Relevant bibliographies by topics / Ecological water requirements

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Ecological water requirements'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 18 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Ecological water requirements"

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Cheng, Qian, Lin fei Zhou, and Tie liang Wang. "Eco-environmental water requirements in Shuangtaizi Estuary Wetland based on multi-source remote sensing data." Journal of Water and Climate Change 9, no. 2 (March 23, 2018): 338–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2018.050.

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Abstract With rapid economic development and expansion of urban boundaries, increasingly damaged wetland resources have seriously threatened the ecosystem. The study of eco-environmental requirements of wetlands is not only the basis of water resources allocation in development and utilization, but also for creating a sustainable system to maintain and improve the overall ecosystem. In this study, we used the Shuangtaizi Estuary Wetland as our study area. The breakdown of wetland cover types was extracted based on multi-source remote sensing data, providing the graphic database for ecological water requirement calculation. According to the characteristics of the Shuangtaizi Estuary Wetland ecosystem, the methods of quantifying the components of ecological water requirements were determined. The results showed that the optimum ecological water requirement of the total wetland was 239 million m3. The minimum, 75th percentile frequency, and 95th percentile frequency water requirements were 670 million m3, 921 million m3, and 1,078 million m3, respectively.
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Yan, Jun, Xuewei Fu, chengwei Tian, Zhenyu Yang, and Qingyan Liu. "Hydraulic method to determine the ecological flow for fish." MATEC Web of Conferences 246 (2018): 01110. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201824601110.

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Social and economic development will influence the nature environment and lead to ecological problems, among which the ecological flow concerns the food chain and fish populations. Although there are many computation formulas for counting ecological flow, it is very difficult to unite and get reasonable values. According to the existing research of ecological flow, the concept and calculation method of ecological flow are analyzed, which shows that in a complex ecological system, ecological water requirement is difficult to meet the requirements of all the protection object of water requirement at the same time. Therefore, we should focus on the specific fish with reference value to build ecological protection object and determine the ecological flow. Furthermore, the ecological flow should be the regulation of water quality and water quantity in time and space. Using hydraulic method, the fish living space under different water flow environments can be determined, and specific time and space regulation schemes can be obtained.
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Li, Qiongfang, Meixiu Yu, Jianhua Zhao, Tao Cai, Guobin Lu, Wei Xie, and Xue Bai. "Impact of the Three Gorges reservoir operation on downstream ecological water requirements." Hydrology Research 43, no. 1-2 (February 1, 2012): 48–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/nh.2011.121.

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With population increase and economic growth, the flow regime of the Yangtze River has been altered to some extent by human activities, particularly dam construction. Dam-induced alterations in the flow regime of the Yangtze River will unavoidably influence water allocation among different water users and instream ecological water requirements may not be guaranteed during some months, particularly during phases of reservoir storing water. To assess the impacts of the Three Gorges reservoir operation on the downstream minimum instream ecological water requirements, this paper selected the Three Gorges reservoir and Yichang hydrological station below the reservoir as case study sites. On the basis of long-term time series of daily discharge data, the reservoir outflow was simulated under two water storing schemes and the degree to which the downstream minimum ecological flow was satisfied was computed. The results of this paper could provide references for the integrated management of the Yangtze River water resources and the assessment of dam-induced impacts on the Yangtze River ecosystem health.
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Teliurа, N. "INTRODUCTION OF THE TECHNOLOGY SELECTION METHOD FOR ENVIRONMENTALLY SAFE WATER DISPOSAL TECHNOLOGIES AS AN ELEMENT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN SETTLEMENTS OF UKRAINE." Municipal economy of cities 1, no. 154 (April 3, 2020): 94–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.33042/2522-1809-2020-1-154-94-99.

