Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Ecological thought'

'Aspects of Modern Scottish Literature and Ecological Thought' argues that the science and philosophy of 'ecology' has had a profound impact on Scottish literature since the mid-nineteenth century to the present day, and relates the work of successive generations of Scottish writers to concurrent developments in ecological thought and the environmental sciences. Chapter One suggests that, while Romantic ways of thinking about the natural world remained influential in nineteenth-century culture, new environmental theories provided fresh ways of perceiving the world, evident from the writings of Scottish mountaineers. Chapter Two explores the confrontation of modernity and wilderness in the fiction and travel writings of Robert Louis Stevenson, and some contemporaries such as John Muir. Chapter Three suggests that ecologically-sensitive local and global concerns, rather than 'national' ones per se, are central to the work of Hugh MacDiarmid, Lewis Grassic Gibbon and others, while Chapter Four demonstrates that post-war 'rural' writers including Nan Shepherd, Neil Gunn, Edwin Muir and George Mackay Brown, often viewed as peripheral, are actually central and of international relevance, and challenges the assumption that there is a fundamental divide between Scottish rural and urban writing. Finally, Chapter Five argues that contemporary writers John Burnside, Kathleen Jamie and Alan Warner are not only reviewing human relationships with nature, but also the role writing has to play in exploring and strengthening that relationship, helping to determine the ecological 'value' of poetry and fiction. By looking at Scottish literature through the lens of ecological thought, and engaging with international discourses of 'Ecocriticism', this thesis provides a fresh perspective in contrast to the dominant critical views of modern Scottish literature, and demonstrates that Scottish writing constitutes a heritage of ecological thought which, in this age of environmental awareness, should be recognised as not only relevant, but vital.

xi, 233 p. : ill. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.
This dissertation argues that a fundamental paradox underlies U.S. environmentalism: even as it functions as a critique of dominant social and economic practices, environmentalism simultaneously reinforces many social hierarchies, especially with regard to race, immigration, and disability, despite its claims to recognize the interdependence of human and ecological well-being. This project addresses the related questions: In what ways does environmentalism--as a code of behavioral imperatives and as a set of rhetorical strategies--ironically play a role in the exploitation of land and communities? Along what lines--class, race, ability, gender, nationality, age, and even "sense of place"--do these environmental codes and discourses delineate good and bad environmental behavior? I contend that environmentalism emerged in part to help legitimize U.S. imperial ambitions and support racialized and patriarchal conceptions of national identity. Concern about "the environment" made anxieties about communities of color more palatable than overt racism. Furthermore, "environmentalism's hidden attachments" to whiteness and Manifest Destiny historically aligned the movement with other repressive ideologies, such as eugenics and strict anti-immigration. These "hidden attachments" exist today, yet few have analyzed their contemporary implications, a gap this project fills. In three chapters, I detail nineteenth-century environmentalism's influence on contemporary environmental thought. Each of these three illustrative chapters investigates a distinct category of environmentalism's "ecological others": Native Americans, people with disabilities, and undocumented immigrants. I argue that environmentalism defines these groups as "ecological others" because they are viewed as threats to nature and to the American national body politic. The first illustrative chapter analyzes Native American land claims in Leslie Marmon Silko's 1991 novel, Almanac of the Dead . The second illustrative chapter examines the importance of the fit body in environmental literature and U.S. adventure culture. In the third illustrative chapter, I integrate literary analysis with geographical theories and methods to investigate national security, wilderness protection, and undocumented immigration in the borderland. In a concluding fourth chapter, I analyze works of members of the excluded groups discussed in the first three chapters to show how they transform mainstream environmentalism to bridge social justice and ecological concerns. This dissertation contains previously published material.
Committee in charge: Shari Huhndorf, Chairperson, English; Louise Westling, Member, English; David Vazquez, Member, English; Juanita Sundberg, Member, Not from U of 0 Susan Hardwick, Outside Member, Geography

In the face of climate change, what can art do? The question is both practical and ethical: a question of art's efficacy, its ways of working, and its uses to audiences. These intertwined questions are articulated in writing and film-making, both of which draw on an empirical method, alongside research into ethics, ecology, film history, the politics of climate change, and critiques of capitalism. I seek to represent the consequences of climate change as they are experienced by the inhabitants of the north of Scotland and Arctic Russia. Through writing and film I document and interpret changing relationships with the sea and the land, thus bringing to light the interplay of climate change with history and memory, and with the social, economic, environmental and political forces that are shaping places and lives. One of the research methods of this PhD is a form of fieldwork, consisting of recorded interviews and informal encounters, filming and note taking, which form the source material for a multi-vocal approach to writing and filmmaking. The written thesis consists of narrations of journeys, both actual and theoretical. I tell stories of journeys to the White Sea in northeastern Russia, and to the north Highlands and islands of Scotland, where the political, economic and environmental upheavals are emblematic of a geopolitical shift north. I examine how ideas of North and of the sea, of nature and landscape, contained in films, oral histories, myths and writings, contribute to contemporary perceptions of place. These ideas are analyzed further through Alexander Dovzhenko’s film Aerograd, and Michael Powell’s The Edge of the World. I shot the two films, Call of North and From Time to Time at Sea, alongside supplementary film works, in Northern Russia and the far north of Scotland, in Caithness, Orkney and during a sailing expedition to the Northern Isles with Cape Farewell. Concomitantly with the first person written narrative, they investigate the camera as a participant-observer, and the implied presence of a future audience. The familiar trope of anthropology whereby the observer influences what is observed is explored here within the context of film. Both the written and film works document disappearance: of individuals and their memories, of species, of ecosystems, of ways of life, of imagined worlds, and of entire societies as well as the vertiginous fear of the future annihilation of human civilization. At the same time a plurality of perspectives and voices are combined to produce polyphonic compositions that resist being reduced to pessimism. The documentation of disappearance is examined and articulated as a distinct response to an ethical and ecological imperative. Meanwhile, the works propose to speak to a future audience –– to speak not to the world as it is but as it could become.

