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Kodish, Stephen R., Kelsey Grey, Maryam Matean, Uma Palaniappan, Stanley Gwavuya, Caitlin Gomez, Tinai Iuta, et al. "Socio-Ecological Factors That Influence Infant and Young Child Nutrition in Kiribati: A Biocultural Perspective." Nutrients 11, no. 6 (June 13, 2019): 1330. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu11061330.
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This study sought to elucidate the multi-level factors that influence behaviors underlying high childhood stunting and widespread micronutrient deficiencies in Kiribati. This two-phase formative research study had an emergent and iterative design using the socio-ecological model as the guiding theoretical framework. Phase 1 was exploratory while phase 2 was confirmatory. In phase 1, in-depth interviews, free lists, seasonal food availability calendar workshops, and household observations were conducted. In phase 2, focus group discussions, pile sorts, participatory workshops, and repeat observations of the same households were completed. Textual data were analyzed using NVivo software; ethnographic data were analyzed with Anthropac software for cultural domain analysis. We found a combination of interrelated structural, community, interpersonal, and individual-level factors contributing to the early child nutrition situation in Kiribati. Despite widespread knowledge of nutritious young child foods among community members, households make dietary decisions based not only on food availability and access, but also longstanding traditions and social norms. Diarrheal disease is the most salient young child illness, attributable to unsanitary environments and sub-optimal water, sanitation, and hygiene behaviors. This research underscores the importance of a multi-pronged approach to most effectively address the interrelated policy, community, interpersonal, and individual-level determinants of infant and young child nutrition in Kiribati.
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Nadorff, Danielle, and Rahel Mathews. "Too Many Treats or Not Enough to Eat? The Impact of Custodial Grandparents on Food Security and Nutrition." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 350. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.1125.
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Abstract In the US, 28.5% of seniors are obese, with a BMI of 30 plus. The prevalence of obesity for children is also an alarming 17%, making it one of the primary public health burdens. According to the socio-ecological model, a child’s weight status can be influenced by factors related to parenting style, family, and the community. The literature reflects a significant emphasis focusing on children and their parents. However, according to the US Census, 7.5 million grandchildren are living with their grandparents, with about 1/3 of these residing in skipped-generation households. There are essential age-related differences in food preparation and eating behaviors between middle-aged and older grandparents and younger adult parents that may influence their children’s eating behaviors. Grandparents may provide a positive feeding environment, including role-modeling healthy food intake, teaching children about nutrition, and involving them in mealtimes and cooking, monitoring and encouraging children to eat nutritious foods, especially vegetables and regularly serving vegetables. However, grandparents have also reported providing energy-dense and nutrient-poor food and drinks and used food as a reward or gift. The current study aims to investigate the influence of caregiver type (grandparents only, parents only, or multigenerational households) on children’s nutrition, food security, and BMI. One-way ANCOVAs controlling for SES found that grandparent-headed households had children with more deficient diet and higher BMIs, but also less food insecurity. These results indicate that age-related changes in caregiver type are an important predictor of children’s nutritional health. Details and clinical implications will be discussed.
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Hardinsyah, Hardinsyah. "REVIEW FAKTOR DETERMINAN KERAGAMAN KONSUMSI PANGAN." Jurnal Gizi dan Pangan 2, no. 2 (July 14, 2007): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.25182/jgp.2007.2.2.55-74.
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin: 0cm 12.6pt .0001pt 18pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27pt;"><span style="font-size: 10pt;" lang="en-us" xml:lang="en-us">Index of food intake diversity or dietary diversity reflects the nutritional quality of the diet; and it is associated with nutritional health outcomes. Understanding factors determine index of dietary diversity is important for improving nutritional-health status of the people. However, no studies have been done to capture completely the determinant factors of dietary diversity. This journal article is intended to review the determinants factor of dietary diversity from studies done in both develop and developing countries at individual and household levels. The results show that four studies analyzed the food data at individual level and the other four studies analyzed the food data at household level; and most of the studies were done in USA. Method of dietary diversity measurement and its statistical analysis varies among the studies. A few dietary diversity studies have investigated particular determinant factors with attention given to assessing nutrition knowledge and socio-demographic factors; and the others on economic and ecological factors. The present review suggested that the determinant factors of dietary diversity are nutrition knowledge, food preference, household size and composition, food availability and ecological factors, time availability for food preparation, and food purchasing power e.g. income, food expenditure and food prices. Based on this review a comprehensive conceptual framework and model of the determinant factors of dietary diversity could be developed.</span></p>
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Carins, Julia, and Sharyn Rundle-Thiele. "Fighting to eat healthfully: measurements of the military food environment." Journal of Social Marketing 4, no. 3 (September 30, 2014): 223–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsocm-02-2014-0013.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to report on a quantitative study of the food environment designed to measure aspects of support for healthy eating. Design/methodology/approach – An ecological view of eating behaviour was taken by examining the food environment that surrounded a military population of interest. Food outlets (n = 34) were assessed using the Nutrition Environment Measures Survey in store (NEMS-S), Nutrition Environment Measures Study in restaurants (NEMS-R) and military Nutrition Environment Assessment Tool (mNEAT) instruments to determine how well food outlets supported healthy eating. Findings – Despite better-than-average provision of healthy options on-base, the total environment surrounding the military base barely supports healthy eating. Average support to healthy eating was 45 per cent (NEMS) or 27 per cent (mNEAT) of support that could be measured. Individuals accessing this food environment would find few healthy alternatives, little information directing them to healthy choices and pricing and promotion that drives unhealthy eating behaviours. Research limitations/implications – This study focused on one food environment; replication is recommended to establish foundation data for benchmarking outlets, and further develop these measures for Australian settings. Future studies may assess the media environment to further extend the ecological model used. Practical implications – A method to measure the food environment is demonstrated which provides formative research insights for use when planning social marketing interventions. Consideration of these influences together with intra- and inter-personal influences offer the potential to better design social marketing healthy eating interventions, by addressing multiple levels within an ecological framework. Originality/value – This paper answers calls for social marketers to consider the influence of the surrounding environment, using methods not previously used in Australian settings.
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Glibert, Patricia M. "Phytoplankton in the aqueous ecological theater: Changing conditions, biodiversity, and evolving ecological concepts." Journal of Marine Research 77, no. 2 (December 15, 2019): 83–137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1357/002224019828474304.
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Phytoplankton communities, from lakes to oceans, are changing with anthropogenic nutrient loading and climate change. So, too, are the tools by which phytoplankton are quantified and characterized, yielding a torrent of new data and new types of data that can be related to ecosystem function. New insights have been gained about the physiology of resource acquisition by phytoplankton, allowing new relationships between phytoplankton biodiversity and function to be developed. Despite years of emphasis on the use of inorganic substrates in support of phytoplankton nutrition, it is now well understood that phytoplankton rely on a broad suite of substrates, both dissolved and particulate. Simple characterizations of limiting nutrients are not sufficient to understand how phytoplankton biodiversity is changing, or may change, in future conditions. Ecological theory is also advancing. Ecological stoichiometry brings the seemingly divergent concepts of nutrient limitation and trophic interactions together by recognizing that different organisms both within and between trophic groups have fundamentally different elemental requirements, that food web structure is a function of not only food quantity but also food quality, and that these interactions result in a complex suite of feedbacks that shape community composition. Trait-based (functional response) approaches are increasingly applied in characterizing ecosystem function and response, and new models are also emerging allowing new genomic data to be incorporated in models of ecosystem function. Climate change and altered nutrient loads should continue to motivate both new dynamic balance model architectures and new experimental investigations that support them. This article uses the metaphor of ecological theater to convey contemporary trends and themes against the backdrop of a changing world. There is potential for the outcome of the aqueous play to be characterized as tragedy with more harmful taxa emerging, but with continued science advancements—and if efforts to reduce nutrient pollution and control climate change become global priorities—there can be optimism in the face of tragedy.
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Aboussaleh, Y., R. Capone, and H. El Bilali. "Mediterranean food consumption patterns: low environmental impacts and significant health–nutrition benefits." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 76, no. 4 (June 29, 2017): 543–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665117001033.
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The Mediterranean dietary patterns comply better with recommended nutrient and micronutrient intakes. The Mediterranean diet (MD) was associated with reduced mortality and lower risk for metabolic chronic diseases. It has also low ecological, carbon and water footprints due to its high share of plant-based foods. In fact, the share of plant-based dietary energy is higher in the Mediterranean than in Northern Europe. The Mediterranean hotspot is a major centre of plant and crop diversity. Mediterranean people gather and consume about 2300 plant species. This review paper aims at highlighting the nutrition–health benefits of the MD and analysing the main environmental impacts of the Mediterranean food consumption patterns. There is a growing body of scientific evidence that the MD has significant health–nutrition benefits and low environmental footprints, so there is urgent need to reverse the ongoing erosion of the MD heritage and to promote it as a sustainable diets model.
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Lihoreau, Mathieu, Michael A. Charleston, Alistair M. Senior, Fiona J. Clissold, David Raubenheimer, Stephen J. Simpson, and Jerome Buhl. "Collective foraging in spatially complex nutritional environments." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 372, no. 1727 (July 3, 2017): 20160238. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2016.0238.
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Nutrition impinges on virtually all aspects of an animal's life, including social interactions. Recent advances in nutritional ecology show how social animals often trade-off individual nutrition and group cohesion when foraging in simplified experimental environments. Here, we explore how the spatial structure of the nutritional landscape influences these complex collective foraging dynamics in ecologically realistic environments. We introduce an individual-based model integrating key concepts of nutritional geometry, collective animal behaviour and spatial ecology to study the nutritional behaviour of animal groups in large heterogeneous environments containing foods with different abundance, patchiness and nutritional composition. Simulations show that the spatial distribution of foods constrains the ability of individuals to balance their nutrient intake, the lowest performance being attained in environments with small isolated patches of nutritionally complementary foods. Social interactions improve individual regulatory performances when food is scarce and clumpy, but not when it is abundant and scattered, suggesting that collective foraging is favoured in some environments only. These social effects are further amplified if foragers adopt flexible search strategies based on their individual nutritional state. Our model provides a conceptual and predictive framework for developing new empirically testable hypotheses in the emerging field of social nutrition. This article is part of the themed issue ‘Physiological determinants of social behaviour in animals’.