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The article presents the results of the analysis of the main provisions of the concept of ensuring the ecological safety of settlements. The requirements for the water disposal system as a component of safe water use in settlements are determined in accordance with the principles of sustainable development. Scientifically based criteria formulated as components of sustainable development - ecological, social and economic-technological. The technologies of ecologically safe water disposal are theoretically justified and proposed. The sequence of the gradual conversion of the water disposal systems of a specific locality into an ecologically safe one was determined by selecting priority technologies for water disposal. A multi-criteria multi-level hierarchy of the choice of ecologically safe water disposal technologies has been developed, which has allowed the ecological sustainable functioning of a water body as an element of the environment. The program-analytical method for selecting priority technologies for ecologically safe water disposal, including the method of analyzing hierarchies to improve the quality of the results obtained in the formation of the decision-making process for the ecological safety management tasks of a particular settlement, was substantiated and tested. For specific localities, the priority of technology implementation was determined, the correct pairwise comparison was made with the achievement of the given level of consistency (ІY≤0.1 %). Based on this, it was determined that a reasonable choice for the implementation of priority technologies for ecologically safe water disposal can improve the ecological safety of eutrophic water bodies – sources of drinking water supply and recreational use and rise up the living conditions of residents of the settlements. Keywords: ecological safety, method for choosing environmentally sound wastewater technologies, settlement.
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Crabtree, B., A. J. Seward, and L. Thompson. "A case study of regional catchment water quality modelling to identify pollution control requirements." Water Science and Technology 53, no. 10 (May 1, 2006): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2006.296.

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There are four ecologically important river catchments that contain candidate Special Areas of Conservation (cSACs) under the Habitats Directive in the Lake District National Park located in the North of England. These are the rivers Ehen, Kent, Derwent and Eden. For each cSAC, there are defined ecological criteria that include water quality targets to protect the designated species. Stretches of the riverine cSACs in each catchment are failing to meet these and other water quality targets. The Environment Agency commissioned a study of each catchment to provide the underpinning scientific knowledge to allow it to deliver its statutory obligations under the Habitats Directive. SIMCAT river water quality models were produced and used to predict the water quality impacts resulting from a number of water quality planning scenarios aimed at achieving full compliance with the Habitats Directive and other national and EEC water quality targets. The results indicated that further controls on effluent discharges will allow the majority of targets to be met but other sources of pollution will also need to be controlled. The outcome of the study also recognised that water quality improvements alone will not necessarily produce the required improvement to the ecological interest features in each cSAC.
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Wang, Yong, and Yu Ting Xu. "Ecological Revetment Reconstruction of Huang Jia River in Licha." Applied Mechanics and Materials 641-642 (September 2014): 156–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.641-642.156.

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River channelization, water eutrophication, ecological revetment degradation, loss of natural, human landscape, etc. are prevalent the construction of China's urbanization process. This paper takes Huang Jia River as example, combing landscape ecology theory and water conservation requirements, put forward the ecological revetment restore technique. Basis on this technique, the author proposes the systematic measures to enhance the ecological value of the river, solving the conflicts between technology requirements and natural ecology reasonably.
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Capon, Samantha J., and Timothy R. Capon. "An Impossible Prescription: Why Science Cannot Determine Environmental Water Requirements for a Healthy Murray-Darling Basin." Water Economics and Policy 03, no. 03 (February 8, 2017): 1650037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2382624x16500375.

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The concept of environmental water requirements (EWRs) is central to Australia’s present approach to water reform. Current decision-making regarding environmental water relies strongly on the notion that EWRs necessary to meet targets associated with ecological objectives for asset sites can be scientifically defined, thus enabling the ecological outcomes of alternative water management scenarios to be evaluated in a relatively straightforward fashion in relation to these flow thresholds or targets. We argue, however, that the ecological objectives and targets currently underpinning the development of EWRs in the Murray-Darling Basin are insufficient to permit the identification of exact water requirements or flow thresholds. Because of the dynamic and heterogeneous nature of the Murray-Darling Basin and the myriad ways in which it is valued by people, we also assert that it is unlikely that adequate ecological objectives and targets from which to determine EWRs could ever be formulated. We suggest that the current emphasis on the concept of EWRs in environmental water planning conflates science and values, perpetuating a “how much is enough?” myth whereby the significance of the social, cultural and political dimension in environmental decision-making is diminished. We support an alternative paradigm in which the contribution of ecological science to water policy and management decisions focuses on understanding ecological responses of water-dependent ecosystems and their biota to alternative management scenarios and linking these responses to the ecosystem services and human values which they support.
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O’Reilly, M., J. Boyle, S. Nowacki, M. Elliott, and R. Foster. "Monitoring Scotland’s transitional water fish communities under the EU Water Framework Directive." Glasgow Naturalist 27, no. 3 (2021): 48–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.37208/tgn27318.

