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1
�fendieva, I. M., and F. M. Dzhafarov. "Ecological problems of the Caspian Sea." Hydrotechnical Construction 27, no. 1 (1993): 13–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01545552.
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Efendiyeva, I. M. "Ecological problems of oil exploitation in the Caspian Sea area." Journal of Petroleum Science and Engineering 28, no. 4 (2000): 227–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-4105(00)00081-4.
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Lomsadze, Zurab, Ketevan Makharadze, and Rusudan Pirtskhalava. "The ecological problems of rivers of Georgia (the Caspian Sea basin)." Annals of Agrarian Science 14, no. 3 (2016): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.aasci.2016.08.009.
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Amirgaliev, Nariman Amirgalievich, Maulken Askarova, Christian Opp, Alikhan Medeu, Roza Kulbekova, and Akhmetkal Rakhmetullayevich Medeu. "Water Quality Problems Analysis and Assessment of the Ecological Security Level of the Transboundary Ural-Caspian Basin of the Republic of Kazakhstan." Applied Sciences 12, no. 4 (2022): 2059. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app12042059.
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Both the insufficiency of water resources and the contamination of even transboundary water bodies are serious problems. Water quality analyses of the transboundary (between Russia and Kazakhstan) Ural River and the Kazakh sector of the Caspian Sea, and their assessment are the main research questions of this study. It is shown that the Ural River is heavily contaminated by polychlorinated biphenyls, heavy metals, oil contaminants, and pesticides, arising from industrial enterprises and agricultural objects. The results show that these toxicants are not only present in water, but they are also accumulated in the muscular tissues of all fish (Abramis brama, Sander lucioperca, Aspius aspius). The Caspian Sea is heavily contaminated by petroleum hydrocarbons due to off shore oil production. A sufficiently high level of accumulation of petroleum hydrocarbons, organochlorine pesticides and heavy metals was determined in the muscles of Caspian fish. All these contaminations lead to the loss of biodiversity and bio-productivity of the Caspian Sea. The authors propose a methodology for a quantitative assessment of the environmental safety level in relation to the Kazakh part of the Caspian Sea, based on bioindication methods. Recommendations, aimed for maintaining acceptable values of water resources quality, are suggested.
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Gapizov, Zaur Rasulovich. "The problem of periodization of the development of environmental activities in the Caspian Sea in the post-Soviet period." Исторический журнал: научные исследования, no. 1 (January 2022): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0609.2022.1.37534.
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The subject of the study is the process of development of environmental protection activities of post-Soviet Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, as well as Iran in the Caspian Sea. The study used such methods of historical research as retrospective analysis, comparative analysis, document analysis, periodization method, systematic approach. The author considers such aspects of the topic as the problem of periodization of complex social processes, the actual periodization of the development of joint environmental activities of the Caspian states, the main characteristics of the stages of development of international relations in the field of environmental activities in the Caspian Sea. The author pays special attention to the problem of awareness by the "Caspian five" of the ecological integrity of the Caspian Sea and the need to develop collective solutions to environmental problems and the protection of the natural diversity of the sea. В As a result of the analysis, the author's periodization of the development of environmental activities in the Caspian Sea in the post-Soviet period of the history of the region and the characteristics of the selected stages are proposed, which is the novelty of the study and the author's special contribution to the study of the topic. In total, the author identifies three stages that differ qualitatively from each other (the 1990s, 2000s and 2010s). The periodization is based on a qualitative assessment of the development of relations between the national states of the Caspian region within the framework of the regional subsystem of international relations, characterized as the "Caspian node", which distinguishes it from other well-known approaches to periodization and characterizes as promising.
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Imrani, Zaur T., Shakar İ. Mammadova, Nasiba N. Hadjiyeva, and Oleksandr Y. Vysotskyi. "The main directions of sustainable socio-economic development of the Caspian littoral areas of the Republic of Azerbaijan and the existing environmental problems." Journal of Geology, Geography and Geoecology 30, no. 4 (2021): 652–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/112160.
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 In Azerbaijan, since the earliest times, the Caspian Sea has contributed to the Received in revised form: 07.10.2021 settlement of population and structure of the economy. The favourable natural geographical conditions of the coasts, exploitation of offshore oil and gas fields and rich tourist-recreational potential favoured the economy of Azerbaijan significantly. However, sea-level fluctuations and environmental damage observed due to exploitation of natural resources served as curbing factor in the development. In modern times, planning of residential areas in the coastal areas, improvement of industrial, agricultural and tourism infrastructure, and successful management of the ecological situation are achievable through effective use of the natural resources and human potential of the Caspian Sea. The coastal region of the Caspian Sea, composed of three zones, is favourable for the development of Azerbaijan’s economy. Theattractiveness of coastal areas is related mainly to preferences of natural conditions and resources and the advantages of their transport- geographical location. As a result, the development level of the economy of the Pre-Caspian region is higher compared to other regions of the country. The region accounts for 88.7 % of the total industrial output in the country. The main part of it, i. e. 95.7 % is shared by the city of Baku. The cause of significant difference in development level between the regions and the capital Baku is associated with the use of oil and gas resources of the Caspian. Thus, offshore oil and gas reserves in the Caspian have played a notable role in the development of coastal areas, and of the country’s whole economy. This has led to inequality in terms of regional development. This factor prompted the need to study the role of the use of resources of the Caspian Sea in the sustainable development of Azerbaijan’s economy. In order to achieve the goal, a comparative analysis of the leading economic branches in the Pre-Caspian regions was carried out from a historical point of view. The obtained information was systematized, and the socio-economic aspects of sustainable development were identified based on statistical-mathematical materials. Aerospace data were used as well.
 
 
 
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Ragimova, Nazila Ali, Vugar Hajimahmud Abdullayev, and Vasila Soltanaga Abbasova. "ORGANIZATION OF ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING IN THE CASPIAN SEA." ScienceRise 2 (April 30, 2020): 3–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2313-8416.2020.001277.
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The object of research is ecological monitoring of the Caspian Sea. This article addressed the objectives and components of environmental monitoring. It also describes the objectives for the establishment of a Unified State Environmental Monitoring System. Special attention is paid to the structure of the environmental network monitoring system, which consists of three levels: low, medium and high. One of the main problems is the establishment of the Unified State Environmental Monitoring System of the Caspian Sea. This article considered the main functions and objectives of the Unified State Environmental Monitoring System. Here are also discussed the computing center of the environmental monitoring system and its functions and components. The research used three main components for environmental data processing: database management systems, geographic information system and integrated software packages. Examples of a computer system of environmental monitoring include: ArcGIS, MapInfo, ArcView and OCEAN. The main scientific results of this research are the main functions, objectives and components of environmental monitoring of the Caspian Sea to reduce pollution levels. The obtained results can be used to optimize the characteristics of environmental information systems, which are used to organize environmental monitoring. Innovative technological product of this research is the development of an algorithm for the organization of environmental monitoring of the Caspian Sea. It will allow ecologists to monitor the environmental situation of the Caspian Sea and further improve it. The obtained innovative technological product will be useful for carrying out environmental monitoring of the most contaminated section of the water basin, and more precisely for monitoring the scale of pollution and further improving the environmental situation of the water area.