The proposal has been put forward that ecological economics seek to become substantive economics (Gerber and Scheidel 2018). This raises important issues about the content and direction of ecological economics. The division of economics into either substantive or formal derives from the work of Karl Polanyi. In developing his ideas Polanyi employed a definition from Menger and combined this with Tönnies theory of historical evolution. In this paper I explore why the resulting substantive vs. formal dichotomy is problematic. In particular the article exposes the way in which trying to impose this dichotomy on history of economic thought and epistemology leads to further false dichotomies. Besides Polanyi, the positions of other important thinkers informing social ecological economics (SEE) are discussed including Neurath, Kapp and Georgescu-Roegen. The aim is to clarify the future direction of ecological economics and the role, in that future, of ideas raised under the topic of substantive economics.
Series: SRE - Discussion Papers

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Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Escola Nacional de Saúde Pública Sergio Arouca. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.
Neste trabalho, nos dedicamos a investigar a relação entre a instituição militar brasileira e a questão ambiental no Brasil, mediante pesquisa exploratória e avaliativa, onde optamos por metodologias qualitativas variadas para a verificação e ampliação do entendimento do pensamento militar. Usamos a triangulação metodológica compondo a partir das técnicas do estudo de caso, entrevista exploratória e análise de conteúdo dos documentos coletados. Analisamos os currículos da Academia Militar das Agulhas Negras, do Centro de Instrução de Guerra na Selva à busca de evidências ambientais. Escolhemos o Clube Militar e a Escola Superior de Guerra para apreender o pensamento militar sobre as questões ambientais, com ênfase do olhar para a Amazônia. No Clube Militar, foram analisados 62 artigos existentes na Revista do Clube Militar no período de 1980-2000 em que vários articulistas generais, coronéis, sócios e convidados escreveram sobre o tema Amazônia, com a finalidade de: (1) ampliar a compreensão sobre o pensamento militar como um todo; (2) identificar a que tendência ambiental se associaria cada artigo (antropocêntrica ou ecocêntrica) e (3) ver como se comportaria a tese majoritária, observada preliminarmente dentre o segmento militar, de que há ameaças deliberadas de internacionalização da Amazônia. Posteriormente, procurando fazer uma análise temática, selecionamos mais de 40 monografias e publicações da Escola Superior de Guerra. Mantivemos o corte temporal de 1980-2000, que coincide com os primórdios das discussões ambientais no Brasil e procuramos dialogar com a literatura o emitido pela fonte. Em geral, grande parte da coletividade militar expressa a idéia de um meio ambiente exclusivamente brasileiro, revelando incompleta formação de seus quadros quanto à problemática ambiental e uma postura de afirmação da soberania nacional nos moldes da doutrina de segurança nacional aplicada aos tratos ambientais, que é materializada pela crença hegemônica na ameaça da internacionalização da Amazônia. Em face dos valores e de sua cultura organizacional, as manifestações do segmento militar em prol de ações ecológicas estão orientadas por uma racionalidade distinta daquela na qual se apóia o pensamento ambiental. A cultura organizacional militar tende a influir negativamente no desempenho militar em relação ao meio ambiente. As conseqüências disso são o cumprimento de missões que tendem a iv menosprezar os delicados meandros da prática de conservação e de preservação ambientais. A mínima inclusão de assuntos ambientais em currículos de escolas militares e a falta de prática em assuntos ambientais trazem dificuldades para que militares conheçam, interpretem e decidam acertadamente sobre aspectos ambientais dos seus papéis e lides profissionais. Ainda assim, organizações militares podem apresentar contribuições aos interesses ambientais, mesmo que por motivações e pressupostos distintos, em razão de que as táticas militares empregadas na área de floresta úmida incentivam um cuidado com a liberação de resíduos e um bom relacionamento com a população regional. Alguns casos de adestramento de militares, como o do Centro de Instrução de Guerra na Selva, oferecem contribuições originais à educação ambiental. Isso se faz importante para a interlocução com outras entidades científicas e organizações sociais que já desenvolvem trabalhos na temática ambiental e que provavelmente interagirão em qualquer projeto de monitoramento e de manejo em que militares venham a participar. O pensamento militar brasileiro tende a articular-se dentro do conceito de “segurança ambiental” e de afastar-se do da “segurança ecológica”. Isso poderá afetar as complexas relações ecossistêmicas e sociais e comprometer com ações antrópicas e profissionais a biodiversidade no Brasil. Além de provocarem significativos impactos ambientais nos tempos de guerra, as atividades militares nos períodos sem guerra também são ambientalmente degradantes. Se os militares não estão lutando nas guerras, estão qualificando-se e adestrando-se para a próxima guerra. Teremos, ao aceitar a força armada, um estado de continuidade dos conflitos de baixa intensidade com impactos ambientais cumulativos, que incluem o uso e a degradação da terra, a poluição e o uso do espaço aéreo e marítimo, o uso da energia e recursos materiais e a geração de resíduos tóxicos. Como vimos, os militares, em suas atividades específicas, algumas vezes podem trazer vantagens para a conservação e restauração ambientais. Algumas porções de terra sob jurisdição militar são mais bem cuidadas pela contenção do cinturão de isolamento como área militar do que pela devolução ao poder público quando não sensibilizado com as questões ambientais em seus procedimentos diários. v No caso do Brasil, a ocupação do território possui marcas da presença do exército por toda a parte e em algumas localidades é o “quartel” o maior provedor de oportunidades diretas e indiretas, até hoje. Como não estamos em guerra, os efeitos nocivos observados pela longa permanência de unidades americanas no exterior, usando terras de outros países não se aplicaria ao Brasil e da mesma forma o impacto social recorrente a isso. Recomendando que as instituições militares tenham cuidado com seus próprios impactos ambientais, existem outros nichos de atuação para os militares. Os militares podem ajudar no reforço de atividades ambientais padronizadas, podem colaborar com suas agências de inteligência no monitoramento e na coleta de informações sobre degradação ambiental e podem ajudar em papéis não violentos de conservação e restauração. Sabemos que o problema de utilizar os militares nessa atividade é que isso possibilita que eles venham a “colonizar” sob o propósito de cooperação. Por outro lado, é potencialmente benigna a idéia de envolver militares e as suas agências de inteligência para monitorar e processar problemas ambientais. Uma melhor formulação (e isso já de forma inicial acontece no Brasil através do SIVAM/SIPAM) é a de uma condição de responsabilidade coletiva e partilhada pela capacidade técnica e instalada da instituição militar em atuar com múltiplos propósitos na coordenação e na vigilância, monitorando sistemas complexos de natureza ambiental. Como trabalhos desta forma poderiam integrar civis e militares (com comunicação, transporte, infra-estrutura viária e aérea) na comunidade local, pensa-se que os sinais de danos ambientais seriam mais eficazmente identificados e abordados. Propõe-se o envolvimento militar nas questões ambientais como estratégia, encorajando e sensibilizando os militares a participarem desta nova proposta, assim conduzida de forma moral e praticamente aceitável, o que significaria não somente dar um passo na direção da proteção e restauração ambiental, mas também de outro para a segurança ecológica e para a modificação estrutural dessas instituições totais modeladas na visão hegemônica da segurança nacional.
In this work, we dedicate to investigate which is the relation between the Brazilian military institution and the environmental question in Brazil, by means of exploratory and evaluative research, where qualitative methodologies varied for the verification and magnifying of the agreement of the military thought. We use the methodologic triangulation composing from the techniques of the case study, the exploratory interview and analysis of content of collected documents. We analyze the resumes of the Military Academy of the Black Needles (AMAN), the Center of Instruction of War in the forest (CIGS) to search for environmental evidences. We choose the Military Club (Clube Militar) and the Superior School of War to apprehend the military thought on environmental questions, with emphasis of Amazonia. In the Military Club, 62 existing articles in the Magazine of the Military Club in the period of 1980-2000 had been analyzed where some general contributors, colonels, partners and guests had written on the subject Amazonia, with the purpose of: (1) to extend the understanding on the military thought as a whole; (2) to identify the one that ambient trend if would associate each article (anthropocentric or ecocentric) and (3) to see as if it would hold the majoritarian thesis, observed preliminarily amongst the military segment, of that it has deliberate threats of internationalization of the Amazonia. Later, looking for to make a thematic analysis, we more than select 40 monographs and publications of the Superior School of War. We kept the secular cut of 1980-2000, that it coincides with the beginnings of the environmental quarrels in Brazil and we look for to dialogue with literature the emitted one for the source. In general, great part of the military collectivity express the idea of an exclusively Brazilian environment, disclosing incomplete formation about the environmental problems and a position of affirmation of the national sovereignty in the shape of the national security doctrine applied to the environmental treatments, that are materialized by the hegemonic belief in the threat of the internationalization of the Amazonia. In face of the values and its organizational culture, the manifestations of the military segment in favor of ecological actions are guided by a very distinct rationality of the environmental thought. The organizacional culture to militate tends to influence negative in the military performance in relation to the environment. The consequences vii are the fulfilment of missions which disturb the delicated faces of environmental conservation and preservation. The minimum inclusion of environment subjects in military schools brings difficulties so that military knows, interprets and decides correctly on environment aspects of its papers and professionals deals. Still thus, military organizations can present contributions to the environment interests, even thou for distinct motivations, in reason of that the used military tactics in the area of humid forest stimulate a care with the release of residues and a good relationship with the regional population. Some cases of military training offer original contributions to environmental education. This makes importance for the interlocution with other scientific entities and social organizations that already develop works in thematic the environment and probably they will interact in any project of surveillance and handling where military come to participate. Also, the Brazilian military thought tends to articulate itself inside of the concept of environmental security and to move away itself from the ecological security. This will be able to affect the complex ecossistemics network and social relations which can compromise, with its professional actions, the biodiversity in Brazil. Besides provoking significant environmental impacts in the war times, the military activities in the periods without war also are environmentally degradatives. If the military are not fighting in the wars, he is training itself for the next war. We will have, when accepting the seted force, a state of continuity of the conflicts of low intensity with cumulative environmental impacts, that include the use and the degradation of the land, the pollution and the use of the airspace and maritime, the use of the energy and material resources and the generation of toxical material. How we saw, the military, in its specific activities, sometimes can bring advantages for the environmental conservation and restoration. Some portions of land under military jurisdiction are most well-taken care of the containment of the military area than devolution to the public power when not sensetized with the environmental questions in its daily procedures. In the case of Brazil, the occupation of the territory possesss marks of the presence of the army for all the part and in some localities the biggest supplier of direct and indirect chances is the "barracks", until today. As we are not in war, the harmful effect observed by the long permanence of American units in the exterior, using lands of other viii countries the recurrent social impact to this would not be applied to Brazil and in the same way. Recommending that the military institutions have care with its proper environmental impacts, other niches of performance for the military exist. The military can help in the reinforcement of standardized environmental activities, they can collaborate with its agencies of intelligence in the surveillance and the collection of information on environmental degradation and can help in not violent papers of conservation and restoration. We know that the problem to use the military in this activity is that this makes possible that they come "to colonize" under the cooperation intention. On the other hand, she is potentially benign the idea to involve military and its agencies of intelligence to monitor and to process environmental problems. One better formularization (and this already of initial form it happens in Brazil through the SIVAM/SIPAM) is a condition of responsibility collective share by the capacity technique and installed of the military institution in acting with multiple intentions in the coordination and the monitoring, monitoring complex systems of environmental nature. As works of this form they could integrate civilians and military (with communication, transport, road and aerial infrastructure) in the local community, think that the signals of environmental damages more efficiently would be identified and boarded. The military envolvement in the environmental questions is considered as strategy, encouraging and sensetizing the military to participate of this new proposal, thus lead of moral and practically acceptable form, what it would not only mean to give to a step in the direction of the protection and environmental restoration, but also of another one for the ecological security and the structural modification of these shaped total institutions in the hegemonic vision of the national security.