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The history of monitoring transitional water fish in Scotland is briefly outlined. The requirements of the EU Water Framework Directive are explained and how this applies to the monitoring of transitional water fish communities in Scotland is described. The development of a monitoring programme for Scotland is outlined, including sampling methods and strategies. Six transitional waters were selected as representative for Scotland covering three different types of transitional water. A multi-metric tool, the Transitional Water Fish Classification Index was used to assess the ecological status of the fish communities in these waters and the operation of the different metrics and the creation of appropriate reference conditions is explained. The assessment tool was applied to survey data from 2005 to 2018, although only the more recent data fully met the tool requirements. The species composition and abundances in the respective transitional waters were compared. The fully valid surveys were all classed as of Good or High status, indicating the fish communities in all the representative transitional waters appeared to be in good ecological health. The efficacy of the different metrics is considered and some issues with Metric 2, enumerating migratory species, are discussed at length. A new multi-metric tool, the Estuarine Multi-metric Fish Index, is briefly discussed and its introduction for the assessments in Scotland is recommended.
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Jiang, Dejuan, Huixiao Wang, and Lijuan Li. "Progress in ecological and environmental water requirements research and applications in China." Water International 31, no. 2 (June 2006): 145–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02508060.2006.9709666.

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Abbaspour, M., and A. Nazaridoust. "Determination of environmental water requirements of Lake Urmia, Iran: an ecological approach." International Journal of Environmental Studies 64, no. 2 (April 2007): 161–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207230701238416.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Ecological water requirements"

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Midgley, Guy F. "Ecological aspects of the substrate and water relations of deciduous and evergreen plant forms in the western Karoo." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/21930.

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The principle aim of this work was to ascertain the relative importance of water and nutrient supply in determining the success of deciduous and evergreen plant forms on two main substrate types in the Worcester-Robertson valley, situated in the Succulent Karoo Biome. The substrate types selected for study represent soils of zoogenic soil mounds (locally termed "heuweltjies", and often referred to in the literature as "Mirna-like" mounds), and soils immediately adjacent to and surrounding the soil mounds. The distribution of deciduous and evergreen plant forms in the Worcester-Robertson valley was analys~d relative to the selected substrate types. Foliar elemental concentrations of four selected species growing on both substrates at five separate sites within the valley were determined. Also, the patterns of seasonal water stress exhibited by three deciduous and five evergreen non-succulent woody perennials growing in both substrates were investigated on high radiation (equator-facing) and low radiation (pole-facing) slopes at one intensive study site, the Worcester Veld Reserve.
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Smith, Anton. "Changes in Hydrologic Regime to Balance Human and Environmental Requirements: a Case Study in the Långan River Basin, Sweden." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för geovetenskaper, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-329476.