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Gachechiladze, Maia, and Chad Staddon. "Towards a Political Ecology of Oil in Post-communist Georgia: the conflict over the Kulevi Oil Port Development." Journal of Political Ecology 14, no. 1 (2007): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v14i1.21684.
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Since 1998 the growing importance of the Caspian Sea's oil reserves for the international markets has put a new pressure on Georgia's energy transit capacities. One of the new transit facilities – the Kulevi Oil Terminal located on the country's ecologically-sensitive central Black Sea coast - has emerged as a controversial development evoking several cross-cutting environmental policy, economic and political conflicts at the international, national, and local levels. This paper explores and tracks the nature of this multi-level environmental conflict over land-use and reveals it to be a complex product of the interplay between social, political and economic power. From a political ecological perspective it is possible to interpret the controversy over Kulevi as a 'regional' conflict of interests between different land managers. Our analysis discloses the links between these conflicts and their triggers at different spatial scales with a view to articulating an emerging political ecology of oil for Georgia and the Caucasus. The paper reflects on how the threat of economic loss has forced environmentally unfriendly decisions in the region, causing internal problems and a derogation of the reputation of Georgia at the international arena. Several suggestions for resolution are offered, but their success depends on the contribution of the main players in the conflicts and their commitment to fulfill their obligations.Keywords: Georgia, Oil, Kulevi, Political Ecology
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Zembatova, B. V., and I. A. Yakovlev. "Problems of Cooperation between the Caspian States: Investment and Legal Aspects." Economics and Management 26, no. 10 (2020): 1080–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.35854/1998-1627-2020-10-1080-1091.
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Aim. The presented study aims to substantiate the objective need for legal regulation of interaction between the Caspian states in the development of Caspian resources as a starting point for balanced economic cooperation.Tasks. The authors develop baselines for analyzing the state of economic cooperation between the Caspian Five countries, laws and regulations adopted by the Caspian states to regulate interaction in the Caspian Sea; analyze the impact of the current legal regulator of relations on the possibility, nature, and directions of cooperation between the Caspian states in the investment sphere and key sectors (energy, trade, transport, etc.).Methods. This study uses general scientific methods of cognition in various aspects to substantiate approaches to analyzing the legal framework of Caspian economic cooperation, identify key problems of regulating the rights of the Caspian Five states as owners of the Caspian Sea, and propose major directions for solving these problems.Results. Analysis of laws and regulations governing the interaction between the Caspian Five states in the usage of the Caspian Sea and its resources in the context of the current stage of development of their relations shows the uncertainty of the legal status of the Caspian Sea to be the main reason for economic problems in the cooperation between the Caspian states. The identified problems determine the selection of approaches to the formation of the fundamentals of legal regulation of interaction between the Caspian states and their application to determining the content of such concepts as “the Caspian Sea as an object of law”, “legal status of the Caspian Sea”, and the principles of formation of norms regulating the legal status of the Caspian Sea serving as the main missing elements of the legal framework of cooperation between the Caspian states – the owners of the Caspian Sea and its resources.Conclusions. Establishing the legal status of the Caspian Sea has become one of the main goals and at the same time a major problem of interaction between the Caspian states in the investment sphere, energy, trade, and transport infrastructure since their unification into the five co-owners of the Caspian Sea. This problem has not been resolved to this day.
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Lavrova, Olga Yu, Marina I. Mityagina, and Andrey G. Kostianoy. "Online database “See The Sea” for the Caspian Sea." Ecologica Montenegrina 25 (November 8, 2019): 79–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.37828/em.2019.25.8.
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For many years, the primary environmental problem of the Caspian Sea has been oil pollution, which is associated both with oil production and transportation, as well as changes in sea level, leading to secondary pollution, river runoff and even seismic activity, which provokes natural oil spills from the bottom of the sea. Abnormal bloom of waters every year becomes more and more long and covers more and more areas, and also occurs in areas where it was not previously observed. However, the current state of the sea, and the trends of its evolution has not been studied enough, which determines the relevance of the solution of the main task of the ongoing Russian Science Foundation Project “Assessing ecological variability of the Caspian Sea in the current century using satellite remote sensing data”. Implementation of the proposed project will assess the relative contribution of each of the sources of pollution of the Caspian Sea, which varies in different periods depending on climatic factors, on the intensity of various hydrodynamic and hydrometeorological processes, on seismic activity and human economic activity. The goal of the project is to assess the changes in the ecological state of the Caspian Sea since the beginning of the current century under the impact of natural and anthropogenic factors. This calls for a detailed analysis of large banks of satellite data acquired over the Caspian Sea from 1999 to 2022 jointly with multi-year hydrometeorological and in situ data. The goal is achievable due to powerful capabilities of the “See the Sea” (STS) information portal developed by the Space Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences (IKI RAS) as part of IKI - Monitoring Center for Collective Use. STS offers oceanographers new and unique tools to work with remote sensing data, enabling comprehensive analysis of data different in physical nature, spatial resolution and time of acquisition.
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Salahova, S. Z., Sh A. Topchiyeva, and I. Kh Alakbarov. "Ecological problem of Azerbaijan sector of the Caspian Sea." Nova Journal of Medical and Biological Sciences 04, no. 02 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.20286/nova-jmbs-040239.
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Naseka, A. M., and N. G. Bogutskaya. "Fishes of the Caspian Sea: zoogeography and updated check-list." Zoosystematica Rossica 18, no. 2 (2009): 295–317. http://dx.doi.org/10.31610/zsr/2009.18.2.295.
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Geographic distribution of some 350 taxa from the Caspian and Black Sea basins were analyzed with regard to recent taxonomy, phylogeny, endemicity and ecological classification. A check-list of the Caspian Sea fishes (taxa from families down to subspecies) is provided. Eighty species and subspecies permanently occur or occasionally recorded from the North Caspian while 33–35 species and subspecies being only distributed in the Middle and South Caspian. Forty-four species are common for the two ecoregions. A comparison of the Caspian and the Black Sea fish faunas and their historical evolution is given with special respect to palaeogeography and palaeohydrology of the basin.
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Sokolskiy, A. F., A. Sh Kanbetov, N. N. Popov, B. A. Mutashev, and N. I. Rabazanov. "Contemporary ecological state of waters of the Caspian Sea during development of oil and gas deposits." South of Russia: ecology, development 16, no. 2 (2021): 98–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.18470/1992-1098-2021-2-98-107.
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Aim. This study was an attempt by the authors to identify the impact of oil production in the Caspian Sea on the quality of waters surrounding oil and gas-production platforms.Material and Methods. In 2018, by order of the Committee for Forestry and Wildlife of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Kazekoproekt carried out comprehensive marine research to assess the state of biological resources in the eastern part of the Caspian Sea. All studies were carried out according to standard methods accepted in international practice. Samples were collected in summer (July-August) 2018 and autumn (September) 2018.Results. An analysis of the materials of environmental studies carried out in the water area of the eastern part of the Caspian Sea in 2018 established the absence of biogenic concentrations in sea water in excess of the standard indicators. It was found that in the waters surrounding several stations in summer and autumn, concentrations of oil products were exceeded. The concentrations of pesticides in the waters of the northern Caspian Sea recorded in 2018 were not detected.Conclusion. It was found that in the eastern part of the Caspian Sea in 2018 there was no concentration of biogenic elements in sea water above the standard indicators. Of the heavy metals, an excess of maximum permissible concentrations was found only at one station - of copper in the summer over 159 sq. m and in the autumn over 121 sq. m. Of particular concern is the fact that at several stations in summer and autumn excessive concentrations of petroleum products were recorded. The concentrations of pesticides in the waters of the northern Caspian Sea recorded in 2018 were not detected.