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Tallant, A. "Nutrition Discovery Photovoice Project: Using the Social Ecological Model to Understand Food Choices among First Year College Students." Journal of the American Dietetic Association 111, no. 9 (September 2011): A51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2011.06.181.
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Busse, H. A., W. Jogo, M. Fofanah, H. Tesfay, M. Hadush, E. Kiflom, and S. Schulz. "Participatory Assessment of Factors Influencing Nutrition and Livelihoods in Rural Ethiopia: Implications for Measuring Impacts of Multisector Nutrition Programs." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 38, no. 4 (April 13, 2017): 468–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0379572117703265.
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Agricultural interventions more effectively improve nutrition when they are adapted to local contexts and engage multiple sectors. However, evidence is limited for how to design and measure the impacts of such interventions. We piloted a participatory methodology to collect community feedback to inform the design and selection of measures for a multisector nutrition intervention in Ethiopia. Study participants were purposively recruited from 6 rural districts in Tigray and the Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples’ regions. Qualitative data were collected from 12 focus group discussions with smallholder farmers (men and women) participating in a nutrition-sensitive agriculture intervention. The Sustainable Livelihoods Approach (SLA) combined with an ecological systems model informed the survey tool and analyses. Analyses revealed 3 key findings. First, there were regional differences in how communities defined assets important for nutrition. Second, when asked to prioritize which assets were most important, communities selected every SLA capital category; however, the types of assets within each category differed by region. Third, the most commonly reported barriers to good nutrition were traditional feeding behaviors (eg, men eating before women) and lack of nutrition knowledge. How households use assets to enhance nutrition is influenced by diverse and dynamic cultural, social, economic, and ecological factors. The participatory methods piloted in this study present a novel approach to identify contextually relevant household, community, and institutional assets used to support food and nutrition security.
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Pradhan, Aliza, Raju S., Nithya D. J., Akshaya Kumar Panda, Rupal D. Wagh, Mahesh R. Maske, and Bhavani R. V. "Farming System for Nutrition-a pathway to dietary diversity: Evidence from India." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 18, 2021): e0248698. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248698.
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Farming is the main livelihood of a majority of people in India. The country is also home to a large population of undernourished people. This indicates potential for mainstreaming the nutrition dimension in the farming system to impact on nutrition outcomes. A Farming System for Nutrition (FSN) study was conducted in two agro-ecologically different locations from 2013–2018, to explore the feasibility of nutrition-sensitive agricultural interventions. The baseline survey in 2013–2014 revealed that the population in the study area was largely undernourished and that household diets were cereal-dominated. The FSN model was designed in consultation with community members, to increase availability of nutrient-dense cereals and pulses, by enhancing production and crop diversification at the farm level, promoting cultivation of nutrient-rich fruits and vegetables in nutrition gardens and supporting interventions to promote access to animal foods. Nutrition awareness initiatives were undertaken to build capacity at the local level and translate production diversity to consumption diversity. An endline survey was conducted in 2017 (July-October), following three years of intervention. Crop, vegetable and animal food production and food consumption was compared with the baseline data. There was evidence of higher production and consumption of nutrient rich foods, improved household dietary diversity; and understanding and acceptance of nutrition-sensitive agriculture. The number of items consumed under each food group, frequency of consumption of food and average per capita intake of nutrient-rich foods were found to have improved. The results provide evidence regarding feasibility of location-specific FSN models to promote sustainable and healthy diets, using locally available plant and animal food resources, to address nutrition deficiencies in farm families.
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Siervo, Mario, Concetta Montagnese, John C. Mathers, Katrina R. Soroka, Blossom CM Stephan, and Jonathan CK Wells. "Sugar consumption and global prevalence of obesity and hypertension: an ecological analysis." Public Health Nutrition 17, no. 3 (February 18, 2013): 587–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980013000141.
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AbstractObjectiveThe nutrition transition model provides an integrated approach to analyse global changes in food consumption and lifestyle patterns. Whether variability in food availability for consumption, lifestyle and sociodemographic factors is associated with the worldwide prevalence distribution of overweight, obesity and hypertension is unclear.DesignEcological analysis.SettingCountry-specific prevalence estimates of overweight, obesity and hypertension were obtained. Prevalence estimates were then matched to year- and country-specific food and energy availability for consumption of cereals, sugar, sweeteners and honey, vegetable oils, fruits, starchy roots, pulses, total vegetables, alcoholic beverages, total meat, animal fat, eggs, milk, and fish and seafood. The per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP), urbanization rates and prevalence of physical inactivity for each country were also obtained.SubjectsThe overweight, obesity and hypertension databases included information from 128, 123 and seventy-nine countries, respectively.ResultsConsumption of sugar and animal products were directly associated with GDP and urbanization rates. In a multivariate regression model, physical inactivity (B = 0·01, se = 0·005, P = 0·003), cereal consumption (B = −0·02, se = 0·006, P < 0·001) and sugar consumption (B = 0·03, se = 0·01, P = 0·03) were significant predictors of obesity prevalence. Midpoint age (B = 0·21, se = 0·10, P = 0·02), prevalence of overweight (B = 0·18, se = 0·08, P = 0·02) and consumption of cereals (B = −0·22, se = 0·10, P = 0·02) were significant predictors of hypertension. Women appeared to have a significant obesity excess compared with men.ConclusionsHigh sugar consumption and sedentary lifestyle are associated with increased obesity prevalence. The non-linear association of sugar consumption with prevalence of obesity suggests that effective strategies to reduce its consumption may have differential effects in countries at different stages of the nutrition transition.
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Upreti, Yadu R., Sheri Bastien, Birgitte Bjonness, and Bhimsen Devkota. "Socio-ecological Factors Associated with Snacking Behaviors of Basic School Students in Nepal." Current Research in Nutrition and Food Science Journal 8, no. 3 (December 28, 2020): 774–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.12944/crnfsj.8.3.10.
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Consumption of unhealthy snack foods among young children in low-and-middle-income countries is high and Nepal is no exception. A quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted among 259 students to investigate their snacking behaviors and examine factors that influence the behavior from a socio-ecological Framework. The study used self-reported questionnaires, food recall diaries, and participant observation forms to collect data. Students' snacking behavior was the dependent variable where as age, sex, grade, parent's education, parent's sources of income, religion, ethnicity, family type, and living arrangements were the independent variables. Chi-square test and logistic regression were applied to analyze the results. The main findings of the study indicate that 89 percent of students consumed school snacks regularly, including unhealthy snacks, which were either commercially prepared junk foods bought from nearby vending shops and grocery stores or deep-oil-fried snacks food prepared at the school canteen. Bivariate analysis shows that age, grade, father's education, and the student's religion were significantly associated with snacking behaviors of students. The multivariate analysis indicates that grade (aOR= 0.259, P < .05) and religion (aOR= 0.373, P < .05) were the significant predictors. The snacking behaviors among basic level students are influenced by multilevel factors, which is consistent with the socio-ecological model. The study's findings further suggest that comprehensive and effective school-based nutrition education interventions are necessary to promote healthy snack consumption behaviors of students.
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Wang, Dongxu, Donald Stewart, and Chun Chang. "Is an ecological school-based nutrition intervention effective to improve adolescents’ nutrition-related knowledge, attitudes and behaviour in rural areas of China?" Global Health Promotion 24, no. 4 (May 23, 2016): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1757975915626864.
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Purpose: The purpose of this article is to examine the effect of a school-based nutrition intervention using an ecological approach to improve adolescents’ nutrition-related knowledge, attitudes and behaviour in rural China. Methods: A cluster-randomised intervention trial design was employed. Two middle schools were randomly selected and assigned to the school that was conducting a holistic school-based intervention using health-promoting school (HPS) framework, ‘HPS School’, or to the ‘Control School’ in Mi Yun County, Beijing. From each school we randomly selected 65 seventh-grade students to participate in the study. Their nutrition-related knowledge, attitudes and behaviour were measured by pre- and post-intervention surveys with the same instrument. The nutrition intervention lasted for six months. Results: Adolescents in the intervention school were more likely to know the nutrition knowledge items, with an odds ratio (OR) ranging from 1.86 (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.11–3.09) to 6.34 (95% CI: 3.83–10.47); more likely to think nutrition is very important to health, developing healthy dietary habits is very important, and that expired foods should be thrown away, with ORs of 3.03 (95% CI: 1.60–5.76), 2.76 (95% CI: 1.66–4.59) and 2.35 (95% CI: 1.33–4.17) respectively, and more likely to consume no soft drinks, desserts or fried food, and to eat vegetables every day of the last week, with ORs of 1.99 (95% CI: 1.31–3.04), 3.96 (95% CI: 2.43–6.46), 3.63 (95% CI: 2.26–5.85), and 2.51 (95% CI: 1.41–4.48) respectively, as compared with those in the control school after interventions. Conclusions: Our intervention using the HPS framework, an ecological approach, was an appropriate model to promote nutrition among adolescents in rural China and its use should be advocated in future school-based nutrition promotion programmes for adolescents.
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Iason, Glenn. "The role of plant secondary metabolites in mammalian herbivory: ecological perspectives." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 64, no. 1 (February 2005): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/pns2004415.