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Dams and reservoirs play an important role in the Swedish energy system, and a large number of rivers are today regulated. How to combine the ecological and economic interests in the regulation of these rivers is a growing concern for stakeholders and authorities. The aim of this study was to develop a conceptual environmentally- oriented dam release plan that combines economic and ecological needs for the Lower Långan Natura 2000 area as well as evaluating how the water stage of the reservoir Lake Landösjön would change with a more environmentally oriented flow regime. Three flow scenarios were established: (0) Current flow regime, (1) EU demand for good ecological status which requires changes in discharge dynamics, and (2) the environmental design flow. The Dundee hydrological regime assessment method (DHRAM) was used to evaluate the hydrological alterations for each of the three scenarios. Scenario 0 exhibited the largest alteration from natural flow and the results from the DHRAM analysis indicated on high risk of ecological impact in the river system. Scenario 1 met EU’s demand of good ecological status but the water stage in Lake Landösjön exceeded the maximum allowed legal limit. Scenario 2 comprised a flow regime encompassing both economic and ecological interests and is the most realistic scenario for improving ecology in the Lower Långan River. In conclusion in order to meet EU demand of good ecological status a change in upstream regulation is needed.
Vattenkraften spelar en viktig roll i det svenska energisystemet och i dagsläget är ett stor antal sjöar och vattendrag reglerade. Ett växande problem för aktörer inom vattenkraft och myndigheter är hur ekonomiska och ekologiska intressen skall kombineras för att åstadkomma en mer hållbar vattenanvändning.  Långans avrinningsområde ligger i nordvästra Jämtland och har en total yta på 2 287 km2 . Inom avrinningsområdet återfinns fyra regleringsmagasin: Burvattnet, Stora Mjölkvattnet, Korsvattnet och Landösjön. I den sydöstra delen av avrinningsområdet ligger nedre Långans Natura 2000-område vilket har undantagits från vattenkraftsutbyggnad då det innehåller ett antal viktiga naturtyper. Ett centralt begrepp i Natura 2000 är gynnsam bevarandestatus vilket innebär att medlemsstaterna är skyldiga att gynnsam bevarandestatus bibehålls alternativt återställs till naturligt tillstånd. Då gynnsam bevarandestatus är kopplad till rådande hydrologiska förhållanden gäller miljökvalitetsnormen God ekologisk status. I dagsläget klassificeras nedre Långans Natura 2000-område med otillfredsställande ekologisk status. För att nedre Långans skall uppnå EUs krav på god ekologisk status krävs det att flödet anpassas till mer naturliga flödes förhållanden.  Syftet med denna studie var att utveckla miljöanpassade flöden enligt tre scenarier. Dessa scenarier med miljöanpassade flöden har konsekvensbeskrivits där huvudmålet har varit att förbättra den ekologiska statusen av nedre Långan samt utvärderat hur vattennivån i Landösjön påverkas om dessa flöden tas i bruk. Följande scenarier fastställdes: (0) Nuvarande flödesregim, (1) EU: s efterfrågan på god ekologisk status vilket kräver att flödet efterliknar det naturliga oreglerade flödet, och (2) kompromissflödet, ett mellanting mellan scenario 0 och 1. Den hydrologiska avvikelsen av scenarierna bedömdes med hjälp av The Dundee Hydrological Regime Alteration Method (DHRAM). DHRAM analysen består av en ett femgradigt system som mäter graden av mänsklig påverkan på naturliga flödesregimen relaterat till scenario 0-2. och är kompatibelt med EU:s ramdirektivet för vatten.  Resultatet från DHRAM-analysen uppvisade att Scenario 0 har den största förändringen jämtemot det naturliga flödet och vattendraget löper stor risk för ekologisk påverkan. Scenario 1 uppfyllde EU: s krav på god ekologisk status, men med detta flöde översteg dämningsgränsen i Landösjön med 2m under april till juni. Scenario 2 är baseras på både ekonomiska och ekologiska intressen Utifrån de testade scenariona kunde följande slutsatser dras: (1) scenario 2 är det mest realistiska scenariot för att förbättra ekologin i nedre Långan, (2) för att möta EU: s krav på god ekologisk status krävs en förändring av uppströms liggande regleringsmagasin
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Moore, Michael. "Perceptions and interpretations of "environmental flows" and implications for future water resource management: A survey study." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Water and Environmental Studies, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2565.

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An understanding of the impacts on freshwater systems from water management and development practices and the recognition that freshwater ecosystems are dependent on various aspects of the natural hydrological variability has given rise to a relatively new field of science commonly referred to as environmental flows. The assessment and application of environmental flows has advanced considerably in the last ten years. To coincide with the emergence and expansion of the environmental flows concept around the world, this survey study was undertaken aiming to identify people’s perceptions and interpretations of the environmental flows concept and its role in water management. It also aims to add to existing knowledge of the extent to which the concept is being applied, how it is being translated into policy and practice and the major challenges and opportunities that exist for continued understanding and implementation. The survey was distributed to a range of people representing different water-related sectors and regions around the world. A total of 272 responses representing 64 countries in the six major regions of the world was received. The responses were compiled and analysis of aspects of the respondents backgrounds as well as the questions were conducted using the computer statistical program SPSS. Representation of specific groups, particularly water user groups, and specific regions in the survey however was low, demonstrating possible limitations of the survey distribution method as well as the lack of concept awareness and application in many parts of the world. The ways in which people define and interpret the concept varied widely. The degree to which the concept was applied shows the growing recognition around the world of the need to consider the environmental water requirements when making decisions on water allocations. Despite the growing recognition many areas do not yet apply the concept. The survey allowed the opportunity for respondents to highlight what they perceived asthe major obstacles and difficulties for the concept within their respective areas. Lack of understanding among stakeholders of the socio-economic costs and benefits associated with concept implementation and a lack of political will were the two most common obstacles for the continued adoption and application of environmental flows around the world. Overall, the survey delivered promising signs for the continued evolution of environmental flows within water management. There was widespread opinion that the concept of environmental flows was an essential element in the efforts to achieve sustainable management of water resources.

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Berndt, Alexandre. "Nutrição e ecologia nutricional de cervídeos brasileiros em cativeiro e no Parque Nacional das Emas - Goiás." Universidade de São Paulo, 2005. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/91/91131/tde-09112005-144620/.