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Mykytchuk, Nataliia. "INTERNATIONAL LEGAL SOLUTION TO THE PROBLEMS OF THE ARAL AND CASPIAN SEAS." Філософія та політологія в контексті сучасної культури 13, no. 2 (2021): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/352128.
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he causes and consequences of the drying up of the Aral Sea have been determined. The international initiatives of the leaders of the Central Asian states are considered, the activity of the International Fund for Saving the Aral Sea is analyzed. It was found that the uncertainty of the legal status of the Caspian Sea, the lack of agreement on the distribution of the bottom of the Caspian Sea and the order of subsoil use have become destabilizing factors in shaping the geopolitical situation in Central Asia. The settlement of the conflicting interests of the Caspian states on a bilateral basis in 1998-2014 is analyzed. It is established that the result of international agreements was the Convention on the Legal Status of the Caspian Sea (2018). This agreement formalized the sovereign and exclusive rights of the parties, the collective use of marine resources and the responsibilities of the parties and paved the way for the construction of submarine pipelines, which will enhance the Caspian Sea as one of the key centers of geopolitical and geoeconomic processes. However, the signing of the Convention on the Status of the Caspian Sea did not solve all the existing problems. Regional platforms set up to address the problems of the Aral Sea have proved ineffective and have not improved the environmental situation in the Aral Sea. The region continues to be a zone of global environmental disaster.
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Batyr, V. A. "The Balanced Current Special Status of the Caspian Sea under International Law." Lex Russica 1, no. 9 (2019): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1729-5920.2019.154.9.051-062.
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The article explores the peculiarities of international legal regulation of the special legal status of the Caspian Sea, legal regimes created by the Convention on the Legal Status of the Caspian Sea the adoption of which in 2018 marked the establishment of a system of treaties with regard to the Caspian Sea. The Convention aims to avoid fragmentation of international legal regulation and represents the result of the codification of the most important issues of regional cooperation among the Caspian States. It is noted that the water area of the Caspian Sea is divided into internal waters, territorial waters, fishing zones, common maritime space. The delimitation of the bottom and subsoil of the Caspian Sea into national bottom sectors is carried out by the agreement between adjacent and opposite States in compliance with the modified median line. 17 principles of activity on the Caspian Sea have been established, legitimate activities and corresponding legal regimes in the Caspian Sea have been defined: exploration and exploitation of its bottom and subsoil resources; fishing, use and protection of aquatic biological resources; shipping; marine scientific research; laying of cables and pipelines; protection of the ecological system.
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Maslov, Yurii. "THE EU STRATEGY FOR THE DANUBE REGION AS AN INCLUSIVE FORM OF CROSS-BORDER ECONOMY." Baltic Journal of Economic Studies 4, no. 5 (2019): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2256-0742/2018-4-5-200-208.
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The article considers the process of creation and features of activities of various types of transborder formations peculiar for the European Union. Today the cooperation within Euroregions becomes more and more widespread practice both in the EU and among the regions of countries-participants of the Union and those ones neighbouring to the EU, including Ukraine. The problem of modernization of the EU regional policy in the context of the intensification of globalization processes is touched upon. The influence of global factors and changes in the EU regional policy on the transformation of Ukrainian regional policy is determined. In the context of the development of the regional policy of Ukraine, problems of economic development and well-being of citizens in Ukrainian regions are identified; development directions for the cooperation of Ukraine and the EU in this area are established. The purpose of the article is to consider issues of cross-border economy, cross-border region, classify them, define features of Euroregion and, based on the analysis conducted, consider imperatives and problems related to the development and introduction of the Danube Strategy and identify the place and opportunities of Ukraine in this association. The macro-regional approach to solving the tasks of the integration policy of the European Union chosen by the European Union Committee allows uniting the territories according to the principle of their mutual supplementation, reducing the barriers of national borders and creating new opportunities for cross-border regions. The Danube Strategy, despite the common principles and methodologies for the formation of Euroregions, has obvious features. Firstly, the region is characterized by deep imbalances both between countries and within countries themselves. Secondly, the Strategy is an example of a multidisciplinary approach to territorial planning in the region and has a pronounced ecological character, and environmental problems are solved in the search for a compromise with the tasks of socio-economic development. Thirdly, being the internal strategy of the European Union, however, has a significant external dimension, the incorporation of which can be quite a challenge. There are four main directions for the regional development in the Danube Strategy (so-called “pillars”: association, ecology, well-being, strengthening). For each direction, priority areas are designated that are supervised by the coordinating countries. Conceptually, the EUSDR is a continuation of the Europe-2020 strategic document of the EU and proclaims the achievement of the region of “smart, sustainable and inclusive development” as its main objectives. At the same time, a kind of paradox is that the Danube strategy aimed at levelling social, economic, institutional gaps in the region generates them by the very principles of its existence. It is hard to imagine that unequal countries, getting too different funding, will be able to equalize their capabilities at the finish. The strategy will help realize the EU’s obvious desire to transform the Danube into an internal transport artery with a highly developed infrastructure and improved cargo traffic, which will allow connecting the North Sea with the Black and Azov seas, placing the transportation of resources of Caspian region and Asia under control of European structures. The creation and activity of cross-border regions make a significant contribution both to the strengthening of political and economic integration within the EU and to the development of cooperation between the member countries of the Union and neighbouring states.
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Аnapolskiy, S. Yu. "ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS OF THE CASPIAN SEA. LEGAL ASPECT." SAFETY OF TECHNOGENIC AND NATURAL SYSTEMS, no. 3 (2019): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/2541-9129-2019-3-23-26.
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Abdurakhmanov, G. M., A. A. Abdulmedzhidov, I. M. Israpilov та S. A. Guseinova. "ECOLOGICAL AND ZOOGEOGRAPHICAL ASSESSMENT OF BIODIVERSITY ОF THE CASPIAN SEA". South of Russia: ecology, development, № 1 (14 листопада 2014): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.18470/1992-1098-2012-1-10-27.
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Халилов, Г., H. Khalilov, Г. Мамедова, and G. Mammadova. "PALAEO-ECOLOGICAL CONDITIONSOF THE LEFT BANK OF THE KURA DURING NEOPLEISTOCENE." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University. Series: Biological, Engineering and Earth Sciences 2017, no. 1 (2017): 60–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2542-2448-2017-1-60-66.
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<p>On the basis of litho-facial, chemical of the marine and continental sedimentanalyses, pollen spores assemblages were investigated on order to identify palaeogeography condition of the region. The research showed that during climatic changes, glaciations of the hill mountain and transgression of the Caspian Sea occurred during Turkan, the latestBaku, the earliest Khazar (second step), the late Khazar (second step), the early Khvalyn periods. The warming and transgression of the Caspian Sea in the area occurred during the earliestBaku, the earliest Khazar (first step), the early Khvalyn periods.</p>
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BYSTROVA, INNA V., and TATYANA S. SMIRNOVA. "THE MAIN STAGES OF GEOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE CASPIAN SHELF." Geology, Geography and Global Energy 4, no. 83 (2021): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.21672/2077-6322-2021-83-4-007-014.
