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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Ecological Markers'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 5 June 2025

Last updated: 16 July 2025

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Rozhitskii, M. M., and O. A. Sushko. "Nanophotonic sensors for biomedical and ecological application." Thesis, B. Verkin Institute of Low Temperature Physics and Engineering, NASU, 2013. http://openarchive.nure.ua/handle/document/8873.

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There is an ever-increasing need to enhance the capability of sensor technology for health, structural and environmental monitoring. One area of great concern is new strains of microbial organism and the spread of infectious diseases that requires rapid identification and detection in vivo and in vitro. Another area of major concern, worldwide, is the threat of chemical and biological terrorism. This points out onto necessity of improovement of existing and development of novel detection technologies based on nanomaterials. Nanophotonics-based sensors utilizing nanostructured multiple probes provide the ability for simultaneous detection of different biomedical and ecological objects as well as the ability for remote sensing where necessary. A useful future approach can utilize nanoscale optoelectronics with hybrid detection methods involving both photonics and electronics.

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Merrill, Keith R. "Usage and Development of Molecular Markers for Investigation of the Population and Ecological Genetics of Bromus tectorum L." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2011. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/2955.

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This thesis includes two studies: The first examined patterns of neutral genetic diversity within Bromus tectorum L. across the IMW region, and uses patterns of microsatellite (SSR) genotype distribution to make inferences about the respective roles of adaptively significant genetic variation, adaptive phenotypic plasticity, and facultative outcrossing in the ongoing invasion and recent range expansion of B. tectorum. It has been previously demonstrated that, due to extremely low outcrossing rates, it is possible to characterize individual genotypes of this species using four SSR loci. We sampled 20 individuals from each of 96 B. tectorum populations (classified by region and habitat) from throughout the IMW and used these SSR markers to characterize each individual. We found 131 four-locus SSR genotypes; however, the 14 most common genotypes collectively accounted for 79.2% of the individuals sampled. Individuals with certain SSR genotypes sorted strongly into warm or salt desert habitats (stringent habitats) and flowered earlier than individuals with genotypes from more mesic habitats, providing evidence of adaptively significant genetic variation associated with these genotypes. Other SSR genotypes were found across a wide range of habitats though they tended to be less prevalent in stringent habitats, providing evidence that adaptive phenotypic plasticity may be important for the distribution of some common genotypes. We observed very few heterozygous individuals, consistent with the highly inbreeding reproductive strategy of B. tectorum. Because specialist genotypes dominating recently invaded areas within the IMW region contained unique alleles, they are not likely to have resulted from recombination, leading us to doubt the role of facultative outcrossing as a significant mechanism facilitating the current range expansion of B. tectorum in the IMW.Previous research investigating the population and ecological genetics of Bromus tectorum L. in the North American invaded range has relied on either allozyme or microsatellite (SSR) genetic analyses, both of which have proven to have shortcomings. In order to overcome the issues associated with these other marker types, in the second study of this thesis we developed single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers for B. tectorum by 1) obtaining normalized cDNA, 2) sequencing normalized cDNA using 454 sequencing, 3) aligning resultant contigs and looking for SNPs, 4) designing assays for SNP validation and genotyping using KASPar, 5) converting working KASPar assays for use with the Fluidigm EP1 platform using the 96.96 Dynamic ArrayTM IFC. Sequencing resulted in 1258041 reads, which assembled into 65486 contigs (20782 large contigs exceeding 500 base pairs). Using selection criteria of at least 10x coverage and 30% of the minor allele, 3333 putative SNPs were identified. We developed KASP assays for 255 putative SNPs, which resulted in 101 working polymorphic assays. Ninety-six assays were then successfully converted for use with KASP on the Fluidigm EP1 genotyping platform using 96.96 dynamic arrays.

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Iaffaldano, Brian. "Evaluating the Development and Potential Ecological Impact of Genetically Engineered Taraxacum kok-saghyz." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1452174223.

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Oduor, Bonaventure Omondi Aman. "Ecology and population genetic structure of strains of Teretrius nigrescens (Coleoptera: Histeridae), predator of Prostephanus truncatus (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae) / Bonaventure Omondi Aman Oduor." Thesis, North-West University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/5006.

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The larger grain borer (LGB) Prostephanus truncatus (Horn) is the most important pest of farm stored maize and cassava in Africa. This alien invasive species was introduced into the continent from Mesoamerica in the late 1970s and by 2008 had spread to at least 18 countries. In contrast to indigenous primary storage pests, LGB exists as on-farm and as wild populations, hence, sustainable control must target both environments. Biological control is especially attractive for wild populations to reduce early season grain store infestation, while cultural and chemical methods are useful to protect stored produce directly. Two populations of the predator Teretrius nigrescens Lewis were introduced into several African countries' as a biocontrol agent. It has shown long-term success and cost effective control in warm-humid areas. Control has however not been successful in cool and hot-dry zones. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible underlying genetic and ecological explanations for these observations and the possibility of joint use of molecular markers and ecological parameters in the development of sustainable control strategies. A 28-month baseline monitoring and recovery activity was done in from 2004 in five regions in Kenya along an east-westerly transect. Monitoring and live sample collection was also done in the original outbreak area in eastern Kenya. There was greater LGB flight activity in western Kenya (high potential maize production area) than the low potential areas. Very few T. nigrescens were recovered, solely in the eastern regions. LGB flight activity followed a seasonal pattern mostly related to changes in the relative humidity at 12:00, rainfall and dew point temperature but with a 3 - 4 week lag. A linear predictive model based on these factors predicted 27 % of the observed flight activity. The survival and predation of five strains of T. nigrescens were compared at eight temperature levels between 15 °C and 36 °C at low and high humidity. All the strains of T. nigrescens exerted a significant reduction of LGB population build-up between 21 °C and 33 °C with generally better performance under humid conditions. There was no evidence of T. nigrescens development at 15 °C. At 18 °C, T. nigrescens oviposition and development was observed but the effect on LGB did not differ significantly from the control. The KARI population was the least effective in preventing grain damage at lower temperatures, but performed better than other strains above 30 °C at low humidity conditions. There was no control at 18 °C and 36 °C under both high and low humidity conditions. Since the extent of genetic differentiation in T. nigrescens was unclear from prior studies, several molecular marker techniques were progressively used. The RAPD-PCR did not reveal any genetic diversity between geographical populations. A 1000bp region of the mitochondrial mtCOI gene revealed two distinct clades differing consistently at 26 segregating sites. The two clades can be identified by simple PCR-RFLP procedure using single or double sequential restriction with EcoR1, HincII, RsaI and DdeI digestion. However, the two lineages co-exist among the mid-altitude Central American populations. The internal transcribed spacer regions ITS1 and ITS2 with some neighbouring coding sequences of the ribosomal DNA were cloned and sequenced. The spacer regions were so variable in length and sequence between T. nigrescens and related Histeridae species that direct sequence alignment was not meaningful. Within T. nigrescens, there was intragenomic variability of the spacer regions mostly involving insertions and deletions of variable tandem repeat units predominantly within the ITS regions. The short flanking coding (18S, 5.8S and 21S) regions were conserved across populations and six other Histeridae species. There was no significant secondary structure variation of the ITS regions among populations of T. nigrescens. Twenty-four novel variable microsatellite markers were developed and tested on the Honduras populations. Alleles per locus ranged between two and twelve with observed heterozygosity between 0.048 and 0.646. Six loci deviated significantly from Hardy Weinberg Equilibrium and possibly had null alleles. The success of microsatellite amplification in outgroup species and variability of markers declined with an increase in the phylogenetic distance between the test species and T. nigrescens. Genotyping 432 individuals from 13 geographic populations revealed a comparatively higher genetic diversity in field populations. Partial isolation by distance and time was observed. Population bottlenecks were not detected, but recent expansion was evident in laboratory populations. Although five dominant genetic clusters were identified by Bayesian methods, meaningful hierarchical population structure was observed at between two and nine population groups (p < 0.01; 10,000 iterations). Biological control of the larger grain borer using T. nigrescens seems an important aspect of the sustainable integrated control approach of the pest. Ecological adaptations, appropriate release strategies and genetic diversity are all essential considerations in these efforts and could be responsible for the variable success already observed. There is some genetic differentiation between populations of T. nigrescens but, further studies would be necessary to ascertain the contribution of such diversity to its predatory performance. The effect of laboratory culturing in aggravating genetic drift should be accommodated to avoid loss of diversity during sampling, quarantine, rearing and release of the predator. Thesis (Ph.D. (Environmental Science))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2009.

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Pombi, Marco. "Anophels Gambiae larval habitats in an arid Savanna village of Burkina Faso: Characterization of bionomical parameters and potential markers of ecological niche partitioning among three sympatric taxa of the complex." Doctoral thesis, La Sapienza, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/11573/917423.

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Al, khatib Fadel. "Apports de la biologie moléculaire à la systématique, biogéographie et écologie des espèces euroméditerranéennes du genre Eupelmus : implications pour leur utilisation en lutte biologique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Montpellier, SupAgro, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NSAM0024.

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Le genre Eupelmus Dalman (Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae: Eupelminae) comprend des ecto-parasitoïdes s'attaquant essentiellement aux stades larvaires et nymphaux de divers insectes holométaboles. Jusqu'à présent, la systématique du genre Eupelmus restait mal résolue compte tenu des données limitées et restreintes à la morphologie et de l'absence de révisions taxonomiques récentes, fiables et globales. Dans ce contexte, de nombreuses questions se posent concernant (i) la pertinence de la classification infra-générique actuelle du genre Eupelmus; (ii) la validité du statut taxonomique des certaines espèces décrites; (iii) la fiabilité des informations écologiques telles que la gamme d'hôtes et la distribution géographique et, donc, (iv) la compréhension des processus de spécialisation écologique et du rôle potentiel de certaines espèces d'Eupelmus comme auxiliaires de lutte biologique. Ce travail de thèse a donc eu pour objectif d'aborder l'ensemble de ces questions en utilisant, à des fins de phylogénie et de taxonomie, une approche intégrative combinant des données moléculaires (ADN mitochondrial et nucléaire) et morphologiques.Les résultats obtenus concernant les relations phylogénétiques infra-générique montrent que la structuration supposée du genre Eupelmus en trois sous-genres (Eupelmus, Episolindelia et Macroneura), ne peut pas être retenue et que ce genre se structurerait plutôt, à l'échelle géographique retenue, en une douzaine de groupes d'espèces. De plus, l'étude de la taxonomie de deux complexes (ensemble d'espèces morphologiquement proches), les complexes “urozonus” et “vesicularis”, met globalement en évidence une diversité insoupçonnée dans la zone Euro-méditerranéenne et plus d'une dizaine d'espèces ont été découvertes et décrites comme de nouvelles espèces à l'occasion de ces travaux. D'une façon générale, les caractères morphologiques, les marqueurs nucléaires et les marqueurs mitochondriaux se sont révélés relativement concordants sauf au sein du complexe vesicularis qui présente une divergence plus marquée au niveau d'ADN mitochondrial.Dans le cadre particulier du groupe urozonus, ce travail de thèse nous a également permis d'étudier l'évolution de la spécificité d'hôtes en lien avec une phylogénie moléculaire multi-locus relativement bien résolue et une estimation de la longueur d'ovipositeur, un caractère morphologique susceptible d'expliquer l'accès aux hôtes. D'une façon générale, les analyses comparatives révèlent que la spécificité d'hôtes n'est pas contrainte par la phylogénie. Nous observons ainsi des spectres d'hôtes très contrastés entre des espèces phylogénétiquement très proches. De même, la longueur d'ovipositeur, qui semble un caractère très labile à cette échelle, ne semble pas déterminer le spectre d'hôtes. L'ensemble des résultats obtenus ont finalement été utilisées de façon à mieux comprendre le rôle potentiel de certaines espèces d'Eupelmus sur des insectes ravageurs, la mouche de l'olive Bactrocera oleae et le cynips du châtaignier Dryocosmus kuriphilus The genus Eupelmus Dalman (Chalcidoidea: Eupelmidae: Eupelminae) includes ecto-parasitoids attacking mostly nymphal and larval stages of various holometabolous insects. So far, the systematics of the Eupelmus genus remained poorly resolved due to limited data restricted to morphological information and the absence of recent, reliable and comprehensive taxonomic revisions. In this context, many questions arise concerning (i) the relevance of the current sub-generic classification of the Eupelmus genus; (ii) the availability of the taxonomic status of some species described; (iii) the reliability of ecologic information such as the host range and the geographical distribution; and therefore, (iv) the understanding of the ecological specialization's processes and the potential role of certain species of Eupelmus as auxiliaries of biological control. This thesis work has therefore aimed to address all of these questions by using, for the purposes of phylogeny and taxonomy, an integrative approach combining molecular (nuclear and mitochondrial DNA) and morphological data.The results obtained concerning the sub-generic phylogenetic relationships show that the supposed structuration of Eupelmus genus into three subgenera (Eupelmus, Episolindelia and Macroneura), can not be retained and that this genus would be rather structured, at the retained geographical scale, in a dozen of species groups. In addition, the study of taxonomy of two complexes (sets of morphologically similar species), the complex “urozonus” and “vesicularis”, overall highlights unsuspected diversity in the Euro-Mediterranean area and more than ten species have been discovered and described as new species on the occasion of this work. Generally, the morphological characteristics, nuclear markers and mitochondrial markers have been relatively consistent except within the vesicularis complex which exhibits more marked divergence in the mitochondrial DNA.In the particular case of the urozonus species group, this thesis work has also allowed us to study the evolution of the host specificity in relation to a relatively well-resolved multi-locus molecular phylogeny and an estimate of the length of ovipositor, a morphological character that could explain the ability to parasitize protected hosts. In general, the comparative analyses show that the host specificity is not constrained by the phylogeny. We indeed observe highly contrasted hosts ranges between closely phylogenetically related species. Similarly, the length of ovipositor, which seems a very labile character at this scale, does not seem to determine the host range. All the results obtained have finally been used to better understand the potential role of some Eupelmus species on two insect pests, the fruit olive fly Bactrocera oleae and the chestnut gall wasp Dryocosmus kuriphilus

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Al, khatib Fadel. "Apports de la biologie moléculaire à la systématique, biogéographie et écologie des espèces euroméditerranéennes du genre Eupelmus : implications pour leur utilisation en lutte biologique." Thesis, Montpellier, SupAgro, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015NSAM0024/document.

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Vighi, Morgana. "Use of chemical markers in the study of distribution range and population structure of large cetaceans = Uso de marcadores químicos en el estudio del rango de distribución y de la estructura de poblaciones de grandes cetáceos." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/351950.

