Log in

Relevant bibliographies by topics / Ecological unequal exchange / Journal articles

To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Ecological unequal exchange.

Journal articles on the topic 'Ecological unequal exchange'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles

Select a source type:

Consult the top 50 journal articles for your research on the topic 'Ecological unequal exchange.'

Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.

You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.

Browse journal articles on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.

1

Hornborg, Alf, and Joan Martinez-Alier. "Ecologically unequal exchange and ecological debt." Journal of Political Ecology 23, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 328. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v23i1.20220.

Full text

Abstract:

This article introduces a Special Section on Ecologically Unequal Exchange (EUE), an underlying source of most of the environmental distribution conflicts in our time. The nine articles discuss theories, methodologies, and empirical case studies pertaining to ecologically unequal exchange, and address its relationship to ecological debt.Key words: Ecologically Unequal Exchange, ecological debt, political ecology This is the introductory article in Alf Hornborg and Joan Martinez-Alier (eds.) 2016. "Ecologically unequal exchange and ecological debt", Special Section of the Journal of Political Ecology 23: 328-491.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

Yu, Yang, Kuishuang Feng, and Klaus Hubacek. "China's unequal ecological exchange." Ecological Indicators 47 (December 2014): 156–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2014.01.044.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Warlenius, Rikard. "Linking ecological debt and ecologically unequal exchange: stocks, flows, and unequal sink appropriation." Journal of Political Ecology 23, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 364. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v23i1.20223.

Full text

Abstract:

Ecological debt is usually conceptualized as the accumulated result of different kinds of uneven flows of natural resources and waste, but these flows are seldom referred to as ecologically unequal exchange. Ecologically unequal exchange, on the other hand, is usually defined as different flows of resources and waste, but the accumulated results of these flows are seldom referred to as ecological debt. In this article, influential definitions and conceptualizations of ecological debt and ecologically unequal exchange are compared and the notions linked together analytically with a stock-flow perspective. A particular challenge is presented by emissions of substances that have global consequences, most importantly carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. They form part of ecologically unequal exchange, but what is unequal is not the exchange of resources or energy, but the appropriation of the sinks that absorb these substances. New concepts, unequal sink appropriation and the more specific carbon sink appropriation are proposed as a way of highlighting this distinction.Key words: ecological debt, ecologically unequal exchange, unequal sink appropriation, carbon sink appropriation

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Roberts, J. Timmons, and Bradley C. Parks. "Ecologically Unequal Exchange, Ecological Debt, and Climate Justice." International Journal of Comparative Sociology 50, no. 3-4 (May 20, 2009): 385–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020715209105147.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Swamy, Raja. "Humanitarianism and Unequal Exchange." Journal of World-Systems Research 23, no. 2 (August 11, 2017): 353–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/jwsr.2017.681.

Full text

Abstract:

This article examines the relationship between humanitarian aid and ecologically unequal exchange in the context of post-disaster reconstruction. I assess the manner in which humanitarian aid became a central part of the reconstruction process in India's Tamil Nadu state following the devastating 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. This article focuses on how the humanitarian “gift” of housing became a central plank of the state's efforts to push fishers inland while opening up coastal lands for various economic development projects such as ports, infrastructure, industries, and tourism. As part of the state and multilateral agency financed reconstruction process, the humanitarian aid regime provided “free” houses as gifts to recipients while expecting in return the formal abandonment of all claims to the coast. The humanitarian “gift” therefore helped depoliticize critical issues of land and resources, location and livelihood, which prior to the tsunami were subjects of long-standing political conflicts between local fisher populations and the state. The gift economy in effect played into an ongoing conflict over land and resources and effectively sought to ease the alienation of fishers from their coastal commons and near shore marine resource base. I argue that humanitarian aid, despite its associations with benevolence and generosity, presents a troubling and disempowering set of options for political struggles over land, resources, and social entitlements such as housing, thereby intensifying existing ecological and economic inequalities.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Foster, John Bellamy, and Hannah Holleman. "The theory of unequal ecological exchange: a Marx-Odum dialectic." Journal of Peasant Studies 41, no. 2 (March 4, 2014): 199–233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03066150.2014.889687.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Hornborg, Alf. "Towards an ecological theory of unequal exchange: articulating world system theory and ecological economics." Ecological Economics 25, no. 1 (April 1998): 127–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0921-8009(97)00100-6.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Oulu, Martin. "Core tenets of the theory of ecologically unequal exchange." Journal of Political Ecology 23, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 446. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v23i1.20251.