A pesca no estuário da Lagoa dos Patos é uma atividade em disputa. De um lado, as comunidades de pesca produzem seus territórios de pesca através dos seus respectivos Conhecimentos Ecológicos Tradicionais (CET) que embasam os diferentes modos de usos dos recursos pesqueiros, os sistemas de manejo de recursos pesqueiros tradicionais (MT). A atividade pesqueira no estuário da Lagoa dos Patos é anterior à colonização portuguesa sendo os CETs que embasam os MTs resultado de um hibridismo cultural entre indígenas, afro e luso-descendentes. De outro, o Estado Moderno implementa políticas públicas de manejo de recursos pesqueiros, sobretudo a partir da segunda metade da década de 1970, que resultam na implementação de um sistema de manejo de recursos pesqueiros moderno (MM), característico de um projeto colonial de dominação. Como resultado da implementação do MM, a pesca entra em colapso na primeira metade da década de 1970 e as indústrias pesqueiras decretam falência na década de 1980. Para solucionar a crise no setor pesqueiro, na segunda metade da década de 1990 cria-se o Fórum da Lagoa dos Patos (FLP) onde se formula a atual legislação que regulamenta a pesca no estuário da Lagoa dos Patos, a Instrução Normativa Conjunta de 2004 (INC 2004). A INC 2004 implementa um MM através da imposição de um calendário de pesca que se torna institucionalizado e, por isso, oficializado. O objetivo desta tese é descrever o processo de des-re territorialização das comunidades de pesca do estuário da Lagoa dos Patos gerado pelo Estado Moderno na implementação da INC 2004. Para atingir tal objetivo, foram utilizadas basicamente duas técnicas de pesquisa para coleta de dados do CET, que produz os territórios tradicionais, e dos conhecimentos, verdades e valores mobilizados na formulação da INC 2004: entrevistas e levantamento bibliográfico. A partir dos dados obtidos, foi necessário o desenvolvimento de uma proposta própria que se enquadra na perspectiva integradora de território: território como conhecimento. Segundo esta proposta, território é um espaço epistêmico produzido a partir do espaço. Com a tentativa de implementação da INC 2004, emerge um conflito ambiental territorial na produção de um espaço através do controle do uso de recursos pesqueiros no estuário da Lagoa dos Patos. O Estado Moderno, que exibe caráter colonial, opera estrategicamente sobre o espaço tentando forçar o curso da modernidade às comunidades de pesca na produção de um espaço epistêmico disciplinar. O resultado, se o Estado Moderno fosse bem sucedido em seu projeto de colonialismo cultural, seria um epistemicídio: a eliminação dos multiterritórios operados pelo CET com uma dinâmica multicalendárica em cada uma das comunidades de pesca artesanal do estuário e a sua substituição por um território operado por uma racionalidade ocidental com um ritmo mecânico através da imposição do Calendário Oficializado da INC 2004. As comunidades de pesca, por sua vez, resistem silenciosa e abertamente operando taticamente via CET na produção de espaços de R-existência. Surpreendentemente, em movimentos diagramáticos infinitos, ambos, Estado Moderno e comunidades de pesca, des-re-territorializam um ao outro.
Fishing in the estuary of Patos Lagoon is an activity in dispute. On the one hand, fishing communities produce their fishing territories through their respective Traditional Ecological Knowledge (TEK), which grounds the different use modes of fishery resources, the traditional resource management systems (TM). The fishing activity in Patos Lagoon estuary is prior to the Portuguese colonization and the TEKs which ground TMs are a result of a cultural hybridity among indigenous, African and Portuguese descendants. On the other hand, especially from the second half of the 1970s, the modern State has been implementing policies for fishery management which have led to the establishment of a modern sciencebased resource management (SM), characteristic of a colonial project of domination. As a result, fishery collapsed in the first half of the 1970s and fishing industries filed bankruptcy in the 1980s. To solve the crisis in the fishery sector in the second half of the 1990s, Forum of Patos Lagoon (FLP) was created. It was at the Forum that the 2004 Normative Instruction (INC 2004), the current legislation which regulates fishing in the estuary of Patos Lagoon, was formulated. INC 2004 implements an SM by imposing a fishing calendar that becomes institutionalized and, therefore, officialized. The objective of this thesis is to describe the process of de-reterritorialization in the fishing communities of the estuary of the Patos Lagoon which was generated by the Modern State when it implemented INC 2004. To achieve this goal, data on TEK were obtained through open and semi-structured interviews and ethnoscientific bibliographic review. Data on knowledge, truths and values that support the formulation of INC 2004 were collected through open interviews held with researchers, who played a key role in mobilizing such intellectual resources and through bibliographic research on the four fisheries whose fishing periods are regulated by INC 2004. From the data obtained, it was necessary to develop our own proposal that fits the integrative perspective of territory: territory as knowledge. Under this proposal, the territory is an epistemic space originating from space. With the attempted implementation of INC 2004, an environmental territorial conflict has emerged in the production of space through the control of the use of fishery resources in the Patos Lagoon estuary. The Modern State, in a display of its colonial character, strategically operates upon space by trying to force the course of modernity on the fishing communities in the production of a disciplined epistemic space. The result, if the Modern State were successful in its project of cultural colonialism would be an epistemicide: the elimination of multi-territories operated by TEK with a multicalendaric dynamics in each of the artisanal fishing communities of the estuary and its replacement by a territory operated by Western rationality, with a mechanical rhythm through the imposition of the official calendar of INC 2004. Fishing communities, in turn, resist quietly and openly by operating tactically via TEK in the production of spaces of R-existence. Surprisingly, in diagrammatic infinite movements, both the Modern State and fishing communities de-reterritorialize one another.