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The article gives a brief overview of the shelf zone of the northern part of the Caspian Sea and presents general physical and geographical information of the study region. The general history of oil production in the Caspian Sea is given, as well as new hydrocarbon deposits on the shelf of the northern Caspian are listed. A modern characteristic of oil and gas fields in the northern Caspian (Russian sector) is given. The issues of the ecological situation that have developed at the present time in the shelf zone are considered. The role of environmental safety at the present stage of solving the problem has been substantiated.
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Khoshnood, Zahra, Reza Khoshnood, and Mehdi Ghobeitihasab. "Effects of the Invasive Ctenophore Species, Mnemiopsis Leidyi, on the Caspian Sea." Transylvanian Review of Systematical and Ecological Research 15, no. 1 (2013): 117–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/trser-2013-0010.
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ABSTRACT Human interventions on the Earth’s natural systems are evident even in remote regions of the Antarctic and rain forests deep within the Amazon. In addition to human-induced climate change and habitat destruction, an emerging anthropogenic threat to biodiversity is the drastic species re-distribution (the movement of species from one place to another due to human intervention) at a global scale. This creates fertile conditions for biological invasions which in turn cause substantial economic and ecological losses. These human-mediated invasions, often referred to as “biological pollution”, are a worldwide problem that is increasing in frequency and magnitude, causing significant damage to the environment, economy and human health. Bioinvasions have strong impact on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning and stability. They are ranked as the second most important threat to biodiversity (after habitat destruction) by the World Conservation Union. The Ctenophore, Mnemiopsis leidyi, is one of the invasive species that naturally lives in the Atlantic coastal waters of North America and South America, but discovered in Azov, Black, Caspian, North, Baltic and Mediterranean (north-eastern part) seas in early 1980s. It seems that the main factor of its redistribution was the ballast waters of ships. As an alien species, Mnemiopsis leidyi caused many alterations in the Caspian Sea ecosystems. The fact that it feeds on the eggs of native fish Clopeonella spp., has resulted in a significant decline of its population; Clopeonella spp. were the main source of industrial fishing in the Caspian Sea and also the main source of food for precious fish species, the sturgeons, and therefore, their decline has caused a huge economical loss for the area's inhabitants and a significant decline of sturgeon populations. This species has caused massive ecosystem changes and substantial economic losses in the late 1980s-1990s, and it has been recognized as a problem of main ecological concern for the sustainable development of the region, together with the high level of anthropogenic pressures on the Caspian Sea ecosystems. Some special characteristics of this species, such as adaptation to a wide range of salinity and temperature, high capability of reproduction, hermaphroditism and dissogeny, have led to huge increases of its mass, especially in southern regions of the Caspian Sea, the coastal waters of Iran. In addition, it has become clear that this species does not have any natural predators in the Caspian Sea, and also that it can feed on any organisms smaller than itself in size. Owing to these facts, it is a huge ecological threat for the Caspian Sea ecosystems. The aim of the present paper is to review the biological and ecological impacts of this invasive species on the Caspian Sea ecosystems.
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Ibrayeva, Aygerim Yergalievna, and Raikhan Mukhamedzhanovna Tashtemkhanova. "CASPIAN SEA IN REGIONAL ENERGY SECURITY." Bulletin of Toraighyrov University. Humanities series, no. 4.2020 (December 29, 2020): 167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.48081/ioka3802.
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The Caspian Sea is the world’s largest inland body of water, with an area of 370 thousand km2 and which washes the territories of five neighboring states – Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia and Turkmenistan. In the Caspian region, the political, military-strategic and economic interests of not only these coastal countries, but also many others, including non-regional ones, are clearly traced. The Caspian region attracts both with its huge reserves of hydrocarbons and its opportunities for their transportation, as it is located at the junction of the regions of the Middle East, Europe, the CIS, South and East Asia. this makes it self-evident that such power centers as the eu, the united states, china, india and others are showing increased interest in the caspian region. their policies in the caucasus, central asia and the middle east have a direct or indirect impact on the caspian region as a whole, as well as on the problems of ensuring its security.
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Vetlugina, Tatiana. "RETROSPECTIVE ANALYSIS OF CATCHES AND STOCK DYNAMICS OF RUDD IN VOLGA-CASPIAN AND NORTHERN CASPIAN SUBAREAS." Fisheries 2020, no. 1 (2020): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.37663/0131-6184-2020-1-52-56.
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Rudd is one of the most abundant species in the large group of minnow in the Volga-Caspian and Northern-Caspian fishery subareas of the Volga–Caspian fishery basin south. The article contains the data on its catches and usable stocks during ХХ – ХХI centuries. A long term analysis of the rudd catches and the runoff volume during the spring high water showed no substantial connection between these processes due to the rudd’s ecological peculiarities. The dynamics of the rudd catches and the level of the Caspian Sea are connected in inverse ratio. Inverse correlations with high determination coefficients between the rudd catches, the usable stocks, and the sea level were obtained.
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G. Kenzhetayev, S. Syrlybekkyzy, Sh. Shapalov, S. Koibakova, and Zh. M. Altybayev. "ECOLOGICAL MONITORING IN COATAL AREA OF CASPIAN SEA USING GEOINFORMATIONAL TECHNOLOGIES." SERIES OF BIOLOGICAL AND MEDICAL 1, no. 331 (2019): 42–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2019.2518-1629.6.
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Beyraghdar Kashkooli, Omid, Joachim Gröger, and Ismael Núñez-Riboni. "Qualitative assessment of climate-driven ecological shifts in the Caspian Sea." PLOS ONE 12, no. 5 (2017): e0176892. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0176892.
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Svozil, Břetislav. "Changes of water level fluctuations of the Caspian Sea to the end of the 20th century." Geografie 112, no. 4 (2007): 406–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.37040/geografie2007112040406.
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This article deals with problems of variability level of the Caspian Sea. It brings a historical overview with an accent put on the 20th century. It points out causes of the decrease and the lift of the Caspian Sea level, mentions causes as well as consequences of these phenomena. It also deals with prognosticating: it examines whether an erroneous prognosis can influence solution of the problem and whether can cause huge damages. And it also mentions nonperiodical sea sway, increasing and decreasing water level fluctuations, which can cause short-time increases or decreases the Caspian Sea level, as well as the main causes of the Caspian Sea variability level, formulation of prognoses and impacts of the level fluctuation.
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Pokusaev, Mikhail Nikolaevich, Nikolay Nikitovich Panasenko, Alexey Vladimirovich Sinelshchikov, and Pavel Victorovich Yakovlev. "Technogenic risks of Caspian offshore area development." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Marine engineering and technologies 2020, no. 4 (2020): 36–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2073-1574-2020-4-36-52.