Full text

Abstract:

In this article, core tenets and claims of the theory of ecologically unequal exchange (EUE) are synthesized. EUE theory postulates a net flow of natural resources from peripheral developing to core industrialized countries through international trade, a situation which undermines the development of the periphery while enhancing that of the core. The key claims and EUE mechanisms are categorized and discussed under three topics: 1) the structure of the capitalist world-economy, 2) monetary valuation, and 3) equity and justice. The treadmill logic of capitalism in which capital extracts ecological resources and release waste in an endless pursuit of profits creates an expansionary dynamic which draws peripheral countries into exploitative market relations. This peripheralization is supported by 'free trade' economic policies, while nation-states and other political-economic institutions such as the WTO and IMF provide the regulations which ensure proper functioning of the system. Monetary valuation caps it by obscuring the inverse relationship between thermodynamics and economics, in which low-entropy energy and materials indispensable in economic production processes are lowly priced while processed goods which have dissipated most of their matter-energy are highly priced, ensuring that biophysical resources and profits accumulates in the industrialized Northern countries. This EUE framework is applied to the EU's Raw Materials Initiative from the vantage point of policy as implicit theory. By challenging mainstream policies and their underlying theories, the EUE perspective demonstrates that alternatives to neoliberal policy prescriptions exist and policy can play a crucial role in bringing about the necessary structural changes.Key words: ecologically unequal exchange, environmental justice, EU, capitalism, free trade, policy

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Kill, Jutta. "The role of voluntary certification in maintaining the ecologically unequal exchange of wood pulp: the Forest Stewardship Council's certification of industrial tree plantations in Brazil." Journal of Political Ecology 23, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 434. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v23i1.20247.

Full text

Abstract:

Voluntary certification schemes have grown in popularity since the late 1980s. Today, a large number of consumer items from coffee and chocolate to oil palm and soya products carry labels that supposedly attest their contribution to promoting fair trade or a reduction of negative environmental impacts. Many printed books, magazines and other paper products carry a label promising 'environmentally appropriate, socially beneficial and economically viable' management of the tree plantations that deliver the raw material for the pulp and paper from which these products are made. This article explores the role that one such voluntary certification scheme used by the pulp and paper sector plays in maintaining ecologically unequal exchange. Would ecologically unequal exchange in a certified product cease to exist if the voluntary certification schemes available for pulp and paper products were to become the norm, instead of just catering to a niche market? If the answer to that hypothetical question is 'no' – which it is – then the question that arises is: what role does the voluntary certification scheme play in upholding ecologically unequal exchange? This article explores the role of one particular voluntary certification scheme – by the Forest Stewardship Council – in maintaining ecologically unequal exchange in the trade of pulp products between industrialised countries with a relatively high per-capital consumption of pulp and paper products and the global South, in this case Brazil. It shows how, from the perspective of communities who bear the ecological, social and economic cost of industrial tree plantations and who oppose further expansion of these plantations, voluntary certification schemes have (inadvertently?) helped tilt the balance of power even further in favour of corporate interests for expansion. An unacknowledged imbalance of power between corporations and the certification schemes, on the one hand, and communities and their allies, on the other, has become manifest and aids further expansion of industrial tree plantations for production of pulp for export, thus contributing to maintaining ecologically unequal exchange.Key words: certification; commodity chains; conflicts; consumption; ecologically unequal exchange; environmental justice; Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), industrial tree plantations; pulp and paper; resistance struggles

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

Rice, James. "Ecological Unequal Exchange: Consumption, Equity, and Unsustainable Structural Relationships within the Global Economy." International Journal of Comparative Sociology 48, no. 1 (February 2007): 43–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020715207072159.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

Wang, Yan, Tao Zhou, Hao Chen, and Zhihai Rong. "Environmental Homogenization or Heterogenization? The Effects of Globalization on Carbon Dioxide Emissions, 1970–2014." Sustainability 11, no. 10 (May 14, 2019): 2752. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11102752.

Full text

Abstract:

Globalization significantly influences climate change. Ecological modernization theory and world polity theory suggest that globalization reduces carbon dioxide emissions worldwide by facilitating economic, political, social, and cultural homogenization, whereas ecological unequal exchange theory indicates that cumulative economic and political disparities lead to an uneven distribution of emissions in developed and less developed countries. This study addresses this controversy and systematically investigates the extent to which different dimensions of globalization influence carbon emissions in developed and less developed countries by treating globalization as a dynamic historical process involving economic, political, and social/cultural dimensions in a long-term, cross-national context. Drawing on data for 137 countries from 1970 to 2014, we find that while globalization, social and cultural globalization in particular, has enabled developed countries to significantly decrease their carbon emissions, it has led to more emissions in less developed countries, lending support to the ecological unequal exchange theory. Consistent with world polity theory, international political integration has contributed to carbon reductions over time. We highlight the internal tension between environmental conservation and degradation in a globalizing world and discuss the opportunities for less developed countries to reduce emissions.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Hornborg, Alf. "Ecological economics, Marxism, and technological progress: Some explorations of the conceptual foundations of theories of ecologically unequal exchange." Ecological Economics 105 (September 2014): 11–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2014.05.015.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Hornborg, Alf. "The Unequal Exchange of Time and Space: Toward a Non-Normative Ecological Theory of Exploitation." Journal of Ecological Anthropology 7, no. 1 (January 2003): 4–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.5038/2162-4593.7.1.1.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Rice, J. "Ecological Unequal Exchange: International Trade and Uneven Utilization of Environmental Space in the World System." Social Forces 85, no. 3 (March 1, 2007): 1369–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/sof.2007.0054.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Rivera-Basques, Luisa, Rosa Duarte, and Julio Sánchez-Chóliz. "Unequal ecological exchange in the era of global value chains: The case of Latin America." Ecological Economics 180 (February 2021): 106881. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2020.106881.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Lynch, Michael J. "Green Criminology and Environmental Crime: Criminology That Matters in the Age of Global Ecological Collapse." Journal of White Collar and Corporate Crime 1, no. 1 (November 7, 2019): 50–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2631309x19876930.

Full text

Abstract:

An overview of green criminology (GC) is provided. That substantial literature is not easily summarized, and here, some core issues are reviewed: defining green crimes, the scope of GC, measuring green crimes, and empirical studies of green crimes. Special attention is paid to political economic approaches to GC, which was the foundation for GC. Connections are made to environmental sociology, theories of metabolic rift and unequal ecological exchange, and scientific evidence on planetary boundaries and ecological footprints. Examples of widespread human and nonhuman being green victimization are reviewed. In an era of anthropogenic-driven global ecological collapse, academic disciplines must pay increased attention to ecological disorganization, ecosystem destruction, and excessive production/consumption, which is the proper subject matter of GC.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Austin, Kelly. "Coffee exports as ecological, social, and physical unequal exchange: A cross-national investigation of the java trade." International Journal of Comparative Sociology 53, no. 3 (June 2012): 155–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020715212455350.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Jorgenson, Andrew K. "The Sociology of Unequal Exchange in Ecological Context: A Panel Study of Lower-Income Countries, 1975-2000." Sociological Forum 24, no. 1 (March 2009): 22–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1573-7861.2008.01085.x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Jorgenson, Andrew K. "Unequal Ecological Exchange and Environmental Degradation: A Theoretical Proposition and Cross-National Study of Deforestation, 1990-2000*." Rural Sociology 71, no. 4 (December 2006): 685–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1526/003601106781262016.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Althouse, Jeffrey, Giulio Guarini, and Jose Gabriel Porcile. "Ecological macroeconomics in the open economy: Sustainability, unequal exchange and policy coordination in a center-periphery model." Ecological Economics 172 (June 2020): 106628. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2020.106628.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Jorgenson, Andrew K., and Brett Clark. "The Economy, Military, and Ecologically Unequal Exchange Relationships in Comparative Perspective: A Panel Study of the Ecological Footprints of Nations, 1975–2000." Social Problems 56, no. 4 (November 2009): 621–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sp.2009.56.4.621.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Martinez-Alier, Joan, Federico Demaria, Leah Temper, and Mariana Walter. "Changing social metabolism and environmental conflicts in India and South America." Journal of Political Ecology 23, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 467. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v23i1.20252.

Full text

Abstract:

Firstly, we present some environmental conflicts gathered in 2016 in the EJAtlas, selecting a few that have implied deaths of environmental defenders around the world including India and South America. Such conflicts arise from changing trends in the social metabolism. Secondly, we compare India and South America in terms of internal metabolism and international trade. We show that South America and India are at different moments in the race (concomitant with increased GDP per person) for the use of materials. South America reached a level of extraction of over 10 tons per person/year of all materials. It is unlikely that this will increase much. Maintaining this level already means environmental pressures. A substantial part goes for exports, much larger than the imports. In contrast, India was until recently at a level not much above 5 tons of material use per capita/year. If the Indian economy grows, as it is likely to do, the social metabolism will increase in volume more or less in proportion to economic growth. The use of biomass will increase much less than that of building materials and fossil fuels. This follows the regular patterns of economic growth. Internally, the Indian economy exploits some states as providers of raw materials in a pattern of ecological internal colonialism but internationally (in terms of material flows), it is not subject to 'ecologically unequal exchange', contrary to South America. Finally, we use some statistics from the EJAtlas comparing participation of indigenous and traditional populations and rates of 'success' in local struggles for environmental justice in both subcontinents, to see whether the global movement for environmental justice can help to slow down the destruction of the environment and local livelihoods and cultures.Key words: EJAtlas, material flows, economic growth, ecological distribution conflicts, environmental defenders, ecologically unequal trade, internal colonialism