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Existem poucas informações sobre exigências de energia de cervídeos brasileiros, dificultando o sucesso de manejo e reprodução em cativeiro. O conhecimento das exigências de energia também é importante para determinar os recursos necessários para sua conservação em parques e reservas. O primeiro objetivo deste experimento foi estudar as exigências nutricionais do veado catingueiro (Mazama gouazoubira) em cativeiro. O segundo objetivo foi observar o comportamento alimentar do veado-campeiro (Ozotoceros bezoarticus) no Parque Nacional das Emas (PNE), descrevendo qualitativamente e quantitativamente as principais espécies vegetais utilizadas para o aporte de nutrientes. A determinação das exigências de energia para mantença utilizou 8 veados-catingueiro de ambos os sexos em cativeiro e foi desenvolvida através de dois métodos: a)equilíbrio de peso e b)água duplamente marcada (2H2 18º). Os animais foram dosados com água duplamente marcada (111,8 mg/kgPV para 2H2O e 163,1 mg/kgPV para H2 18O) e amostras de sangue foram coletadas em intervalos de 3 dias, até que 3 ou 4 meias– vidas dos isótopos tenham decorrido (atingindo o limite de detecção em aproximadamente 30 dias após a dosificação). As curvas de desaparecimento dos isótopos em função do tempo foram utilizadas para calcular o “turnover” de CO2 e H2O. Os resultados obtidos pelos dois métodos foram semelhantes (111,4 e 112,0 kcal/kg.75.d) comprovando que a técnica da água duplamente marcada pode ser utilizada em estudos nutricionais de cervídeos. Informações de doses (mg/kgPV) e intervalo máximo entre aplicação e coleta de sangue (30 dias), permitem o uso desta metodologia em estudos futuros em vida livre. No PNE, veados-campeiro já monitorados com radio colares, permitiram a observação de seu comportamento alimentar. O experimento foi realizado em duas épocas distintas (inverno e verão). As espécies foram analisadas quanto à composição nutricional, para estimar valores energéticos assim como consumo de minerais e proteína. As contribuições das diferentes espécies que compõem a dieta dos cervídeos foram estimadas para duas populações em vida livre, uma com acesso apenas a espécies nativas (área central do parque) e outra com acesso às espécies cultivadas na periferia do PNE. Os sinais isotópicos do carbono 13 e os perfis de n-alcanos foram utilizados para quantificar a contribuição das diferentes espécies ingeridas. Os resultados indicaram que os veados-campeiro utilizam uma ampla gama de partes e espécies vegetais. Sua dieta é composta por aproximadamente 78 ítens, divididos em brotos (38,5%), folhas (15,4%), flores (17,9%), botões florais (12,8%), frutos e sementes (15,4%); de 55 diferentes espécies nativas e 7 culturas agrícolas. Há grande diferença no padrão de consumo entre as populações no interior do parque e aquelas que tem possibilidade de selecionar plantas cultivadas pelo homem. As espécies agrícolas podem contribuir com até 46,9% da dieta dos cervídeos da periferia do parque. Este trabalho determinou as exigências de energia de cervídeos brasileiros, validou o uso de uma técnica indireta para futuros estudos em vida livre e descreveu as espécies e partes utilizadas como aporte de nutrientes por cervídeos em vida livre.
There are limited data on energy requirements of brazilian cervids. Thus, it is difficult to succeed in their management and reproduction in captivity. Knowing the energy requirements is also important to determine the necessary nutritional resources for their conservation in parks and reserves. The first objective was to study the nutritional requirements of the grey-brocket deer (Mazama gouazoubira) in captivity. The second objective was to observe the feeding behavior of the pampas-deer (Ozotoceros bezoarticus) in the Emas National Park (ENP), describing qualitatively and quantitatively the main vegetal species used to supply these animals with nutrients. The determination of energy requirements for maintenance used 8 gray-brocket deer of both sexes in captivity and was carried through two methods: a)weight equilibrium and b)double-labeled water (2H2 18O). The animals were dosed with double-labeled water (111.8 mg/kgBW for 2H2O and 163.1 mg/kgBW for H2 18O) and blood samples were collected with 3 days interval, until 3 or 4 half lives of isotopes had occurred (reached limit of detection at approximately 30 days after the dosage). The curves of isotopes disappearance as a function of time were used to calculate the turnover of CO2 and H2O. The results obtained from the two methods were similar (111.4 and 112.0 kcal/kg.75.d) proving the double-labeled water technique may be used in nutritional studies of cervids. Information on doses (mg/kgBW) and maximum interval between injection and blood collection (30days), allow the use of this methodology in future studies with free ranging deer. In the national park, pampas-deer already monitored with radio colars, facilitated the observation of their feeding behavior. The experiment was conducted at two distinct seasons (winter and summer). The species were analyzed for the nutritional composition, to estimate energy values as well as mineral and protein consumption. The contributions of the different species to the diet of the cervids were estimated for two free ranging populations of the national park, one with access only to native species (central area of the park) and another with access to the crop species cultivated in the periphery of the park. The isotopic signals of carbon 13 and profiles of n-alkanes were used to quantify the contribution of different species to supply the energy demands. The results indicated that pampas-deer feeds on a broad spectrum parts and vegetal species. Its diet was composed of approximately 78 different parts, divided in sprouts (38.5%), leaves (15.4%), flowers (17.9%), floral buttons (12.8%), fruits and seeds (15.4%); from 55 different native species and 7 agricultural cultures. There is a great difference in the intake selection patterns between populations in the interior of the park and those that have access to cropland and the opportunity to choose feeding on native or cultivated plants. The agricultural species can contribute with up to 46.9% of deer diet of the park periphery. This work determined the requirements of energy of Brazilian cervids, validated the use of one indirect technique for use in free ranging animals and described the species and parts used to supply nutrients to cervids in the wild.
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Liefferink, Simone Laila. "Determining attainable ecological quality requirements for the Upper Wonderfonteinspruit Catchment, based on human community requirements : the case of Bekkersdal / Simone Laila Liefferink." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/15364.