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Plant secondary metabolites (PSM) have many ecological functions, but have long been considered as defences against pathogens or herbivores (vertebrate or invertebrate), reducing the likelihood and extent of attack. However, mammalian herbivores ingest many foods containing PSM and use both behavioural methods and physiological strategies to limit their negative effects. Most physiological counter-adaptations are inducible in response to ingested PSM, providing efficient protection against toxic effects. Possible positive effects of PSM include antioxidant and anthelminthic properties and complex formation between protein and condensed tannins that protects dietary protein from degradation by the symbiotic microflora of foregut fermenters, increasing its utilisation by the animal. This protein effect is probably only beneficial to animals under a narrow range of nutrient-rich conditions found mainly in agricultural systems. There are many examples of PSM causing food avoidance or reducing food intake, but there is as yet relatively little evidence for positive selection of them by herbivores. Although the feedback mechanisms relating the post-ingestive consequences of PSM to subsequent foraging behaviour are beginning to be understood, knowledge of the integration of behavioural and physiological strategies for regulating the effects of PSM is relatively poor. The opportunities for learned avoidance of PSM may be restricted in animals with complex diets that cannot associate a particular feedback signal with a given food type. A greater emphasis on the study of subclinical effects of PSM rather than acute effects, on pharmaco-kinetic studies in relation to behavioural studies and on the use of realistic experimental models is advocated.
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Kumar, Pankaj, Kuldeep Singh, and Prabhjot Kaur. "Nutrition garden: an essential component of diversification for sustainable agriculture." Environment Conservation Journal 15, no. 3 (December 20, 2014): 127–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.36953/ecj.2014.15320.
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Agriculture sector is facing a serious trouble and new challenges. Increasing pressure of population explosion, decline of profitability in farming, degradation of land and water resources, ecological and environmental imbalances, health hazards, present production pattern, existing cropping system has threaten the sustainability of agricultural growth. In view of these compelling factors diversification in agriculture has becomes the need of the hour. In the present paper the authors from Punjab Agricultural University, Ludhiana advocated a Nutrition garden model of approx. 1500 m2 area which can help in diversification of agriculture and food security of the people. It was concluded that if all the farming families adopt nutrition garden model in Punjab then 3.97 percent land can be diversified forever. Moreover this much area will be pesticide free, using meager quantity of fertilizers and without any marketing problems.
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Hermann, Janice, Kiranmayi Korlagunta, Stephany Parker, and Mark Payton. "Utilizing the Socio-ecological Model to Evaluate Factors Affecting Older Adult's Ability to Grocery Shop, Prepare Food, and Eat." Journal of Nutrition Education and Behavior 43, no. 4 (July 2011): S24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jneb.2011.03.077.
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Mohsena, Masuda, Mahabub Hossain, Barnali Chakraborty, Abdul Bayes, and A. N. Mahfuzur Rahman. "FRAGILE ENVIRONMENT, SEASONALITY AND MATERNAL AND CHILDHOOD UNDERNUTRITION IN BANGLADESH." Journal of Biosocial Science 50, no. 5 (September 18, 2017): 579–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002193201700044x.
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SummaryThis study assessed whether agricultural and household incomes were the same across different agro-ecological environments in Bangladesh. An in-depth analysis of the effect of unfavourable ecologies on maternal and child malnutrition was carried out. Data were from a longitudinal data set comprising a nationally representative data sample collected in 2014 and the Food Security Nutrition Surveillance Project (FSNSP) conducted in 2011 and 2012. Anthropometric indices were used to assess the nutritional status of mothers and under-five children. The key variables of interest were food seasonality and geographical location. Data were analysed using the General Linear Model and multinomial and binary logistic regression analysis. Panel data analysis showed that household income was not equal across agro-ecological zones, indicating that the fragility of the environment affects a household’s ability to access food, and thus the nutritional status of mothers and children. Coastal areas of Bangladesh were found to be less dependent on agriculture, particularly cultivation, which had diminished during last few decades.Per capitaincome has been increasing in coastal areas of Bangladesh, led by remittance (money sent home by migrant workers) growing at 8% per year against 6% in other areas. Regression analysis showed that a household in a coastal zone earned 19% less than one in more favourable zones. Although the income from farm practices was found to be lower in unfavourable areas, the deficiency was compensated by increased non-farm incomes. The results from the FSNSP data showed that overall the rates of stunting and wasting among under-five children were 37% and 11.7%, respectively, and nearly 28% of mothers suffered from undernutrition. A highly significant regional heterogeneity in undernutrition was found, with alarmingly high levels in the Haor Basin and coastal belt areas. There were significantly higher rates of underweight and wasting in the monsoon season compared with the two harvest seasons among children under the age of five. The findings stress the importance of bringing geographical location and seasonality thinking into debates on hunger and nutrition in Bangladesh.
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Mahmudiono, Segalita, and Rosenkranz. "Socio-Ecological Model of Correlates of Double Burden of Malnutrition in Developing Countries: A Narrative Review." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 19 (October 3, 2019): 3730. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193730.
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(1) Background: The double burden of malnutrition (DBM) is a complex problem involving the coexistence of under- and over-nutrition within the same individual, household or population. This review aimed to discuss the correlates of the double burden of malnutrition through the socio-ecological model (SEM); (2) Methods: The PubMed database was systematically searched for peer-reviewed articles related to the double burden of malnutrition. Information on correlates of the double burden of malnutrition was extracted for analysis and discussion in alignment with the levels of the socio-ecological model.; (3) Results and Discussion: The correlates of the double burden of malnutrition identified from previous literature were: race/genetics; maternal short stature; breastfeeding status; low maternal education; family size; household food security; household dietary diversity; and rural and urban settings. In the absence of evidence linking factors in a certain level of the SEM and the double burden of malnutrition, we employed correlates of overweight status and obesity to complete this narrative. Potential intervention strategies were proposed in alignment with the targets and settings identified, based on the socio-ecological approach; (4) Conclusions: The double burden of malnutrition is a public health phenomenon associated with a variety of socio-ecological determinants. An integrated approach is needed to address the root causes of malnutrition in all its forms, and at all life stages.
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Rivera, Rebecca L., Jennifer Dunne, Melissa K. Maulding, Qi Wang, Dennis A. Savaiano, Sharon M. Nickols-Richardson, and Heather A. Eicher-Miller. "Exploring the association of urban or rural county status and environmental, nutrition- and lifestyle-related resources with the efficacy of SNAP-Ed (Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program-Education) to improve food security." Public Health Nutrition 21, no. 5 (December 4, 2017): 957–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980017003391.
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AbstractObjectiveTo investigate the association of policy, systems and environmental factors with improvement in household food security among low-income Indiana households with children after a Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program-Education (SNAP-Ed) direct nutrition education intervention.DesignHousehold food security scores measured by the eighteen-item US Household Food Security Survey Module in a longitudinal randomized and controlled SNAP-Ed intervention study conducted from August 2013 to April 2015 were the response variable. Metrics to quantify environmental factors including classification of urban or rural county status; the number of SNAP-authorized stores, food pantries and recreational facilities; average fair market housing rental price; and natural amenity rank were collected from government websites and data sets covering the years 2012–2016 and used as covariates in mixed multiple linear regression modelling.SettingThirty-seven Indiana counties, USA, 2012–2016.SubjectsSNAP-Ed eligible adults from households with children (n328).ResultsNone of the environmental factors investigated were significantly associated with changes in household food security in this exploratory study.ConclusionsSNAP-Ed improves food security regardless of urban or rural location or the environmental factors investigated. Expansion of SNAP-Ed in rural areas may support food access among the low-income population and reduce the prevalence of food insecurity in rural compared with urban areas. Further investigation into policy, systems and environmental factors of the Social Ecological Model are warranted to better understand their relationship with direct SNAP-Ed and their impact on diet-related behaviours and food security.
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Zhuravleva, Lyudmila, Elena Zarubina, and Aleksey Ruchkin. "Nutrition as a socio-economic institution." Agrarian Bulletin of the, no. 13 (January 29, 2021): 10–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.32417/1997-4868-2021-13-10-18.
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Abstract. Purpose. The article describes the economic component of routine eating behavior. Based on the ideas of the structural-functional paradigm and classical economic institutionalism, as well as the data of a sociological study conducted by the authors using the original methodology, the analysis of nutrition as a socio-economic institution that directly affects the distribution of resources and household costs is presented. Methods. To test the hypothesis of the formation of institutionally regulated food practices in modern society, the authors conducted a sociological study in September 2020. An integrative research strategy was applied using qualitative and quantitative methods of collecting social information, ensuring the quality and reliability of the data obtained. Implementing qualitative methods, we used narrative interviews, included observation, focus groups and written surveys (provoked by researchers essays on nutrition problems, presented by respondents in free form). The quantitative method was presented by a pilot smart survey (N = 75). Results. Conclusions: on the formation of a model of healthy nutrition in the majority of respondents and that nutrition increasingly acquires the features of a social institution and depends on the functioning of other social institutions in the economic, political, social and cultural spheres. First of all, the role of the state, the institution of property, education, culture, science is increasing, and their role in the formation of ecological healthy consumption of various population groups is increasing. Scientific novelty. Programs of social and economic support of vulnerable segments of the population, creation of conditions for an exit from “coronavirus crisis” are necessary. The problem of food security requires innovative programs for the development of the agro-industrial complex, modernization of logistics supply chains of food “from field to counter”, the creation of large wholesale distribution centers and investments in agricultural science.
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Chow, Amanda Froehlich, and Louise Humbert. "Physical Activity and Nutrition in Early Years Care Centres: Barriers and Facilitators." Journal of Childhood Studies 36, no. 1 (March 30, 2010): 26–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18357/jcs.v36i1.15136.