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Jaria i Manzano, Jordi, Antonio Cardesa-Salzmann, Antoni Pigrau, and Susana Borràs. "Measuring environmental injustice: how ecological debt defines a radical change in the international legal system." Journal of Political Ecology 23, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 381. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v23i1.20225.

Full text

Abstract:

This paper takes ecological debt as a measure of environmental injustice, and appraises this idea as a driving force for change in the international legal system. Environmental justice is understood here as a fair distribution of charges and benefits derived from using natural resources, in order to provide minimal welfare standards to all human beings, including future generations. Ecological debt measures this injustice, as an unfair and illegitimate distribution of benefits and burdens within the social metabolism, including ecologically unequal exchange, as a disproportionate appropriation and impairment of common goods, such as the atmosphere. Structural features of the international system promote a lack of transparency, control and accountability of power, through a pro-growth and pro-freedom language. In theory, this discourse comes with the promise of compensation for ordinary people, but in fact it benefits only a few. Ecological debt, as a symptom of the pervasive injustice of the current balance of power, demands an equivalent response, unravelling and deconstructing real power behind the imagery of equally sovereign states. It claims a counterhegemonic agenda aiming at rebuilding international law from a pluralist, 'third world' or Southern perspective and improving the balance of power. Ecological debt should not only serve as a means of compensation, but as a conceptual definition of an unfair system of human relations, which needs change. It may also help to define the burdens to be assumed as costs for the change required in international relations, i.e. by promoting the constitutionalization of international law and providing appropriate protection to human beings under the paradigms of sustainability (not sustainable development) and equity.Key Words: environmental justice, ecological debt, international legal system

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Ngwane, Trevor, and Patrick Bond. "South Africa’s Shrinking Sovereignty: Economic Crises, Ecological Damage, Sub-Imperialism and Social Resistances." Vestnik RUDN. International Relations 20, no. 1 (December 15, 2020): 67–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-0660-2020-20-1-67-83.

Full text

Abstract:

The development of contemporary South Africa political economy occurred within the context of a global capitalist order characterized by increasingly unequal political and economic relations between and within countries. Before liberation in 1994, many people across the world actively supported the struggle against apartheid, with South Africa’s neighbouring states paying the highest price. The ‘sovereignty’ of the apartheid state was challenged by three processes: first, economic, cultural and sporting sanctions called for by Nelson Mandela’s African National Congress and other liberation movements, which from the 1960s-80s were increasingly effective in forcing change; second, solidaristic foreign governments including Sweden’s and the USSR’s provided material support to overthrowing the Pretoria Regime; and third, military defeat in Angola and the liberation of neighbouring Mozambique (1975), Zimbabwe (1980) and Namibia (1990) signalled the inevitability of change. But that state nevertheless maintained sufficient strength - e.g. defaulting on foreign debt and imposing exchange controls in 1985 - to ensure a transition to democracy that was largely determined by local forces. Since 1994, the shrinkage of sovereignty means the foreign influences of global capitalism amplify local socio-economic contradictions in a manner destructive to the vast majority of citizens. This is evident when considering economic, ecological, geopolitical and societal considerations.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Pineault, Eric. "The ghosts of progress: Contradictory materialities of the capitalist Golden Age." Anthropological Theory 21, no. 3 (February 16, 2021): 260–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1463499620980292.

Full text

Abstract:

This theoretical contribution will examine the process of displacement of the constitutive contradictions of advanced capitalist societies from interior to exterior during the postwar era known as the ‘capitalist Golden Age’ (1945 to 1980). I ask the following question: what if this displacement is both an inherent and necessary process? In that case, the apparent stability or expansion gained in the core during this era was not only at the expense of externalized instability and destruction ‘elsewhere’; rather, this displacement was a precondition for growth in the centre. This has normative, political and methodological implications for current projects of socio-ecological transformation based on a proverbial Green New Deal. By examining theories of unequal ecological exchange and biophysically expanded versions of the labour process as developed by ecological anthropologists such as Hornborg or ecological economists such as Georgescu-Roegen, I will explore the possibility of understanding the material trajectory of advanced capitalism as a zero-sum game. This leads to a view of capitalist development in the 20th century where the accumulation process is no longer seen as progressive. To substantiate this argument, I will re-examine the energy flow patterns that sustained the growth of American capitalism during the Fordist period of accumulation, or so-called Golden Age of American capitalism. This revision of the American experience of growth from 1945 to 1980 can be considered a contribution to the wider study of the development of the dependence of capitalism on fossil fuels, or ‘fossil capital’.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