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In order for an economy to survive and thrive it requires resources. Water is a resource that not only the economy is dependent on but also ecological and human communities. The deteriorated state of South African rivers suggests the intensive use of the country’s freshwater reserves by the population and industry. Such a source of freshwater is the Wonderfonteinspruit. It flows through an area that requires water for gold mining that has taken place in the area for more than 120 years. Furthermore, the Wonderfonteinspruit runs past communities such as Bekkersdal and eventually forms part of the source waters for the Boskop Dam, the main drinking water reservoir for Potchefstroom. Literature suggests that the Wonderfonteinspruit is impacted by anthropogenic activities, in particular impacts associated with both historical and current gold mining activities. The Wonderfonteinspruit has its origin in the Tudor Dam in Krugersdorp (now Mogale City), and then flows into Donaldson Dam from where it is piped in a 32 km long pipeline, before its confluence with the Mooi River which subsequently flows into the Boskop Dam. The study area specifically focuses on the Upper Wonderfonteinspruit from just downstream of the Donaldson Dam to just upstream of the dam. The study area was selected due to the close proximity of the Donaldson Dam to the community of Bekkersdal which formed the second part of the investigation for this thesis. Bekkersdal is primarily a mining community that has historically faced issues with sufficient land provision, housing, unemployment and service delivery. It is located in the Gauteng Province and falls under the jurisdiction of Westonaria Local Municipality. Recent protests by community members have occurred due to the lack of service delivery and inappropriate development of infrastructure with regards to water services. Due to the close proximity of Bekkersdal to the Wonderfonteinspruit (as it is situated on the border of the Donaldson Dam) the community provided an ideal study area to explore the use of the river by the community. In order to determine the relationship between the Wonderfonteinspruit and the community of Bekkersdal the study comprised two parts: during the first part of the study, the ecological state of the Wonderfonteinspruit was determined through the evaluation of the quality of water, sediment and biota within the river; while in the second part an assessment of Bekkersdal (both formal and informal sections) was undertaken through the use of questionnaires in order to determine past, current and future water use of both municipal water and water sourced from the Wonderfonteinspruit. The final outcomes of both the environmental and social assessments were then compared with national and international standards. Water quality assessment of the Wonderfonteinspruit was done by assessing the following: - in situ water quality parameters (such as pH, total dissolved solids and dissolved oxygen) - metal and ionic composition analysis of water samples using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrophotometry (ICP-MS) - nutrient loads using a spectrophotometer and Spectroquant® test kits - bacteriological quality by determining presence of total coliforms and faecal coliforms through the growth of bacterial cultures on M-ENDO and m-FC agar plates - the Physico-chemical Driver Assessment Index (PAI) was applied according to DWAF 2008 - statistical relevance between sites and results through principal component analysis (PCA) Finally, these results, where applicable, were compared to both national and international standards for human and ecological use. The results indicated that the water quality levels exceeded the guideline values of national and international standards for the following uses: drinking water, certain industrial activities, watering of certain livestock and crop types as well as aquaculture. It was also found that the water quality was acceptable for certain activities (e.g. recreation) only if precautions and further analysis are performed. The guideline values of national water quality standards for ecological status were also exceeded, while the PAI results indicated that the ecological category (EC) for the Wonderfonteinspruit is a D which indicates that the state of the water quality in terms of the ecology is fair. The sediment quality of the Wonderfonteinspruit was determined by ICP-MS. The metal composition of the sediment was compared to that of other rivers and the following indices were applied: enrichment factor (EF), contamination factor (CF), pollution load index (PLI) and geo-accumulation index (Igeo). It was found that the sediment composition is comparable to that of other rivers impacted by gold mining and that uranium, cobalt and nickel enriched the sediment according to the indices. Biotic indicators that were assessed included fish, diatoms and invertebrates. The fish health assessment index (HAI) was applied to fish caught in the Donaldson Dam. The muscle tissue was also removed and its metal concentration was determined by ICP-MS. Thereafter, the edibility of the fish muscle tissue was determined and the following indices were applied: condition factor (CF), hepatosomatic index (HSI), gonadosomatic index (GSI) and spleen somatic index (SSI). The diatom community composition was assessed by applying the Biological Diatom Index (BDI), Specific Pollution Sensitivity Index (SPI) and the percentage pollution tolerant valves (%PTV). The Macroinvertebrate Response Assessment Index (MIRAI) was applied in order to determine the state of the macroinvertebrate community. The fish assessment indicated that arsenic contamination may negatively impact the health of consumers. Diatom indices indicated that the EC of the Wonderfonteinspruit is a D/E which indicates poor water quality; likewise, this is supported by the MIRAI results as the EC for MIRAI was a D which indicates that the river is largely modified. The investigation into the water use of the Bekkersdal community, with a special focus on the use of the Wonderfonteinspruit, was achieved through the use of questionnaires that were distributed in both formal and informal sections in Bekkersdal. The research forms part of a larger Integrative Multidisciplinary study and was given ethical clearance under the NRF Community Engagement Project (see Ethical Clearance: no. FH-BE-2013-0014. The National Research Fund (NRF) provided the funding for the research, the views expressed is that of the author and not those of the NRF. The aim of the questionnaire was to determine the following aspects in terms of the community of Bekkersdal: - Demographic details, such as language preference, employment status and age distribution. - Current water use practices . - Use of the Wonderfonteinspruit. - Future water use of the Wonderfonteinspruit. - Water quality perceptions of the Wonderfonteinspruit. - Field notes that included any relevant observations of the fieldworkers. The unemployment rate of the Bekkersdal community was found to be high (78.20%) and 86.40% of the residents are South African citizens. The community relies heavily on municipal provision of sources of water with 100% of the respondents indicating that it is their primary source of water. However, several issues were identified in terms of municipal water supply in the community. Some 10.14% of the residents indicated that they make regular use of the Wonderfonteinspruit (in particular the Donaldson Dam) most often for drinking water, laundry and washing of cars, etc. Regarding the state of the Wonderfonteinspruit, the overall viewpoint of the Bekkersdal community was that it is largely polluted with sewage, litter and mining waste. However, some 87.80% of the residents expressed their willingness to participate in environmental clean-up initiatives in their area. The link between the ecological state of the Wonderfonteinspruit and human health and wellbeing was explored through the use of spider diagrams where rank scores were assigned to both index results and human water quality use categories. These were compared and it was found that ecological indicators are more sensitive than human water quality use scores and therefore can aid in acting as early detection indicators of possible negative impacts on human health and wellbeing.
MSc (Environmental Sciences), North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2015
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Dewson, Zoë Spence. "Small stream ecosystems and irrigation : an ecological assessment of water abstraction impacts : a thesis presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Ecology at Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand." 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10179/1575.