L’insuffisance rénale chronique (IRC) est une pathologie entraînant des complications sur la santé. Au stade terminal, le patient doit avoir recours à un traitement curatif. La qualité de vie s’en retrouve altérée et l’identité de la personne en est malmenée. L’activité physique adaptée (APA), ancrée dans un programme d’éducation thérapeutique du patient, va octroyer de nouveaux rôles. Nous nous intéressons à 10 patients IRC qui bénéficient d’un programme d’APA durant 6 mois. La pensée systémique de la santé nous permet d’évaluer les effets de cette prise en charge globale sur les dynamiques identitaires des patients. Le recours à la méthode mixte nous donne l’occasion de combiner des mesures quantitatives et qualitatives. Le programme APA se centre sur le patient qui devient acteur et prend alors possession d’une identité propre qui fluctue au même rythme que la maladie. L’APA va alors servir de support et de fil d’Ariane, comme une ligne constante dans cet état mouvant
Chronickidneydisease (CKD) leads to health complications. At the end-stage, CKD patients need to undergo curative treatment. Adapted physical activity (APA) implemented through a therapeutic patient education programme, gives them new roles. This study examines 10 CKD patients involved in an APA programme for 6 months. Systemic thinking in health enables us to evaluate the effects of global patient care on their identity dynamics. A mixed-method approach gives us the opportunity to combine quantitative and qualitative measurements. The APA programme focuses on patients who play an active role and take ownership of their own identity. Reconstruction of individual identity is continuous. It fluctuates in relation with the disease. APA acts as a support for patients, guiding them as a steady guideline through their shifting condition

This study aims at exploring the social, affective and cognitive variables that would be related to the use of the address form usted in Chilean Spanish. Specifically, we refer to the use that can be observed in interactions between Chileans residing in Sweden. A particular aspect of this situation is that, while the majority group almost exclusively use the form that is commonly associated with solidarity (in this case the Swedish pronoun du), the minority group referred to maintains the pronoun that normally is associated with power, distance, formality and politeness: usted. In other words, while the equivalent in Swedish of usted (ni) is seldom used in majority language, the opposite is observed in the minority language object of study. We believe that the motives for the use of usted in this minority context are more complex than they appear to be. Consequently, an alternative hypothesis has been worked out with reference to theories within the area of Social Psychology. On this basis the following main hypothesis was formulated: Individuals representing the minority group in ethnic contact situations tend to increase their identification with the minority group in order to be admitted by and adhere to this group, if they feel that they are rejected by the majority group. The form usted is not the result of a fortuitous situation, nor can it be explained by the fact that it is the normal usage in the native country, but that it fulfils a strategic objective: to mark the affiliation with the minority group. The method has consisted in grouping together and correlating factors pertaining to the environment, the agent and the guest according to the Ecological Triad, the interaction of which contributes to the appearance of the observed behaviour that underlies this study. The statistical analysis enabled us to verify what was put forward in the hypothesis.

The aim of this study is to investigate if pedagogues, by different activities, can increase childrens awareness and curiosity for the ecological water cycle. Further, to identify the thoughts children between three and five years old have about the ecological water cycle. In order to review this, eight children participated in four group activities, and afterwards they were interviewed individually about their thoughts regarding water. The children were aware that water occurs in different aggregation forms, which is important to know when trying to understand the ecological water cycle. The activities were a valuable method to stimulate childrens interest in the ecological water cycle. It was reviled that it is difficult for children to understand the abstract parts in the water cycle, such as water vapor. Most of the children were able to describe a simple variant of the water cycle.
Syftet med detta arbete är att undersöka om pedagogerna genom aktiviteter kan utveckla barnens intresse för vattnets kretslopp samt vilka tankar som barn i tre till femårsålder har om vattnets kretslopp. För att komma fram till resultatet så har 8 barn deltagit i fyra gruppaktiviteter och efter det har de intervjuats enskilt om deras tankar kring vatten. Alla barnen visste att vatten förekommer i olika aggregationsformer. För att förstå processen kring vattnets kretslopp är det viktigt att förstå att vatten förekommer i olika aggregationsformer. De aktiviteter som användes i studien visade sig vara bra aktiviteter för att stimmulera barnens intresse för vattnets kretslopp. Det är svårt för barnen att förstå det abstrakta i kretsloppet, som till exempel vattenånga. Flertalet av barnen kunde redogöra för en enkel variant av vattnets kretslopp.