Sanderson, Matthew R., and R. Scott Frey. "From desert to breadbasket…to desert again? A metabolic rift in the High Plains Aquifer." Journal of Political Ecology 21, no. 1 (December 1, 2014): 516. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v21i1.21149.

Full text

Abstract:

The High Plains region of the U.S. is one of the most important agricultural regions in the world. Much agricultural production in this semi-arid region, however, depends on the consumption of nonrenewable groundwater from the High Plains Aquifer. Although the problem has drawn significant attention from policymakers and citizens for over forty years, depletion of the Aquifer has worsened. Why does depletion persist despite widespread and ongoing concern? We explore this conundrum by placing the region into an historical, political-economic context. We focus specifically on the case of Western Kansas, and argue that the contemporary problem is rooted in the ways in which this region was articulated into broader circuits of capital and exchange. Private capital and the state incorporated the region as a source of primary raw materials, mainly agricultural products. Water-dependent agricultural resource extraction opened up a metabolic rift in the hydrological cycle that has only been exacerbated over time through unequal ecological exchange with more politically and economically central places. These structural dynamics associated with political-economic incorporation have impeded efforts to develop more sustainable uses of groundwater consumption in the region.Key words: groundwater management, metabolic rift, High Plains, Kansas

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Hao, Feng. "Economy/Environment Interaction and Global Trade of Materials: An Empirical Examination for 95 Countries between 1980 and 2009." Perspectives on Global Development and Technology 13, no. 4 (July 17, 2014): 423–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15691497-12341310.

Full text

Abstract:

Political economy theory posits decreasing economic intensity—i.e. the use of fewer materials per unit of economic growth—does not lead to a decrease in material extraction. Modernization theory suggests decreasing economic intensity may lead to a decline in the use of materials. Unequal ecological exchange theory suggests that the dominate position of developed countries in the global trade of materials allows them to protect their own environments by extracting materials elsewhere. By examining data from 95 countries between 1980 and 2009, this paper provides an empirical evaluation to theoretical statements discussed above. Findings show that economic intensity has declined markedly for decades while the total material extraction continues to increase worldwide. More developed countries enjoy an import surplus, while most materials extracted from developing countries are exported abroad. Positive associations (mediated by global trade of materials) exist between material extraction from developing countries and material consumption in developed countries.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Hornborg, Alf. "The Money-Energy-Technology Complex and Ecological Marxism: Rethinking the Concept of “Use-value” to Extend Our Understanding of Unequal Exchange, Part 1." Capitalism Nature Socialism 30, no. 3 (February 22, 2018): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10455752.2018.1440614.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Hornborg, Alf. "The Money–Energy–Technology Complex and Ecological Marxism: Rethinking the Concept of “Use-value” to Extend Our Understanding of Unequal Exchange, Part 2." Capitalism Nature Socialism 30, no. 4 (April 29, 2018): 71–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10455752.2018.1464212.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Hornborg, Alf. "The World-System and the Earth System." Journal of World-Systems Research 26, no. 2 (August 19, 2020): 184–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/jwsr.2020.989.

Full text

Abstract:

Efforts to conceptualize the role of asymmetric resource transfers in the capitalist world-system have been constrained by the emphasis on surplus value and the labor theory of value in Marxist thought. A coherent theory of ecologically unequal exchange must focus on asymmetric flows of biophysical resources such as embodied labor, land, energy, and materials. To conceptualize these flows in terms of “underpaid costs” or “surplus value” is to suggest that the metabolism of the world-system can be accounted for using a monetary metric. This paper rejects both labor and energy theories of value in favor of the observation that market pricing tends to lead to asymmetric resource flows. The Marxist labor theory of value is an economic argument, rather than a physical one. In acknowledging this we may transcend the recent debate within ecological Marxism about whether “nature” and “society” are valid categories. Nature and society are ontologically entwined, as in the undertheorized phenomenon of modern technology, but should be kept analytically distinct. Since the Industrial Revolution, technological progress has been contingent on the societal ratios by which biophysical resources are exchanged on the world market. The failure among Marxist and world-system theorists to properly account for this central aspect of capitalist accumulation can be traced to the pervasive assumption that market commodities have objective values that may exceed their price. Instead of arguing with mainstream economists about whether market assessments of value are justified, it is more analytically robust to observe that market valuation is destroying the biosphere.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Tester, Aaron William. "Deforestation in the Global South: Assessing Uneven Environmental Improvements 1993–2013." Sociological Perspectives 63, no. 5 (March 23, 2020): 764–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731121420908900.