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Physical activity and good nutrition are key components of healthy living and reduce the risk of developing chronic diseases. Current research indicates that young Canadian children are not active enough for healthy growth and development (Temple et al., 2009). In addition their diets are lacking in fruits and vegetables, and excessively high in processed foods. Parents play a key role in establishing healthy behaviours; however early years professionals also have a strong influence, as many young children spend a large portion of their day in child care centres. This study aimed to use an ecological framework to identify specific factors (facilitators and barriers) that professionals in urban child care centres faced when promoting physical activity and nutrition. Seven urban child care centre professionals participated in one on one semi-structured interviews, with questions developed around McLeroy’s (1988) ecological model. Reported acilitators and barriers were categorized using the ecological model at individual level (i.e., intrapersonal) or social environmental (interpersonal, institutional, community, and policy) level. The classification of factors into distinct categories was important, as this information can aid in designing initiatives that target.
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Wilson, Hannah, Hannah Tait Neufeld, Kim Anderson, Cara Wehkamp, and Dalia El Khoury. "Exploring Indigenous Undergraduate Students’ Experiences within Urban and Institutional Food Environments." Sustainability 13, no. 18 (September 14, 2021): 10268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su131810268.
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Indigenous Peoples within Canada experience higher rates of food insecurity, as do undergraduate students attending post-secondary institutions. Few studies have investigated the determinants of food practices and preferences for Indigenous students living away from their households and local environments. An exploratory study was designed to investigate Indigenous students’ experiences accessing local food environments. Research objectives included exploring Indigenous students’ experiences within institutional and community food settings; and examining campus- and community-based supports addressing their unique needs. Semi-structured interviews took place with eight self-identified Indigenous students. Four service providers participated in a focus group that included stakeholders from the post-secondary institution and the local community. Thematic analysis was used to categorize results into individual, interpersonal, organizational and community levels, according to the socio-ecological model. Themes based on the students’ responses included food and nutrition knowledge, financial capacity, convenience, social influences, campus food environment, cultural connections, and institutional support. Those participating in the focus group discussed the importance of social supports and connections to improve Indigenous students’ food environments beyond institutional parameters. Results suggest that Indigenous students are more aware of individual and interpersonal peer environments, with limited awareness of community services and cultural connections beyond campus. Indigenous students and community members require increased organizational and community awareness to support urban Indigenous food environments and sustainably address the range of socio-ecological conditions impacting food security.
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Osei-Kwasi, Hibbah Araba, Amos Laar, Francis Zotor, Rebecca Pradeilles, Richmond Aryeetey, Mark Green, Paula Griffiths, et al. "The African urban food environment framework for creating healthy nutrition policy and interventions in urban Africa." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 22, 2021): e0249621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249621.
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This study developed, validated, and evaluated a framework of factors influencing dietary behaviours in urban African food environments, to inform research prioritisation and intervention development in Africa. A multi-component methodology, drawing on concept mapping, was employed to construct a framework of factors influencing dietary behaviours in urban Africa. The framework adapted a widely used socio-ecological model (developed in a high-income country context) and was developed using a mixed-methods research approach that comprised: i. Evidence synthesis consisting of a systematic review of 39 papers covering 14 African countries; ii. Qualitative interview data collected for adolescents and adults (n = 144) using photovoice in urban Ghana and Kenya; and iii. Consultation with interdisciplinary African experts (n = 71) from 27 countries, who contributed to at least one step of the framework (creation, validation/evaluation, finalisation). The final framework included 103 factors influencing dietary behaviours. Experts identified the factors influencing dietary behaviours across all the four levels of the food environment i.e. the individual, social, physical and macro levels. Nearly half (n = 48) were individual-level factors and just under a quarter (n = 26) were at the macro environmental level. Fewer factors associated with social (n = 15) and physical (14) environments were identified. At the macro level, the factors ranked as most important were food prices, cultural beliefs and seasonality. Factors ranked as important at the social level were household composition, family food habits and dietary practices. The type of food available in the neighbourhood and convenience were seen as important at the physical level, while individual food habits, food preferences and socioeconomic status were ranked highly at the individual level. About half of the factors (n = 54) overlap with those reported in an existing socio-ecological food environment framework developed in a high-income country context. A further 49 factors were identified that were not reported in the selected high-income country framework, underlining the importance of contextualisation. Our conceptual framework offers a useful tool for research to understand dietary transitions in urban African adolescents and adults, as well as identification of factors to intervene when promoting healthy nutritious diets to prevent multiple forms of malnutrition.
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Kwok, Sin Tung, Sandra Capra, and Michael Leveritt. "Enhancing healthy eating patterns among Hong Kong young adults." Health Promotion International 35, no. 2 (March 29, 2019): 386–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapro/daz018.
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Abstract Every year, the majority of Hong Kong young adults who graduate from secondary school progress onto tertiary education. Poor eating patterns among young adults could lead to long-term health implications associated with overweight and obesity. Using the socio-ecological model as a theoretical framework, this paper reviews the current food-related policies in Hong Kong and proposes a comprehensive policy approach relevant to a variety of organizational contexts that has the potential to support positive eating patterns among young adults by enhancing the local food environment. Hong Kong has an unusual food supply in that more than 95% of food is imported, making it vulnerable to food insecurity. Education interventions commonly conducted in Hong Kong are unlikely to be helpful because young adults acquire nutrition-related knowledge when they attend secondary school. There is a need to change the food environment in Hong Kong so that young adults can easily translate their nutrition knowledge into making healthy food choices. Policy approaches might be among the most effective strategies for bringing positive changes in eating patterns because they have the potential to directly influence the food environment and context where an individual lives. A comprehensive suite of approaches that fill the policy gaps, remove barriers of healthy food consumption and create more healthy food choices is required to improve diet and health.
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Bailey, Robert C., Mark R. Jenike, Peter T. Ellison, Gillian R. Bentley, Alisa M. Harrigan, and Nadine R. Peacock. "The ecology of birth seasonality among agriculturalists in central Africa." Journal of Biosocial Science 24, no. 3 (July 1992): 393–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000019957.
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SummaryThe Lese are subsistence farmers living in the Ituri Forest of north-east Zaïre. They exhibit significant birth seasonality, with lowest frequencies of conception when food production is least, nutritional status is low and ovarian function, as measured by salivary steroid hormone levels, is reduced. Efe pygmy foragers, who live in the same geographical area but are less dependent on cultivated foods and have a more flexible life style, do not exhibit frequent fluctuations in nutritional status nor significant birth seasonality. These findings support a model of birth seasonality relating climatic variables to variation in fertility through a causal chain linking rainfall to food production to energy balance to ovarian function to fertility. The model, which emphasises an ecological approach to the study of human reproduction, should have broad applicability since seasonality of food production and energy balance is widespread geographically and across a wide variety of economies and cultures.
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Lindsay, Karen L., Claudia Buss, Pathik D. Wadhwa, and Sonja Entringer. "The Effect of a Maternal Mediterranean Diet in Pregnancy on Insulin Resistance is Moderated by Maternal Negative Affect." Nutrients 12, no. 2 (February 6, 2020): 420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12020420.
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There is inconsistent evidence that healthy dietary interventions can effectively mitigate the risk of adverse outcomes associated with elevated insulin resistance in pregnancy, suggesting that other moderating factors may be at play. Maternal psychological state is an important factor to consider in this regard, because stress/mood state can directly influence glycemia and a bidirectional relationship may exist between nutrition and psychological state. The objective of this study was to examine the interaction between maternal negative affect and diet quality on third trimester insulin resistance. We conducted a prospective longitudinal study of N = 203 women with assessments in early and mid-pregnancy, which included an ecological momentary assessment of maternal psychological state, from which a negative affect score (NAS) was derived, and 24-h dietary recalls, from which the Mediterranean Diet Score (MDS) was computed. The homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was computed from third trimester fasting plasma glucose and insulin values. Early pregnancy MDS was inversely associated with the HOMA-IR, but this did not maintain significance after adjusting for covariates. There was a significant effect of the mid-pregnancy MDS*NAS interaction term with the HOMA-IR in the adjusted model, such that a higher negative affect was found to override the beneficial effects of a Mediterranean diet on insulin resistance. These results highlight the need to consider nutrition and affective state concurrently in the context of gestational insulin resistance.
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Geist, Valerius. "On speciation in Ice Age mammals, with special reference to cervids and caprids." Canadian Journal of Zoology 65, no. 5 (May 1, 1987): 1067–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z87-171.
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Five types of species can be identified in large mammals. The evolution of three types, Ice Age giants, island dwarfs, and hybrids, can be explained, but not that of tropical food specialists and continental paedomorphs. Ice Age giants, which arose while colonizing latitudes (altitudes) with increasingly seasonal climates and productivity pulses, are characterized by ornate social organs, large bodies, and ecological plasticity. Colonizing landscapes with decreasing seasonality appears to conserve (or re-evolve) primitiveness, producing paedomorphs. Island dwarfs appear to be shaped by efficiency selection in the absence of predators. The explanation of mammalian Ice Age evolution hinges on the sensitivity of mammals to environmental factors, in particular nutrition. Extremes in food abundance generate extremes in phenotypes and selection regimes. Abundance is linked to colonization and selection for new social and ecological adaptations; scarcity is typical of settled areas and maintenance regimes. These select for efficiency in the procurement, processing, and use of food. Rapid speciation is predicted during colonization, followed by a gradual, continuous fine tuning of the ecology of the new form. Neither the punctuated nor the gradualistic model of speciation adequately explains evolution in large mammals. Early predictions of the "dispersal hypothesis" of mammalian evolution have now been tested for caprids. Results from cytogenetic, electrophorectic, and immunodiffusion studies support the dispersal hypotheses.
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Soldatenko, A. V., and O. N. Pishnaya. "THE ROLE OF VEGETABLE BREEDING AND MODERN RESEARCHES IN FOOD STABILITY." Vegetable crops of Russia, no. 5 (December 4, 2018): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.18619/2072-9146-2018-5-5-8.