Sammanfattning

Syftet med den här undersökningen är att ta reda på hur barns tankar kring ekologiska processer kan utvecklas, samt att ta reda på vad i undervisningen som anses vara avgörande för att förmå barn att utveckla sina ekologiska reflektioner. Kvalitativa intervjuer och ett undervisningstillfälle ligger till grund för undersökningen. Därefter sammanställdes och kategoriserades barnens ekologiska processtankar. Resultatet av undersökningen visar att förutsättningen för utvecklande undervisning, är pedagogens kännedom om barnets individuella erfarenheter. Det är utifrån dessa som barnet tar emot ny kunskap och sedan kopplar ihop den med tidigare upplevelser. Ett kort undervisningstillfälle resulterade i att sju av åtta barn kompletterade sina kunskaper och deras tankar om processen utvecklades i flera steg.

Min slutsats utifrån denna granskning är att ålder och mognad inte är avgörande för ett barns förmåga att utveckla kunskap. Då barnets erfarenheter förvaltas och betraktas som tillgångar, kan tankarna utmanas och en utveckling ske.

Abstract

The intention of this investigation is to find out how to develop children’s way of thinking about ecological processes and to pinpoint decisive steps to develop an ecological mind. The concluded material is based on qualitative interviews and one lesson with a class. The material is assembled and categorized based on the children’s ecological process logic. The result of this investigation shows that the prerequisite for developing tuition is the teacher’s knowledge of the children’s individual experience. Based on these the child will be able to take in new knowledge and relate it to earlier experiences. A short lesson based on the above showed that seven out of eight children increased their knowledge with improved ecological thoughts in several steps as a result.

My conclusion from this investigation is that age and maturity alone is not of crucial importance to children’s ability to develope their knowledge. With the use of the child’s experiences as assets the mind can be challenged and development can take place.

Trata-se de um estudo interdisciplinar que aborda os aspectos socioambientais dos problemas associados ao uso da terra e à conservação da natureza, frente à legislação brasileira vigente e dentro da perspectiva da Ecologia Política. Em especial, dedica-se à Biotecnologia Moderna e ao Direito. Mais especificamente, procurou-se analisar a proteção da plantas geneticamente modificadas através de direitos de patente [direitos relativos à propriedade industrial] em contraposição à obrigação de se cumprir uma função socioambiental. A partir da teoria das linhas abissais proposta por Boaventura de Sousa Santos, buscou-se um aprofundamento da perspectiva socioambiental dos problemas relacionados à Biotecnologia Moderna. Verificou-se se os aspectos socioambientais são considerados em conjunto pela legislação e quais as implicações desta relação. Este trabalho foi desenvolvido por meio de pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, tanto em relação à Biotecnologia Moderna, quanto ao Direito. Há expectativa de que este estudo contribua com subsídios necessários para a defesa dos interesses humanos mais básicos atingidos pelos resultados das ciências genéticas e suas aplicações na agricultura moderna no Brasil.
This inter-disciplinary study focus the social-environmental issues associated to land use and to the conservation of nature in view of the current Brazilian legislation and within a Political Ecology perspective. In particular, it is dedicated to Modern Biotechnology and Law. More specifically, we analyzed the protection of plants through patent rights [industrial property rights] in contraposition to the obligation to comply with the socio-environmental function. As a follow-up of the abyssal line theory proposed by Boaventura de Souza Santos, we look for a deepening of the socio-environmental perspective of the problems related to Modern Biotechnology. We verified if the socio-environmental aspects are being considered by the legislation, and which are the implications of this relation. This study was developed through literature and documental search, as much in Modern Biotechnology as in Law. It is expected that this study contributes with subsidies to the defense of the most basic human interests, hit by the results of genetic sciences and their applications in modern agriculture in Brazil.

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This research presents an analysis of the trajectory of four professors with a Master´s degree from the Brazilian popular strata that teach at two private universities in the city of São Paulo. The objective of the study was to understand how these subjects managed to re-significate the oppressive elements present in their life histories, especially in childhood and youth, and transcend a cruel and merciless reality, becoming university professors. The methodological procedure used in the interviews was the oral history and narratives were assessed by two main concepts present in the Complex Thought written by Edgar Morin, the Cultural Imprinting and Action Ecology. The results confirm culture as constitutive and intrinsic part of human nature. The individual is marked by the social and cultural context in which he lives. The subjects of research were crossed by modernity, capitalism and its ills, by the slave-like and violent past of Brazilian historiography and patriarchalism. Nonetheless, they have managed, nevertheless, to advance and grow personally and professionally. It is concluded that, although there is a strong conditioning of the cultural elements, over determination can be subverted, since there is always the opening for chance, for the imponderable, for the new, allowing the subjects to resize their lives and transpose situations from disrepute, dishonor and debasement towards success and achievement of goals and purposes.
Esta pesquisa presenta un análisis de la trayectoria de cuatro profesores con título de Maestría, venidos de las capas populares brasileñas que imparten clases en dos universidades privadas en la ciudad de São Paulo. El objetivo del trabajo fue comprender cómo estos sujetos lograron dar nuevo significado a los elementos tiranos presentes en sus historias de vida, principalmente en la niñez y juventud, y transcender una realidad cruel e implacable, volviéndose profesores universitarios. El procedimiento metodológico utilizado en las entrevistas fue la historia oral y las narrativas fueron apreciadas por dos conceptos principales presentes en el Pensamiento Complejo elaborado por Edgar Morin, lo de Imprinting Cultural y de Ecología de la Acción. Los resultados confirman la cultura como parte constituyente e intrínseca a la naturaleza humana. El individuo es aplastado por el contexto social y cultural donde vive. Los sujetos de esa pesquisa fueron atravesados por la modernidad, por el capitalismo y sus males, por el pasado de esclavitud y violento de la historiografía brasileña y por el patriarcalismo. Sin embargo, lograron, a pesar de esto, avanzar y crecer personal y profesionalmente. Se concluye que, aunque haya un fuerte condicionamiento de los elementos culturales, el determinismo histórico puede ser subvertido, pues siempre hay apertura hacia el acaso, el improbable, en dirección de lo novedoso, posibilitando a los sujetos la reorganización de sus vidas y la superación de situaciones de desconfianza, deshonra y humillación rumbo al éxito y a la conquista de metas y propósitos.
Esta pesquisa apresenta uma análise da trajetória de quatro professores com título de Mestre, oriundos das camadas populares brasileira que lecionam em duas universidades particulares da cidade de São Paulo. O objetivo do trabalho foi entender como estes sujeitos conseguiram ressignificar os elementos opressores presentes em suas histórias de vida, principalmente na infância e juventude, e transcender uma realidade cruel e impiedosa, tornando-se professores universitários. O procedimento metodológico utilizado nas entrevistas foi a história oral e as narrativas foram apreciadas por dois conceitos principais presentes no Pensamento Complexo elaborado por Edgar Morin, o de Imprinting Cultural e de Ecologia da Ação. Os resultados confirmam a cultura como parte constitutiva e intrínseca da natureza humana. O indivíduo é marcado pelo contexto social e cultural em que vive. Os sujeitos de pesquisa foram atravessados pela modernidade, pelo capitalismo e suas mazelas, pelo passado escravocrata e violento da historiografia brasileira e pelo patriarcalismo. Todavia, conseguiram, apesar disto, avançar e crescer pessoal e profissionalmente. Conclui-se que, embora haja um forte condicionamento dos elementos culturais, a sobredeterminação pode ser subvertida, pois há sempre a abertura para o acaso, para o imponderável, para o novo, possibilitando aos sujeitos o redimensionamento de suas vidas e a transposição de situações de descrédito, desonra e aviltamento rumo ao sucesso e à conquista de metas e propósitos.