Full text

Abstract:

In recent decades forest degradation declined around the globe. While encouraging, improvements emerged unevenly in the Global South. What explains these variable trends? Using longitudinal panel models with fixed effects, I assess changes to forest area from 1993–2013 in 73 countries. Drawing from sociological institutionalism and unequal ecological exchange, I make three contributions. I find that omnibus environmental laws mitigate forest loss rather than environmental international nongovernmental organizations, and, I show that dependency on trade with wealthy countries weakens the impact of these policies. I also substantiate and theorize export-led industrialization as a leading driver of deforestation. Broadly, I argue that national states are key sites of contestation between transnational political-economic forces and legitimated but pliable environmental institutions. Developing countries adopt standardized forest protections while, facing political-economic pressures, they variably consent to predatory trade terms and streamline export infrastructures. I conclude with recommendations for future research and policy implications.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Grimes, Peter E. "Evolution and World-Systems: Complexity, Energy, and Form." Journal of World-Systems Research 23, no. 2 (August 11, 2017): 678–732. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/jwsr.2017.728.

Full text

Abstract:

World-Systems Theory and Complexity Theory are siblings from the same parent of Von Bertalanffy’s foundational work on general systems theory. But they were ideologically separated at birth. World-Systems emerged out of dependency theory, itself a product of and reaction to neocolonialism after World War Two. Wallerstein’s historical analysis of the origins of unequal exchange in the “long” 16th C., first within Europe, and then encompassing its colonies, extended dependency theory’s exposure of exploitation by demonstrating the systemic consistency of geopolitical parasitism well before the modern era. Christopher Chase-Dunn has furthered that insight by using empirical research on the unequal exchange between the earliest known polities. His work has additionally shown how the methods of cross-polity parasitism have changed over time, both creating and undermining the empires of history in response to changing ecological and climatic constraints. His work also shows how systemic change often starts in the creative conditions unique to semiperipheries. The other child of general systems theory evolved in the worlds of physics and computer science, becoming known first as Chaos and later Complexity theory. It too expanded, demonstrating that positive causal feedback loops of energy and information could explain the life-processes of biology and evolutionary theory. Given their common ancestry and attention to the flows of energy and information, their re-connection was inevitable. This paper seeks to merge them. The approach will be to use complexity to explain how entropy builds structures on a physical level, then how those same dynamics created life, drove evolution, and continue to drive social complexity from our nomadic roots to our current global strife. The work of Chase-Dunn will be shown as logically consistent with complexity theory, and ideally a marriage of the traditions completed. As a former student and life-long colleague of Chase-Dunn’s, the author is also paying homage while pointing a way forward.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Hope, Wayne. "Epochality, Global Capitalism and Ecology." tripleC: Communication, Capitalism & Critique. Open Access Journal for a Global Sustainable Information Society 16, no. 2 (May 4, 2018): 562–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31269/triplec.v16i2.1002.

Full text

Abstract:

What type of capitalism do we live in today? My answer to this question draws upon two interrelated lines of argument. Firstly, I will argue that we inhabit an epoch of global capitalism. The precursors of this kind of capitalism originated from the late nineteenth century when the development of telegraph networks, modern transport systems and world time zones provided a global template for industrialisation and Western imperialism. From about 1980 a confluence of global events and processes bought a fully-fledged global capitalism into being. These included the collapse of Fordist Keynesianism, national Keynesianism and Soviet Communism along with First, Second and Third World demarcations; the international proliferation of neo-liberal policy regimes; the growth of transnational corporations in all economic sectors; the predominance of financialisation and the reconstitution of global workforces. Secondly, I will argue that the shift from organic surface energy to underground fossil energy intertwined the time of the earth with the time of human history as nature was being instrumentalised as a resource for humanity. Understanding the capitalist relations of power involved here requires that we rethink the emergence of industrial capitalism in the historical context of a world system built upon unequal socio-ecological exchange between core and periphery. Today, global capitalism has intensified the anthropogenic feedback loops associated with CO2 emissions and climate change and universalised the organisational frameworks of profit extraction and socio-ecological destruction. I refer here to the transnational systems of fossil fuel capitalism along with their interlinkages with financialisation and advertising/commodity fetishism. From the preceding lines of argument I will briefly outline the intra-capitalist and planetary-ecological crises out of which transnational coalitions of opposition might emerge.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Gorman, Timothy. "Underdeveloping the Mekong?" Sociology of Development 6, no. 2 (2020): 174–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sod.2020.6.2.174.