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Cetaceans have historically been object of heavy exploitation, and are still currently subject to different threats. For conservation and management purposes, most of the large cetacean populations have been categorized in stocks, considered as isolated and demographically independent management units. Many research techniques may contribute in the definition of these stocks, such as morphometric studies, mark recapture studies, genetics, satellite tracking. This thesis focuses on the development and application to cetacean populations of chemical markers of geographical origin and spatial movements. The main objective of the thesis is to evaluate the potentialities of chemical markers, such as stable isotopes and element concentrations, to investigate the patterns of distribution, the level of structuring and, when possible, the migration routes, of cetaceans populations. All these variables are essential to ensure the implementation of proper management measures and to guarantee the conservation of these animals. Three case studies were considered: the Eastern North Atlantic sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus); the South Western Atlantic right whale (Eubalaena australis), and the North Atlantic fin whale (Balaenoptera physalus). δ15N, δ13C and δ18O values were analyzed in the dentinal growth layers of sperm whales from Denmark and NW Spain, in bone of right whales from Southern Brazil and Northern Argentina, and in bone of fin whales from W Iceland and NW Spain; concentrations of fluoride and selected metals (Zn, Pb, Ti, Sr, Cu) were analyzed in bone of fin whales from W Iceland and NW Spain. To establish the validity of each marker, the degree of compliance of each of the following four properties has been investigated: i) the basal levels of the chemical marker in the environment present significant gradients; ii) the chemical marker can be detected and measured in the tissues of whales; iii) the variability of the chemical marker within each population is moderate or, alternatively, it is predictable through measurable parameters, so that its effect can be taken into account; and iv) the values of the chemical marker in the body tissues reflect basal levels in a predictable and consistent manner. Each marker provided, at different levels, valuable information regarding the studied populations. Some difficulties emerged, connected with the complexity of the migratory cycles of whales, the possible intervention of homeostatic regulation mechanisms, and the characteristics of the tissues investigated. Nevertheless, results highlighted the occurrence of structuring within the North Atlantic sperm whale population, as well as within the South Western Atlantic right whale population, which are both currently considered as a single management unit. Moreover, results regarding the North Atlantic fin whale populations contributed to highlight the complexity of migration patterns and of the level of connectivity among the currently accepted stocks, challenging the proper definition of their limits and their degree of isolation within the basin. Some further research is recommended to deepen the knowledge about the North Atlantic fin whale population structure, as well as to investigate the levels of chemical markers in other tissues with different turnover characteristics, such as skin or baleen plates. Overall, the results obtained from the analyses performed in this thesis underline the power of chemical markers as a complementary tool to the traditional techniques used for investigating the structure and demography of cetaceans’ populations. Los cetáceos han estado y están actualmente sujetos a diferentes tipos de amenazas. Para su correcta gestión y conservación, la mayoría de las poblaciones de grandes cetáceos han sido categorizadas en “stocks”, considerados como unidades de gestión aisladas y demográficamente independientes. Muchas técnicas de investigación pueden contribuir en la definición de estas unidades, como los estudios morfométricos, los estudios de marcaje y recaptura, la genética y el seguimiento por satélite. El objetivo principal de esta tesis es evaluar las potencialidades de los marcadores químicos, tales como los isótopos estables y las concentraciones de algunos elementos, como herramientas para la investigación de los patrones de distribución y del nivel de estructuración de las poblaciones de cetáceos. Para ello, se han considerado tres casos modelo: el cachalote del Atlántico Nororiental, la ballena franca del Atlántico Suroccidental, y el rorcual común del Atlántico Norte. Se analizaron las proporciones isotópicas de δ15N, δ13C y δ18O en muestras de dientes de cachalote y de hueso de ballena franca y rorcual común; y las concentraciones de flúor y de metales pesados (Zn, Pb, Ti, Sr, Cu) en muestras de hueso de rorcual común. Cada marcador proporcionó, a diferentes niveles, información valiosa sobre las poblaciones estudiadas. Al interpretar los resultados, surgieron algunas dificultades relacionadas con la complejidad de los ciclos migratorios de los cetáceos, la posible intervención de mecanismos de regulación homeostática, y las características de los tejidos investigados. Sin embargo, los resultados destacaron cierto nivel de estructuración dentro de las poblaciones de cachalotes del Atlántico Norte y de ballenas francas del Atlántico Suroccidental, que actualmente están ambas consideradas como unidades de gestión únicas. Por otra parte, los resultados obtenidos en las poblaciones de rorcual común del Atlántico Norte contribuyeron a evidenciar la complejidad de los patrones migratorios y del nivel de conectividad entre sus poblaciones, desafiando la adecuada definición de sus límites y de su grado de aislamiento. En general, los resultados de la tesis destacan las potencialidades de los marcadores químicos como herramienta complementaria a las técnicas utilizadas tradicionalmente para la investigación de la estructura y demografía de las poblaciones de cetáceos.

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Nascimento, Geovanio Silva do. "O sert?o traduzido: estudo dos marcadores culturais do dom?nio ecol?gico, na tradu??o de Os Sert?es para a l?ngua espanhola." Universidade Estadual de Feira de Santana, 2018. http://tede2.uefs.br:8080/handle/tede/697.

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Submitted by Ricardo Cedraz Duque Moliterno (ricardo.moliterno@uefs.br) on 2018-07-31T22:54:08Z No. of bitstreams: 1 O SERT?O TRADUZIDO ESTUDO DOS MARCADORES CULTURAIS DO DOM?NIO ECOL?GICO NA TRADU??O DE OS SERT?ES PARA A L?NGUA ESPANHOLA GEOVANIO SILVA DO NASIMENTO.pdf: 14426323 bytes, checksum: aa31d92272372d79c0c599f15ca2738c (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-31T22:54:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 O SERT?O TRADUZIDO ESTUDO DOS MARCADORES CULTURAIS DO DOM?NIO ECOL?GICO NA TRADU??O DE OS SERT?ES PARA A L?NGUA ESPANHOLA GEOVANIO SILVA DO NASIMENTO.pdf: 14426323 bytes, checksum: aa31d92272372d79c0c599f15ca2738c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-03-08 Os Sert?es, from Euclides da Cunha, enjoys wide recognition by part of the literary criticism and it is considered one of the most representative books of Brazilian literature. That occurs, mostly, due to the its subject matter, the War of Canudos, and the way the author has built his narrative, allowing the book to be studied through various fields of knowledge. The prestige of ?Os Sert?es? reveals itself in the interest it has aroused in readers outside Brazil, resulting the translation to various languages, among them Spanish, which was the first foreign language to which the book was translated. This dissertation aimed at performing a study on the Cultural Markers present in Da Cunha?s book Os Sert?es (1984[1902]) as well as investigating how those CMTs were translated to Spanish (SANTOS, 1980). The research starts with a discussion on the writing process of the book, highlighting the contacts and the research sources of the author, setting up his works and his critical fortune, such as Santana (1995), Valente (2007; 1996), Galv?o (1977; 1981; 1984), Medeiros (2009), among others. Then, it was discussed the vocabulary of Euclides Os Sert?es, starting from some studies already done (GALV?O, 1985; SANTOS, 1980; ZACHARIAS, 2001). The theoretical- methodological cutout was done from notions, definitions and concepts of Corpus Linguistics and Translation (BAKER, 1993; SARDINHA, 2002; 2004; CAMARGO 2007; 2008), Cultural Domains, Cultural Markers (NIDA, 1945; AUBERT, 2006a; 2006b; 2008; CAMARGO, 2008; e REICHMAN; ZAVAGLIA, 2014) and Translation Modalities (AUBERT, 1998; 2006a; 2006b). Based on the precepts of Corpus Linguistics, it was compiled a paralleled corpus formed by the Portuguese version of Os Sert?es and its translation to Spanish in order to search for the CMTs candidates and their respective translation components. For the corpus treatment and analysis, it was used, in this investigative work, some computer softwares, mainly the WordSmith Tools 7.0, their tools and utilities like Concord, Keyword, Wordlist, Text convert and Aligner. The results were the compilation of 95 Cultural Markers from the Portuguese version of the book, their Spanish translation correspondents and the identification of the Translation Modalities. Those data were organized in lexicographic files, created to this end, and which present definition and subscriptions. Those data served as a parameter for the analysis, which turned out to be a trend in the use of one single type of Translation Modality for the Cultural Markers with sporadic possibilities of variation, causing the use of only one variable in the translation of those lexical unities, in general, with a little possibility of variation. Os Sert?es, de Euclides da Cunha, disfruta de amplo reconhecimento por parte da cr?tica e ? considerado um dos livros mais representativos da literatura brasileira. Isso ocorre, principalmente, por conta do tema tratado na obra, a Guerra de Canudos, e o modo como o autor construiu a sua narrativa, permitindo que o livro possa ser estudado por v?rias ?reas do conhecimento. O prest?gio d?Os Sert?es revela-se tamb?m no interesse que despertou em leitores fora do Brasil, resultando na tradu??o para diversos idiomas, dentre eles, o espanhol, que foi a primeira l?ngua estrangeira para a qual foi traduzido. O trabalho em quest?o teve como objetivo principal realizar um estudo dos Marcadores Culturais (MCs) no livro Os Sert?es de Euclides da Cunha (1984 [1902]) e investigar como esses MCs foram traduzidos para a l?ngua espanhola (SANTOS, 1980). Iniciamos a pesquisa com uma discuss?o sobre a escrita da obra, destacando os contatos e as fontes de pesquisa do autor, situando os trabalhos de sua fortuna cr?tica, tais como: Santana (1995), Valente (2007; 1996), Galv?o (1977; 1981; 1984), Medeiros (2009) dentre outros. Em seguida, tra?amos uma discuss?o sobre o vocabul?rio de Euclides da Cunha e d?Os Sert?es, partindo de alguns estudos j? feitos (GALV?O, 1985; SANTOS, 1980; ZACHARIAS, 2001). O recorte te?rico-metodol?gico foi feito a partir das no??es, defini??es e conceitos de Corpus Lingu?stico e Tradu??o (BAKER, 1993; SARDINHA, 2002; 2004; CAMARGO 2007; 2008), Dom?nios Culturais, Marcas e Marcadores Culturais (NIDA, 1945; AUBERT, 2006a; 2006b; 2008; CAMARGO, 2008; e REICHMAN; ZAVAGLIA, 2014) e Modalidades de Tradu??o (AUBERT, 1998; 2006a; 2006b). Pautado nos preceitos da Lingu?stica de Corpus, compilou-se um corpus paralelo formado pela obra Os Sert?es em portugu?s e sua tradu??o para o espanhol para buscar os candidatos a MCs e seus respectivos correspondentes de tradu??o. Al?m do corpus paralelo, foi elaborado um corpus de refer?ncia para verificar a chavicidade destes candidatos. Para an?lise e tratamento do corpus, utilizou-se, nesta investiga??o, alguns programas computacionais, principalmente, o WordSmith Tools 7.0, suas ferramentas e seus utilit?rios como o Concord, Keyword, Wordlist, Text convert e Aligner. O resultado foi a compila??o de 95 Marcadores Culturais da obra em portugu?s, seus correspondentes de tradu??o em espanhol e a identifica??o das Modalidades de Tradu??o. Estes dados foram organizados em fichas lexicogr?ficas, criadas para este fim, as quais apresentam tamb?m as defini??es e as abona??es. Esses dados serviram de par?metro para a an?lise, que demonstrou uma tend?ncia no uso de um ?nico tipo de Modalidade de Tradu??o para os Marcadores Culturais com possibilidades espor?dicas de varia??o. Ocasionando o uso de apenas uma vari?vel na tradu??o destas unidades l?xicas, de uma maneira geral, com pouca possibilidade de varia??o.

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Collinge, Janelle Elyse. "Adaptation of Drosophila melanogaster to altitudinal and latitudinal climatic gradients : the role of the heat-shock RNA gene hsr-omega." Monash University, School of Biological Sciences, 2004. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/5172.

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Rita, Espada Diego. "Estructura y migración del rorcual común del Atlántico nororiental establecido mediante trazadores químicos." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/673812.

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El rorcual común (Balaenoptera physalus) es una de les especies de misticeto más abundante en el Atlántico Norte y es considerada como una especie de alta importancia ambiental por la legislación española. Sin embargo, aún quedan grandes lagunas de conocimiento en la biología de esta especie, especialmente durante el invierno. El objetivo global de esta tesis es la mejor comprensión de la estructura poblacional y las migraciones del rorcual común mediante el análisis de marcadores químicos en tres tejidos diferentes. En el primer capítulo, se analizaron alquenonas en la grasa hipodérmica y en el contenido estomacal de rorcuales de Islandia y del noroeste español. Las alquenonas son moléculas orgánicas producidas por organismos haptófitos que pueden ser usadas para estimar la temperatura del agua donde han sido sintetizadas. Los resultados muestran que estas moléculas pueden ser transferidas a lo largo de la red trófica y ser detectadas tanto en el contenido estomacal de los rorcuales como en la grasa hipodérmica. Mientras la temperatura estimada en el contenido estomacal refleja la temperatura ambiental de los 10 días antes del muestreo, las alquenonas de la grasa hipodérmica parecen reflejar la temperatura del hábitat de los rorcuales durante el invierno. Los rorcuales de las dos áreas estudiadas mostraron una composición de alquenonas bien diferenciada, lo que indica que se trata de poblaciones segregadas. En el segundo capítulo se analizaron los isótopos estables en aminoácidos muestreados en las barbas de ballena. Se observó que el nivel trófico de los rorcuales se vuelve más alto y variable durante el invierno, lo que podría indicar que esta especie complementa su dieta con pescado durante esta época. Además, los valores isotópicos ambientales del invierno sugieren que los rorcuales pasan la época invernal en zonas de emergencia de agua profunda, las cuales pueden sostener una producción primaria mayor que el resto del océano oligotrófico. En el tercer capítulo se midió la consistencia temporal de los isótopos estables en los conos auditivos de los rorcuales. Estos mostraron que los rorcuales son especialistas individuales, es decir los individuos ocupan una porción del nicho poblacional disponible. En conjunto, los stocks estudiados de rorcual común del Atlántico Norte parecen ser más generalistas durante el invierno, pero los individuos parecen migrar y alimentarse en zonas concretas cada año, caracterizadas por una alta producción primaria. Fin whales (Balaenoptera physalus) is one of the most abundant mysticete species in the North Atlantic, and it is considered a species of high environmental importance by the Spanish legislation. However, large knowledge gaps exist in the biology of this species, especially in winter. The main goal of this thesis is to improve our understanding of the migrations of the fin whale analyzing chemical tracers in three different tissues. In the first chapter, alkenones were analyzed in blubber and the stomach content of the fin whales from Iceland and the NW of Spain. The alkenones are a group of organic molecules produced by some haptophyte species, and may be used to infer the water temperature where they were synthesized. The results show that these molecules can be transferred through the trophic web and detected both in the stomach content and the blubber of the whales. While the temperature estimated in the stomach content reflected the environmental SST 10 days before the sampling date, the alkenones in the blubber reflected the environmental temperature where the fin whales had roamed during winter. In the second chapter, the stable isotopes of amino acids were analyzed in baleen plate samples. The results showed that the trophic level of the individuals were higher and more variable during winter, which could indicate that they were including fish in their diet during the winter season. Furthermore, the baseline isotopic values suggested that the fin whales spent the winter season in zones of deep water emergence, which can support a higher primary production than the oligotrophic ocean. In the third chapter, the temporal consistency of the stable isotopes was measured in the earplugs of fin whales. The results showed that the fin whales are individual specialists, this is, they occupy a small portion of the population isotopic niche. Overall, the fin whale stocks studied in this thesis are more generalist during winter than during summer, however, the individuals tend to migrate and feed in specific zones every year, which are characterized by a high primary production.

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Mylan, Josephine. "Environmental Consultancy in Contaminated Land Remediation : Profession, Markets and Ecological Modernisation." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.523733.

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Goncharenko, O. "Ecological and economic potential of secondhand markets for dematerialization of the economy." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2014. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/36071.

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Since the 1970s, a growing body of research by environmental scientists has suggested that greater material efficiency, use of better materials, reuse and recycling, and the growth often service economy are contributing to the "dematerialization" of the economy. In this context, it is often suggested that the recycling and reuse of products, materials, and wastes have significant potential for increasing material efficiency and reducing environmental impacts. Taking this idea to its limit, Graedel and Allenby (1996) have suggested that the ultimate goal of environmental management could be the evolution of the economy into a system in which all materials are reused and recycled. But despite the interest in dematerialization and reuse of materials, there is as yet no theoretical framework for understanding the future evolution of material use in industri¬alized societies. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/36071

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Heijden, Luuk van der. "Determination of the food sources and of the role of meiofauna in soft-bottom intertidal habitats of the Marennes-Oléron Bay, France, and the Sylt-Rømø Bight, Germany : importance of the microphytobenthos-meiofauna pathway, highlighted by community structure, trophic markers and linear inverse food web models." Thesis, La Rochelle, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LAROS030/document.