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The article presents a detailed analysis of the technogenic risks in building and operating oil and gas complexes in the offshore area of the Caspian Sea and actualizes the problem of the Caspian environmental crisis, the possible measures for preventing and minimizing the negative consequences from the extensive offshore oil and gas production for the ecosystem being considered. The geothermal regime of the ground of the Caspian Sea has been analyzed in respect of the deep-earth processes. The bottom of the Caspian Sea is rather varied, hence, the risks for constructing facilities in the area under development are possible. The surface, underwater and island mud volcanoes formed by the large longitudinal and transverse tectonic disturbances pose a threat to oil production and transportation facilities. The tectonic processes of the bottom of the Caspian Sea are studied in detail. It has been stated that the global geodynamic processes are taking place in the earth's crust of the region affecting the natural environment of the Caspian Sea, which will inevitably affect the industrial objects on the shelf. The Caspian Sea ground is divided into two parts in terms of seismic activity: the seismically inactive northern part (the Scythian-Turanian platform and the East European platform) and the southern part (alpine orogenic-folded belt) that is currently seismically active. The diagrams of possible earthquakes and seismic activity in the bottom area of the Caspian Sea are presented. Since the mechanism of the developing seismic activity caused by volcanoes is not fully examined, there has been substantiated the need to prognose precisely the location of hazardous zones and joints in connection with the development of the oil and gas industry. The tectonic and geological frame of the Caspian region has been illustrated; the regional fractures that influence the formation of biosphere zones and the largest tectonic joints that affect natural and man-made processes are noted. Particular attention is paid to the risks of the hydrogen sulfide pollution of the Caspian Sea. Conclusions are drawn about the prospects for the development of the Caspian, which is rich in oil and gas reserves; on the need to ensure safety and reduce losses in the ecological system of the Caspian Sea.
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Andreyeva, Janna, and Lidiya Safronova. "Ecological design of the coast of the Caspian sea at the Baku bay." Scientific Bulletin 4 (2019): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.54414/ravp1004.
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This article considers the ecological approach in design as one of the directions of the world ecological movement, which allows for a positive impact on the dynamics of the development of the infrastructure of the aquatic environment, flora and fauna of the Caspian Sea, and also expands the possibilities for building a perfect ecosystem at the Baku Bay, including social and cultural factors.
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Pushkareva, V. V. "THE CASPIAN REGION IN MODERN POLITICS: PROBLEMS OF REGIONAL COOPERATION." Вестник Удмуртского университета. Социология. Политология. Международные отношения 5, no. 2 (2021): 211–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2587-9030-2021-5-2-211-220.
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The Caspian region appears in international political terms with the USSR collapse. It includes five littoral countries - Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia and Turkmenistan, which are building cooperation with each other and with non-regional actors in the new geopolitical conditions. The formation of relations is influenced both by the common and diverse national interests of the Caspian states, and by the constant direct and indirect impact of external players: the United States, the European Union, China and Turkey. Each of them regards the Caspian region as the most important strategic space for political and economic control over Eurasia in accordance with their own interests. The interest of the world powers in strengthening their influence in the Caspian Sea is connected, firstly, with oil and gas reserves, and secondly, with the fact that the region is the center of Eurasia, where a transport transit corridor connecting Europe with various regions of Asia passes. The domestic and foreign political conditions of the Caspian region are not easy. The main problems of regional cooperation are the disunity of the region, the potential for the implementation of "color revolutions" against the background of socio-economic difficulties. The "domino effect" in development of the situation is quite real. There is no reliable mechanism to protect regional interests. The first steps to form multilateral cooperation have been taken on the basis of The Convention on the legal status of the Caspian Sea.
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Anistratenko, Vitaliy V., Dmitry M. Palatov, Elizaveta M. Chertoprud, et al. "Keyhole into a Lost World: The First Purely Freshwater Species of the Ponto-Caspian Genus Clathrocaspia (Caenogastropoda: Hydrobiidae)." Diversity 14, no. 4 (2022): 232. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d14040232.
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The species of the Ponto-Caspian gastropod genus Clathrocaspia Lindholm, 1930 have been recorded so far from the Caspian Sea Basin only from marine waters, whereas they inhabit the estuarine areas as well as the purely freshwater environments in the Azov–Black Sea Basin. This genus has recently been assessed as putatively extinct in the Caspian Sea. A new purely freshwater species Clathrocaspia laevigata sp. n. from the water-flows of the Samur River delta in Dagestan, Russia, is described. A morphological comparison of the new species with C. brotzkajae (Starobogatov in Anistratenko & Prisjazhnjuk, 1992) from the Caspian Sea and C. knipowitschii (Makarov, 1938) inhabiting the Azov–Black Sea Basin shows their overall similarity. The major difference is that C. laevigata sp. n. almost completely lacks the reticulate teleoconch sculpture, whereas it is well-developed in all known Clathrocaspia species. The molecular data revealed probable sister relationships between the new species and C. knipowitschii. All Dagestan populations are ecologically and spatially isolated from the open sea and and are very locally restricted. We suggest to consider newly described snail species as retained in a pure freshwater refuge located in the coastal area of the Caspian Sea. The discovery of such a refuge sheds more light on the origin, current state and the future of the unique Ponto-Caspian aquatic biota under global change and increasing anthropogenic impact.
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Akhmadiyev, A. K., та D. S. Brylov. "СASPIAN SEA: ASPECTS OF SUBSOIL USE AND GEOPOLITICAL ISSUES". Geopolitics and Ecogeodynamics of regions 6(16), № 4 (2021): 36–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.37279/2309-7663-2020-6-4-36-48.
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Consideration of the issue of the legal status of the Caspian Sea seems very relevant both from the social and political point of view and from the point of view of the organization of subsoil use. Today, the Caspian hydrocarbon reserves are estimated at about 3% of the total world reserves, which makes this region a place of attraction for many subsoil users, as well as a place of clash of private and public, as well as interstate interests. It is the study of interrelations and mutual influences of socio-economic and mineral components in this region that is most important for understanding the system of relations in the region and their forecasts. The aim is to analyze retrospectively the formation of common rules of relations in the Caspian region and determine the role of the mineral factor in them. The basis for writing the article was a review and comparison of publicly available domestic and foreign literary sources concerning both the question of the right status of the Caspian Sea and the features of subsoil use in the Caspian Sea, as well as a critical analysis of regulations. The sources were sampled taking into account the time period from 2000 to 2020. Among the features of subsoil use in the Caspian Sea were identified and described physical-geographical, primarily climatic, geological, engineering-geological and ecological features. When considering the chronology of the solution of the «Caspian issue», close attention was paid to the characteristics of the Caspian summits and the main events associated with the intensification of subsoil use in the Caspian Sea. In particular, the events related to the laying of oil pipelines by Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan, the participation of large energy companies in the development of fields, the contradictions that have arisen between countries on the basis of subsoil use were considered. In addition, the key provisions of the Convention on the Legal Status of the Caspian Sea adopted in 2018 were considered. The main thing that the retrospective analysis has shown is that the role of the mineral factor in the formation of relations in the Caspian region is enormous. It can be considered one of the main reasons for long, hesitant steps (which took more than 20 years) on the way to solving the issue of the legal status of the Caspian Sea. At the same time, it should be recognized that even the adopted Convention on the legal status of the Caspian Sea has not been able to fully resolve the problem of subsoil use in this region, which gives an impulse to search for new ideas in solving this problem
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Yampolska, Larysa, and Yullia Matei. "The problem of the status of the Caspian sea in the geopolitical strategies of the interested states at the turn of the XX-XXI centuries." Scientific Papers of the Kamianets-Podilskyi National Ivan Ohiienko University. History 33 (October 7, 2021): 128–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.32626/2309-2254.2021-33.128-143.