Full text

Abstract:

Over the past century, the Mekong River Delta of southern Vietnam has undergone a series of transformations. In the early twentieth century, its forests and marshes were cleared for extensive rice production under French colonial rule; rice production was then intensified along Green Revolution lines under the post-colonial regimes of the 1960s to 1990s, before a dramatic shift toward export-oriented shrimp aquaculture since 2000. Drawing on archival and secondary data, as well as theories of extraction and unequal exchange, this paper traces the development, expansion, intensification, and eventually crisis of rice cultivation in the Mekong Delta. After a brief literature review, the paper consists of three sections. The first examines the origins and drivers of export-oriented extraction in the French colonial period; the second, the shift toward intensive rice production in the developmental states of the postcolonial period; and the third, the return to extraction, in the form of shrimp aquaculture, in the 1990s and 2000s. Building on Bunker's notion of “extractive cycles,” I argue that the Mekong Delta's history of extraction has exposed the region to ecological and economic crises, as well as shaping the long-term trajectory of subsequent development toward the extractive cultivation of export-oriented commodities.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Jorgenson, Andrew K. "The sociology of ecologically unequal exchange, foreign investment dependence and environmental load displacement: summary of the literature and implications for sustainability." Journal of Political Ecology 23, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 334. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v23i1.20221.

Full text

Abstract:

The article begins by summarizing sociological approaches to (1) ecologically unequal exchange, and (2) foreign investment dependence and environmental load displacement. These areas of sociological inquiry consist of structural theories and cross-national statistical analyses that test hypotheses derived from both approaches. It concludes by briefly describing sociological research on global civil society and the environment, with a focus on the world society approach to environmental change. This area of theory and research provides some insights on ways in which global and transnational civil society groups, such as environmental international nongovernmental organizations, can partially mitigate the environmental harms caused by ecologically unequal exchanges and environmental load displacements.Key words: ecologically unequal exchange, environmental load displacement, foreign investment dependence

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Moran, Daniel D., Manfred Lenzen, Keiichiro Kanemoto, and Arne Geschke. "Does ecologically unequal exchange occur?" Ecological Economics 89 (May 2013): 177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2013.02.013.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Jorgenson, Andrew. "Environment, Development, and Ecologically Unequal Exchange." Sustainability 8, no. 3 (March 1, 2016): 227. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su8030227.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Jorgenson, Andrew K., and Brett Clark. "Ecologically Unequal Exchange in Comparative Perspective." International Journal of Comparative Sociology 50, no. 3-4 (May 20, 2009): 211–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020715209105139.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Bai, Yikang, and Jennifer Givens. "Ecologically Unequal Exchange of Plastic Waste?" Journal of World-Systems Research 27, no. 1 (March 21, 2021): 265–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/jwsr.2021.1026.

Full text

Abstract:

Plastic production has been increasing since mass production of plastics started in the 1950s. As plastic production has continued to rise, so has plastic waste. Meanwhile, international trade in plastic waste has increased as well. The narrative about global trade in plastic waste oftentimes is that the Global North transfers waste to the Global South. However, little is known quantitatively about the extent to which the Global North shifts environmental harms of plastic waste to the Global South. We examine the extent to which global trade in plastic waste provides evidence for ecologically unequal exchange relationships from 2003 to 2013. We then explore whether plastic waste can be a resource for some countries. Specifically, we investigate how trade in plastic waste is associated with level of economic development in high-income countries and non-high-income countries. The findings provide nuanced evidence of ecologically unequal exchange relationships between high-income countries and non-high-income countries in plastic waste trade. The results also indicate that higher plastic waste import is associated with greater economic development in non-high-income countries. This research advances our understanding of the theory of ecologically unequal exchange in the context of international trade in plastic waste.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Henderson, Kent, and Kristen Shorette. "Environmentalism in the Periphery: Institutional Embeddedness and Deforestation among Fifteen Palm Oil Producers, 1990 – 2012." Journal of World-Systems Research 23, no. 2 (August 11, 2017): 269–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/jwsr.2017.699.