Ecological concern prompts poor and indigenous people of India to consider how a society can ensure both protection of nature and their rightful claim for a just and sustainable future. Previous discussions defended the environment while ignoring the struggles of the poor for sustenance and their religious traditions and ethical values. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi addressed similar socio-ecological concerns by adopting and adapting traditional religious and ethical notions to develop strategies for constructive, engaged resistance. The dissertation research and analysis verifies the continued relevance of the Gandhian understanding of dharma (ethics) in contemporary India as a basis for developing eco-dharma (eco-ethics) to link closely development, ecology, and religious values. The method of this study is interpretive, analytical, and critical. Françoise Houtart’s social analytical method is used to make visible and to suggest how to overcome social tensions from the perspective of marginalized and exploited peoples in India. The Indian government's development initiatives create a nexus between the eco-crisis and economic injustice, and communities’ responses. The Chipko movement seeks to protect the Himalayan forests from commercial logging. The Narmada Bachao Andolan strives to preserve the Narmada River and its forests and communities, where dam construction causes displacement. The use of Gandhian approaches by these movements provides a framework for integrating ecological concerns with people's struggles for survival. For Gandhi, dharma is a harmony of satya (truth), ahimsa (nonviolence), and sarvodaya (welfare of all). Eco-dharma is an integral, communitarian, and ecologically sensitive ethical paradigm. The study demonstrates that the Gandhian notion of dharma, implemented through nonviolent satyagraha (firmness in promoting truth), can direct community action that promotes responsible economic structures and the well-being of the biotic community and the environment. Eco-dharma calls for solidarity, constructive resistance, and ecologically and economically viable communities. The dissertation recommends that for a sustainable future, India must combine indigenous, appropriate, and small- or medium-scale industries as an alternative model of development in order to help reduce systemic poverty while enhancing ecological well-being.

碩士
國立中央大學
哲學研究所
98
The focus of this thesis is to discuss the relationship between Man and Nature in the thought of I-Ching, attempting to read it from the perspective of environmental ethic. By contrasting I-Ching’s conception of T’ien-Jen as well as Nature with Aldo Leopold’s conception of land ethic, this thesis follows the land ethics and ecological conscience as a framework to investigate the environmental sense and implications of I-Ching and to offer a systematic interpretation of mine. This thesis deals with four issues. First, in order to clarify the relationship between Man and Nature in I-Ching, Jing and Zhuan in I-Ching as well as classic commentaries are used to illustrate my point. Secondly, in order to reveal the environmental implications and the ecological implications of the thought of I-Ching, Aldo Leopold’s conception of land ethic is used as a reference system. Thirdly, in order to interpret the meanings and the significance of ecological conscience, the Three-W (What-How-Why) approach is used to support my point. Fourthly, in order to give a new interpretation of ecological conscience, the relationship between Man and Nature in the thought of I-Ching is used as a new perspective. This issue is the core issue of this thesis, the other three issues merely pave the way for the understanding of this fundamental issue. Reading in this vein, I hope to give a new interpretation of I-Ching and a new perspective for the practical impetus of environmental conservation.

A presente dissertação visa, sob um ponto de vista filosófico, aproximar-se da reflexão teórica sobre as interconexões entre ecologia e imaginação. O principal objetivo deste trabalho é explorar como, através da imaginação, é possível desenvolver um “pensamento ecológico” a fim de explorar a habilidade de responder e resistir perante a chamada “crise ecológica”. Por outras palavras, significa questionar o antropocentrismo e comprometer-se, criativamente, a imaginar as coisas de novo, a desenvolver novas formas de convivência, de leitura e de escrita da(s) realidade(s). Na presente dissertação explora-se a crise “ecológica” como crise não somente do oikos, mas sobretudo do logos, portanto, das narrativas. Para possibilitar formas de resistir a esta crise, propomos que o pensamento se aproxime dos gestos das crianças, de forma como pensam, agem, observam e habitam o mundo, e, portanto, também de como aproximam-se do outro e por ele deixam-se contaminar. Isto não significa imitar a criança ou assumir atitudes “infantis”, mas significa “devir-criança”, ou seja, abandonar a perspectiva social e biologicamente definida para pensar a criança como uma força inventiva num processo de abertura, destruição e criação de mundos. “Devir-criança” significa compor, inventar e imaginar com a força que cruza a criança e ter a coragem de sair dos nossos lugares de abrigo para ir de encontro ao novo e ao imprevisível através do jogo da linguagem e da imaginação, num movimento inextricável entre fantasia e realidade, vigília e sonho. Nesse sentido, “devir-criança” representa uma “ponte” entre a cidade e a floresta, pois invenção e imaginação podem representar ferramentas eficazes para contribuir para a formação de um pensamento ecológico do qual possam florescer outras narrativas assim para “reflorestar” o pensamento e imaginar outras formas de habitar a terra.
The present dissertation aims to approach theoretical reflection on the interconnections between ecology and the imagination from a philosophical point of view. The main objective of this work is to explore how, through imagination, it is possible to develop an “ecological thought” in order to explore the ability to respond and resist in the face of the so-called “ecological crisis”. In other words, it means questioning anthropocentrism and committing oneself, creatively, to imagine things anew, to develop new ways of living together, and of reading and writing reality/realities. In fact, the present dissertation explores the “ecological” crisis as a crisis not only of the oikos, but above all of the logos – i.e. forms of narratives. In order to enable forms of resistance to this crisis, I propose that thought may approach the gestures of children, in terms of how they think, act, observe and inhabit the world, and, therefore, also in terms of how they approach the other and let themselves be contaminated by the other. This does not mean imitating the child or assuming “childlike” attitudes, but it means “becoming-child”, that is, abandoning the socially and biologically defined perspective to think of the child as an inventive force in a process of opening, destroying and creating worlds. To “become-child” means to compose, invent and imagine with the strength and openness of the child and to have the courage to leave our places of shelter to meet the new and the unpredictable through the play of language and imagination, in an inextricable movement between fantasy and reality, waking and dreaming. In this sense, “becoming-child” represents a “bridge” between the city and the forest, since invention and imagination can represent effective tools in contributing to the formation of an ecological thought from which other narratives can flourish in order to “reforest” thought and to imagine other ways of inhabiting the earth.