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La méiofaune joue un rôle important dans le fonctionnement des habitats benthiques à substrat meuble (ex. flux de matière) en relation avec sa production élevée, sa position trophique intermédiaire et les importants transferts d’énergie vers les niveaux trophiques supérieurs qui y sont lié. Les relations trophiques et les flux de matière organique liés à la méiofaune restent néanmoins mal connus ou peu pris en compte. Afin de mieux appréhender le rôle de la méiofaune, la structure des communautés et les relations trophiques entre les sources de nourriture et ces consommateurs ont été déterminées dans cinq habitats à substrat meuble (i.e., vasière nue, herbier, zone à sables) de la baie de Marennes-Oléron, France, et de la baie de Sylt-Rømø, Allemagne, en tenant compte des variations temporelles. Le peuplement de méiofaune s’est trouvé être dominé par les nématodes et les copépodes benthiques. Les biomasses de microphytobenthos et de matière organique du sédiment sont apparues comme étant deux facteurs structurants pour les communautés. L’utilisation combinée de différents traceurs de la matière (i.e., isotopes stables, acides gras) a démontré que le microphytobenthos et les bactéries étaient les ressources trophiques majeures de la méiofaune dans les cinq habitats étudiés. Les mesures réalisées sur la structure des communautés et les données issues des traceurs de la matière ont été implémentées dans des modèles de réseaux trophiques. Dans tous les habitats, ces modèles ont mis en évidence que le flux de carbone dominant était issu du microphytobenthos, ceci démontrant les très faibles changements de comportements alimentaires malgré les importantes différences de sources trophiques en termes de disponibilité et de production des sources de nourriture entre ces différents habitats. Tous les groupes trophiques de nématodes, à l’exception des déposivores sélectifs, étaient particulièrement sélectifs et s’alimentaient majoritairement à partir de microphytobenthos, ceci étant à l’origine d’une forte production et d’un court temps de renouvellement de la méiofaune. En conclusion, cette thèse démontre le rôle important de la méiofaune dans les habitats à substrat meuble ainsi que l’importance de la relation trophique entre le microphytobenthos et la méiofaune dans le fonctionnement de ces réseaux trophiques Meiofauna play an important role in ecosystem processes in soft-bottom benthic habitats, e.g. food web dynamics, related to their highproduction, their intermediate trophic position and the energy they transfer towards higher trophic levels. The trophic linkages and flows of organic matter related to the meiofauna remain poorly known or taken into account. To better assess the role of meiofauna, the community structure and trophic relationships between food sources and meiofauna were determined in five intertidal soft-bottom habitats (i.e., mudflat, seagrass bed, sandflat) of the Marennes-Oléron Bay, France, and the Sylt-Rømø Bight, Germany, taking temporal variations into account. Meiofauna communities were dominated by nematodes and benthic copepods. Biomass of microphytobenthos and of sediment organic matter were two of the major drivers of community structure. The combination of trophic markers (i.e., stable isotopes, fatty acids) demonstrated that microphytobenthos and bacteria were the major food sources of meiofauna in the five habitats. Information from community structure assessments and trophic marker analyses were implemented in food web models. In all habitats, these models demonstrated that the main flow of carbon to meiofauna originated from microphytobenthos, highlighting negligible changes in meiofauna feeding behavior besides the large differences in availability and productivity of food sources between these habitats. All trophic groups of nematodes, except for selective deposit feeding nematodes, were highly selective and mainly fed on microphytobenthos, resulting in a high production and a short turn-over time of meiofauna. In conclusion, this thesis demonstrated the important role of meiofauna in soft-bottom habitats as well as the importance of the trophic pathway from microphytobenthos to meiofauna in the functioning of these food webs

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Ілляшенко, Сергій Миколайович, Сергей Николаевич Ильяшенко, Serhii Mykolaiovych Illiashenko, Юлія Сергіївна Шипуліна, Юлия Сергеевна Шипулина, and Yuliia Serhiivna Shypulina. "The estimation of market prospects of ecological innovations." Thesis, ПП "Економіка", 2011. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/20048.

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Викладено теоретико-методичні підходи і формальні процедури аналізу ринкових перспектив екологічних інновацій як поліпшуючих, так і радикальних. Вони можуть бути покладені в основу механізмів державного і регіонального стимулювання (головним чином через позитивну мотивацію)створення і споживання екологічних інновацій. При цитуванні документа, використовуйте посилання http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/20048 Изложены теоретико-методические подходы и формальные процедуры анализа рыночных перспектив экологических инноваций как улучшающих, так и радикальных. Они могут быть положены в основу механизмов государственного и регионального стимулирования (использующих главным образом положительную мотивацию) создания и потребления экологических инноваций. При цитировании документа, используйте ссылку http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/20048 Theoretical-methodic approaches and formal procedures of analysis of market prospects of ecological innovations, both making better and radical are developed. The terms of expedience of application of mechanisms of state and regional stimulation (mainly toward positive motivation) of development, production and consumption of ecological innovations processes are certain. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/20048

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Correia, Gustavo, Nathaniel Koloc, and Naomi Smith. "Embedding socio-ecological sustainability into impact investor due diligence." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Sektionen för ingenjörsvetenskap, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-2945.

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Impact investors, seeking financial returns from investments that actively create social or environmental value, use a process known as due diligence to vet incoming investment opportunities. Some industry-wide tools have come to aid investors in this task. Existing metrics are not sufficient to assess the environmental performance of investee companies, the result of which is an allocation of increasing investment dollars into ventures and industries that are not operating within the limits of the socio-ecological systems upon which society depends. This paper proposes the creation of an investor toolkit that would allow users to effectively integrate the principles of strategic sustainable development (SSD) into the due diligence process. Such a toolkit would explain how current due diligence support tools could be used to construct comprehensive sustainability analyses of potential investments. The proposed toolkit was conceived after interviews with impact investors, social entrepreneurs, and industry experts. The research findings confirm a need for investors to use a strategic understanding of sustainability during the due diligence process, in order to increase portfolio value over time.

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Elsler, Laura G. "Multi-level Interactions between Fisheries and Trade : Modeling intertwined social-ecological systems." Licentiate thesis, Stockholms universitet, Stockholm Resilience Centre, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-159470.

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Sustainable and equitable fisheries are central for addressing the challenges of the UN Sustainable Development Goal 14: Life Below Water. International trade, once presented by Walrasian economists as a panacea for fisheries development, has not markedly decreased poverty and has been related to the overexploitation of marine species. In this light the consequences of a continued expansion of seafood trade are highly uncertain and problematic. Two competing theoretical hypotheses predict either overexploitation or recovery of marine species when connected to international trade, respectively. The empirical literature finds trade relationships and connections of local fisheries to a large-volume market critical factors for social-ecological outcomes. Here, I combine these insights to show that multi-level links, between fishers & different markets (market manuscript) and marine species & trade relationships (squid manuscript), are critical to explain diverging social-ecological outcomes. In the market manuscript we model the transition from local, to multi-level (both local and global), to global markets in a two species fishery. We find this transition is non-linear, leading to fluctuations in species abundance as a result of abrupt switches between target species. Critical fluctuations of species abundance driven by new market connections are a result of large shifts in prices for one species and high asymmetries in expected income between the two species. The squid manuscript provides empirical and modeling evidence that cyclical changes in the ocean can drive social-ecological systems outcomes through changing interactions at multiple levels. The interactions between squid population and fishers and squid distribution and trading structures determines benefit distributions in the fishery. The lack of consideration of multi-level interactions related to trade in models for fisheries management is likely associated with a lack of processes for integrating the empirical and theoretical insights of two disciplines at the core of fisheries science. Social-ecological system scholars study more often empirical and fishery economics the theoretical aspects of interactions between trade and fisheries. One process suggested in this thesis to bridge insights from both disciplines in fishery models is the careful study of the important interactions in the empirical case. Comparison of these interactions with observed empirical interactions in other systems informs the model conceptualization that is then embedded in a theoretical framework. This leads to the development of models of intermediate complexity that integrate insights on regular structures and patterns observed in real social-ecological systems. The squid manuscript exemplifies this integration. We integrate observed multi-level links in a standard fishery model between the squid population fishers and traders, and thus better represent the empirical system. A continuous dialogue between empirics and theorycan help build models of intermediate complexity. To capture the complex elements of these social-ecological systems, in this young field of study, next to a continuous dialogue priority observed empirical dynamics can help question theoretical assumptions. This study seeks to contribute to the development of fisheries management models more suitable to face contemporary challenges of fisheries management by focusing on how multi-level interactions between fisheries and trade shape sustainable and equitable outcomes.

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Mendonça, Patrícia Calligioni de 1971. "Caracterização da diversidade genética de Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Coville por marcador molecular AFLP e transferência de microssatélites /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/103313.

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Orientador: Ana Maria Soares Pereira Coorientador: Bianca Waleria Berton Banca: Giuseppina Pace Pereira Lima Banca: Sonia Marli Zingaretti Banca: Laurival Antonio Villas-Boas Banca: Rosa de Belem Neves Alves Resumo : A espécie Stryphnodendron adstringens (Leguminosae) é conhecida popularmente como barbatimão e o extrato das cascas é utilizado como cicatrizante. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a variabilidade genética da espécie utilizando o marcador molecular de polimorfismo de comprimento amplificado (AFLP) e testar a transferência de microssatélites de Anadenanthera colubrina, Hymenaea courbaril e Copaifera langsdorffii. Foram coletados acessos localizados nos municípios de Cristalina, São João D'Aliança, Campo Alegre e Caldas Novas (GO); Delfinópolis, Luislândia, Lagoa Formosa, Sacramento e Araxá (MG) e Paranapanema, Cristais Paulista e Botucatu (SP). O DNA genômico foi extraído de folhas e as análises de polimorfismo seguiram as etapas de digestão, ligação, pré-amplificação e amplificação. Os produtos AFLP foram separados em gel desnaturante de poliacrilamida 6% com tampão TBE 1X. A eletroforese foi realizada em voltagem constante de 80W em temperatura máxima de 50ºC por 4 horas. O gel foi corado com solução de nitrato de prata e revelado em carbonato de sódio. Na análise por marcador AFLP foram produzidas 237 bandas polimórficas. A variabilidade dentro das populações foi maior (70,93%) que entre as populações (29,06%) com um valor de Fst 0.2906 indicando alta estruturação populacional. A população de Luislândia apresentou maior porcentagem de loci polimórficos (87,35), seguida da população de Cristalina (45,85). A menor variabilidade foi encontrada em Caldas Novas (22,92) e as demais ficaram na média (34,3). O Método da Média Aritmética não Ponderada (UPGMA) reuniu as populações em três grupos. Quanto aos testes de transferência de microssatélites, dos 20 iniciadores de A. colubrina testados, dez apresentaram resultados de transferência, porém somente um... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) Abstract: Stryphnodendron adstringens a Leguminosae species is popularly known as barbatimão and the extract of its barks is widely used as healing agent. The genetic variation of 12 populations of S. adstringens was determined in this study by using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) molecular markers transference of microsatellites of Anadenanthera colubrina, Hymenaea courbaril and Copaifera langsdorffii. Accessions were collected in the cities of Cristalina, São João D'Aliança, Campo Alegre and Caldas Novas (GO), Delfinópolis, Luislandia, Lagoa Formosa, Sacramento and Araxá (MG) and in Paranapanema, Cristais Paulista and Botucatu (SP). The genomic DNA was extracted from the leaves and the polymorphism analysis followed multiple steps including DNA digestion, ligation, pre-amplification and amplification. Amplification products were analyzed on denaturing polyacrylamide sequencing gel and running electrophoretic steps at 80 W with maximum temperature at 50ºC for 4 h. The gel was stained with silver nitrate solution and developed in sodium carbonate. The AFLP analysis conducted with three primer combinations using the EcoRI and MseI restriction enzymes generated 237 polymorphic bands. The AFLP binary data were used to determine allele frequencies. Population structure was evaluated performing analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) which allowed the estimation of the total genetic variance among and inside populations. A descriptive analysis of the total variability was obtained by calculating the percentage of polymorphic loci. Genetic variance 4 within populations was higher (70,93%) compared to the differentiation estimated among populations (29,06%). The fixation index (Fst) was 0.2906 indicating highly significant population structuring. The population from Cristalina... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) Doutor

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Mendonça, Patrícia Calligioni de [UNESP]. "Caracterização da diversidade genética de Stryphnodendron adstringens (Mart.) Coville por marcador molecular AFLP e transferência de microssatélites." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/103313.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-12-09Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:43:14Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 mendonca_pc_dr_botfca.pdf: 892807 bytes, checksum: c81f229a150e1ff79516536ed6fe7f98 (MD5) A espécie Stryphnodendron adstringens (Leguminosae) é conhecida popularmente como barbatimão e o extrato das cascas é utilizado como cicatrizante. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a variabilidade genética da espécie utilizando o marcador molecular de polimorfismo de comprimento amplificado (AFLP) e testar a transferência de microssatélites de Anadenanthera colubrina, Hymenaea courbaril e Copaifera langsdorffii. Foram coletados acessos localizados nos municípios de Cristalina, São João D’Aliança, Campo Alegre e Caldas Novas (GO); Delfinópolis, Luislândia, Lagoa Formosa, Sacramento e Araxá (MG) e Paranapanema, Cristais Paulista e Botucatu (SP). O DNA genômico foi extraído de folhas e as análises de polimorfismo seguiram as etapas de digestão, ligação, pré-amplificação e amplificação. Os produtos AFLP foram separados em gel desnaturante de poliacrilamida 6% com tampão TBE 1X. A eletroforese foi realizada em voltagem constante de 80W em temperatura máxima de 50ºC por 4 horas. O gel foi corado com solução de nitrato de prata e revelado em carbonato de sódio. Na análise por marcador AFLP foram produzidas 237 bandas polimórficas. A variabilidade dentro das populações foi maior (70,93%) que entre as populações (29,06%) com um valor de Fst 0.2906 indicando alta estruturação populacional. A população de Luislândia apresentou maior porcentagem de loci polimórficos (87,35), seguida da população de Cristalina (45,85). A menor variabilidade foi encontrada em Caldas Novas (22,92) e as demais ficaram na média (34,3). O Método da Média Aritmética não Ponderada (UPGMA) reuniu as populações em três grupos. Quanto aos testes de transferência de microssatélites, dos 20 iniciadores de A. colubrina testados, dez apresentaram resultados de transferência, porém somente um... Stryphnodendron adstringens a Leguminosae species is popularly known as barbatimão and the extract of its barks is widely used as healing agent. The genetic variation of 12 populations of S. adstringens was determined in this study by using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (AFLP) molecular markers transference of microsatellites of Anadenanthera colubrina, Hymenaea courbaril and Copaifera langsdorffii. Accessions were collected in the cities of Cristalina, São João D’Aliança, Campo Alegre and Caldas Novas (GO), Delfinópolis, Luislandia, Lagoa Formosa, Sacramento and Araxá (MG) and in Paranapanema, Cristais Paulista and Botucatu (SP). The genomic DNA was extracted from the leaves and the polymorphism analysis followed multiple steps including DNA digestion, ligation, pre-amplification and amplification. Amplification products were analyzed on denaturing polyacrylamide sequencing gel and running electrophoretic steps at 80 W with maximum temperature at 50ºC for 4 h. The gel was stained with silver nitrate solution and developed in sodium carbonate. The AFLP analysis conducted with three primer combinations using the EcoRI and MseI restriction enzymes generated 237 polymorphic bands. The AFLP binary data were used to determine allele frequencies. Population structure was evaluated performing analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) which allowed the estimation of the total genetic variance among and inside populations. A descriptive analysis of the total variability was obtained by calculating the percentage of polymorphic loci. Genetic variance 4 within populations was higher (70,93%) compared to the differentiation estimated among populations (29,06%). The fixation index (Fst) was 0.2906 indicating highly significant population structuring. The population from Cristalina... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

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Čebatoriūtė, Lina. "Ekologiškos gyvulininkystės produkcijos rinkos plėtros galimybės Lietuvoje." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2007. http://vddb.library.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2007~D_20070419_162405-31544.

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Interviewing of the guests of Druskininkai took place on January 13 – February 4, 2007. Depending on the results of the interview, we can state that one of the key conditions for the development of ecological farming in the country is ecological consciousness of the consumers, as the production and consumption of ecological products establishes preconditions to improve the quality of life. Ecological product demand is increasing, but not enough to forecast the market development. One of the reasons to low increase of the ecological product market is still unformed trading structures of these products. 57 % of the respondents buy ecological products in the supermarkets, 30 % - in the markets, only 4 % - directly from the ecological farms, and 8 % - during the expositions. Realization of ecological products in the supermarkets should speed up the growth of the market of these products. Main problems in selling the ecological products in big supermarkets would be rather high markup as well as the lack of an express ecological product marking. 43 % of the respondents identify ecological products by a special ecological product category (section), i.e. they do not spare time in search of an ecological product. Ecological product demand is increasing; however, the trading infrastructure has not been formed yet. The most popular ecological product trading form is still not clear. Another, the primary, reason to low ecological product demand is low income. Residents and... [to full text]

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Ілляшенко, Сергій Миколайович, Сергей Николаевич Ильяшенко та Serhii Mykolaiovych Illiashenko. "Попит на екологічні товари як ринкова можливість інноваційного розвитку". Thesis, ОО "Фирма "Друк-Инфо", 2012. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/29392.