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The vegetable production is one of the main factors for food security, as vegetables play an important role in the structure of nutrition. The Federal Scientific Vegetable Center creates competitive varieties and hybrids of vegetable crops that meet market requirements to meet the needs of domestic producers and thereby contributes to food security. As a result of national breeding program, the varieties and hybrids adapted to different growing conditions, with resistance to local races of pathogens, temperature stresses, and ground frosts were developed to provide the sustainable production of vegetables with high nutritional and medicinal qualities. The varieties and hybrids F1 of white head cabbage that have been created for the last 5 years are distinguished from foreign ones by taste qualities, appropriate pickling characteristics with increased sugar, and decreased cellulose contents. The local onion varieties combine long shelf life, early maturing, well bulb formation, high dry matter content (18-20%) and ability to form the bulb for one year. Breeders have developed bee-pollinated and parthenocarpic hybrids of cucumber well adapted to local growing conditions and suitable for open field cultivation in different regions of Russia. Parthenocarpic heterotic hybrids of the multi-propose use, corresponding to the modern variety model with high productivity, early-ripening, bunch ovary disposition, resistance to abiotic stresses, and most harmful diseases. The carrot and red beet varieties with high nutritional qualities, long shelf-life, ecological plasticity that are widely used for seed production have been created. The varieties of Solanaceae crops have been developed to cultivate in Non Chernozem zone, Far East, Western Siberia, the Middle Belt of Russia and the south of Russia, are also suitable for different greenhouse complexes located in different light zones of the Russia. Wide application of varieties produced through national vegetable breeding programs can provide the population with our own products of high quality.
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Neufeld, Hannah, and Hannah Wilson. "Exploring Undergraduate Indigenous Students’ Experiences with Institutional and Community Food Systems in a Canadian Urban Setting." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 252. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa043_103.
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Abstract Objectives Due to the high prevalence rates of food insecurity among university students and Indigenous Peoples in Canada, a qualitative study was designed to investigate the experiences of self-identified Indigenous students accessing local food environments. Research objectives included: 1) exploring undergraduate Indigenous students' experiences with institutional and community food systems in an urban setting; and 2) examining programs in place or in development on and off-campus that address circumstances of food insecurity and the needs of Indigenous students. Methods Data collection included face-to-face semi-structured interviews with eight students who self-identified as First Nations, Inuit or Métis. A focus group was conducted with four service providers, including stakeholders from institutional and local urban communities. Data was analyzed using thematic analysis. Results Participants identified several themes that were organized into individual, interpersonal organizational and community levels according to the socio-ecological model. Themes included: food and nutrition knowledge, financial capacity, convenience, social influences, campus food environment, cultural and institutional support. A model was also created to represent the results based on the themes from the focus group data. Focus group participants discussed linkages of social support and connectedness to increase Indigenous student access to food systems beyond the parameters of the university institution. Barriers to local food systems for students were lack of awareness of local resources and stigma associated with emergency food assistance. Conclusions Results suggest that Indigenous students are primarily focused on individual food and interpersonal social environments at the university and have limited awareness and exposure to the services available in the wider community and local food environment. Indigenous students and community members require an increased level of organizational and community awareness to support urban Indigenous food security programming across food environments to sustainably address circumstances of food insecurity experienced by Indigenous university students. Funding Sources The Department of Family Relations and Applied Nutrition, The University of Guelph, Ontario, Canada.
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Niggli, Urs. "Sustainability of organic food production: challenges and innovations." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 74, no. 1 (September 15, 2014): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665114001438.
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The greatest challenge for agriculture is to reduce the trade-offs between productivity and long-term sustainability. Therefore, it is interesting to analyse organic agriculture which is a given set of farm practices that emphasise ecological sustainability. Organic agriculture can be characterised as being less driven by off-farm inputs and being better embedded in ecosystem functions. The literature on public goods and non-commodity outputs of organic farms is overwhelming. Most publications address the positive effects of organic farming on soil fertility, biodiversity maintenance and protection of the natural resources of soil, water and air. As a consequence of focusing on public goods, organic agriculture is less productive. Meta-analyses show that organic agriculture yields range between 0·75 and 0·8 of conventional agriculture. Best practice examples from disadvantaged sites and climate conditions show equal or, in the case of subsistence farming in Sub-Saharan Africa, higher productivity of organic agriculture. Hence, organic agriculture is likely to be a good model for productive and sustainable food production. Underfunding in R&D addressing specific bottlenecks of organic agriculture are the main cause for both crop and livestock yield gaps. Therefore, the potential for improving the performance of organic agriculture through agricultural research is huge. Although organic farming is a niche in most countries, it is at the verge of becoming mainstream in leading European countries. Consumer demand has grown over the past two decades and does not seem to be a limiting factor for the future development of organic agriculture.
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Mazzocchi, Alessandra, Valentina De Cosmi, Silvia Scaglioni, and Carlo Agostoni. "Towards a More Sustainable Nutrition: Complementary Feeding and Early Taste Experiences as a Basis for Future Food Choices." Nutrients 13, no. 8 (August 4, 2021): 2695. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13082695.
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The concept of sustainable nutrition considers different fields: from human health to environmental, economic and socio-cultural aspects. Currently, in Europe, the diets that reflect the assumptions of the sustainable diet are the Mediterranean Diet and the New Nordic Diet. They both encourage the consumption of vegetable, organic and minimally processed foods, as well as regional, seasonal and Fair-Trade products, reducing the ecological impact of the production chain. These eating habits could be established starting from the prenatal period and from infancy during the complementary feeding stage, aiding children to accept of a more variable diet in terms of flavor, taste and texture. In particular, the positive parental role model is an effective method for improving a child’s diet and behaviors. Two healthy plates representing a sustainable diet in early infancy, at 6 and 24 months, are here proposed, in line with the “Planetary Health Diet” approved by the EAT-Lancet Commission. Our work aims to highlight how a sustainable diet is possible since infancy, since the introduction of solid foods.
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Barker, Margo E., Francis Wong, Christopher R. Jones, and Jean M. Russell. "Food Purchasing Decisions and Environmental Ideology: An Exploratory Survey of UK Shoppers." Sustainability 11, no. 22 (November 8, 2019): 6279. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11226279.
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Environmentally and ethically conscious food purchasing has traction with British consumers. We examined how broad environmental worldviews related to shoppers’ ratings of the importance of various shopping criteria, including recognition of eco-labels, by surveying 502 shoppers from the city of Sheffield, England. Environmental worldviews were measured using the New Ecological Paradigm (NEP) scale. Responses to the scale split into two dimensions reflecting the scale’s origins: the Dominant Social Paradigm (DSP) and NEP subscales. Subscription to the NEP (ecocentric values) was associated with greater importance ratings of nutrition & health, animal welfare, the environment, Fairtrade, seasonal, local and organic criteria. Subscription to the DSP (anthropocentric values) was associated with greater importance ratings of quality, taste, safety, price and convenience criteria. Notably, subscription to DSP values was the only predictor of eco-label recognition score in a multivariate model. These results indicate that the NEP scale should be considered as two subscales. The results suggest that campaigns to increase consumers’ environmental awareness in order to encourage environmentally driven food shopping are likely to motivate only consumers disenchanted with technological and anthropocentric development.
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Rincon, Sara Jimenez, Nan Dou, Yujie Liao, and Muzi Na. "Daily Food Insecurity and Its Impact on Diet Quality in Low-Income Adults in Two Seasons: An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab035_045.
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Abstract Objectives Chronic food insecurity (FI) is common in low-income adults and is associated with a suboptimal diet. The dynamicity of FI in the short term in relation to diet is not well understood. We aim to examine if there are seasonal shifts in the relationship between FI and diet. Methods Low-income adults (with a household income <185% federal poverty line) were recruited in Central Pennsylvania. An ecological momentary assessment model on smartphones was used to collect daily FI and diet data over two three-week long waves: one during a fall month, and one during a winter month. An adapted USDA adult module was used to assess daily FI (“food secure” if module score = 0 or “food insecure” if module score >0). A food record was recorded on smartphones and verified by a trained dietitian via phone calls on Sunday, Monday, and Tuesday. For each subject, daily caloric intake was calculated using the Nutrition Data System for Research software. Daily Healthy Eating Index 2015 (HEI-2015) score and food group intake were calculated. Generalized estimating equation (GEE) models were used to estimate the associations between daily FI and dietary outcomes, accounting for within-person correlation and adjusting for gender, race/ethnicity, employment, and poverty status. Results 22 participants were recruited in fall 2019, 18 were followed up in winter 2020, with a total of 290 person-days (response rate = 80.64%) of data. Higher FI scores in the winter, but not in the fall, were associated with lower HEI-2015 score [b (95%CI)] [−9.06 (−14.15, −3.96)]. Higher FI in winter was associated with decreased intake of total fruit ([−0.24 (−0.44, −0.05)], whole fruit [−0.27 (−0.48, −0.06)], and whole grain [−0.52 (−1.03, −0.01)]. Higher FI in the fall months was associated with increased dairy consumption [0.65 (0.08, 1.22)]. FI was not associated with calorie intake in either season. Conclusions This pilot study found that higher daily FI was associated with lower diet quality in the winter, but not fall, which may be driven by shifts in food accessibility and altered coping strategies across seasons. Funding Sources The National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health (UL1TR002014) and the Broadhurst Career Development Professorship for the Study of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention.
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Na, Muzi, Nan Dou, Yujie Liao, Sara Jimenez Rincon, Lori Francis, Jennifer Graham-Engeland, Laura Murray-Kolb, and Runze Li. "Food Insecurity and Affective Well-Being in Low-Income Adults: An Ecological Momentary Assessment Study Over Two Months." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab035_073.