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The work aims to analyze the international legal status of the Caspian Sea in the context of geopolitical strategies of regional (Russia, Iran, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan) and non-regional (USA, Turkey) states. The research methodology is based on the principles of historicism, objectivity, systematization and use of general scientific research methods (analysis, synthesis, systematization, generalization) and special-historical methods (comparative-historical, problem-chronological, and historical-genetic). The scientific novelty is that for the first time in Ukrainian historiography, the changes of the Caspian vector of geopolitical strategies of Iran, the USA and Russia in the context of determining the legal status of the Caspian Sea in the 90s of the XX – beginning of the XXI century are systematically studied. Conclusions. The Caspian region has multifaceted problems: ecology, militarization, use of mineral resources and bioresources. The countries (USA, Russia, Turkey, and Pre-Caspian states) have their own positions on each of these aspects. Determination of the legal status of the Caspian Sea should become the starting point for solving most of the region’s problems. The adoption of the relevant convention, as well as various sectoral agreements, would lead to a comprehensive regulation of the legal status of the Caspian Sea, the definition of all rights and obligations of the Pre-Caspian states. At the given stage, the sovereign rights of the countries of the Caspian coast remain uncertain, which is not only an obstacle to using the Caspian’s natural resources but can also lead to acute economic, political and military conflicts in the region.
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Kenzhegaliev, Akimgali, Assylbek Kanbetov, Dauren Kulbatyrov, Aiauzhan Shakhmanova, and Ainagul Abilgaziyeva. "Fluctuation in the Level of the Caspian Sea and its Consequences." E3S Web of Conferences 288 (2021): 01064. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128801064.
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While in the early neogene, tectonic and to a lesser extent climatic factors impacted on the sea level, at the present stage climatic, man-made and anthropogenic factors are at the forefront. As a result of an increase in the level of the Caspian Sea by more than 2.4 m, 35-40 thousand square meters km of territory was flooded, during the flooding and flooding of the coastal territory for the period 1978-1995 led to a change in natural, socio-economic and medico-ecological conditions. The consequences of rising sea levels led to the resettlement of about 100 thousand people living in the coastal flooded zone of the Northern Caspian Sea and many industrial facilities.
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Yekimov, Sergey, Oleg Bavykin, Elena Kuznetsova, Roman Kucherenko, and Dmitriy Kucherenko. "Regulation of environmental protection measures in the Caspian Sea region." E3S Web of Conferences 262 (2021): 03002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126203002.
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Information obtained as a result of monitoring of water bodies is taken as a basis for legal regulation of economic activities related to environmental pollution. In the context of a globalized economy, the strengthening of environmental protection measures in one of the neighboring countries often leads to the fact that the next plant will be built across the border, and its impact on the environment on a global scale will be the same. In this study, the authors studied the problem of finding new ways to solve the environmental problems of the Caspian Sea. The Caspian Sea belongs to Kazakhstan, the Russian Federation, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan and Iran. to solve the environmental problems of the Caspian Sea, it is necessary to unify the environmental legislation of these countries, similar to the unification of the environmental legislation of the European Union countries.
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Pjatakova, Galina M., and Anatolyi G. Tarasov. "Caspian Sea amphipods: biodiversity, systematic position and ecological peculiarities of some species." International Journal of Salt Lake Research 5, no. 1 (1996): 63–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01996036.
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Nuriyeva, М. A., and O. M. Vinogradova. "Caspian cyanobacteria of Azerbaijan: a complete checklist with ecological and geographical characteristics." Algologia 30, no. 4 (2020): 325–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/alg30.04.325.
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The article presents the results of a taxonomic revision of the species diversity of cyanobacteria in the Azerbaijani sector of the Caspian Sea according to literature and original data. For the period from 1870 to 2019, 98 species from 44 genera of Cyanophyceae were found off the Caspian coast of Azerbaijan. Phormidium Kützing ex Gomont, Chroococcus Nägeli, Lyngbya C. Agardh ex Gomont, Oscillatoria Vaucher ex Gomont, Merismopedia F.J.F.Meyen and Spirulina Turpin ex Gomont lead in species number. 64 species from 32 genera were found in both plankton and benthos. 33 species from 20 genera of cyanobacteria were common for these communities. Off the coast of Azerbaijan, 64.7% of the genera and 48.0% of the species of сyanobacteria known for the Caspian Sea as a whole have been identified, which indicates that the marine cyanoflora of Azerbaijan has been studied quite fully. The analysis of ecological and biogeographic features of the identified species is given. Among the cyanobacteria of the Azerbaijani coast, the inhabitants of fresh waters are the most numerous (39.2%), followed by freshwater/brackish and brackish species (35.1% together), marine species are the third (16.5%). The predominance of freshwater and brackish forms reflects the specificity of the Caspian Sea as a closed water body with a lower salinity in comparison with oceanic waters. By ecotopic confinement, most of the species found are known as benthic (62.9%), the proportion of truly planktonic species is 29.9%. At the same time, film-forming species are widely represented not only in benthic communities (82.8%), but also in the water column, where they account for about half of the identified species (48.5%). This is related to the hydrological features of coastal ecotopes, where the surf-wave impact on the marine littoral contributes to the penetration of bottom filaments into the water column. The geographical spectrum is characterized by the predominance of species with a cosmopolitan (45.4%) and sub-cosmopolitan (30.9%) distribution, which reflects the tense ecological situation in the region.
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SERGEY B., PERESLEGIN. "CASPIAN SEA MESOREGION: CULTURAL CODES AND TRANSPORT RINGS." Caspium Securitatis: Journal of Caspian Safety & Security 1, no. 2 (2021): 43–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.21672/2713-024x-2021-2-1-043-066.