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За результатами досліджень доведено авторську гіпотезу, що ідеї екологічно збалансованого соціально-економічного розвитку, разом з наявними прикладами наслідків порушення екологічного балансу вже сформували у українських споживачів розуміння необхідності переходу до споживання екологічних товарів (у більшості інноваційних), які можуть мати ціну покупки більшу ніж у звичайною продукції, проте нижчі експлуатаційні витрати, або нижчі побічні витрати, що пов’язані зі споживанням та утилізацією. При цитуванні документа, використовуйте посилання http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/29392 По результатам исследований доказана авторская гипотеза, что идеи экологически сбалансированного социально-экономического развития, вместе с имеющимися примерами последствий нарушения экологического баланса уже сформировали в украинских потребителей понимание необходимости перехода к потреблению экологических товаров (в большинстве инновационных), которые могут иметь цену покупки большую чем в обычной продукции, но меньшие эксплуатационные затраты, или меньшие побочные затраты, связаны с потреблением и утилизацией. При цитировании документа, используйте ссылку http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/29392 According to the results of research proved the author's hypothesis that the idea of environmentally sustainable socio-economic development, together with the existing examples of the consequences of violation of ecological balance have already formed in Ukrainian consumers understanding of necessity of transition to consumption of ecological products (most innovative) which can be purchase price greater than the conventional products, but lower operating costs, or lower the side expenses associated with consumption and utilization. When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/29392

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Прийменко, Світлана Анатоліївна, Светлана Анатольевна Прийменко, Svitlana Anatoliivna Priymenko, and D. Siniagovskiy. "Ecological problems nowadays causes and consequences of macroeconomic problems of energy market in Ukraine." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2017. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/65654.

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From the economic point of view, the most significant problem of power industry in Ukraine is the energy dependence on supplies of certain types of energy, which determines the level of national security of the state as a whole.

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Kadykalo, Andrew. "Evaluating and Predicting Ecosystem Services." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/26087.

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The valuation of ecosystem services requires first and foremost, that the current level or stock of a service first be estimated. Here, I investigate the relationship between the fields of environmental science and ecological economics in their research effort of ecosystem services and the implications this may have on the ecosystem valuation research program. I investigate two ecological functions described as ecosystem services within specific ecosystem types: the flood control provisioning services of wetlands and pollination service provisioning by pollinator populations in agroecosystems. I examined the environmental literature to provide quantitative estimates of a) the distribution of the level of service delivered as well as b) the ability of environmental scientists to predict this level of service. The results presented here suggest a moderately strong correlation between research efforts in environmental science and ecological economics at the pooled level of ecosystem types and services. I suggest however, an integrated research enterprise between social and environmental scientists may provide greater efficiency by means of a global ecosystem service research network and repository. I found that, on average, consistent with conventional wisdom, wetlands do indeed have a positive effect by reducing the frequency and magnitude of floods, increasing low flows, and increasing water storage. In the same vein, I found on average and consistent with conventional wisdom, there is a consistent and comparatively strong association between pollinator abundance and agroecosystem productivity as inferred from measures of plant fertilization success. In both investigations however, metaregression analysis indicated that our current ability to predict either pollination or flood control services is poor to modest at best. The low predictive power combined with the observed heterogeneity in effect size in both investigations suggest that flood control service delivered by wetlands or pollination services delivered by natural pollinator populations in agroecosystems and the expected changes in the level of services delivered under a candidate management scenario, will have a large uncertainty. Such uncertainty should be explicitly incorporated into estimates of both the current economic value of ecosystem services, as well as estimates of how these values are likely to change under alternative management scenarios. Given these, I suggest that the implications for the development of Market-based instruments (MBIs) or any payment of ecosystem services to conserve ecosystem services: that the associated ecological function(s) must be few and well characterized, and we must agree on what endpoints ought to properly be used to characterize these functions. If this condition is not met, an ordinal ranking is the best we can do and in the absence of obvious enthusiasm for more detailed scientific research which leads to the conclusion that perhaps alternate strategies like command and control may be the better alternative to protect ecosystem services.

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Moriel, Robles Lois. "Socio-economic driversinfluencing sustainability in asocial-ecological system : Insights from whale shark tourismin northern Quintana Roo, Mexico." Thesis, Stockholms universitet, Stockholm Resilience Centre, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-50958.

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Wildlife tourism is promoted as a livelihood alternative activity to extractiveuse, such as the case of whale shark interaction in Quintana Roo, Mexico. Whale sharksseasonally aggregate (from May to September) northeast Yucatan peninsula, where theyannually attract about 20000 visitors.This study analyzes the socio-economic drivers, influencing the sustainability of thisrecreational activity, through semi-structured (n=44) and in-depth (n=4) interviews tolocal stakeholders, tourists surveys (n=262), and a cost-benefit analysis.Results indicate that intermediaries put pressure on the optimization of the operation, aswell as it decreases the economic return to local operators (licensees). Local operatorsare not aware of the real costs of operations, and additionally tourists are poorlyinformed of (1) the species, (2) the code of conduct (regulations) and (3) how to supportlocal community’s development. In conclusion, those factors along with the lack ofsurveillance threaten whale shark tourism sustainability. Inclusion of all stakeholders inmanagement and planning of wildlife tourism is necessary in order to obtain desirablepractices, as well as investment in environmental education.

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Ghanawi, Joly Karim. "Direct and indirect ecological interactions between aquaculture activities and marine fish communities in Scotland." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/27258.

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Presence of coastal aquaculture activities in marine landscapes is growing. However, there is insufficient knowledge on the subsequent ecological interactions between these activities and marine fish communities. The overall aim of this thesis was to evaluate the direct and indirect ecological effects of aquaculture activities on marine fish communities in Scotland. A combination of empirical and modelling approaches was employed to collect evidence of how aquaculture activities affect marine fish communities at the individual, population and ecosystem levels around coastal sea cages. The two fish farms evaluated in this research provided the wild fish sampled near the sea cages with a habitat rich in food resources which is reflected in an overall better biological condition. Results of the stomach content analysis indicated that mackerel (Scomber scombrus), whiting (Merlangius merlangus) and saithe (Pollachius virens) sampled near sea cages consumed wasted feed which was also reflected in their modified FA profiles. The overall effects of the two fish farms were more pronounced in young whiting and saithe than in mixed aged mackerel sampled near the sea cages. The phase space modelling approach indicated that the overall potential for fish farms to act at the extremes as either population sources (a habitat that is rich in resources and leads to an overall improved fitness) or ecological traps (a habitat that appears to be rich in resources but is not and leads to an overall poor fitness) are higher for juvenile whiting than for mackerel. Based on the empirical evidence and literature the two fish farms are more likely to be a population source for wild fishes. Using an ecosystem modelling approach indicated that fish farming impacts the food web in a sea loch via nutrient loading. Mussel farming relies on the natural food resources and has the potential to affect the food web in a sea loch via competing with zooplankton for resources which can affect higher trophic levels. The presence of both activities can balance the overall impact in a sea loch as compared to the impact induced if each of these activities were present on their own. Both activities have the potential do induce direct and indirect effects on the wild fish and the entire sea loch system. The results of this PhD identified several gaps in data and thus could be used to improve future sampling designs. It is important to evaluate the cumulative effect of the presence of aquaculture activities in terms of nutrient loading and physical structure in the environment. Using a combination of empirical and modelling approaches is recommended to gain further insight into the ecological impacts of aquaculture activities on wild fish communities. Results of this PhD study could lead to more informed decisions in managing the coastal aquaculture activities. Establishing coastal fish farms as aquatic sanctuaries can be of an advantage to increase fish production and conserve species that are endangered provided that no commercial and recreational fishing is allowed nearby. It would be useful to have long term monitoring of the fish stocks around the cages and if there is any production at the regional level. Additionally, information on behaviour, migration patterns should be collected to understand the impacts of aquaculture activities on fish stocks. From an aquaculture perspective, ecologically engineered fish farms in addition to careful site selection in new aquaculture developments may improve nutrient loading into the ecosystem.

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Ohlmann, Marc. "Vers une théorie spatiale des réseaux d'interaction en écologie : méthodes, concepts et applications Diversity indices for ecological networks : a unifying framework using Hill numbers Unveiling the food webs of tetrapods across Europe through the prism of the Eltonian niche A spatial theory of mutualistic metacommunities : assesment of metacommunity capacity (in prep) Mapping the imprint of biotic interactions on β-diversity Multi-trophic -diversity mediates the effect of environmental gradients on the turnover of multiple ecosystem functions Combining abundances from different markers for environmental DNA (in prep)". Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019GREAV065.

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Cette thèse s’intéresse aux liens entre réseaux d’interactions en écologie, espace et temps. On assiste à un changement croissant de représentation d’un communauté d’espèces, d’un ensemble d’espèces à un ensemble d’espèces et leurs interactions : un réseau d’interactions. On s’attachera alors à élaborer les prémisses d’une théorie spatiale des réseaux, en développant des méthodes, des modèles et en les appliquant sur des données écologiques. La thèse s’articule autour de quatre chapitres. Dans un premier chapitre, on se penchera sur le problème de comparaison de réseau en différents points du temps et de l’espace. Nous étendrons les mesures de diversité, jusque-là développées pour des abondances uniquement, aux réseaux avec abondances des espèces et des interactions. Nous nous attacherons à définir des indices à plusieurs niveaux d’agrégation des noeuds dans le réseau et montrerons l’intérêt de la méthode sur des données de réseaux trophiques. Dans un deuxième chapitre, nous nous intéresserons au développement d’une théorie des méta-communautés qui modélise explicitement l’espace comme un réseau spatial et la communauté comme un réseau d’interaction. Nous définirons la notion de capacité de persistance de la méta-communauté. Dans un troisième chapitre, nous nous intéresserons aux problèmes d’inférence d’interactions sur des données de sol d’ADN environnemental le long d’un gradient d’altitude dans les Alpes. Nous montrerons que la méthode proposée permet d’estimer l’influence des variables environnementales et de reconstruire un réseau d'interaction cohérent vis-à-vis de la littérature. Dans un quatrième chapitre, nous nous intéresserons à la combinaison d’abondances provenant de différents marqueurs d’ADN environemental et montrerons l’efficacité de la méthode proposée pour obtenir des meilleurs données d’abondances sur des données de plantes This thesis focuses on the links between interaction networks, space and time. There is a paradigm shift in community ecology concerning the representation of a species community : from a collection of species towards species and their interactions, represented by an interaction network. We aim to build the bricks for a spatial network theory, by developing new methods, new models and applying it on ecological data. This manuscript contains four chapters. In a first chapter, we extend the diversity indices, built on Hill numbers, to network diversity indices. We define diversity indices across species aggregation levelsand show the interest of this method on a trophic network data set. In a second chapter, we develop a spatially explicit meta-community theory, with various kind of interactions. The theory contains a stochastic and a deterministic meta-community model. We then define the notion of meta-community persistence capacity. In a third chapter, we focus on network reconstruction from environmental DNA data along an environmental gradient.We show that the proposed method allows to evaluate the influence of environmental variables on community and infer a network in agreement with the literature on soil interactions. Finally, in a fourth chapter, we develop a method to combine environmental DNA data coming from different primers and show the efficiency of the method to better estimate plant abundances

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Themudo, Gonçalo Espregueira Cruz. "Study of the Marbled Newt (Triturus (m.) marmoratus and T. (m.) pygmaeus) hybrid zone by genetic markers . [Estudo da Zona Híbrida entre Triturus marmoratus e T. pygmaeus por Marcadores Genéticos]." Master's thesis, Universidade do Porto. Reitoria, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/14330.

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Themudo, Gonçalo Espregueira Cruz. "Study of the Marbled Newt (Triturus (m.) marmoratus and T. (m.) pygmaeus) hybrid zone by genetic markers . [Estudo da Zona Híbrida entre Triturus marmoratus e T. pygmaeus por Marcadores Genéticos]." Dissertação, Universidade do Porto. Reitoria, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10216/14330.

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Cantagalo, Michel. "Degradação e preservação: uma análise histórico-econômica das ocupações humanas na Amazônia." Universidade de São Paulo, 2016. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11132/tde-04102016-183414/.

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Da chegada do colonizador aos dias atuais, o processo de destruição da Amazônia foi cada vez mais acelerado, processo este que não existia no período pré-colonial. Segundo nossa análise, tal destruição da região está diretamente vinculada a entrada e avanço do Sistema de Mercado (como conceituado por Karl Polanyi) na região. Assim, apresentamos e discutimos a história econômica da região, destacando os papéis do poder público e do poder econômico nas transformações ocorridas. Para o último século, analisamos dados, principalmente dos censos, para evidenciar as transformações ocorridas na região. Concluímos que o poder político ao longo do tempo, cooptado pelo poder econômico, favoreceu a aceleração do processo de degradação da região com políticas de cunho desenvolvimentista que favoreceram mais à grupos de fora da Amazônia do que aos amazônidas. Mesmo existindo crescimento econômico marcante em alguns períodos, não se identifica um processo de desenvolvimento na história da região, muito menos de desenvolvimento sustentável. O Sistema de Mercado se manifesta na região principalmente em forma de latifúndios, o que indica que a solução da crise regional passará por um processo de distribuição de terras. No final, apresentamos um exemplo de empreendimento econômico sustentável do Acre (Projeto RECA) para discutirmos as propostas de desenvolvimento da perspectiva neoliberal localista e as possibilidades de disseminação das atividades econômicas sustentáveis na região. From the arrival of the colonizers to the present day, the process of destruction of the Amazônia was increasingly accelerated, a process that did not existed in the pre-colonial period. According to our analysis, such destruction in the region is directly linked to the advance of the Market System (as conceptualized by Karl Polanyi) in the region. Thus, we present and discuss the economic history of the region, highlighting the roles of the governments and of the economic power in the transformations occurred. For the last century, we analyze data, especially the census, to highlight the changes occurring in the region. We conclude that the political system over time, coopted by the economic power, favored the acceleration of the process of degradation of the region focusing on development policies that favored more external groups than the Amazonians. While there are remarkable economic growth in some periods, a process of development was not identified in the history of the region. The Market System manifests itself in the region mainly in the great land concentration, which indicates that the solution for the regional crisis can be constructed through a land distribution process. We finalize the work, presenting an example of sustainable economic enterprise in the Acre state (RECA Project) to discuss the development proposals of the neoliberal localist perspective and the possibility of dissemination of sustainable economic activities in the Amazônia.

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Boscari, Elisa. "Conservation genetics of Adriatic sturgeon (Acipenser naccarii)." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3423665.

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The Adriatic sturgeon (Acipenser naccarii) is a critically endangered endemism of the Adriatic region, with tetraploid genome and long life cycle. Its recovery totally depends on the management of few F1 captive stocks that have now reached the sexual maturity and directly descend from the last group of wild animals. In the present study, an exhaustive genetic characterization was performed in order to reconstruct individual pedigrees. This information was used to plan a coordinated strategy for successful long-term species preservation through the designing of a breeding plan in which the different familiar groups are considered as breeding units, and in which the mating priorities are identified. This work represents the first breeding plan for the Adriatic sturgeon and provides common guidelines for the coordination of the unlinked and too often short-term efforts made by different local administrations. The approach here proposed can be also transferred to the several other tetraploid sturgeon species on the brink of extinction. Lo storione Cobice (Acipenser naccarii) è una specie endemica della regione Adriatica considerata a forte rischio di estinzione. La specie è caratterizzata da un genoma tetraploide e da un lungo ciclo vitale. Il recupero di questa specie dipende esclusivamente dalla gestione degli stock di prima generazione ottenuti da anni di riproduzioni a partire dall'unico stock di certa origine selvatica esistente. In questo studio è stata effettuata una completa caratterizzazione genetica di diversi stock F1 al fine di ricostruire i pedigree. Le informazioni ottenute sono state utilizzate per la pianificazione di una strategia coordinata volta alla gestione a lungo termine della specie mediante la costruzione di un piano di incroci specie-specifico. La strategia proposta è basata sulla pianificazione di incroci tra gruppi familiari definendo una priorità e dei criteri di scelta delle famiglie da incrociare. Questo lavoro rappresenta il primo piano gestionale per la specie A. naccarii e fornisce delle linee guida al fine di coordinare gli sforzi condotti da diversi allevamenti. L'approccio proposto rappresenta inoltre un esempio applicabile anche ad altre specie tetraploidi di storione.

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Peoples, Brandon Kevin. "Applying ecological models to positive interactions among lotic fishes: implications for population and community regulation at multiple spatial scales." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/73340.