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Abstract Objectives Food insecurity is a dynamic phenomenon within a given month and across seasons. It remains unknown how food insecurity influences low-income adults’ day-to-day affective well-being, which is associated with long-term mental and physical health. In this pilot study, we explored the association between daily food insecurity and affect over a 2-month period (spanning 2 seasons) in a sample of low-income adults in Central Pennsylvania. Methods A total of 22 healthy low-income adults were recruited during the fall months (September, October, or November) in 2019, 18 of whom were also followed in the winter months (February or March) in 2020. Using an ecological momentary assessment framework administered on smart phones over a three-week-long wave (2nd – 4th week) in each survey month, daily food insecurity (once daily), and positive and negative affect (5 times daily) were collected. Time Varying Effect Models were used to estimate the association between levels of daily food insecurity and daily aggregated positive/negative affect as a function of study day, adjusting for gender, race/ethnicity, employment, and poverty status. Results A total of 713 person-days (84.9% of what was possible) of daily-level data was collected. Food insecurity was reported in 42.9% and 36.0% of participants in the fall and winter months, respectively. Greater daily food insecurity was associated with significantly lower positive affect scores in the 3rd week of the fall months (β ranged from −1.40 (95% CI −2.62, −0.18) to −3.17 (95% CI: −5.93, −0.42)) and in the 4th week of the winter months (β ranged from −2.24 (95% CI: −4.08, −0.39) to −2.84 (95% CI: −4.28, −1.40)). No consistent association was identified between daily food insecurity and negative affect. Conclusions Daily food insecurity was associated with lower positive affect in the second half of the months in both fall and winter seasons. Future large observational studies should verify our study findings in order to better identify, target, and intervene in food insecure adults who are at-risk of adverse mental health outcomes. Funding Sources The National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health (UL1TR002014) and the Broadhurst Career Development Professorship for the Study of Health Promotion and Disease Prevention.
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Duriez, Philibert, Ida A. K. Nilsson, Ophelia Le Thuc, David Alexandre, Nicolas Chartrel, Carole Rovere, Christophe Chauveau, Philip Gorwood, Virginie Tolle, and Odile Viltart. "Exploring the Mechanisms of Recovery in Anorexia Nervosa through a Translational Approach: From Original Ecological Measurements in Human to Brain Tissue Analyses in Mice." Nutrients 13, no. 8 (August 13, 2021): 2786. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13082786.
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Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a severe eating disorder where caloric restriction, excessive physical activity and metabolic alterations lead to life-threatening situations. Despite weight restoration after treatment, a significant part of patients experience relapses. In this translational study, we combined clinical and preclinical approaches. We describe preliminary data about the effect of weight gain on the symptomatology of patients suffering from acute AN (n = 225) and partially recovered (n = 41). We measured more precisely physical activity with continuous cardiac monitoring in a sub-group (n = 68). Using a mouse model, we investigated whether a long-term food restriction followed by nutritional recovery associated or not with physical activity may differentially impact peripheral and central homeostatic regulation. We assessed the plasma concentration of acyl ghrelin, desacyl ghrelin and leptin and the mRNA expression of hypothalamic neuropeptides and their receptors. Our data show an effect of undernutrition history on the level of physical activity in AN. The preclinical model supports an important role of physical activity in the recovery process and points out the leptin system as one factor that can drive a reliable restoration of metabolic variables through the hypothalamic regulation of neuropeptides involved in feeding behavior.
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Ur Rahim, Hafeez, Muhammad Qaswar, Misbah Uddin, Cinzia Giannini, Maria Lidia Herrera, and Giuseppina Rea. "Nano-Enable Materials Promoting Sustainability and Resilience in Modern Agriculture." Nanomaterials 11, no. 8 (August 15, 2021): 2068. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11082068.
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Intensive conventional agriculture and climate change have induced severe ecological damages and threatened global food security, claiming a reorientation of agricultural management and public policies towards a more sustainable development model. In this context, nanomaterials promise to support this transition by promoting mitigation, enhancing productivity, and reducing contamination. This review gathers recent research innovations on smart nanoformulations and delivery systems improving crop protection and plant nutrition, nanoremediation strategies for contaminated soils, nanosensors for plant health and food quality and safety monitoring, and nanomaterials as smart food-packaging. It also highlights the impact of engineered nanomaterials on soil microbial communities, and potential environmental risks, along with future research directions. Although large-scale production and in-field testing of nano-agrochemicals are still ongoing, the collected information indicates improvements in uptake, use efficiency, targeted delivery of the active ingredients, and reduction of leaching and pollution. Nanoremediation seems to have a low negative impact on microbial communities while promoting biodiversity. Nanosensors enable high-resolution crop monitoring and sustainable management of the resources, while nano-packaging confers catalytic, antimicrobial, and barrier properties, preserving food safety and preventing food waste. Though, the application of nanomaterials to the agri-food sector requires a specific risk assessment supporting proper regulations and public acceptance.
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Paramesh, Venkatesh, Giri Bhavan Sreekanth, Eaknath B. Chakurkar, H. B. Chethan Kumar, Parappurath Gokuldas, Kallakeri Kannappa Manohara, Gopal Ramdas Mahajan, Racharla Solomon Rajkumar, Natesan Ravisankar, and Azad Singh Panwar. "Ecosystem Network Analysis in a Smallholder Integrated Crop–Livestock System for Coastal Lowland Situation in Tropical Humid Conditions of India." Sustainability 12, no. 12 (June 19, 2020): 5017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12125017.
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The integrated crop–livestock system (ICLS) is a farming strategy that helps to sustain agrobiodiversity, ecosystem services, and restores environmental sustainability. Furthermore, ICLS provides food and nutritional security to the small and marginal farmers in developing nations. In this context a mass-balanced ecosystem model was constructed for a smallholder ICLS along the Indian west coast to analyze the agro-ecological performance in terms of sustainability, resource use, nutrient balance and recycling. Thirteen functional groups were defined in the ICLS model with trophic levels ranging from 1.00 (detritus and benthic nitrogen fixers) to 3.00 (poultry and ruminants). The total system throughput index was estimated to be 1134.9 kg N ha−1 year−1 of which 60% was from consumption, 15% from exports, 10% from respiration, and the remaining 15% eventually flowing into detritus. The gross efficiency of the ecosystem was estimated to 0.3, which indicated higher growth rates and low maintenance energy costs. The higher food self-sufficiency ration of 7.4 indicated the integration of crop–livestock as an imperative system to meet the food and nutritional requirement of the farm family. The indices such as system overhead (60%), Finn’s cycling index (16.6) and mean path length (3.5) denoted that the ICLS is a small, resource-efficient, stable, maturing and sustainable ecosystem in terms of the ecosystem principles and recycling. The present model will serve as the first model on the ICLS from the humid tropics and will help in the evaluation of the other agro-ecological systems using the Ecopath modelling approach. In conclusion, farm intensification through crop and animal diversification has the highest impact on farm productivity, food self-sufficiency and resource-use-efficiency of the smallholder’s livelihood security.
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Ramírez-Gil, Joaquín Guillermo, Marlon E. Cobos, Daniel Jiménez-García, Juan Gonzalo Morales-Osorio, and A. Townsend Peterson. "Current and potential future distributions of Hass avocados in the face of climate change across the Americas." Crop and Pasture Science 70, no. 8 (2019): 694. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp19094.
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Climate change is a global phenomenon that presents diverse threats to global food security. Of the avocados (Persea americana Mill), Hass is the most commonly cultivated variety in the world, representing an important source of nutrition in numerous countries, yet its potential risks in the face of climate change are unknown. Here, we characterise current and future potential distributional areas for Hass avocado under different scenarios of climate change across the Americas. We use ecological-niche modelling approaches to explore implications of changes in climate, considering 22 general circulation models, two emissions scenarios, and six model parameterisations. The current potential distribution of Hass avocado extends across tropical America (excluding most of Amazonia), including some areas at higher latitudes. Future projections show stability in potential distribution. Range expansions are expected mainly in temperate areas, and range contractions are related to temperature and precipitation increases, mostly in Amazonia. Model parametrisations contributed the most to overall variation in future projections, followed by climate models, and then emissions scenarios. Our conclusion of relative stability for the crop’s potential distribution is still subject to effects on other components of avocado production systems, and may be vulnerable to extreme phenomena.
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Dore, Maria Pina, Guido Parodi, Michele Portoghese, Alessandra Errigo, and Giovanni Mario Pes. "Water Quality and Mortality from Coronary Artery Disease in Sardinia: A Geospatial Analysis." Nutrients 13, no. 8 (August 20, 2021): 2858. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13082858.
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The role of water hardness on human health is still debated, ranging from beneficial to harmful. Before the rise of drinking bottled water, it was a common habit to obtain supplies of drinking water directly from spring-fed public fountains. According to the geographic location, spring waters are characterized by a variable content of mineral components. In this ecological study, for the first time in Sardinia, Italy, the spatial association between spring water quality/composition and standardized mortality ratio (SMR) for coronary artery disease (CAD) in the decade from 1981 to 1991 was investigated using data retrieved from published databases. In a total of 377 municipalities, 9918 deaths due to CAD, including acute myocardial infarction (AMI), ICD-9 code 410, and ischemic heart disease (IHD), ICD-9 code 411–414, were retrieved. A conditional autoregressive model with spatially structured random effects for each municipality was used. The average SMR for CAD in municipalities with a predominantly “soft” (<30 mg/L) or “hard” (≥30 mg/L) water was, respectively, 121.4 ± 59.1 vs. 104.7 ± 38.2 (p = 0.025). More specifically, an inverse association was found between elevated calcium content in spring water and cardiovascular mortality (AMI: r = −0.123, p = 0.032; IHD: r = −0.146, p = 0.009) and borderline significance for magnesium (AMI: r = −0.131, p = 0.054; IHD: r = −0.138, p = 0.074) and bicarbonate (IHD: r = −0.126, p = 0.058), whereas weak positive correlations were detected for sodium and chloride. The lowest CAD mortality was observed in geographic areas (North-West: SMR 0.92; South-East: SMR 0.88), where calcium- and bicarbonate-rich mineral waters were consumed. Our results, within the limitation of an ecological study, confirm the beneficial role of waters with high content in calcium and bicarbonate against coronary artery disease.