Ce travail se veut d’un rapprochement aux pratiques et savoirs des peuples amazoniens à partir de discours produits par ces nations. Nous y interpréterons des chants sacrés, des narrations ancestrales et des textes académiques de penseurs autochtones. Ce travail indique que les pratiques amazoniennes s’inscrivent dans un contexte de significations qui considèrent que tout être vivant possède des pensées et un esprit; qu’il existe des êtres spirituels qui défendent ces êtres vivants contre les abus possibles. Les êtres humains doivent transcender leur état de conscience, se déplacer vers les mondes invisibles et initier la communication avec ces esprits, pour ainsi maintenir l’équilibre existentiel. Selon les pensées de l’Amazonie, les communautés humaines ne peuvent pas se concevoir comme autosuffisantes; elles doivent plutôt maintenir de constantes relations avec les multiples êtres qui peuplent leur environnement visible et les mondes invisibles. Les trois concepts clés qui permettent de rendre compte des pratiques des peuples amazoniens sont la déprédation, la transformation et l’équilibre. Par déprédation, nous entendons les pratiques amazoniennes qui impliquent une destruction des autres êtres afin de sustenter la vie de la communauté. Selon les pensées de l’Amazonie, cette déprédation devrait être mesurée, dans le but de ne pas tuer plus que nécessaire à la survie. La déprédation est régulée par les êtres spirituels. Les pratiques amazoniennes de transformation sont destinées à la sauvegarde des liens de la communauté, en transfigurant tout ce qui entre ou sort de cette dernière, de manière à ce qu’aucun agent externe ne mette en péril les liens affectifs. Les pratiques de déprédation et de transformation sont complémentaires et elles requièrent toutes les deux de se produire de manière équilibrée, en respectant les savoirs ancestraux et les lois cosmiques établies par les esprits supérieurs. En ce qui a trait à la méthode d’analyse, nous aborderons les discours de l’Amazonie à partir leur propre logique culturelle, sans imposer des méthodologies préétablies, ce qui donne comme résultat un travail académique qui approfondie la production intellectuelle interculturelle, puisque ce sont les voix indigènes qui expriment elles-mêmes leurs conceptions et le sens de leurs pratiques. Dans son ensemble, le travail engage un dialogue critique avec son champ d’étude en discutant ou en approfondissant certaines conceptions forgées par la littérature anthropologique consacrée à l’étude de la région, à partir des savoirs ancestraux amazoniens qui nourrissent les pratiques de ces nations.
This dissertation delves into the knowledge-practices of Amazonian peoples, drawing on discourses produced by members of these nations. It explores sacred songs, stories and academic texts of ancient Indian thinkers. The dissertation signals that Amazonian practices belong to a context of meanings which consider that all living beings have thoughts and spirit; that spiritual beings defend these living beings against possible abuses. Human beings must transcend their state of consciousness, navigate the invisible worlds and establish communication with these spirits to uphold existential balance. According to Amazonian thought, human communities are not self-sufficient and must maintain a constant relationship with the multiplicity of beings that populate the visible environment and invisible worlds. Three key concepts account for the practices of Amazonian peoples: depredation, transformation and balance. Depredation refers to Amazonian practices involving the destruction of other beings in order to sustain the life of the community. According to Amazonian thought, depredation should be measured and only that which is necessary for survival should be killed. Depredation is governed by spiritual beings. Amazonian transformation practices are designed to safeguard community ties, transfiguring all that enters or leaves it, so that no external agent may jeopardize these ties of affection. The practices of depredation and transformation are complementary and both must be carried out in a balanced manner, respecting ancestral knowledge and cosmic laws established by higher spirits. With regard to the method of analysis, the dissertation considers Amazonian discourses from their own cultural logic and does not impose pre-established methodologies on them. Consequently, the present scholarly work makes a profound attempt at achieving an intercultural intellectual production; as it is indigenous voices themselves that express their ideas and the meaning of their practices. Overall, the dissertation enters into a critical dialogue with its field of study, both challenging and broadening certain concepts forged by the anthropological literature dedicated to the region’s study, drawing on the ancient Amazonian knowledge that nurtures the practices of those nations.
El presente trabajo es una aproximación a los saberes-prácticas de las naciones de la Amazonía occidental, a partir de discursos producidos por miembros de esas mismas naciones. Se interpretarán cantos sagrados, narraciones ancestrales y textos académicos de pensadores indígenas. El trabajo señala que las prácticas amazónicas occidentales se enmarcan dentro de un contexto de significaciones que consideran que todo ser vivo tiene pensamientos y espíritu; que existen seres espirituales que defienden a estos seres vivos contra posibles abusos. Los seres humanos deben trascender su estado de conciencia, desplazarse a los mundos invisibles y entablar comunicación con estos espíritus, para de esa manera mantener el equilibrio existencial. Para los pensamientos amazónicos occidentales, las comunidades humanas no pueden pensarse autosuficientes, sino que deben mantener constantes relaciones con la multiplicidad de seres que pueblan su entorno visible y los mundos invisibles. Tres conceptos claves que permiten dar cuenta de las prácticas de los pueblos de la Amazonía occidental son depredación, transformación y equilibrio. Por depredación se entienden las prácticas amazónicas que implican una destrucción de otros seres para sustentar la vida de la comunidad. Según los pensamientos amazónicos occidentales, esta depredación debe ser medida, sin asesinar más de lo necesario para subsistir. La depredación se encuentra regulada por los seres espirituales. Las prácticas amazónicas de transformación están destinadas a salvaguardar los vínculos de la comunidad, transfigurando todo aquello que entra o sale de la misma, de tal manera que ningún agente externo ponga en peligro los vínculos de afecto. Las prácticas de depredación y transformación son complementarias y ambas requieren hacerse de manera equilibrada, respetando los saberes ancestrales y las leyes cósmicas establecidas por los espíritus superiores. En cuanto al método de análisis, se abordan los discursos amazónicos occidentales a partir de sus propias lógicas culturales, sin imponerles metodologías pre-establecidas, lo que da como resultado un trabajo académico que sigue ahondado en el intento de llegar a una producción intelectual intercultural, siendo las voces indígenas mismas las que expresan sus concepciones y los sentidos de sus prácticas. En su conjunto, el trabajo entabla un diálogo crítico con su campo de estudio, discutiendo o ahondando ciertas concepciones forjadas por la literatura antropológica dedicada al estudio de la región, a partir de aquellos saberes ancestrales de la Amazonía occidental que nutren las prácticas de esas naciones.