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The fundamental instability of the global world, associated with the technological limitation as a marker of globalization, precedes the crisis. Mankind is currently facing a succession of crises, in which the Covid-19 pandemic being only an outward representation, a media "face". The crisis of globalization can follow two paths: First, a transformation through chaos, a "savannah world", "grey zones" where no laws except the law of force apply. Second, transformation through the creation of macro-regions. Both options imply a high risk of military conflicts throughout the space of globalization and, above all, in Southeast Asia, which will lead to an arc of instability affecting Russian interests. The key area determining the behavior of the arc of instability is the Caspian Sea region. At present, of the four possible versions of the post-global world (as of 2015: infrastructure colonialism, cosmocolonialism, ecological capitalism, macro-regionalization) two remain. Ecological capitalism has been transformed into inclusive capitalism, and macro-regionalisation turned out to be the only alternative to the initiative of K. Schwab. Currently, the macro-region is understood in three senses - geopolitical, geographical and administrative. Geographically linked 'blocks', which are the basis of geoplanetary macro-regions, can be called meso-regions. The article considers six versions of the Caspian Sea mesoregionalization: "Transcaucasia", "Anatolia", SENTO, "Pre-Caspian", "Iranian-speaking Oikumene" and "Pyatimorye". It is stated that only the strategically grounded inertial "Anatolian mesoregion" scenario and the geographically grounded realistic "Pre-Caspian" scenario have a notable probability of implementation. Of these, only the second meets Russia's interests. The military, political and economic alliance between Russia and Iran could become the core of such a region. The Caspian Sea mesoregion is economically and logistically based on the meridional North- South transport corridor. It is shown that this corridor should be connected not only to the latitudinal routes, but also to the ring infrastructure, uniting the Transcaucasus in a single whole. hus, the transition from the necessary conditions for the formation of a mesoregion (geographical connectivity, broadly understood security, common interests) to sufficient conditions is carried out. These sufficient conditions include the transition from geographical connectivity to infrastructural and economic connectivity, the creation of a "ring economy" and a "ring identity". However, in addition to transport and economic connectivity and overall military and political security, the core of a mesoregion should also have a high level of social and socio-ethnic cohesion and a common goal setting, which would allow it to be stable against external cultural and semantic manipulation. In other words, one of the sufficient conditions for the existence of a mesoregion is the unity or, at least, the compatibility of the cultural codes of the ethnic groups comprising the region. The article gives a definition of the cultural code and a sketchy way of its calculation, briefly describes the cultural codes of the Caspian countries and draws a conclusion about their compatibility and the possibility of constructing a common cultural code of the region around the interaction of Russian and Persian/Iranian cultures. Such a cultural code can be transmitted through a geoplanetary educational canon.
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Mehdiyoun, Kamyar. "Ownership of Oil and Gas Resources in the Caspian Sea." American Journal of International Law 94, no. 1 (2000): 179–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2555242.
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In the aftermath of the breakup of the Soviet Union and the birth of new sovereign nations bordering the Caspian Sea, the legal status of the sea has emerged as one of the most contentious international problems facing the region. The discovery of large offshore oil and gas deposits in the area has added urgency to the need to resolve the twin issues of the legal status of the sea and the corresponding mining rights.The Caspian, the largest inland body of water in the world, is approximately the size of Japan. The south Caspian is the deepest part and contains the most productive oil and gas fields. The oil-producing area of the south Caspian that holds the most promise extends along a narrow structural zone across the sea from the Apsheron Peninsula in Azerbaijan to the Peri-Balkhan region of western Turkmenistan.
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Jakšić, Goran, Margita Jadan, and Marina Piria. "The Review of Ecological and Genetic Research of Ponto-Caspian Gobies (Pisces, Gobiidae) in Europe." Croatian Journal of Fisheries 74, no. 3 (2016): 110–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cjf-2016-0015.
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Abstract Invasive Ponto-Caspian gobies (monkey goby Neogobius fluviatilis, round goby Neogobius melanostomus and bighead goby Ponticola kessleri) have recently caused dramatic changes in fish assemblage structure throughout European river systems. This review provides summary of recent research on their dietary habits, age and growth, phylogenetic lineages and gene diversity. The principal food of all three species is invertebrates, and more rarely fish, which depends on the type of habitat, part of the year, as well as the morphological characteristics of species. According to the von Bertalanffy growth model, size at age is specific for the region, but due to its disadvantages it is necessary to test other growth models. Phylogenetic analysis of monkey goby and round goby indicates separation between the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea haplotypes. The greatest genetic diversity is found among populations of the Black Sea, and the lowest among European invaders. The lack of molecular research on bighead goby requires further studies.
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Shamsutdinov, Nariman, Musa Shagaipov, and Vadim Sanzheev. "Ecological restoration of degraded pasture lands in the Circum-Caspian Sea semi-desert." E3S Web of Conferences 222 (2020): 02023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202022202023.
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For the ecological restoration of desert lands, the dominant species of fodder plants of the natural flora of the violent and patient ecology were used: Krascheninnikovia ceratoides (L.) Gueldenst., Bassia prostrata (L.) A.J. Scott, Camphorosma lessingii Litv., Artemisia lerhiana L., A. pauciflora Web., Poa bulbosa L. in various quantitative ratios in mixtures. Polydominant pasture ecosystems occupy different tiers of height in the aboveground sphere: semi-shrubs – up to 120-140 cm, dwarf semi-shrubs – up to 45-75 cm, ephemeroid grasses – up to 15-25 cm. This ensures efficient placement of the leaf apparatus for efficient photosynthesis. In the underground sphere, various life forms of fodder plants form root systems and develop various ecological niches for more efficient use of water and mineral resources of a large volume of soil. Polydominant pasture ecosystems, which include various plant life forms, provide higher feed production, which exceeds the production of natural pastures by 3-5 times.
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Krupa, Elena. "Assessment of Changes in the Structure of Zooplankton Communities to Infer Water Quality of the Caspian Sea." Diversity 11, no. 8 (2019): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/d11080122.
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The work aimed to study the structural variables of zooplankton to assess the water quality of the Caspian Sea. Studies of zooplankton were conducted in the spring and summer of 2008 and 2010. Abundance, biomass, an average individual mass of a specimen, Shannon Bi, Shannon Ab, Δ-Shannon indices, and Clarke’s W-statistic were calculated for zooplankton. Quantitative variables of zooplankton were the highest in the Northeastern and Northern Caspian, decreasing towards the Middle Caspian. In the Northeastern and Northern Caspian from spring to summer, the number of zooplankton, and the values of Shannon Bi and Shannon Ab indices decreased; the values of Δ-Shannon and Clarke’s W-statistic increased. In the Middle Caspian, the biomass of the community increased; the values of Δ-Shannon and Clarke’s W-statistic decreased. From spring to summer, the value of an average individual mass of a specimen decreased over the entire surveyed area. The jellyfish Blackfordia virginica and Moerisia pallasi significantly influenced the size structure of the holoplankton. Seasonal dynamics of structural variables of zooplankton as well as changes in water transparency showed that water quality improved from spring to summer in the shallow northern and northeastern areas of the sea, and decreased in the deep-water Middle Caspian.
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Nazarkassym, Zh A. "Status of the Caspian Sea Issue within the Framework of International Law: 1991–2014 years." Iasaýı ýnıversıtetіnіń habarshysy 123, no. 1 (2022): 292–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.47526/2022-1/2664-0686.25.
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In the period from 1729 to 1991, two main actors, that is, the USSR and Iran, dominated the Caspian region. However, with the collapse of the USSR and the formation of three new Turkic-speaking states, the number of coastal countries increased to five. This led to the beginning of the struggle for dominance and division of the hydrocarbon resources of the Caspian. This struggle, in which many non-regional actors participated at various levels, especially the United States, EU countries, and China, further increased the geopolitical significance of the Caspian. With the collapse of the bipolar world order, the Caspian region came to the fore as the world's third largest hydrocarbon reserves in terms of energy resources, the Caspian basin turned from a bilateral into a basin of multi-vector relations. The new independent actors on the Caspian coast, Azerbaijan, Turkmenistan and Kazakhstan, are land states that do not have direct access to the international ocean due to their current geopolitical position. Due to their geopolitical nature, the problems of international transportation and corridors have brought oil and gas pipelines to the forefront of the agenda of these countries. Therefore, the countries bordering the Caspian continue to perceive the status of the Caspian as a national security issue. The article analyzes and historically explores the geopolitical significance of the Caspian region within the framework of classical geopolitical theories and, in particular, covers the period after the Cold War until 2014. In this regard, both geopolitical theories and theoretical assumptions are analyzed within the framework of classical theories.