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Content removed due to copy right restriction: Dewson, Z.S., Death, R.G. & James, A.B.W. (2003) The effects of water abstractions on invertebrate communities in four small North Island streams. New Zealand natural Sciences 28, 51-65.
Small streams are often used for small-scale water abstractions, but the effects of these water abstractions on the instream environment, invertebrate communities and ecosystem functioning of small permanent streams is poorly understood. This research extends current knowledge by surveying existing water abstractions and completing flow manipulation experiments in the field. Reduced discharge often decreases water velocity, water depth, and wetted channel width and can increase sedimentation, modify the thermal regime and alter water chemistry. In a survey of sites upstream and downstream of existing water abstractions, I found that downstream sites had higher densities of invertebrates, but fewer taxa sensitive to low water quality compared with upstream sites. There were greater differences in physicochemical characteristics such as velocity and conductivity and in invertebrate communities between upstream and downstream sites on streams where a larger proportion of total discharge was abstracted. Using before-after, control-impact (BACI) designed experiments, weirs and diversions were created to experimentally decrease discharge by over 85% in each ot three small streams, ranging from pristine to low water quality. The response of invertebrates to short-term (one-month) discharge reduction was to accumulate in the decreased available area, increasing local invertebrate density. After a year of reduced flow, the density of invertebrates and percentage of mayflies, stoneflies and caddisflies decreased at the pristine site, whereas only taxonomic richness decreased at the mildly polluted stream. Reduced discharge had no affect on the invertebrate community at the stream with the lowest water quality. Reduced discharge had little influence on leaf decomposition rates, but distances travelled by released coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM) increased with increasing discharge. The effects of reduced discharge on primary production were not consistent between streams. Overall, the severity (magnitude/duration) of flow reduction appeared to influence invertebrate responses to water abstraction although the outcomes of water abstraction were dependent on the invertebrate assemblage present in each stream.
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Books on the topic "Ecological water requirements"