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Positive biotic interactions such as mutualism, commensalism and facilitation are ubiquitous in nature, but historically have received considerably less research attention than negative interactions such as competition, predation and parasitism. The paucity of research on positive interactions is particularly evident in stream ecosystems and in vertebrate communities. Stream fishes clearly provide an ideal system for advancing research on positive interactions. Many minnows (Cyprinidae) of eastern North America engage in a potentially mutualistic reproductive interaction known as nest association, in which individuals of one species (nest associates) spawn in nests constructed by host species. In nest association, hosts provide unsilted gravel substrate for spawning nest associates, and increased parental care to associate broods. High associate: host egg ratios can create a dilution effect, reducing the probability that host eggs will be preyed upon by egg predators. Nest associative interactions are common, but are relatively understudied compared to other interactions among stream fishes. The goals of this study were to apply general ecological models to this novel system to (a) gain new insight into the mechanisms structuring nest associative stream fish communities, and (b) to use inference from stream fish communities to potentially expand and improve the general ecological models. These goals required completion of three objectives, including (1) examining the influence of abiotic and biotic contexts on reproductive behavior and fitness outcomes between a cyprinid host and associate, using the biological markets model to generate predictions; (2) examining the utility of the nest web framework (previously only used for cavity nesting vertebrate communities) and the stress gradient hypothesis (previously applied almost exclusively to plant communities) for predicting which associate species spawn on nests built by various nest building species, and the consequences of these choices, respectively; and (3) using two-species occupancy modeling to determine the relative influence of biotic interactions and habitat covariates on the co-occurrence of a host and two nest associates. To accomplish these goals, I conducted a large-scale experiment to manipulate presence of mutualists (Nocomis leptocephalus, host; Chrosomus oreas, associate), egg predators (biotic context) and habitat quality (abiotic context). I conducted behavioral nest observations and conducted repeated stream fish stream fish community surveys to collect demographic data. I constructed a nest web from observational data, and implemented structural equation modeling through an information-theoretic framework to identify nest web plausibility across a large spatial extent. I tested some predictions of the stress gradient hypothesis by regressing juveniles-per-nest and a metric of cyprinid community structure on a composite measure of physical stress (scaled gradients of catchment-scale agricultural land use and catchment area). I used two-species occupancy modeling to model co-occurrence of N. leptocephalus hosts and two associates, C. oreas and Clinostomus funduloides, and used an information-theoretic framework to compare hypotheses representing the importance of biotic interactions, habitat covariates or both at determining species co-occurrence. Results corroborated some (but not all) model predictions, and identified room for improvement in each of the general models. Nest associative spawning by C. oreas was not context dependent; C. oreas did not spawn in the absence of a reproductively active male N. leptocephalus at any treatment level. However, the net fitness outcome of host and associate species was mutualistic, and the interaction outcome switched from commensalistic to mutualistic with abiotic context. N. leptocephalus reproductive success was improved by C. oreas presence in less-silted habitats, but not in heavily-silted habitats. This is most likely because broods were subject to predation in both habitat types, but were also negatively affected by siltation in silted habitats. Accordingly, egg dilution by associates was not sufficient to support a mutualistic relationship in less favorable habitats. Results suggest that the biological markets model may be a useful tool for predicting fitness outcomes of nest associative mutualism, but may not be as useful for predicting the behavioral outcomes of obligate mutualisms. Future applications of the biological markets model should carefully consider species traits, specifically the degree to which trading behavior is obligate for participants. Future work with this model will yield more insight by considering highly facultative associates. Nest webs constructed from nest observational data suggested an interaction topology in which strong (nearly-obligate) associates relied most frequently on N. leptocephalus nests, and less frequently on nests constructed by Campostoma anomalum. Weak (facultative) associates were seldom associated with nests constructed by either species, and probably spawned before hosts began nesting activity. Structural equation models corroborated this topology throughout the New River basin, although some less-supported model evidence specified some nest association by weak associates. Juveniles-per-nest of strong associates responded positively to physical stress, while this metric for other cyprinid reproductive groups showed no relationship. Proportional representation of Nocomis and strong associates also increased predictably with physical stress. This study suggests that the nest web framework can be informative to systems outside the ones for which it was developed; future studies may be able to use this framework to better understand the role of habitat-modifying species in communities other than cavity nesting terrestrial vertebrates and nest associative stream fishes. This work extended the nest web framework by (a) modeling the outcomes of interactions instead of the interactions themselves, and (b) by using structural equation modeling to test nest web predictions with an information-theoretic framework. This study also suggests that the stress gradient hypothesis can be useful for understanding interaction dynamics in vertebrate communities; this represents the first direct evidence that this model can be used in vertebrate communities. Further, I demonstrate that the stress gradient hypothesis may be extended to predict community structure. However, more research in a diversity of systems will be needed to determine the extent to which this can be applied. This study provides some of the first evidence of large-scale positive co-occurrence patterns in vertebrates. However, the precise roles of habitat covariates and biotic interactions were species-specific. Occupancy results suggest that co-occurrence between N. leptocephalus and nest associate C. funduloides is driven only by reproductive behavioral interactions. Alternatively, evidence suggests that co-occurrence between N. leptocephalus and C. oreas is driven by both nest association and habitat covariates. That two-species occupancy modeling can be a useful tool for comparing difficult-to-test hypotheses involving biotic interactions at large spatial scales. This study represents the first quantitative, multi-scale treatment of positive interactions in stream ecosystems. This study demonstrates that applying general ecological models to stream fish communities can yield new insights about both the study system and the models themselves. While models of negative interactions, food webs and dispersal have been applied to stream fishes, we stand to gain much ground by also considering positive biotic interactions. In doing so, stream fish ecologists will also be able to contribute to the advancement of general ecology, and thus raise awareness for these understudied ecosystems and taxa. Ph. D.

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Древаль, Ольга Юріївна, Ольга Юрьевна Древаль та Olha Yuriivna Dreval. "Питання екологічної безпеки харчових продуктів". Thesis, видавництво СумДУ, 2010. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/7946.

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Проблема безпеки харчових продуктів включає різні аспекти, як медичний, так соціальний, економічний і навіть політичний. Випуск безпечної, високоякісної й конкурентноздатної харчової продукції - основа всіх перерахованих аспектів. При цитуванні документа, використовуйте посилання http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/7946

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Flamm, Laura Jayne. "Fair Food: Justice and Sustainability in Community Nutrition." Miami University Honors Theses / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=muhonors1270965544.

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Melo, Marília Freitas de Vasconcelos 1983. "Diversidade genética, estrutura genética espacial, sistema de reprodução e fluxo gênico em jenipapo (Genipa americana Linnaeus) utilizando marcadores microssatélites /." Botucatu, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/148669.

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Orientador: Mario Luiz Teixeira De Moraes Moraes Coorientador: Ana Veruska Cruz da Silva Banca: Alexandre Magno Sebbenn Banca: Celso Luis Marino Banca: Bruno Cesar Rossini Banca: Evandro Vagner Tambarussi Resumo: Estudos sobre ecologia e genética de populações são fundamentais para entender os efeitos da fragmentação sobre espécies florestais. Um estudo baseado em genética quantitativa e marcadores microssatélites foi realizado para investigar a diversidade genética, estrutura genética espacial, sistema de reprodução e a dispersão de pólen em uma população natural e em um teste de progênies de Genipa americana L. para fins de conservação e melhoramento genético. As coletas foram realizadas em duas populações: a primeira localizada no nordeste do Brasil, em uma área de transição entre a Mata Atlântica e a Caatinga (POP-SE) e a segunda no sudeste, em um Banco Ativo de Germoplasma estabelecido em área de transição entre a Mata Atlântica representada pela Florestal Estacional Semidecidual e o Cerrado (POP-SP). Foram coletados tecidos foliares de 30 árvores matrizes e 20 plantas/progênie em cada uma das populações. As análises do sistema de reprodução foram realizadas com base no modelo misto de reprodução e modelo de cruzamentos correlacionados. Como esperado em espécies dióicas, todas as progênies foram originadas de cruzamento (tm = 1). A taxa de cruzamento entre parentes (tm - ts) e a correlação de paternidade (rp) foram variáveis entre famílias (tm - ts= 0,03-0,19; rp= 0,04-0,40). O índice de fixação (F) foi significativamente menor em adultos que em progênies, indicando seleção contra indivíduos endogâmicos. A correlação de paternidade dentro de frutos (0,40) foi maior que entre ... Abstract: Studies about ecology and population genetics are essential to understand the effects of fragmentation on forest species. A study based on quantitative genetics and microsatellite markers was conducted to investigate the genetic diversity, spatial genetic structure, mating system and pollen dispersal in a natural population and onan progenies test of Genipa americana L. aiming conservation and breeding. Samples were collected in two populations: the first located in the northeast of Brazil, in a transition area between the Atlantic Forest and Caatinga (POP-SE) and the second in the southeast, in an Active Germplasm Bank established in area transition between the Atlantic represented by Forest Semideciduous and the Cerrado (POPSP). Leaf tissues were collected from 30 seed-trees and 20 plants/progeny in each of the populations. The analysis of the mating system were performed based on the mixed mating model and correlated crosses model. As expected in dioecious species, all offspring were originated from outcrossing ( m t = 1). The mating among relatives rate ( m s t t ) and paternity correlation ( p r ) were variable among families ( m s t t = 0.03-0.19; p r = 0.04-0.40), especially in NP. Fixation index ( F ) was generally significant lower in the adults than offspring, indicating selection against inbreed individuals. The paternity correlation within fruits (0.40) was higher than among fruits (0.26), indicating that lower effective number of pollen donors ( ep N ) within fruit (2.5) than among fruits (3.8). Due to the highest p r in NP, the effective size within families ( e N ) was lower in NP (2.69) than PT (3.27). The Spearman ranking correlation showed that the increase in ep N increase the genetic diversity and e N within families. The pollen dispersal pattern was strongly leptokurtic, suggesting long pollen dispersal distance (mean= 179 m). ... Doutor

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Козьменко, О. В. "Страховий ринок України: стратегія функціонування в контексті сталого розвитку". Thesis, Українська академія банківської справи Національного банку України, 2009. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/51453.

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Дисертація присвячена розробці теоретико-методологічних положень стратегії функціону-вання страхового ринку України. Визначено теоретичні засади страхування, зокрема його економічну сутність, функції, принципи та класифікаційні ознаки. Досліджено методологічні засади реалізації системного під-ходу до формування концепції сталого розвитку, виокремлено місце страхування в концепції ста-лого розвитку та визначено напрямки суб’єктно-об’єктного взаємозв’язку страхування та сталого розвитку. Обґрунтовано місце, функції та роль страхового ринку у фінансовій системі країни, впо-рядковано його структуру. Досліджено сучасний стан та тенденції розвитку страхового ринку України, проведено порівняльну оцінку розвитку видів страхування. Проаналізовано динаміку розвитку екологічної складової страхового ринку України та обґрунтовано концептуальні напрям-ки розвитку екологічного страхування. Запропоновано методику визначення рейтингу страхових компаній, запропоновано методику формування тарифної ставки в економічному страхуванні. Об-ґрунтовано концептуальні напрями державного регулювання розвитку страхового ринку в кон-тексті забезпечення сталого розвитку та розроблено основні напрями стратегії подальшого рефор-мування системи державного нагляду за страховим ринком України у відповідності з міжнародними програмами Директиви платоспроможності (Solvency I та II). The dissertation is dedicated to the development of theoretical and methodological provisions of strategy of Ukrainian insurance market functioning. The theoretical background of insurance, in particular its economical essence, functions, princi-ples and classification characteristics are analyzed. Methodological background of systemic approach to sustainable development concept formation is investigated; the place of insurance in the concept of sus-tainable development is determined; the directions of subject-object relationship of insurance and sustain-able development are identified. The place, functions and the role of insurance market in the Ukrainian financial system are determined; also its structure is harmonized. Current situation and development di-rections of the Ukrainian insurance market are analyzed as well as insurance types development are com-pared. Also environmental component dynamics of Ukraine’s insurance market is investigated; concep-tual trends of environmental insurance are validated. The technique of determining insurance companies rating, and the method of forming tariff rate in environmental insurance are proposed. Conceptual trends of state regulation of insurance market development in the sustainable development context are analyzed; the main trends of further restructuring of Ukrainian insurance market supervision in accordance with the international programs of Directive of Solvency (Solvency I and II) are examined.

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Flores, Luis Gustavo Gomes. "Entre a ecologia e o mercado: o desafio de pensar um ecodireito." Universidade do Vale do Rio do Sinos, 2007. http://www.repositorio.jesuita.org.br/handle/UNISINOS/2390.

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Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-05T17:17:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 27 Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos No contexto das sociedades contemporâneas, caracterizadas por extrema complexidade e contingência, podemos observar os efeitos de uma violenta degradação ambiental, através de inúmeros eventos naturais catastróficos, como sinais de esgotamento e desequilíbrio das interdependências ecológicas, que indicam os riscos aos quais a sociedade global e o seu ambiente estão expostos, em face da imprevisibilidade do futuro. Na medida em que este panorama se acentua na comunicação social, tende a problematizar todos os âmbitos da sociedade, revelando a insuficiência do paradigma tradicional moderno, que permeando todos os âmbitos do saber assumiu contornos multifacetados e serviu de pano de fundo para as construções na sociedade moderna, cujas comunicações produzidas pelos sistemas sociais, foram responsáveis por essa degradação do ambiente ecológico, como reflexo da utilização e controle indiscriminado dos recursos naturais, da expansão agressiva do mercado econômico, assim como, da insuficiência da dogmática jurídica In the context of the societies contemporaries, characterized for extreme complexity and contingency, we can observe the effect of a violent ambient degradation, through innumerable catastrophic natural events, as signals of exhaustion and disequilibrium of the ecological interdependences, that indicate the risks which the global society and its environment are displayed, in face of the without forecast of the future. In the measure where this panorama if accents in the social communication, she tends to problematical all the scopes of the society, disclosing the insufficiency of the modern traditional paradigm, that promenade all the scopes of knowing assumed multifaceted contours and served of cloth of deep for the constructions in the modern society, whose communications produced for the social systems, had been responsible for this degradation of the ecological environment, as reflected of the use and indiscriminate control of the natural resources, of the aggressive expansion of the economic market and t

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Milikauskis, Donatas. "Lietuvos ekologinių produktų rinkos analizė." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2010. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2010~D_20100903_092934-90933.

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Magistro darbe atskleista ekologinių produktų samprata, esmė ir poreikis, identifikuotos ekologinių produktų rinkos funkcijos bei dalyviai, išanalizuotas ekologinių produktų rinkos vertinimo metodinis potencialas. Parengus tyrimo metodiką bei pateikus bendrąją Lietuvos ekologinių produktų rinkos charakteristiką, empirinių tyrimų pagalba įvertintas vartotojų bei gamintojų požiūris į ekologinius produktus. Atlikti tyrimai leido identifikuoti pagrindines Lietuvos ekologinių produktų rinkos problemas bei suformuluoti šių problemų sprendimo kryptis. Pirmoji tyrimo hipotezė buvo patvirtinta: pagrindinis veiksnys, lemiantis lietuvius rinktis ekologinius produktus – susirūpinimas savo sveikata. Antroji tyrimo hipotezė taip pat buvo patvirtinta, tačiau be ekologinių ir ekonominių motyvų Lietuvos ekologinių produktų gamintojus imtis tokios veiklos paskatino ir socialiniai motyvai. This master’s final paper reveals the concept, essence and demand of ecologic products, identifies primary functions and actors of ecologic products market, also, the methodic potential of ecologic products market evaluation is analyzed. After the methodic of survey is formed and the common characteristic of Lithuanian ecologic products market is rendered, the point of view of customers and manufacturers is evaluated. The accomplished surveys let author to identify primary problems of ecologic products market in Lithuania and to formulate suggestions for solving these problems. The first hypothesis was confirmed: primary factor, determining the selection of ecologic products is the concern about health. The second hypothesis was confirmed, though in spite of ecologic and economic motives, social motives are also relevant in stimulating manufacturing of ecologic products.

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Kuntzler, Maurício Alexandre. "Os objetivos ambientais na comunidade européia : seus efeitos no funcionamento do mercado interno." reponame:Biblioteca Digital de Teses e Dissertações da UFRGS, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10183/13145.

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A proteção ambiental na Comunidade Européia é implementada por artigos dos seus Tratados Constitutivos consubstanciados na política ambiental, no estabelecimento do mercado interno e no princípio da integração desta finalidade a ser incorporada na aplicação das demais políticas e ações da Organização. O trabalho visa verificar a proteção ambiental na Comunidade por duas bases filosóficas que se intercomunicam: o antropocentrismo relacionado à missão comunitária de obtenção do desenvolvimento sustentado, o qual é a realização do princípio da integração interligando as políticas comunitárias, e o biocentrismo na conexão da missão comunitária de promover o alto nível de proteção ambiental e a melhora da qualidade do meio ambiente com a atuação setorial da política ambiental comunitária. Esta missão comunitária, tendo em vista a proteção dos elementos naturais e a biodiversidade, causa uma afetação maior na concorrência e nos intercâmbios comunitários comparado à promoção do desenvolvimento sustentado. Fundamentam esta pesquisa conceitos de Nathalie Hervé-Fournereau e José Rubens Morato Leite, tendo o Direito comunitário e estudos de casos, decididos pelo Tribunal de Justiça da Comunidade Européia, para corroborar as afirmações contidas nela. The environmental protection in the European Community is implemented by articles of its Constitutive Treaties consubstantiated in the environmental policy, in the establishment of the domestic market and in the principle of integration of such target, to be incorporated in the implementation of the other policies and actions of the Organization. This study aims to verify the environmental protection in the European Community through two philosophical bases which intercommunicate with each other: the anthropocentrism related to the community mission of acquisition of sustained development, the accomplishment of the principle of integration interconnecting the community policies, and the biocentrism in the connection of the community mission of promoting the high level of environmental protection and the improvement of the quality of the environment with the sectorial action of the environmental community policy. Such community mission, considering the protection of the natural elements and the biodiversity, causes a higher aggression in the competition and in the community exchanges compared to the promotion of the sustained development. This study is founded on the concepts of Nathalie Hervé- Fournereau and José Rubens Morato Leite, having the Community Law and case studies decided by the Court of Justice of the European Communities, to corroborate the statements that this study contains.