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Volozh, Yu A., G. N. Gogonenkov, I. S. Guliev, et al. "Geological Aspects of Energy and Environmental-Safety Problems in the Caspian Region." Russian Geology and Geophysics 63, no. 3 (2022): 255–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.2113/rgg20214358.
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Abstract — The paper considers the geologic structure of the region and the current problems and prospects for the development of its energy potential and environmental safety. We provide grounds for the necessity of integrated projects aimed at studying the deep structure of the Caspian region as a single object by its five coastal states: Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Russia, and Turkmenistan. The proposed Geokhazar project is aimed at obtaining the lacking parametric geological and geophysical information about the deep subsurface structure of the water area of a sedimentary basin in the unique intracontinental catchment of the Earth. The project provides for the development of a universal prospecting concept taking into account the emplacement and conservation of hydrocarbon fields under severe thermobaric conditions at great depths and the absence of regionally consistent drainage systems; the determination of the factors influencing the nature of long- and medium-frequency eustatic fluctuations in the Caspian Sea level; and the assessment of the energy (geothermal and hydrocarbon) resources of the deep subsurface in the Caspian, cis-Caucasian–Mangyshlak, and South Caspian oil and gas provinces.
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Shekarbaghani, Ashrafoalsadat. "Ecological and environmental effects of wave energy developing (South coast of Caspian Sea, Iran)." Ukrainian Journal of Ecology 8, no. 1 (2018): 712–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/2018_271.
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Abdurakhmanov, Gayirbeg M., Arkady F. Sokolsky, Gulnur A. Kuanysheva, Evgenia A. Sokolskaya, and Yuriy M. Brumshteyn. "SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF PERSPECTIVE TRENDS IN ECOLOGICAL AND BIOLOGICAL STUDIES OF THE CASPIAN SEA." South of Russia: ecology, development 11, no. 1 (2016): 8–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.18470/1992-1098-2016-1-8-20.
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FAZLI, Hasan, Chang-Ik ZHANG, Douglas Edward HAY, Chun-Woo LEE, Ali-asghar JANBAZ, and Mohammad Sayad BORANI. "Population ecological parameters and biomass of anchovy kilka Clupeonella engrauliformis in the Caspian Sea." Fisheries Science 73, no. 2 (2007): 285–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1444-2906.2007.01334.x.
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Ustarbekova, D. A. "Morpho-ecological features of anchovy kilka under the changing conditions of the Caspian Sea." Arid Ecosystems 4, no. 1 (2014): 44–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s2079096114010077.
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MARKELOV, K. A. "CASPIAN GEOPOLITICAL SPACE IN THE REGIONAL SECURITY SYSTEM." Caspium Securitatis: Journal of Caspian Safety & Security 1, no. 1 (2021): 11–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.21672/2713-024x-2021-1-1-011-034.
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The article deals with the features of the current state and development of the Caspian geopolitical space, which is known as "Greater Caspian Region". The uniqueness of the natural complex is distinguished by the unity of the Caspian ecosystem, biological diversity, and inexhaustible recreational opportunities. The natural resource and capacities in transportation and communication links of the region represent the Great Caspian Sea as one of "the world's largest oil and gas hydrocarbon deposits" (Hoagland, 2019, p. 10-11). As a special geopolitical and economic space, the Caspian Sea is also united by a long shared history, culture and identity of the peoples who lived within the territory. (Romanova, 2012). "Greater Caspian Region" or "the Central Region of Eurasia", through which new models of international relations is constructed between the world leaders in this area, takes a new look at the Eurasian space and allows to describe the region through modern science paradigm considering the latest geopolitical developments and interdisciplinary research. Under the emergence of new world economic order, the Caspian Sea can be represented as an "island of interfacing worlds" - "East and West", as a geopolitical space that attracts the world's leading players and where a new multipolar world order that is based on the "rift" of the technological and world economic structures develops (Markelov, Golovina, 2020, p.16). This paper studies a set of basic aspects of a new approach to assessing the Caspian region, establishing its current geopolitical and geo-economic positions, as well as promising areas for strategic research and development. The object of this study is the geopolitical concept of the " Greater Caspian Region", the subject is the problems of: The Greater Caspian Sea; Eurasia; space; security; development strategy; geopolitics; the new world economic order. The objective of this research is to create an integrated analytical security system in the Caspian region that takes into account political and geographical factors, in their relation to economy, environment and information flows.
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Mansurov, Z., B. Lesbayev, G. Smagulova, Zh Kulekeev, and G. Nurtaeva. "Combustion of Hydrogen Sulfide-Containing Oil on the Surface of the Water and Possible Applications of Combustion Method at Sea." Eurasian Chemico-Technological Journal 19, no. 2 (2017): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.18321/ectj644.
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Oil production in sea conditions is associated with certain difficulties of the field development process due to technological peculiarities of oil production at sea. The Caspian Sea is an enclosed pond with a very sensitive ecosystem, therefore, maritime operations here meet higher requirements than in open ponds. The uniqueness of the Caspian Sea is in the fact that its biological wealth has no analogues in the world, therefore, mining without complying with strict ecological requirements can cause irreparable harm to the environment. This work deals with the analysis of the possibility to use controlled combustion in situ in case of accidents on the Kashagan oil field which is located in the Caspian Sea. The Kashagan oil field is distinguished by a high content of hydrogen sulphide. In order to study the operational possibilities of oil combustion in situ, the process of evaporation and combustion of desulfurized oil from the Kashagan field depending on salinity of water was studied in this work. The process of evaporation of hydrogen sulphide from hydrogen sulphide-containing oil and the peculiarities of its combustion on water surface were studied in this work. It has been stated that the main difference in oil combustion with a high content of hydrogen sulphide is that the oil combustion process leads to the increase of sulfur concentration in oil residue after combustion.
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Ershova, Tatiana, Vladimir Chaplygin, Vyacheslav Zaitsev, Alisher Khursanov, and Natalia Shaboyants. "The content of mercury and lead in the feed base of valuable fish species of the Caspian Sea." Fisheries 2021, no. 4 (2021): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.37663/0131-6184-2021-4-10-14.
Full textAbstract:
Mercury and lead are not essential elements and have a high degree of toxicity to all groups of living organisms, including hydrobionts. In turn, the accumulation of dangerous chemical elements in the primary trophic units of marine ecosystems is also reflected in the high level of accumulation and toxication of fish-valuable objects of fishing. As part of the study of the ecological state of the biota of the Volga-Caspian basin, there is a need to study the concentrations of heavy metals such as mercury and lead. The aim of the work is to study the content of mercury and lead in some invertebrate species of the Caspian Sea. The main source of mercury and lead in the body of the studied species is the water of the north-western part of the Caspian Sea. Among the studied taxonomic groups of organisms, mercury accumulators were all species of mollusks, as well as Balanus improvises and Rhithropanopeus harrisii. The lead concentrating organisms were Cerastoderma lamarcki and Mytilaster lineatus, Rhithropanopeus harrisii, and Balanus improvises.