio para permitir o intercâmbio entre as floras Amazônica e Atlântica, gerando ambientes de transição ou ecótonos nas florestas serranas úmidas do Nordeste. Os preditores ambientais zoocoria e carbono orgânico do solo juntamente com seus processos ecológicos associados determinam a distribuição de espécies nos brejos de altitude e consequentemente o nicho ecológico. A Serra de Baturité apresenta a maioria das espécies melitófilas e dispersas por animais, que diferem entre os componentes lenhoso e não lenhoso da vegetação, a altitude e a vertente encontrada.
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Oliveira, Patricia do Prado. "Métricas da paisagem e perspectivas de conservação para parques em situação de isolamento na cidade de São Paulo: o Parque Estadual Fontes do Ipiranga (PEFI), o Parque Estadual do Jaraguá (PEJ) e o Parque Natural Municipal Fazenda do Carmo (PNMFC), Município de São Paulo (SP)." Universidade de São Paulo, 2017. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8135/tde-10052018-121509/.
Full textAbstract:
O município de São Paulo, a partir da década de 1970, apresentou uma rápida expansão de sua área periférica que resultou na perda de sua cobertura vegetal original. A cobertura vegetal foi reduzida a fragmentos isolados pelo rápido processo de expansão da urbanização. Esses remanescentes contam com a presença de vegetação natural secundária da Mata Atlântica, que antes ocupava boa parte do território paulista e que deu lugar à metrópole de hoje. Na tentativa de proteger esses remanescentes foram criadas unidades de conservação da natureza na paisagem urbana, como os Parques. Os parques estaduais Fontes do Ipiranga (PEFI) do Jaraguá (PEJ) e o Parque Natural Municipal Fazenda do Carmo (PNMFC) se encontram em uma situação semelhante no município de São Paulo: são unidades de proteção integral que guardam remanescentes florestais em áreas relativamente reduzidas e estão isolados em regiões densamente urbanizadas. Neste sentido trabalhou-se com a hipótese de que a condição de isolamento submeteu esses ambientes a situações que ameaçam sua conservação em longo prazo. Dentro dessa perspectiva, este estudo discute como a estrutura da paisagem pode influenciar na conservação dos remanescentes florestais protegidos por Parques que se encontram em situação de isolamento. Os Parques que devem garantir o mínimo de interferência de atividades humanas enfrentam grandes dificuldades em cumprir de forma efetiva sua função de unidade de proteção integral em ambientes urbanizados, existindo, uma relação conflituosa entre urbanização e conservação. A bacia hidrográfica foi definida como unidade de análise para este estudo, por se tratar de uma região natural e abranger também o entorno dos Parques: a bacia do córrego Ipiranga, que é um afluente do rio Tamanduateí, foi selecionada por apresentar em seu perímetro o Parque Estadual Fontes do Ipiranga (PEFI). As bacias hidrográficas dos ribeirões Vermelho e São Miguel e do córrego Santa Fé abrangem a área do Parque Estadual do Jaraguá (PEJ); e, a bacia hidrográfica do rio Aricanduva, conta com a presença do Parque Natural Municipal Fazenda do Carmo (PNMFC). Foram elaborados mapas de uso e cobertura da terra para a reconstituição da paisagem das bacias hidrográficas e para identificação das mudanças provocadas principalmente pelo processo de urbanização. Foram utilizadas fotografias áreas dos anos de 1962 e 1994, e, Imagens do satélite RapidEye para realização do mapeamento; e, posteriormente foram geradas métricas da paisagem para análise da situação atual e pretérita dos remanescentes florestais presentes nas bacias hidrográficas. Partiu-se dos pressupostos teóricos da Ecologia da Paisagem, observado como as mudanças do uso e cobertura da terra e o processo de urbanização interferiram na dinâmica e nas condições ecológicas desses remanescentes florestais protegidos por Parques no município de São Paulo. Com a análise dos dados obtidos a partir das métricas da paisagem foi possível estabelecer as principais tendências e prognósticos para a conservação desses fragmentos e discutir sobre ações possíveis para amenizar o isolamento e melhorar as condições ecológicas desses remanescentes.The municipality of São Paulo, from the 1970s, presented a rapid expansion of its peripheral area that resulted in the loss of its original vegetation cover. The vegetation cover was reduced to fragments isolated by the process of urbanization expansion. These remnants have a presence of secondary natural vegetation of the Atlantic Rain Forest, which used to occupy a good part of the territory of São Paulo and that gave rise to today\'s metropolis. In an attempt to protect these remnants, nature conservation units were created in the urban landscape, such as the Parks. The Parque Estadual Fontes do Ipiranga (PEFI), Parque Estadual do Jaraguá (PEJ) and and the Parque Natural Municipal Fazenda do Carmo (PNMFC) are located in a non-municipal situation of São Paulo: they are integral protection units that keep remnants of forest in relatively small areas and are isolated in densely urbanized regions. In this sense we worked with a hypothesis of an isolation condition subjected these environments to situations that threaten their conservation in long term. From this perspective, this study discusses how a landscape structure can influence the conservation of forest remnants protected by Parks that are in isolation. The parks that must guarantee the minimum interference of human activities face great difficulties in effectively fulfilling their function as integral protection unit in urbanized environments, existing a conflicting relationship between urbanization and conservation. The hydrographic basin was defined as a unit of analysis for this study, because it is a natural region and also encompasses the surroundings of the Parks: a basin of the Ipiranga stream, which is a tributary of the Tamanduateí river, was selected for presenting in its perimeter Parque Estadual Fontes do Ipiranga (PEFI). As watersheds of the Vermelho and São Miguel streams and the Santa Fe stream cover an area of the Parque Estadual do Jaraguá (PEJ); And, a watershed of the Aricanduva river, counts on presence in the Parque Natural Municipal Fazenda do Carmo (PNMFC). Land use and land cover maps were prepared for a reconstruction of the river basin landscape and for the identification of the changes brought about by the urbanization process. Photographs were made of areas from the years 1962 and 1994, and, Images of the RapidEye satellite to perform the mapping; And, later, metrics of the landscape were generated to analyze the present and preterite situation of the forest remnants present in the hydrographic basins. It was based on the theoretical assumptions of Landscape Ecology, observed how changes in land use and coverage and the urbanization process interfered in the dynamics and ecological conditions of forest remnants protected by Parks in the city of São Paulo. With an analysis of the data obtained from the landscape metrics, it is possible to establish as main tendencies and prognoses for the conservation of the losses and to discuss possible actions to soften the isolation and to improve the ecological conditions of the remnants.