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Galzki, Jake C., David J. Mulla, and Christian J. Peters. "Mapping the potential of local food capacity in Southeastern Minnesota." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 30, no. 4 (March 21, 2014): 364–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170514000039.
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AbstractThe numerous benefits associated with localized food production have helped increase its popularity among a diverse cross-section of concerned citizens over the past few decades. Quantitative benefits are often attributed to local food systems, such as improvements to local economies or environmental benefits associated with decreased food transportation distances. Qualitative benefits play an equally vital role in the increasing popularity of local foods. The direct connection between people and agricultural land instills a sense of responsibility among consumers, there is a great deal of pride associated with creating a self-sustaining community, and increasing locally derived nutritional produce in our diet can improve health. This research attempts to analyze the feasibility of supplying the nutritional needs for an 11-county region in Southeastern Minnesota entirely from locally grown foods. The study also evaluates an alternative land-use scenario to illustrate how better utilizing land resources can yield environmental benefits in addition to those already inherent with local food production. Potential foodsheds are mapped to represent the theoretical spatial extent of agricultural resources needed to sustain population within the region. The foodshed model finds optimum locations for growing local food based on production potential and availability of agricultural resources to meet the demands of population centers, while minimizing the total distance to transport local foods to nearby distribution centers. Results show that it is theoretically feasible for Southeastern Minnesota to be entirely sustained on local food production. The average distance a unit of food travels in this theoretical baseline scenario is just under 12 km (7.5 miles). The foodshed model produces a surplus of agricultural supply in the region, thus an alternative land-use scenario was explored that involves removing marginal cropland from cultivation in vulnerable landscapes with high ecological value in an attempt to further increase the environmental benefits of locally grown foods. In comparison with the baseline foodshed model, the alternative land-use foodshed converts 68,000 ha (168,000 acres) of marginal cropland on vulnerable landscapes from annually cultivated land to perennial agriculture. This conversion not only reduces total distance traveled by a unit of food from 11.8 km (7.3 miles) in the baseline scenario to 10.8 km (6.7 miles) in the alternative scenario, but also reduces soil degradation, has positive impacts on surface water quality, and may lead to better wildlife habitat. The multiple benefits demonstrated by this study are encouraging to leaders of the local food movement in Southeastern Minnesota. Results of the study demonstrate that the methodology developed for mapping New York state foodsheds is adaptable to the Midwestern US, and should also be adaptable in other regions of the country.
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Bhandari, Shiva, Edward Frongillo, Rojee Suwal, Aman Sen Gupta, Narayan Prasad Tiwari, and Kenda Cunningham. "Sustaining Agriculture-Nutrition Interventions: Analysis of Determinants of Village Model Farmer Active Engagement in Nepal." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 811. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa053_016.
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Abstract Objectives Homestead food production (HFP) programs rely on village model farmers (VMFs) for implementation of agriculture-nutrition activities. No studies have assessed sustainability of VMFs. Our objective was to test determinants of VMFs remaining and actively working several years after being selected as VMFs. Methods We used cross-sectional monitoring data, collected in 2018 and 2019 among VMFs in Suaahara (2011–2021), a multi-sectoral integrated nutrition program that includes HFP in Nepal. Remaining as a VMF was assessed from self-report. Actively working as a VMF was based on whether s/he was leading an HFP beneficiary group, registered the HFP group, conducting regular group meetings, and engaging in saving and credit activities. Potential socio-economic and demographic determinants were identified a priori: gender, age, education, caste, being a female community health volunteer, socio-economic status, agricultural land size, household size, duration of being a VMF, residing in disaster-affected districts, agro-ecological zone, and number of trainings and inputs received. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate adjusted odds ratios among 4732 VMFs. Results The odds of remaining and actively working were greater among those with some education compared to those without education. VMFs having more agricultural land were 2.25 and 1.14 times more likely to be remaining and actively working as a VMF, respectively. VMFs working for longer were less likely to remain and be active. More types of trainings and inputs received were associated with greater odds of remaining and actively working as an VMF. VMFs older than 35 y, other caste than Dalit, and living in Mountains and Hills were more likely to remain and actively work. We did not find significant association for household size and richer households. Conclusions Age, education, caste, agricultural land size, household wealth, time since becoming a VMF, and number of trainings and inputs received were important determinants of VMFs remaining and actively working in the program. Examining these factors can help selection of front-line workers to ensure their engagement and sustainability. Funding Sources United States Agency for International Development (USAID) under Cooperative Agreement No. AID-367-A-16–00006.
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Abbade, Eduardo Botti, and Homero Dewes. "Behavioral and societal drivers of an obesogenic environment worldwide." Nutrition & Food Science 45, no. 2 (March 9, 2015): 229–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/nfs-04-2014-0036.
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Purpose – This paper aims to present an ecological study that analyzed the impact of societal and behavioral factors on the obesogenic situation worldwide. The societal variables included urbanization, motorization and educational and economic developments, while the behavioral variables consisted of nutritional intake and insufficient physical activity (IPA). Design/methodology/approach – This investigation was based on official data concerning 99 countries, in the first part of the reference model, and 92 countries, in the second part. The constructs were measured through urban population (per cent), energy/protein/fat supply, expected years of schooling, gross domestic product and gross national income per capita, vehicles per 1,000 inhabitants, average body mass index and IPA level of the populations. Data, obtained through the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, World Health Organization, World Bank and United Nations, were analyzed mainly through descriptive, factor and multiple regression analyses. Findings – The results suggested that nutritional supply/intake, IPA and educational-level impact significantly and positively on the obesogenic situation (p < 0.01, p < 0.001 and p < 0.001, respectively). In addition, urbanization significantly affects the IPA (p < 0.01). Evidence also suggested that economic development impacts negatively on obesogenic severity (p < 0.01). Originality/value – Developing economies might face severe obesogenic problems in the future, given their limited access to healthy food and their growing urbanization; thus, nutritional intake should not be seen as the main antecedent of the obesogenic environment. This paper provides comprehensive information to policymakers and researchers interested in the severity of the global obesogenic environment.
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Ali, Shahmir, Srishti Gupta, Channan Hanif, Maham Tariq, Xilonen Vasquez-Lopez, Rushitha Penikalapati, Niyati Parekh, Alexis Merdjanoff, and Ralph DiClemente. "Exploring the Drivers of Second-Generation South Asian American Eating Behaviors Using a Novel Qualitative Methodology: Virtual Free-Listing Informed Mind-Mapping." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab038_002.
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Abstract Objectives South Asian Americans (SAAs) face a growing non-communicable disease burden, however the behavioral contributors to health disparities experienced by second-generation South Asians remain under-explored. The aim of this study was to identify major drivers of the foods typically eaten by second-generation SAAs. Methods Between October-November 2020, second-generation SAAs aged 18–29 years old were recruited to conduct virtual video-conferencing-based interviews using a novel qualitative methodology which integrated free-listing and ranking, mind-mapping, and discussion-based exercises. Ranked free-lists were quantitatively analyzed to identify salient drivers of eating behaviors, while the USDA socio-ecological model was used to inform a semi-inductive thematic analysis of interview transcripts. A network analysis was conducted by quantifying connections made across participant mind-maps. Results Overall, 32 participants (53% female, 22.4 mean age) were interviewed in the study. Thirty-five distinct eating behavior drivers were identified in the free-listing data; those with the highest saliency scores (unadjusted for ranking) were 1) family, 2) friends, 3) taste, and 4) health; when adjusted for participant rankings, the most impactful drivers were 1) taste, 2) family, 3) health, and 4) friends. In applying the USDA socio-ecological model, individual-level drivers included personal capacity to cook, convenience in accessing certain foods, cost, emotional state, and preferences regarding taste or novelty of non-South Asian foods. Setting-level drivers included specific daily activities (e.g., socializing, working), people (e.g., family, roommates), and places (e.g., workplaces, religious institutions). Notably less sector-level drivers were identified but included interacting with the healthcare sector or social media. Norm-level drivers included South Asian cultural background, religious background, and priorities regarding health and vegetarianism informed by values outside of religion. Conclusions Complex, interconnected, and multi-level drivers were identified motivating second-generation SAAs eating behaviors. Findings highlight the need to distinguish these drivers from first generation SAAs to better design interventions to improve health of second-generation SAAs. Funding Sources N/A.
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Sharma, Shreela V., Courtney Winston Paolicelli, Vinu Jyothi, William Baun, Brett Perkison, Mary Phipps, Cathy Montgomery, et al. "Evaluation of worksite policies and practices promoting nutrition and physical activity among hospital workers." International Journal of Workplace Health Management 9, no. 1 (March 7, 2016): 46–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijwhm-03-2014-0005.
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Purpose – As posited by the ecological model of health, improvements in the nutrition and physical activity environments of worksites may facilitate healthier dietary intakes and physical activity patterns of employees. This cross-sectional study describes current policies and practices targeting these environments in five large Texas-based hospitals employing approximately 40,000 adults. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – The environmental assessment tool survey, an observation tool, was used to assess these policies and practices in August and September 2012. Findings – Results demonstrated major policy and practice deficiencies, including a lack of policies supporting on and offsite employee physical fitness, no healthy catering or healthy meeting policies, minimal subsidizing of healthy food and beverage options, few health-promoting vending services, and no performance objectives related to worksite health improvement. Hospitals having an active employee wellness staff consistently performed better on implementation of policies and practices supporting healthy eating and physical activity. Practical implications – This study supports practice recommendations including engaging executive leadership to prioritize worksite wellness and using policies to create an infrastructure that promotes healthy eating and encourages physical activity among employees. Originality/value – This study is the first to compare and contrast the nutrition and the physical activity environments of large hospitals, allowing for the identification of common environmental barriers and supports across multiple hospital and foodservice systems.