Text in Afrikaans
During the last few decades the need existed for a new framework to give direction to development and ecological thought in respect of the sustaining of nature in order to place development and ecological thought within the limits of nature. However, development thought and the debate relating to nature are to some extent still treated in theory and practice as two separate entities. One of the current challenges for sustainable development is to reconcile the development and ecological branches of this debate. The thesis firstly explains the origin and characteristics of sustainable development. Secondly, the crisis in nature is discussed, followed by a discussion of the most important ecological views relating to sustainable development. Then issues in development thought that relates to sustainable development is discussed, as well as the changing emphasis in development thought that stimulated the growth of sustainable development. The mainstream development view, as the other main branch of sustainable development thinking, is then discussed. In conclusion, some issues relating to the operationalisation of sustainable development is discussed.
Development Studies
D. Litt. et Phil. (Ontwikkelingstudies)

The starting point of this work is the concept of indigenous animism in Félix Guattari's late work at the end of his life, understood as a form of subjectivity operating through different regimes of signs than the "modern" one. These animist semiotics are "polysemic" and "trans-individual," while instead of building a sharp division between the spheres of "nature" and "culture", they inhabit reality by "collective entities half-thing half-soul, half- man half-animal, machine and flow, matter and sign." The aim of most of the following text is then primarily to trace these semiotics across the joint work of Deleuze and Guattari. After introducing the context of Deleuze's philosophy and its specific "image of thought," and explaining its basic concepts, we will focus on the description and comparison of the semiotic "ethnographies" of Anti-Oedipus and A Thousand Plateaus. The first volume traces the "universal history" of the ways of hominization (becoming human) of man from the state of nature, through various forms of inscription, which constitute society and culture. These modes are several and do not work only through language. In the limit experience of schizophrenia, the authors of Anti-Oedipa find a moment preceding all these historically contingent forms of hominization. In contrast, the...

O presente estudo de caso pedagógico pretende explorar o papel das Fundações na concretização dos Objetivos de Desenvolvimento Sustentável (ODS) para a Agenda 2030, e perceber de que modo, através da mobilização de recursos e parcerias, as Fundações procuram contribuir para a concretização desses mesmos objetivos. Analisa-se em particular o caso da Fundação Aga Khan Portugal (AKF), uma agência da Rede Aga Khan para o Desenvolvimento, e qual o seu respetivo papel na implementação dos ODS em Portugal, através das sinergias estabelecidas com os seus parceiros, bem como nas práticas desenvolvidas, nos projetos implementados e no seu impacto na sociedade. A AKF chegou a Portugal em 1983, atuando no nosso país há mais de três décadas, considerando-se uma instituição com alguma influência, e que trabalha com a finalidade de atingir a melhoria das condições e da qualidade de vida das populações mais vulneráveis. Para a concretização deste trabalho, desenvolvemos um estudo de caso pedagógico onde foram utilizadas múltiplas fontes na recolha de informação, nomeadamente entrevistas, que possibilitaram uma posterior análise e descrição das áreas de intervenção da AKF, enquanto Fundação promotora de um desenvolvimento comunitário sustentável. Para além das questões das parecerias e sinergias, foi aprofundada a questão da independência e neutralidade enquanto instituição na implementação de soluções sustentáveis. Os resultados obtidos permitem-nos sistematizar os contributos da AKF para os ODS, bem como, perceber a importância das suas parcerias num desenvolvimento comunitário sustentável, tornando-se assim num agente de mudança social, promovendo o pluralismo e uma prosperidade duradoura dentro das comunidades.
This pedagogical study case aims to explore the role of the Foundations in the achievement of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for the 2030 Agenda. This paper also aims to further explore how, through the mobilisation of funds and the forming of partnerships, the Foundations aim to contribute towards the achievement of these goals. It is analysed in particular, the Aga Khan Foundation Portugal (AKF), an agency of the Aga Khan Network for Development, and its respective role in the implementation of the SDGs in Portugal, through the synergies established with its partners, as well as the practices developed, the projects implemented and their impact on society. AKF was established in Portugal in 1983, operating in our country for over three decades, considering itself as an institution with some influence, and working with the aim of improving the conditions and quality of life of the most vulnerable populations. For the realization of this study, we developed a pedagogical case study where multiple sources were used to gather information, namely interviews, which enabled a further analysis and description of the areas of intervention of the AKF, as a Foundation promoting a sustainable community development. In addition to the partnerships and synergies, the topic of independence and neutrality as an institution in the implementation of sustainable solutions was deepened. The results obtained allow us to systematize the contributions of the AKF to the SDGs, as well as understand the importance of its partnerships in sustainable community development, thus becoming an agent of social change, promoting pluralism and lasting prosperity within communities.

A preocupação de Portugal com as assimetrias territoriais já existe há várias décadas. Neste contexto, vários programas e estratégias têm sido pensados, discutidos e implementados, tantos quanto a criatividade nacional e os fundos europeus o permitiram. Contudo, verifica-se que o nó górdio é o mesmo de sempre: a aplicação generalista de propostas (consoante as prioridades de Bruxelas), sem atentar às especificidades dos territórios e ao envolvimento/participação das pessoas e organizações desses territórios na construção do bem comum. Nesta pesquisa, pretende-se apresentar uma reflexão sobre os contributos que se estabelecem entre as práticas de Economia Solidária e a revitalização de territórios fragilizados, assim como o seu papel na revalorização das artes e ofícios tradicionais. O estudo caracteriza as práticas de Economia Solidária existentes na Cooperativa Terra Chã e analisa de seguida o seu contributo para a sustentabilidade macro. Apresenta-se ainda um modelo de revitalização de territórios, com pontos adaptáveis, a partir da realidade da Cooperativa. A revisão bibliográfica teve como linhas orientadoras os conceitos de Economia Solidária, Desenvolvimento Sustentável, Desenvolvimento Local e as Artes e Ofícios Tradicionais. A escolha metodológica consistiu no método qualitativo "estudo caso", com recurso às técnicas de entrevista semi-diretiva, observação participante e análise documental. O presente estudo permitiu concluir que as práticas da Cooperativa contribuem para o desenvolvimento sustentável, do território onde as suas ações são desenvolvidas. Conclui-se que a Economia Solidária pode, efetivamente, dar contributos válidos na revitalização de territórios fragilizados, da mesma forma, pode contribuir positivamente na revalorização das artes e ofícios tradicionais.
The Portugal concern with the territorial asymmetries happens for decades. In this context, a lot of programs and strategies had been thinking, discussed and implemented, as much as national creativity and economic funds have allowed. However, there is always the same issue, the general application of proposals (depending on Brussels priorities), without pay attention to the territories specificity and without involving organizations and populations from those territories in building the common good. This research intends to present a reflection about the contribution which sets between Solidarity Economy practices and the revitalization of fragile territories, as well as its role in the revaluation of traditional arts and crafts. The study marks the Solidarity Economy practices existing in "Cooperativa Terra Chã" and analyzes their contribution to macro sustainability. A territorial revitalization model is also presented, with adaptable points, based on the reality of the Cooperative. The literature review had as guidelines the concepts of Solidarity Economy, Sustainable Development, Local Development and the Traditional Arts and Crafts. The methodological choice consisted of the qualitative method "case study", using the techniques of semi-directive interview, participant observation and document analysis. The present study concluded that the Cooperative practices contribute to the sustainable development of the territory where their actions are developed. It is concluded that the Solidarity Economy can, in fact, make valid contributions in the revitalization of fragile territories, likewise can contribute positively in the revaluation of traditional arts and crafts.