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Nascimento, Fabio Gonçalves. "O MERCADO DE PRODUTOS ORGÂNICOS EM SILVÂNIA - GO: UM ESTUDO DE CASO." Pontifícia Universidade Católica de Goiás, 2012. http://localhost:8080/tede/handle/tede/2510.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:44:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 FABIO GONCALVES NASCIMENTO.pdf: 753479 bytes, checksum: d22ad0e143d8a472b3a9645e252c5cdd (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-09-27 It is considered that organic farming is an alternative income to producers. This is due to growing worldwide demand for healthy foods and access the information that is available in the market. However, one must ponder the different factors that can contribute to the success or otherwise of organic production, may consider the difficulties encountered by producers as skilled labor, costs for conversion costs for certification among other factors considered barriers to market organic products. This paper highlights organic agriculture in its historical and conceptual basis to understand the importance of this type of farming and its advantages. Furthermore, a brief approach to market organic products nationally and internationally thus demonstrating the ability of existing supply and demand profile highlighting marketing and consumer of organic products. We present some tools for analyzing the economic and financial viability of organic production, we used field research conducted in Mixed Agricultural Cooperative of Rural Producers of Silvânia (Coopersil) where data were collected on the production and marketing of organic products, analysis showed that there is economic viability of organic production and that farmers should look for an economic and financial evaluation in the business, with the projection-based information that depart from the cost of production, marketing and returns on investments. From the data analyzed it is clear playback of investments in the production of organic properties of the cooperative Coopersil and still lack the management of what is produced, marketed and sold. The study highlights the importance of controlling financial projections and principally that can meet the demand that increasingly grows into the organic market. É considerado que a agricultura orgânica é uma das alternativas de renda para produtores, isto se dá pela crescente demanda mundial por alimentos saudáveis e pelo acesso as informações que são disponibilizadas no mercado. Entretanto, deve-se ponderar sobre os diferentes fatores que podem contribuir para o sucesso ou não da produção de orgânicos, pode-se considerar as dificuldades encontradas pelos produtores quanto a mão de obra qualificada, custos para conversão, custos para certificação dentre outros fatores considerados entraves para o mercado de produtos orgânicos. Este trabalho destaca a agricultura orgânica em sua base histórica e conceitual a fim de entender a importância deste tipo de agricultura e suas vantagens. Além disso, faz uma breve abordagem sobre o mercado de produtos orgânicos nacional e internacional demonstrando assim a capacidade da oferta e a demanda existente destacando a comercialização e o perfil dos consumidores de produtos orgânicos. Apresentase algumas ferramentas para análise da viabilidade econômica e financeira da produção de orgânicos. Utilizou-se da pesquisa de campo realizada na Cooperativa Agropecuária Mista dos Produtores Rurais de Silvânia (Coopersil) onde foram levantados dados acerca da produção e comercialização de produtos orgânicos. A análise demonstrou que existe viabilidade econômica na produção de orgânicos e que os produtores devem atentar para uma avaliação econômica e financeira no negócio, tendo como projeção a base de informações que partem desde o custo de produção, comercialização e retornos nos investimentos realizados. Diante dos dados analisados percebe-se o payback dos investimentos realizados na produção de orgânicos nas propriedades dos cooperados da Coopersil, e que ainda falta o gerenciamento daquilo que é produzido, comercializado e vendido. Destaca-se a importância do controle financeiro e principalmente de projeções que possam atender a demanda que cada vez mais cresce dentro do mercado de orgânicos.

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Некрасенко, Л. А. "Показники економічної та екологічної безпеки в Україні". Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2016. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/50251.

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Сучасні ринкові відносини та зміни в міжнародній обстановці вимагають від держави надзвичайної уваги до стану національної безпеки. Однією з основних складових національної безпеки є економічна безпека - такий стан національної економіки, за якого забезпечуються захист національних інтересів, стійкість до внутрішніх і зовнішніх загроз, здатність до розвитку та захищеність життєво важливих інтересів людей, суспільства, держави, які забезпечують існування і прогресивний розвиток особистості, суспільства, держави.

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Vidaller, Christel. "Quels facteurs limitent l’installation de Brachypodium retusum : une espèces clé pour la restauration écologique des steppes méditerranéennes ?" Thesis, Avignon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AVIG0349/document.

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Le brachypode rameux (Brachypodium retusum) est une espèce herbacée pérenne qui domine les pelouses sèches de Méditerranée occidentale. Dans notre zone d’étude du Sud de la France, la recolonisation spontanée est très faible après perturbation du sol. Cette observation ne correspond pas aux résultats d'études menées dans d'autres régions montrant une capacité de colonisation élevée. L'objectif principal de cette thèse était donc de tester les différentes hypothèses pouvant expliquer les différents patrons de colonisation.Dans un premier chapitre, nous avons testé si ces différents patrons de colonisation résultent d'une différenciation génétique entre les populations. Des marqueurs AFLP ont été utilisés pour analyser la structure génétique de 17 populations de Méditerranée occidentale dont la différenciation neutre entre populations. Dans un sous-échantillon de 13 populations françaises, la différenciation de traits phénotypiques sous sélection a été testée dans un jardin commun et comparée à la différenciation neutre. Dans le deuxième chapitre, nous présentons une étude sur la différenciation adaptative des traits phénotypiques et avons testé une potentielle réponse différentielle à la manipulation de facteurs environnementaux clés. Les deux derniers chapitres de la thèse ont analysé les facteurs environnementaux qui limitent la recolonisation in situ, indépendamment du génotype ou de la population. Dans le troisième chapitre, nous avons testé l’effet du pâturage et du feu sur le recouvrement végétatif ainsi que sur la reproduction sexuée de B. retusum installé. Enfin, dans le quatrième chapitre, nous avons mesuré l’effet de l’arrosage initial et du pâturage sur l’installation de plantules transplantées initialement germées en serre et de plantules issues de semis in situ. Nos résultats ont montré que les populations de B. retusum sont génétiquement différenciées pour les marqueurs neutres mais également pour les traits phénotypiques. Cette différenciation est supérieure à la dérive seule et suggère une adaptation aux conditions environnementales, en particulier aux températures estivales et à la fréquence du gel en hiver. Une réponse différentielle à la manipulation expérimentale de facteurs environnementaux (sol, pâturage, humidité du sol) a confirmé le caractère adaptatif de la différenciation génétique. Les expériences in situ ont montré que le feu a un effet positif sur la reproduction de B. retusum et sur la communauté végétale associée, alors que son recouvrement végétatif n’était pas supérieur à la moyenne de la communauté. L'exclusion du pâturage pendant deux saisons n'a eu d'incidence sur aucun des paramètres mesurés chez les populations adultes. L'arrosage initial a affecté l’installation des plantules au cours de la première saison. Au cours de la deuxième saison, l'effet seul de l’arrosage n'était pas significatif, cependant son effet est resté positif sur la survie uniquement dans les parcelles pâturées. Le pâturage, au début du cycle de vie de B. retusum, a eu un effet négatif sur le recrutement et la croissance des plantules. En conclusion, la différenciation adaptative entre les populations peut avoir contribué aux différences régionales en termes de capacité de colonisation et doit être prise en compte lors du ciblage des populations sources pour l'introduction de plantes en restauration écologique. La réponse positive de B. retusum a indiqué que le feu était une force sélective importante dans le passé qui pourrait être utilisée pour favoriser l'espèce et la communauté végétale associée dans des opérations de conservation et de restauration. L'exclusion du pâturage à court terme est tolérée par les populations adultes de B. retusum, mais l'abandon à long terme entraîne une diminution de son recouvrement par rapport aux graminées pérennes à croissance rapide Ramose false brome (Brachypodium retusum) is a perennial herbaceous species that dominates dry grasslands of the Western Mediterranean. In our southern French study area, spontaneous re-colonisation is very low after soil disturbance. This observation does not correspond to the results of studies from other regions showing a high colonisation capacity. The major objective of this PhD thesis was to test different hypotheses potentially explaining the different colonisation patterns.In the first chapter, we tested whether these different colonisation patterns are the result of genetic differentiation among populations. AFLP markers were used to analyse genetic structure including neutral population differentiation in 17 Western Mediterranean populations. In a sub-sample of 13 French populations, differentiation in phenotypic traits under selection was tested in a common garden and compared to neutral differentiation. In the second chapter, we present a study on adaptive differentiation in phenotypic traits testing a potentially differential response to the manipulation of key environmental factors. The last two chapters of the PhD analysed environmental factors that limit re-colonisation in the field independent of genotype or population. In the third chapter, we tested the effect of grazing and fire on vegetative recovery as well as on sexual reproduction of established B. retusum and in the fourth chapter we measured the effect of initial watering and grazing on the establishment of transplanted seedlings pre-grown in a greenhouse and of field-sown seedlings.Our results showed that populations of B. retusum are genetically differentiated in neutral markers but also in phenotypic traits. This differentiation is superior to drift alone and suggests adaptation to environmental conditions, particularly to summer temperature and winter frost frequency. A differential response to experimental manipulation of environmental factors (soil, pasture, soil moisture) confirmed the adaptive character of genetic differentiation. The field experiments showed that fire has a positive effect on B. retusum reproduction and on the associated community whereas vegetative recovery was not higher than community average. Two seasons of grazing exclosure did not affect any of the measured parameters in adult populations. Initial watering affected seedling establishment in the first season. In the second season, the watering main effect was not significant but interestingly the effect remained positive on survival in grazed plots whereas no such effect was observed in exclosures. Grazing in early life cycle stages of B. retusum had a negative effect on seedling recruitment and growth.In conclusion, adaptive differentiation between populations may have contributed to regional differences in colonisation capacity and needs to be taken into account in targeting source populations for plant introduction in ecological restoration. The positive response of B. retusum indicated that fire was an important selective force in the past which may be used to favour the species and its associated plant community in current conservation and restoration management. Short-term grazing exclosure is tolerated by mature B. retusum populations but long-term abandonment results in a decrease of cover relative to high-growing perennial grasses. In early stages of seedling establishment grazing should be avoided to guarantee introduction success - or grazing stress needs to be compensated by watering

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Costa, Mariellen Cristine. "Manejo genético para a conservação ex situ do Mutum-do-Sudeste, Crax blumenbachii (aves, cracidae)." Universidade Federal de São Carlos, 2015. https://repositorio.ufscar.br/handle/ufscar/8366.

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Submitted by Maria de Lourdes Mariano (lmariano@ufscar.br) on 2017-01-12T16:12:57Z No. of bitstreams: 1 COSTA_Mariellen Cristine_2015.pdf: 9889906 bytes, checksum: dee2c436fb5daf167475ac92f838ada7 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Maria de Lourdes Mariano (lmariano@ufscar.br) on 2017-01-12T16:13:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 COSTA_Mariellen Cristine_2015.pdf: 9889906 bytes, checksum: dee2c436fb5daf167475ac92f838ada7 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Maria de Lourdes Mariano (lmariano@ufscar.br) on 2017-01-12T16:13:13Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 COSTA_Mariellen Cristine_2015.pdf: 9889906 bytes, checksum: dee2c436fb5daf167475ac92f838ada7 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2017-01-12T16:13:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 COSTA_Mariellen Cristine_2015.pdf: 9889906 bytes, checksum: dee2c436fb5daf167475ac92f838ada7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-01-30 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) Captive populations of endangered species are often small, isolated, and founded by a limited number of individuals, which makes them more susceptible to genetic drift and inbreeding effects. Thus, the preservation of the maximum genetic variability is a major concern of captive breeding programs, and understanding the levels of population structuring and genetic variability is important for developing management strategies of captive populations. The Red-billed Curassow (Crax blumenbachii) is endemic to the Brazilian lowland Atlantic Forests and is considered extinct in most of its original distribution. A captive breeding program was initiated during the 70s with the independent foundation of two breeding stocks, that posteriorly supplied animals to other aviaries. With the success of the captive propagation, a reintroduction program has started in 1991, and more than 226 animals have been released into the wild so far. However, animals descending from only one aviary have been used, and the capability of other lineages to increase genetic variability in these, and future released populations, has never been investigated. Then, we analyzed the genetic structure and diversity of the founders and two further important breeding facilities reproducing this species, using 8 microsatellite loci. Bayesian clustering analysis revealed two distinct groups that were in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium and did not present significant evidences of inbreeding. The existence of two distinct lineages in captivity has implications for breeding and reintroduction programs. We recommend populations to be managed as independent units, but admixted individuals should be produced as a manner to increase reintroduction success. Populações cativas de espécies ameaçadas são frequentemente pequenas, isoladas e fundadas por um número limitado de indivíduos, o que as torna mais suscetíveis à deriva genética e aos efeitos de endogamia. Assim, a preservação da máxima variabilidade genética é uma das principais preocupações dos programas de reprodução em cativeiro e compreender os níveis de estruturação populacional e variabilidade genética é importante para o desenvolvimento de estratégias de manejo de populações em cativeiro. O Mutum-do-Sudeste (Crax blumenbachii) é endêmico da Mata Atlântica de planície e é considerado extinto na maior parte de sua distribuição original. Um programa de reprodução em cativeiro foi iniciado na década de 70 com a independente fundação de dois plantéis, que posteriormente disponibilizou animais para outros aviários. Com o sucesso da reprodução em cativeiro, um programa de reintrodução começou em 1991 e mais de 226 animais foram soltos na natureza até o momento. No entanto, têm sido utilizados animais que são descendentes de um único criatório e a possibilidade de outras linhagens aumentarem a variabilidade genética nestas, e futuras populações reintroduzidas, nunca foi investigado. Por isso, analisamos a estrutura genética e a diversidade dos fundadores e mais dois importantes plantéisdesta espécie utilizando oito locos microssatélites. A análise de agrupamento Bayesian revelou dois grupos distintos em equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg e que não apresentaram evidências significativas de endogamia. A existência de duas linhagens distintas em cativeiro tem implicações para programas de reprodução e reintrodução. Recomendamos que as populações devam ser manejadas como unidades independentes, mas os indivíduos com ancestria mista devem ser produzidos como uma forma de aumentar o sucesso das reintroduções.

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Teixeira, Marcela Mantovani. "Análise da sustentabilidade no mercado imobiliário residencial brasileiro." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/16/16138/tde-16062010-111117/.

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Com a virada do século XX para o século XXI, a devastação ambiental se tornou a principal ameaça a sobrevivência da humanidade no planeta. Descobrimentos alarmantes sobre o aumento do aquecimento global e a finitude dos recursos naturais trouxeram um novo desafio para o desenvolvimento mundial, crescer economicamente e ao mesmo tempo preservar o meio ambiente. A atividade de construção, como parte das atividades que colaboram para o agravamento do problema ambiental, começa a ser repensada como forma de produção e esforços têm sido feitos para torná-la menos impactante ao meio ambiente e ao espaço urbano. Nesse contexto de incertezas que envolve o desenvolvimento sustentável, um conceito ainda recente para a maioria da população, diversas empresas procuram adaptar-se para produzir produtos ecologicamente corretos e ter atitudes ambientalmente responsáveis, porém, sem ter ainda conhecimento suficiente para propor soluções eficazes. No mercado imobiliário brasileiro, tem crescido o volume de empreendimentos que são lançados como empreendimentos sustentáveis, considerados mais eficientes no consumo de recursos naturais e menos agressivos para o meio ambiente, ao passo que cresce, também, o interesse da população pelo consumo desse tipo de produto. Mostra-se, portanto, necessário fazer uma avaliação da real eficiência desses edifícios, pois, a observação da maneira impactante como esses empreendimentos se inserem no espaço urbano e sua baixa qualidade arquitetônica, indicam que há uma distorção do conceito de sustentabilidade no mercado. Este estudo pretende contribuir para o melhor entendimento do termo sustentabilidade e alertar para a maneira incorreta como ele tem sido, atualmente, inserido na produção do mercado imobiliário de edifícios residenciais, no Brasil. With the turn of the century XX to the XXI, environmental devastation became the main threat to survival of humanity on the planet. Discoveries about the alarming increase in global warming and finite natural resources have brought anew challenge to world development: to promote economic growth while preserving the environment. Construction activity, as part of activities that contribute to the worsening environmental problem begins to be reconsidered as a means of production and efforts have been made to make it less harmful to the environment and urban space. In this context of uncertainty surrounding the sustainable development, a relatively new concept to most people, several companies trying to adapt to produce environmentally friendly products and be environmentally responsible, but without yet having enough knowledge to propose effective solutions. The brazilian real estate market has grown the volume of projects that are launched as sustainable business as more efficient consumption of natural resources and less harmful to the environment, while growing, too, public interest in the consumption these products. It is apparent, therefore, necessary to evaluate the real efficacy of these buildings, therefore, the observation of the way significant as these developments fall within the urban space and its low architectural quality, indicate that there is a distortion of the concept of sustainability in the market. This study aims to contribute to a better understanding of the term sustainability and alert to incorrectly as it has been currently inserted in the production of the property market of residential buildings in Brazil.