Full text

Abstract:

Environmental sociologists highlight the exploitative nature of the global capitalist economy where resource extraction from nations in the periphery tends to disproportionately benefit those of the core. From the Brazilian Amazon to mineral-rich Sub-Saharan Africa, the practice of “unequal ecological exchange” persists. Simultaneously, a “global environmental regime” has coalesced as a prominent feature of the contemporary world system. In the post-World War II era, legitimate nation-states must take steps to protect the natural environment and prevent its degradation even at their own economic expense. Stronger national ties to global institutions, particularly international nongovernmental organizations (INGOs) consistently yield more positive environmental outcomes. However, previous work suggests that normative expectations for improved environmental practice will be weak or nonexistent in the periphery. We use the case of palm oil production and its relationship to deforestation to provide a more nuanced analysis of the relationship between material and institutional forces in the periphery. Using unbalanced panels of fifteen palm oil producing countries from 1990 to 2012, we find that stronger national ties to world society via citizen memberships in INGOs result in greater primary forest area among palm oil producers. However, this effect is strongest where production is lowest and weakens as production increases. Even in the cases of Indonesia and Malaysia, where palm oil production is substantially higher than any other producer, ties to global institutions are significantly related to reduced forest loss. These results indicate the variable importance of national embeddedness into global institutions within the periphery of the world system.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Ciplet, David, and J. Timmons Roberts. "Splintering South: Ecologically Unequal Exchange Theory in a Fragmented Global Climate." Journal of World-Systems Research 23, no. 2 (August 11, 2017): 372–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/jwsr.2017.669.

Full text

Abstract:

The article examines the changing nature of politics in the United Nations climate negotiations through the lens of ecologically unequal exchange theory, focusing on the lead up to and aftermath of the 2015 Paris negotiations. We identify and discuss three areas of tension that have emerged within the G-77 coalition: tensions within the global semi-periphery, tensions between the semi-periphery and periphery, and tensions within the periphery. Together, these tensions challenge the main link of solidarity in the G-77 coalition: the idea that all countries in the global South share a common predicament in the global system, with the North solely to blame. Drawing upon this case, we offer three related insights to develop ecologically unequal exchange theory. First, theory and empirical work must better consider the role of the semi-periphery, and divisions within the semi-periphery, in reproducing ecologically unequal societies. Second, theory should account for how fragmentation between the periphery and semi-periphery may produce distinct challenges for peripheral states to resist governance forms which intensify ecologically unequal exchange. Third, theory should better account for the ways in which ecologically unequal exchange as mobilized as a collective action frame reflects and diverges from the real-world distribution of environmental goods and bads in the world system.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Shandra, John M., Christopher Leckband, Laura A. McKinney, and Bruce London. "Ecologically Unequal Exchange, World Polity, and Biodiversity Loss." International Journal of Comparative Sociology 50, no. 3-4 (May 20, 2009): 285–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020715209105143.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Gellert, Paul K., R. Scott Frey, and Harry F. Dahms. "Introduction to Ecologically Unequal Exchange in Comparative Perspective." Journal of World-Systems Research 23, no. 2 (August 11, 2017): 226–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/jwsr.2017.733.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Timmons Roberts, J., and Bradley C. Parks. "Fueling Injustice: Globalization, Ecologically Unequal Exchange and Climate Change." Globalizations 4, no. 2 (June 2007): 193–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14747730701345218.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

Austin, Kelly F. "Degradation and disease: Ecologically unequal exchanges cultivate emerging pandemics." World Development 137 (January 2021): 105163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2020.105163.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Shandra, John M., Michael Restivo, and Jamie M. Sommer. "Appetite for Destruction? China, Ecologically Unequal Exchange, and Forest Loss." Rural Sociology 85, no. 2 (July 8, 2019): 346–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ruso.12292.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Jorgenson, Andrew K., Kelly Austin, and Christopher Dick. "Ecologically Unequal Exchange and the Resource Consumption/Environmental Degradation Paradox." International Journal of Comparative Sociology 50, no. 3-4 (May 20, 2009): 263–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020715209105142.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Huang, Xiaorui. "Ecologically unequal exchange, recessions, and climate change: A longitudinal study." Social Science Research 73 (July 2018): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2018.03.003.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Givens, Jennifer E., Xiaorui Huang, and Andrew K. Jorgenson. "Ecologically unequal exchange: A theory of global environmental in justice." Sociology Compass 13, no. 5 (April 5, 2019): e12693. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12693.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Dorninger, Christian, and Alf Hornborg. "Can EEMRIO analyses establish the occurrence of ecologically unequal exchange?" Ecological Economics 119 (November 2015): 414–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolecon.2015.08.009.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

We offer discounts on all premium plans for authors whose works are included in thematic literature selections. Contact us to get a unique promo code!