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Lindsay, Karen, Claudia Buss, Pathik Wadhwa, and Sonja Entringer. "Maternal Stress Potentiates the Effect of an Inflammatory Diet in Pregnancy on Maternal Concentrations of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha." Nutrients 10, no. 9 (September 6, 2018): 1252. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu10091252.
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Maternal inflammation during pregnancy is known to adversely impact fetal development, birth outcomes, and offspring physical and mental health. Diet and stress have been identified as important determinants of inflammation, yet their combined effects have not been examined in the context of pregnancy. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between maternal diet with inflammatory potential and psychological stress, and to determine their interaction effect on concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α across pregnancy. We conducted a prospective longitudinal study of n = 202 women with three assessments during pregnancy, which included: ecological momentary assessment (EMA) of maternal stress using the perceived stress scale (PSS) short version; 24-h dietary recalls from which the dietary inflammatory index (DII) was computed; and serum measurements of TNF-α. Across pregnancy, higher perceived stress was associated with consumption of a more pro-inflammatory diet (r = 0.137; p < 0.05). In a linear regression model adjusted for covariates, DII was positively associated with TNF-α (B = 0.093, p = 0.010). The effect of the pro-inflammatory diet on concentrations of TNF-α was more pronounced in women reporting higher levels of stress (B = 0.134, p = 0.018 for DII*PSS interaction). These results highlight the need to consider nutrition and stress concurrently in the context of inflammation during pregnancy.
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Louie, Naomi T., Loan Pham Kim, and Scott E. Chan. "Perceptions and Barriers to SNAP Utilization Among Asian and Pacific Islanders in Greater Los Angeles." American Journal of Health Promotion 34, no. 7 (June 3, 2020): 779–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0890117120925746.
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Purpose: To examine the perceptions of and barriers to Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) participation among Asian and Pacific Islander (API) immigrants. Design: Qualitative focus groups were conducted in 4 API communities. Setting and Participants: Participants were recruited from 4 API communities (n = 68; 22 Tongan, 18 Vietnamese, 16 Filipino, and 12 Chinese) through local community-based organizations in Los Angeles and Orange Counties. Method: Trained bilingual and bicultural researchers conducted 8 focus groups in English, Chinese, and Vietnamese. Prior to the start of each focus group, participants completed a demographic questionnaire which included a United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Food Security Module. Analysis: Audio recordings were transcribed verbatim and those in the native languages were transcribed verbatim. Transcripts in native languages were reviewed and translated into English. All transcripts were organized in ATLAS ti version 8.0 and analyzed using thematic analysis. The USDA Food Security Module results were scored and assessed for food insecurity. Results: Median age of participants was 58 years and 59.4% (n = 38) were food insecure. Barriers to SNAP participation were identified and organized within the Social Ecological Model by the following themes: (1) unclear program information, (2) application process, (3) shame, and (4) pride. Despite commonalities found across API subgroups, unique challenges with public charge and immigration existed within the subgroups. Conclusion: Culturally relevant in-language SNAP materials and multilevel interventions are needed to mitigate barriers and increase SNAP participation rates among low-income API groups.
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Moussavi, Nadiah, Victor Gavino, and Olivier Receveur. "Is obesity related to the type of dietary fatty acids? An ecological study." Public Health Nutrition 11, no. 11 (November 2008): 1149–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980007001541.
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AbstractBackgroundAnimal studies and a few clinical trials lend credibility to the hypothesis that not all types of fatty acids carry the same potential for weight gain. Only a few epidemiological studies concerning this issue are currently available and results are conflicting.AimThe purpose of the present ecological study was to test the existence of an association between obesity prevalence and the types of fat available in 168 countries.MethodsData on the prevalence of obesity (BMI ≥ 30 kg/m2) for women over 15 years of age were obtained from the WHO Global InfoBase. Food balance sheets for the years 1998 to 2002 were obtained from the FAOSTAT database. Five-year means for energy, total fat, MUFA, PUFA, SFA and ‘other fat’ per capita were calculated, with their standard deviations, for each country. Bivariate correlations and a multiple linear regression model were used to test for the association between prevalence of obesity and types of fat available in these countries.ResultsNot surprisingly, dietary energy supply, SFA, PUFA and ‘other fat’ were positively associated with the prevalence of obesity. We also found, however, a strong negative association between MUFA availability and obesity prevalence (β= −0·68,P< 0·0001).ConclusionPopulations with a lower prevalence of obesity seem to consume a greater amount of MUFA. Considering the partial correlations between variables, our results suggest that in countries with higher obesity prevalence, it is the shift from MUFA to PUFA that particularly appears to be associated with the risk of obesity.
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Zarychta, Karolina, Anna Banik, Ewa Kulis, Monika Boberska, Theda Radtke, Carina K. Y. Chan, Karolina Lobczowska, and Aleksandra Luszczynska. "Do Parent–Child Dyads with Excessive Body Mass Differ from Dyads with Normal Body Mass in Perceptions of Obesogenic Environment?" Nutrients 12, no. 7 (July 19, 2020): 2149. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu12072149.
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Background: This study addressed differences between parent–child dyads with excessive body mass (overweight or obesity) and dyads with normal body mass in obesity determinants, derived from social-ecological models. It was hypothesized that parents and their 5–11 years-old children with excessive body mass would (1) report lower availability of healthy food at home, (2) perceive fewer school/local community healthy eating promotion programs, (3) report lower persuasive value of food advertising. Methods: Data were collected twice (T1, baseline; T2, 10-month follow-up), including n = 129 parent–child dyads with excessive body mass and n = 377 parent–child dyads with normal body mass. Self-reported data were collected from parents and children; with body weight and height assessed objectively. General linear models (including analysis of variance with repeated measures) were performed to test the hypotheses. Results: Compared to dyads with normal body mass, dyads of parents and children with excessive body mass perceived lower availability of healthy food at home and fewer healthy eating promotion programs at school/local community (T1 and T2). These effects remained significant after controlling for sociodemographic variables. No significant differences in persuasive value of food advertising were found. Conclusions: Perceptions of availability of healthy food at home and healthy nutrition promotion may be relatively low in parent–child dyads with excessive weight which, in turn, may constitute a risk factor for maintenance of obesity.
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Osei-Kwasi, Hibbah, Aarti Mohindra, Andrew Booth, Amos Laar, Milka Wanjohi, Fiona Graham, Rebecca Pradeilles, Emmanuel Cohen, and Michelle Holdsworth. "Factors influencing dietary behaviours in urban food environments in Africa: a systematic mapping review." Public Health Nutrition 23, no. 14 (May 26, 2020): 2584–601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980019005305.
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AbstractObjective:To identify factors influencing dietary behaviours in urban food environments in Africa and identify areas for future research.Design:We systematically reviewed published/grey literature (protocol CRD4201706893). Findings were compiled into a map using a socio-ecological model on four environmental levels: individual, social, physical and macro.Setting:Urban food environments in Africa.Participants:Studies involving adolescents and adults (11–70 years, male/female).Results:Thirty-nine studies were included (six adolescent, fifteen adolescent/adult combined and eighteen adult). Quantitative methods were most common (twenty-eight quantitative, nine qualitative and two mixed methods). Studies were from fifteen African countries. Seventy-seven factors influencing dietary behaviours were identified, with two-thirds at the individual level (45/77). Factors in the social (11/77), physical (12/77) and macro (9/77) environments were investigated less. Individual-level factors that specifically emerged for adolescents included self-esteem, body satisfaction, dieting, spoken language, school attendance, gender, body composition, pubertal development, BMI and fat mass. Studies involving adolescents investigated social environment-level factors more, for example, sharing food with friends. The physical food environment was more commonly explored in adults, for example, convenience/availability of food. Macro-level factors associated with dietary behaviours were food/drink advertising, religion and food prices. Factors associated with dietary behaviour were broadly similar for men and women.Conclusions:The dominance of studies exploring individual-level factors suggests a need for research to explore how social, physical and macro-level environments drive dietary behaviours of adolescents and adults in urban Africa. More studies are needed for adolescents and men, and studies widening the geographical scope to encompass all African countries.
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Kircher. "Bioeconomy: Markets, Implications, and Investment Opportunities." Economies 7, no. 3 (July 12, 2019): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/economies7030073.
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In order to achieve the objectives of the Paris Climate Change Agreement, the conversion of our economy, which is still dominated by fossil carbon, to the bioeconomy model must be completed by 2050. This requires a shift from oil, gas and coal to agricultural, forestry and marine raw materials and will affect the global processing chains for energy, fuels and chemicals. However, the land required for the production of raw materials is competing with the production of food and animal feed. In addition, future land use must better take into account planetary boundaries and the preservation of ecosystem services. In order to achieve economic, ecological and societal sustainability, the necessary measures must therefore be geared towards the UN’s sustainability goals. Against this background, the future bioeconomy will have to concentrate on the food, chemical and heavy fuel sectors. Important sub-areas are alternative animal protein for nutrition, feedstock efficiency in the processing of bio-based raw materials, and the expansion of the raw materials spectrum. This requires enormous investment in industrial facilities, the integration of newly emerging value chains and the necessary infrastructure. The annual global investment requirements for renewable energy, bio-based chemicals and fuels, and ecosystem services is estimated at USD 1–2 trillion over the next three decades, equivalent to about 1.3–2.6% of global GDP. This article discusses the implications and guard rails of the bioeconomy model, as well as capital needs and possible sources.