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Felício, Andréia Arantes [UNESP]. "Avaliação de biomarcadores bioquímicos em cascudos (Pterygoplichthys anisitsi) expostos a óleo diesel e biodiesel." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/87618.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:22:57Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2012-08-31Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:08:54Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 felicio_aa_me_sjrp.pdf: 1498649 bytes, checksum: 34a28588d5030bb4de185eccf70e6b9a (MD5) Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) Cada vez mais os níveis de contaminantes que são lançados no ambiente aumentam. Dentre os principais poluentes estão o petróleo e seus derivados, como o óleo diesel. Eles são motivo de muitas preocupações, já que apresentam grande persistência ambiental e são potencialmente mutagênicos e carcinogênicos. Além disso, o petróleo é uma forma de energia não renovável e assim, outras formas de energia renováveis vêm sendo pesquisadas, como é o caso do Biodiesel, que vem substituindo gradualmente o petróleo. Desde 2010 passou a ser obrigatória a venda em postos de combustíveis no Brasil, o óleo diesel B5, que apresenta 5% de biodiesel em sua composição. Porém, pouco se sabe sobre os efeitos deste biocombustível no ambiente. Assim, este trabalho visou verificar quais os efeitos das diferentes misturas do óleo diesel e biodiesel e o biodiesel puro (B5, B20 e B100) nos peixes Pterygoplichthys anisitsi às concentrações de 0,01 e 0,001 mL.L-1 de cada contaminante, pelos períodos de 15 e 30 dias. Após as exposições, amostras de fígado, brânquias, cérebro e sangue dos peixes foram retirados para as seguintes análises: 7-etoxi-resorufina-0-deetilase (EROD), glutationa S-transferase (GST), superóxido dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutationa peroxidase (GPx), níveis de malondialdeído (MDA), acetilcolinesterase (AChE), carboxilesterase (CbE), teste de micronúcleo (MN) e ensaio do cometa. Desta forma pudemos observar que o contaminante B100 0,001 mL.L-1 foi o que menos causou alterações nas atividades enzimáticas, sendo alteradas apenas a SOD e a CbE. Já o B5 0,001 mL.L-1 foi o que causou mais alterações nas atividades enzimáticas dos peixes, alterando a GST, SOD, CAT, GPx, os níveis de MDA e as quantidades de MN e AN (anormalidades nucleares), principalmente após 30 dias de exposição, sendo seguido... Increasing levels of contaminants that are released into the environment have been increasing. Among the main pollutants, including petroleum and its derivatives, such as diesel oil is a major concern, since they are environmental persistent and potentially carcinogenic and mutagenic. Furthermore, oil is a non-renewable form of energy, so other forms of renewable energy have been investigated, such as Biodiesel, which is gradually replacing the oil. Since 2010, it is required to sell diesel B5, with 5% biodiesel in this composition at gas stations in Brazil. However, just a little is known about the effects of biofuel in the environment. This work aimed to verify that the effects of different blends of diesel and biodiesel and only biodiesel (B5, B20 and B100) in fish Pterygoplichthys anisitsi, in that concentrations, 0,01 and 0,001 mL.L -1 for each contaminant for 15 and 30 days. After exposure, samples of liver, gills, brain and blood were collected for the following analyzes: 7-ethoxy-resorufin-0-deetilase (EROD), glutathione S-transferase (GST), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT ), glutathione peroxidase (GPx), levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), carboxylesterase (CBE), micronucleus test (MN) and comet assay. Thus we found that that the contaminant B100 0,001 mL.L -1 was the one that has caused less changes in enzyme activity, changing only SOD and CbE. On the other hand, the B5 0,001 mL.L -1 caused more changes in enzyme activity of the fish, changing the GST, SOD, CAT, GPx, MDA levels and quantities of MN and AN (nuclear abnormalities), especially after 30 days of exposure, followed by B5 0,01 mL.L -1 and B20 0,001 mL.L -1 . The period of exposure that led to more changes was 15 days. These results allow us to conclude that even in mixtures, biodiesel and diesel fuel, even at low concentrations, can cause risks to aquatic biota

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Restrepo, Ortiz Claudia Ximena. "Biology and population ecology of uncultured Archaea in natural environments analyzed by taxon-specific molecular markers = Biología y ecología poblacional de Archaeas no cultivadas en ambientes naturales analizadas mediante marcadores moleculares específicos." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/386392.

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The annual dynamics of three different ammonia-oxidizing archaea (AOA) ecotypes (amoA gene) and of the SAGMCG-1 (Nitrosotalea-like aquatic Thaumarchaeota) group (16S rRNA gene) were studied by newly designed specific primers and quantitative PCR analysis in a deep oligotrophic high mountain lake (Lake Redon, Limnological Observatory of the Pyrenees, Spain). We observed segregated distributions of the main AOA populations, peaking separately in time and space, and under different ammonia concentrations and irradiance conditions. Strong positive correlation in gene abundances was found along the annual survey between 16S rRNA SAGMCG-1 and one of the amoA ecotypes, suggesting the potential for ammonia oxidation in the freshwater SAGMCG-1 clade. We also observed dominance of Nitrosotalea-like ecotypes over Nitrosopumilus-like (MG 1.1a), and not the same annual dynamics for the two thaumarchaeotal clades. The fine scale segregation in space and time of the different AOA ecotypes indicated the presence of phylogenetically close but ecologically segregated AOA species specifically adapted to specific environmental conditions. It remains to be elucidated what would be such environmental drivers. Subsequently quantitative environmental distribution of two widely distributed uncultured freshwater Euryarchaeota with unknown functional role, was explored by newly designed qPCR primers targeting the 16S rRNA gene of clades MEG (Miscellaneous Euryarchaeota Group containing the groups pMC2A384 and VALII/Eury4) and DSEG (Deep-Sea Euryarchaeotal Groups, targeting the cluster named VALIII containing the DHVE-3/DSEG, BC07-2A-27/DSEG-3, and DSEG-2 groups), respectively. The summer surface plankton of 28 lakes was analyzed and one additional dimictic deep lake, Lake Redon, was temporally and vertically surveyed covering seasonal limnological variability. A trophic range between 0.2 and 5.2 μg/L Chl a, and pH span from 3.8 to 9.5 was explored at altitudes between 632 and 2590 m above sea level. The primers showed to be highly selective with c. 85% coverage and 100% specificity. Only pH significantly explained the changes observed in gene abundances and environment. In Lake Redon, DSEG bloomed in deep stratified waters both in summer and early spring, and MEG at intermediate depths during the ice-cover period. Overall, MEG and DSEG showed a differential ecological distribution although correlational analyses indicated lack of coupling of both euryarchaeota with phytoplankton (chlorophyll a). However, an intriguing positive and significant relationship was found between DSEG and putative ammonia oxidizing Thaumarchaeota. The ribosomal-RNA (rRNA) approach to microbial evolution and ecology has become an integral part of environmental microbiology. Based on the conservation of rRNA, oligonucleotide probes can be designed with specificities that range from the species level to the level of phyla or even domains. When these probes are labelled with the enzyme horseradish peroxidase (HRP), they can be used to identify single microbial cells directly by fluorescence in situ hybridization. Based on comparative analyses of 16S rRNA sequences we have located sites specific for the SAGMCG-1 group of Thaumarchaeota, including the species Nitrosotalea devanaterra. Oligonucleotides complementary to these signature regions were evaluated as potential nucleic acid probes for the differentiation of SAGMCG-1 lineage. Hybridization conditions were optimized by the addition of increasing formamide concentrations to the hybridization buffer. The fluorescence intensity was enhanced and the effects on the cell visualization were improved by design of two adjacent helpers for the probe. CARD-FISH hybridization using N. devanaterra demonstrated high probe specificity in vitro, and whole cell hybridization with fluorescent probe derivatives allowed the identification and quantification in selected soil samples of individual microbial cells in situ. The probes will be useful for determinative studies and for the in situ monitoring of population distribution and dynamics in microbial communities closely related to the N biogeochemical cycling. Los microorganismos del Dominio Archaea son un componente común del plancton que ha pasado, mayoritariamente desapercibido para la Limnología durante mucho tiempo. Sólo tras la aplicación de técnicas moleculares en ecología microbiana se ha descubierto su enorme riqueza biológica y abundancia tanto en ambientes acuáticos como terrestres, más allá del grupo de las archaea metanógenas. Estudios recientes han demostrado que los hábitats de agua dulce tienen la mayor diversidad filogenética y representan entornos prometedores para el descubrimiento de nuevos linajes de Archaea. Uno de los ambientes que constituyen una fuente inexplorada de riqueza de nuevos filotipos de Archaea son los lagos alpinos, donde diferencias llamativas en la composición filogenética y abundancia de las arqueas se han reportado recientemente. Esto hace que los sistemas lacustres sean un modelo útil para comprender los factores ecológicos y la influencia de la heterogeneidad del hábitat sobre la composición de microorganismos Archaea, y para vincular los rasgos ecológicos y metabólicos de las arqueas con el funcionamiento del ecosistema. Esta tesis tiene como objetivo combinar microbiología ambiental, técnicas moleculares y aproximaciones bioinformáticas para progresar en el conocimiento de la distribución ecológica y ecofisiología de filotipos representativos de las arqueas de agua dulce superando la limitación de su baja cultivabilidad. Para este propósito, se diseñaron y optimizaron cebadores específicos para el gen SAGMGC-1 16S rRNA y los diferentes ecotipos de archaea oxidadoras de amonio, AOA (gen amoA), y se cuantifico mediante qPCR las distribuciones espacio-temporales a lo largo de una exploración anual en un lago profundo de alta montaña, donde las deposiciones atmosféricas son la principal fuente de nitrógeno reactivo. Adicionalmente se exploraron las diferencias espacio-temporales en el plancton superficial de un gran conjunto de lagos con gradientes ambientales marcados, mediante el diseño y optimización de cebadores específicos para el gen 16S rRNA de los grupos de euryarchaeota MEG y DSEG. Por último, se construyo una base de datos genética detallada del gen ribosómico 16S rRNA de Archaea utilizando SILVA y nuestros propios datos genéticos generados a partir de trabajos anteriores, a partir de esto se diseño y optimizo la sonda específica de CARDFISH para el grupo taumarchaeota SAGMGC-1, combinando aproximaciones in silico, in vitro e in situ. Posteriormente se cuantificó selectivamente dicha población a lo largo de un gradiente ambiental.

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Nagel, Jordana Caroline. "Diversidade e estrutura genética populacional em luehea divaricata mart. & zucc. na região da fronteira oeste do Rio Grande do Sul, baseada em marcadores microssatélites." Universidade Federal do Pampa, 2013. http://dspace.unipampa.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riu/3881.

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Submitted by Francine Silva (francine.silva@unipampa.edu.br) on 2019-03-28T18:51:45Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Diversidade e estrutura genética populacional em luehea divaricata mart. & zucc. na região da fronteira oeste do Rio Grande do Sul, baseada em marcadores microssatélites.pdf: 1894891 bytes, checksum: 4bdf370c0584966a24bc7d1c50440ac3 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2019-03-28T18:51:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Diversidade e estrutura genética populacional em luehea divaricata mart. & zucc. na região da fronteira oeste do Rio Grande do Sul, baseada em marcadores microssatélites.pdf: 1894891 bytes, checksum: 4bdf370c0584966a24bc7d1c50440ac3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-26 Pertencente à família Malvaceae, o Açoita-cavalo (Luehea divaricata) é uma espécie florestal que ocorre naturalmente desde o Rio Grande do Sul até o sul da Bahia, sendo muito utilizada na confecção de móveis e, também, como fitoterápico. Por ser uma espécie pioneira de rápido crescimento, característica das florestas aluviais, apresenta, em condições de regeneração natural, uma grande quantidade de indivíduos, mostrando ser uma espécie recomendável para a regeneração natural de áreas degradadas. O Açoita-cavalo é uma das espécies nativas mais importantes do ponto de vista fitossociológico, ocorrendo em praticamente todas as bacias hidrográficas do Rio Grande do Sul, na floresta ombrófila mista, na floresta estacional decidual, na floresta estacional semidecidual, na savana, na savana estépica e nas áreas de tensão ecológicas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a diversidade e estrutura genética de cinco populações naturais de L. divaricata na região da Fronteira Oeste do Rio Grande do Sul, no bioma Pampa. Amostras foliares foram coletadas de indivíduos adultos encontrados nas áreas (n=128). O DNA foi extraído com o kit Invisorb Spin Plant Mini Kit (Invitek) e cinco loci microssatélites foram amplificados via PCR. Os alelos foram resolvidos em gel de poliacrilamida (a 10%) e os dados, analisados com auxílio do programa GenAlEx 6.4, FSTAT 2.9.3 e ARLEQUIN 3.1. Os resultados indicaram altos níveis de diversidade genética dentro das populações. A heterozigosidade esperada (He) e o índice de Shannon (I) foram de 0.627 e 1.223, respectivamente. A análise AMOVA mostrou que a maior parte da diversidade genética ocorre dentro das populações (76.12%). O índice de fixação nas populações estudadas demonstrou haver excesso de homozigotos em relação ao equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg. Os valores da distância genética de Nei indicaram alta divergência genética entre as populações, em função da baixa eficiência do fluxo gênico entre as populações. Os valores obtidos indicaram que o fluxo gênico está próximo do suficiente para prevenir a diferenciação populacional devido à deriva genética nas populações estudadas, e esse fluxo, deve ocorrer, principalmente, via pólen (por entomofilia), dado que a dispersão das sementes (por anemocoria) teoricamente alcançaria maiores distâncias. Essa baixa dispersão de sementes se deve, provavelmente, à fragmentação e consequente isolamento entre as populações estudadas. Estes resultados sugerem quea dispersão de propágulos reprodutivosem duas, das cinco populações, de certa forma é eficiente, poisapresentaram baixo grau de endogamia. Assim, programas de conservação dos recursos genéticos desta espécie tendem a ser efetivos se o fluxo de polinizadores for mantido,e,pela criação de corredores ecológicos para a conservação da conectividade entre os fragmentos. Além disso, os dados obtidos mostram que as populações estudadasdevem ser priorizadas em programas de conservação genéticada espécie,devido à alta diversidade genética observada,e,ao nível de fragmentação das áreas de remanescentes florestais na região do Pampa. Belonging to the family Malvaceae, the Açoita-cavalo (Luehea divaricata) is a forest species that occurs naturally from the Rio Grande do Sul State to Bahia State, largely employed in the furniture manufacturing and as medicinal plant. It is a fast-growing pioneer species, characteristic of riparian forests, it presents in natural regeneration conditions, a large quantity of individuals, being indicated for the natural recovery of degraded areas. The açoita-cavalo is one of the most important native species for the phytosociology, occurring virtually in all hydrographical components of the Rio Grande do Sul, in the mixed ombrophylous forest, seasonal deciduous forest, seasonal semidecidual forest, savanna, stepic-savanna and in areas of ecological tension. This study aimed to characterize the genetic diversity and structure of five natural populations of L. divaricata in the region of “Fronteira Oeste” in the Rio Grande do Sul State, within the Pampa biome. Leave samples were collected from adult individuals found in the areas (n=128). DNA was isolated using the Invisorb Plant Mini Kit (Invitek) and five microsatellite loci were amplified through PCR. The alleles were resolved in polyacrylamide gels (10%) and the data analyzed with the software GenAlEx 6.4, FSTAT 2.9.3 e ARLEQUIN 3.1. The results revealed high levels of genetic diversity within the populations. The expected heterozigosity (He) and the Shannon index (I) equaled 0.627 and 1.223, respectively. The AMOVA analysis revealed that the larger amount of the genetic diversity occurs within the populations (76.12%). The fixation index in the studied populations presented an excess of homozygotes in respect of the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium The values of the Nei’s genetic distance point to high genetic divergence among the populations, consequence of the low efficiency of the gene flow among populations. The results indicate that gene flow is close enough to prevent population differentiation due to genetic drift in the populations studied, and this flow should occur mainly through pollen (by entomophily), since the seed dispersion (by anemocory), theoretically reaches longer distances. This low level of seed dispersion likely is due to the fragmentation and consequent isolation of the studied populations. These results suggest that the dispersal of reproductive propagules in two of the five populations in some ways is efficient because it presented low inbreeding. Thus, programs of genetic resources conservation of this species may be more efficient by maintaining the flow of pollinators, and the creation of ecological corridors for the conservation of connectivity between fragments. In addition, the obtained data reveals that the studied populations should be prioritized in programs of species genetic conservation, due to the relatively high level genetic diversity observed and the level of fragmentation of the areas of forest remnants in the Pampa region.

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Liu, Yuanyuan, and Yang Shen. "Airflow Entering Sweden : a global marketing research: decision-making and applied approach." Thesis, University of Gävle, Department of Business Administration and Economics, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hig:diva-5831.

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Problem: A Polish company produces heaters wants to enter the Swedish market. The decision maker needs information about the Swedish market both the general information about Sweden and specific information about the Swedish heater market. And some specific questions are asked by the firm in order to get a deeper view of the present heater market in Sweden. Purpose: If Swedish market ‘right’ (a farsighted choice)? Suppose the answer is ‘yes’, then how to enter and operate on the Swedish market within the environmental context of Sweden and the present Swedish heater market? Then suppose the answer is ‘no’, should the Polish firm leave or fix the problems? To achieve the goal, information of environmental context (ecological, sociocultural, technological, economic, political/legal and competitive) about Sweden should be collected. And according to the firm’s specific questions, answers should be collected by means of exploratory research. Suggestions about entering steps and future operation are to be fulfilled. Method: Qualitative Research Results: In all, this thesis provides information to evaluate the chances and challenges, and proves Sweden is a ‘right’ choice -- the firm can win market share (reasons will be stated in following chapters) despite of the competition from present competitors. Further applications of entering and operating on the Swedish heater market are available. General information about Sweden combined with detailed information of the present heater market were collected, analyzed and discussed. The presentation of the information helps evaluate the attractiveness of the Swedish market. Further study applies procedures of entering Sweden and operation after entering, which will be of vital importance for competing on the Swedish heater market when the decision maker determines to choose Sweden.

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Câmara, Renan Aversari. "A interferência da tributação indutora como estímulo do consumo de etanol como combustível de baixa emissão de carbono." Universidade Federal da Paraíba, 2016. http://tede.biblioteca.ufpb.br:8080/handle/tede/9205.

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Submitted by Viviane Lima da Cunha (viviane@biblioteca.ufpb.br) on 2017-08-02T11:41:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1165793 bytes, checksum: acf4a3cd0fcd684a0639ae1fd482e20f (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-02T11:41:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1165793 bytes, checksum: acf4a3cd0fcd684a0639ae1fd482e20f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03-23 The constitutional responsibility of the State to ensure the environmental protection ultimately result in environmental policies aimed at sustainable development. This proposal results from the fact that the environment is a public good, subject to valuation, and their non-inclusion in economics results in increased degradation. The hypothesis of the study focuses on the fact that the absence of the constitutional principle of protection of the environment in the national tax system and exclusion of inducing taxation in the national development policy and national environmental policy ultimately induce consumer goods and damaging services to environmental preservation and protection of natural resources. And it aims to show that inducing taxation instrument works as an environmental protection tool and sustainable development, working on direct interference of costs and prices on certain economic activity through the increase or decrease in taxes, according to state interests. Specifically intended to spell out the formation of fuel prices, in particular ethanol, with an emphasis on tax (Tax on the Circulation of Goods and on Transport Services Rendered Interstate and Intermunicipal and Communication - ICMS, mainly) being used as an environmental preservation mechanism. The results of the analysis show that, using this tool, it is possible that the state can induce a practical "green" in the fuel sector, leading him to a sustainable development and also to environmental protection. A responsabilidade constitucional do Estado de zelar pela proteção ambiental acaba por resultar em políticas ambientais que visam o desenvolvimento sustentável. Esta proposição é resultante do fato de ser o meio ambiente é um bem público, passível de valoração, e sua não inclusão nos aspectos econômicos tem como resultado aumento da degradação. A hipótese do estudo centra-se no fato de que a ausência do princípio constitucional da proteção do meio ambiente no sistema tributário nacional e exclusão da tributação indutora na política nacional de desenvolvimento e da política nacional do meio ambiente acabam por induzir o consumo de bens e serviços danosos à preservação do meio ambiente e proteção dos recursos naturais. E tem como objetivo evidenciar que o instrumento da tributação extrafiscal labora como ferramenta de proteção ambiental e desenvolvimento sustentável, funcionando na interferência direta de custos e preços sobre determinada atividade econômica por intermédio da majoração ou diminuição da carga tributária, de acordo com os interesses estatais. Especificamente pretende-se enunciar a formação dos preços dos combustíveis, em particular o etanol, com ênfase na tributação (Imposto sobre Operações Relativas à Circulação de Mercadorias e sobre Prestações de Serviços de Transporte Interestadual e Intermunicipal e de Comunicação – ICMS, principalmente) sendo usado como um mecanismo de preservação ambiental. Os resultados da analise demonstram que, utilizando-se desta ferramenta, é possível que o Estado consiga induzir uma prática “verde” no setor de combustíveis, levando-o a um desenvolvimento sustentável e também à proteção do meio ambiente.

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Dantas, Camilo Chagas. "Análise tafonômica de osso de mamíferos marinhos provenientes de encalhes no litoral setentrional do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte no semi-árido Nordestino, Brasil." Universidade Federal Rural do Semi-Árido, 2017. http://bdtd.ufersa.edu.br:80/tede/handle/tede/811.

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Submitted by Lara Oliveira (lara@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-09-13T20:42:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CamiloCD_DISSERT.pdf: 2672507 bytes, checksum: d50d300dbb04da2f73d158d0ac70f5a1 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-10-27T13:05:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 CamiloCD_DISSERT.pdf: 2672507 bytes, checksum: d50d300dbb04da2f73d158d0ac70f5a1 (MD5) Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Christiane (referencia@ufersa.edu.br) on 2017-10-27T13:08:25Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 CamiloCD_DISSERT.pdf: 2672507 bytes, checksum: d50d300dbb04da2f73d158d0ac70f5a1 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2017-10-27T13:08:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CamiloCD_DISSERT.pdf: 2672507 bytes, checksum: d50d300dbb04da2f73d158d0ac70f5a1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-21 Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior Taphonomic studies reveals important information about how the environment affects the remains of organisms during the process of decaying. This approach can be used for the study of both ancient and recent organisms. The use of taphonomic techniques to study recent marine mammals were underused, despite its potential. This work aims to study bone material of marine mammals in search of marks left by post-mortem processes related to biotic and abiotic environmental factors in the northern cost of Rio Grande do Norte State, Brasil. According to the taphonomic signatures found in the bone material it was identified weathering processes, abrasion, necrophagy, breaks, taphonomic feedback and human actions. For the northern coast of Rio Grande do Norte skulls have better representation in strandings of marine mammals, but vertebrae have greater reliability for faunal survey. The dynamic tidal influences directly on the samples, acting as a carrier and modifying factor. Also according to the taphomonic signatures found the study area has great heterogeneity regarding the environmental dynamics that produce the signatures studied, adjacent areas can produce different signatures and distant areas can produce similar signatures Estudos tafonômicos revelam informações importantes sobre como o ambiente afeta os restos de organismos durante o processo de decaimento. Esta abordagem pode ser utilizada tanto para estudo de organismos antigos, como para organismos recentes. A utilização das técnicas de tafonomia para estudo com mamíferos marinhos recentes foram pouco exploradas, apesar de seu potencial. Este trabalho objetiva estudar material ósseo de mamíferos marinhos em busca de marcas deixadas por processos post-mortem relacionados aos fatores ambientais bióticos e abióticos no litoral setentrional do Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil. De acordo com as assinaturas tafonômicas encontradas no material ósseo foi possível identificar processos de intemperismo, abrasão, necrofagia, quebras, retroalimentação tafonômica e ações antrópicas. Para o litoral setentrional do Rio Grande do Norte os crânios possuem uma melhor representação nos encalhes de mamíferos marinhos, porém nota-se que as vértebras possuem maior fidedignidade para levantamento faunístico. A dinâmica das marés influencia diretamente nas amostras, servindo como fator transportador e modificador. Ainda de acordo com as assinaturas tafonômicas encontradas nota-se que a área de estudo possui grande heterogeneidade quanto às dinâmicas ambientais que produzem as assinaturas estudadas, áreas adjacentes podem produzir assinaturas diferentes e áreas distantes podem produzir assinaturas semelhantes 2017-09-13

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Seidl, Renata Aparecida. "A agricultura ecologica sob o angulo da qualidade de vida dos agricultores : abordagem comparativa entre duas regiões metropolitanas na França e no Brasil." Thesis, Paris 10, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA100103.

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Après la Révolution Verte, qui débuta dans les années 1960, l’agriculture a pris de nouvelles directions grâce à l’introduction de technologies et de pratiques agricoles modernes (modification génétique de semences, usage intensif d’engrais agricoles, mécanisation des coûts d’exploitation) qui ont permis d’intensifier la production et la productivité agricoles. Ce modèle de production s’est formé au sein de l’agriculture conventionnelle. Cependant, après moins d’un siècle de développement, ce modèle d’agriculture a généré un certain nombre de préoccupations quant à son impact sur l’environnement et la santé de la population. En tant qu’alternative à l’agriculture conventionnelle, l’agriculture écologique - qui se présente sous diverses dénominations (organique, agro-écologique, biologique, entre autres) - se distingue en termes de production et de commercialisation dans des systèmes agroalimentaires locaux et globaux. Son développement a été rendu possible grâce à des investissements économiques du fait aussi bien de grandes entreprises agroalimentaires que de petits agriculteurs qui ont converti leurs exploitations à un mode écologique de production. C’est dans ce contexte que l’on observe les motifs d’adhésion des petits agriculteurs à ce type d’agriculture. Nous privilégions dans cette analyse la place que représente la Qualité de Vie (QV) dans le choix de l’agriculteur familial brésilien et du paysan français, en l’occurrence des horticulteurs maraîchers dans deux régions métropolitaines, la Région Métropolitaine de Belo Horizonte (Brésil) et la Région Métropolitaine de l’Île-de-France (France). Ce questionnement recoupe l’idée de « durabilité », comprise non seulement comme la préservation de l’environnement et des écosystèmes, mais aussi comme la prise en compte du tissu social et des conditions de vie des individus, dans ce cas des agriculteurs. En d’autres termes, nous considérons que l’auto-estime et la satisfaction professionnelle sont intrinsèquement liées aux relations sociales et à l’organisation de l’espace dans lequel elles s’insèrent. A partir d’un échantillon intégrant des agriculteurs écologiques et conventionnels, on montre qu’au-delà de valeurs communes représentant une aspiration à une bonne qualité de vie (possibilités de développer un travail salubre - sans risque pour la santé -, prospère - avec un retour financier suffisant - et plaisant - en tant que source de satisfaction et de reconnaissance sociale -), certaines spécificités propres à chacun de ces groupes existent, par-delà l’appartenance régionale. Mais, dans le même temps, il apparaît également que le rapport à la QV vient renforcer la durabilité des exploitations lorsqu’il est incorporé ou relayé dans les projets de développement agricole local. Le rapprochement entre deux contextes régionaux métropolitains permet de comprendre en quoi il existe une spécificité brésilienne autour des questions de sécurité alimentaire et à quelles conditions certaines approches de gestion en France pourraient inspirer les politiques publiques de la région métropolitaine de Belo Horizonte After the Green revolution, which began in the years 1960, agriculture took new directions thanks to the introduction of technologies and modern practices (genetic modification of seeds, intensive use of manures, and mechanization of the farms) which made it possible to intensify the production and raise the agricultural productivity. This model of production was formed within the conventional agriculture. However, after less than one century of development, this model of agriculture generated a number of concerns as well for its environmental impact and as well on public health. As an alternative to the conventional agriculture, the ecological agriculture - with its various denominations (Organic, Agro-ecological, Biological, inter alia) - has created its own marks in terms of production and marketing in local and global agro- alimentary systems. Its development was maintained thanks to growing demand and investment of large agro- alimentary companies and family farmers who converted their surfaces to an ecological mode of production. In this context, the inclusion and the adhesion of the small farmers to this type of agriculture is the main framework of this research. The thesis proposes therefore to carry out a reflection around the social sustainability of the farmers with this main question: “Is ecological agriculture a sustainable solution for all?” - which emerges within a social perspective through the analysis of quality of life of Brazilian family farmers and the French peasants, actives within market-gardening inside metropolitan regions of Belo Horizonte (Brazil) and the Metropolitan region of the Ile-de-France (France). This questioning cross the idea of “sustainability”, understood not only like safeguarding of the environment and the ecosystems, but also as taking into account the "social factory" and the living conditions of the individuals, in this case, of the farmers. Thus, the question of the quality of life (QOL) of the farmers – where self-esteem and the job satisfaction are intrinsically related to the social relations and the organization of the space of which they form part – is analysed. The results show inter alia, that the permanence of the production units depends on the conditions given to its owner, taking account of possibilities of developing a salubrious work (without health risk), prosper (with a sufficient financial return) and pleasant (as a source of satisfaction and social recognition). Our work reaffirms thus that ecological agriculture is in fact sustainable for all when the variables of the QOL of the farmers are potentiated and incorporated in the local agricultural development. In addition it's observed that the relation between the values of the QOL and the regional contexts reflects as well in the capacities of the farmers to carry their work as in their feelings of pleasure and self-confidence, i.e. of personal and professional wellbeing. The specificities around the questions of food security in the Brazilian context direct the future research towards arrangements of management strategies used in France and liable to be adapted to the reality of the Belo Horizonte metropolitan region Após a Revolução Verde, iniciada na década de 1960, a agricultura tomou novos rumos graças à introdução de tecnologias e práticas agrícolas modernas (modificação genética de sementes, uso intensivo de insumos industriais, mecanização e redução de custo de manejo) que permitiram intensificar a produção e a produtividade agrícola. Esse modelo de produção conformou-se na agricultura convencional. No entanto, a menos de meio século de seu desenvolvimento, este tipo de agricultura tem causado preocupações sobre o seu impacto no meio ambiente e na saúde da população. Como uma proposta alternativa à agricultura convencional, a agricultura ecológica, sob diversos nomes (Orgânica, Agroecológica, Biologique, dentre outras) tem-se destacado no âmbito dos sistemas agroalimentares locais e globais, tanto em termos de produção quanto de área e comercialização. Seu desenvolvimento tem se sustentado por um mercado de investimentos econômicos, representado por grandes empresas agroalimentares e por pequenos agricultores, que converteram suas áreas para uma maneira ecológica de produção. Diante desse contexto, a inclusão ou adesão dos pequenos agricultores a esse tipo de agricultura motiva uma investigação na esfera social. Assim, a proposta dessa tese é trazer uma reflexão acerca da sustentabilidade social dos agricultores, cuja questão: “A agricultura ecológica é uma solução sustentável para todos?” surge com uma perspectiva social sobre as condições de vida e de trabalho do agricultor familiar brasileiro, e do paysan francês, investidos na prática da horticultura ecológica. Este questionamento recai sobre a ideia de “sustentabilidade”, compreendida não somente no aspecto da preservação do meio ambiente e dos ecossistemas, mas também quanto ao tecido social e à qualidade de vida (QV) dos indivíduos, nesse caso, os agricultores. Desta forma, discute-se a QV dos agricultores, cujas autoestima e satisfação profissional encontram-se intrínsecas às relações sociais e às organizações do espaço ao qual eles se inserem. Os limites espaciais da pesquisa englobam duas regiões metropolitanas, a saber: 1) Região Metropolitana de Belo Horizonte – Brasil e; 2) Região Metropolitana de Île-de-France – França

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