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Ksenofontov, Boris, Gennadiy Pavlihin, and Elena Simakova. Industrial ecology. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1017514.

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The basic issues of industrial ecology standards environmental quality, pollution of air and water basins, as well as waste production and possible sources of noise, vibration and electromagnetic radiation. Provides information about the main methods and devices of protection of the environment from various contaminants, special attention is paid to those which are most commonly used in practice. The principles of developing environmentally friendly technologies and industries based on sustainable use of natural resources and conservation, as well as examples of creation of industrial facilities that have minimal impact on the environment. Much attention is paid to ecological expertise, which is one of the most important ways of identifying environmentally unsound technologies used in various industries. Meets the requirements of Federal state educational standards of higher education of the last generation. Is intended for preparation of bachelors in all areas of educational technology and technology in the study of professional discipline "life Safety" (module "environment Protection"), and can also be used by students of the faculty training of specialists in various industries.
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Randall, Nicola, and Barbara Smith. The Biology of Agroecosystems. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198737520.001.0001.

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The Biology of Agroecosystems provides an introduction to the biological and ecological attributes of ecosystems and the biological impacts of agriculture on the wider environment. Global human populations are rising and diets are becoming ever more complicated, leading to requirements for increased levels of food production. Natural biotopes are becoming increasingly fragmented as agricultural activities expand around them. Agroecosystems occur from the tropics to subarctic environments and comprise systems as varied as annual crops, perennial grasslands, orchards, and agroforestry systems. They presently cover almost 40 per cent of the terrestrial land surface and significantly shape landscapes at a global scale. The book outlines the origin and development of agriculture and summarizes the characteristics of different types of agroecosystems. The conflicts between management of land for productivity and conservation of natural resources are discussed, and some of the key biological issues (loss of biodiversity, instability, susceptibility to pests, for example) are explored. Individual chapters introduce the role of functional groups such as pollinators, nutrient cycling organisms, and pest regulators; the importance of soils and soil organisms for agriculture; and the biological impacts of water use in agroecosystems. Globalization of agriculture is explored, and includes drivers of change, such as shifting diets, and biological challenges, such as the spread of pest species. The final chapters outline different management methods for sustainable management of agroecosystems, and consider the future challenges and opportunities for agriculture and the biology of agroecosystems.
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Book chapters on the topic "Ecological water requirements"

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de la Hera, A., J. M. Fornés, M. Bernués, and J. J. Durán. "Ecological requirements (Habitats Directive) versus water requirements (Water Framework Directive) in wetland ecosystems in Spain." In Advances in the Research of Aquatic Environment, 21–27. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-19902-8_2.

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Bellissimo, Giancarlo, Benedetto Sirchia, and Vincenzo Ruvolo. "Monitoring of Posidonia oceanica meadows in the Sicilian coasts under the Water Framework Directive (WFD)." In Proceedings e report, 510–18. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-147-1.51.

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The present paper aims to assess for the first time the ecological status of the Sicilian water bodies using the PREI (Posidonia oceanica Rapid Easy Index) method according to the Water Framework Directive (WFD, 2000/60/EC) requirements. The PREI is based on five metrics: shoot density, shoot leaf surface area, E/L ratio, depth of lower limit, and type of this lower limit. Monitoring of the 29 P. oceanica meadows allowed to classify the 20 WBs of Sicilian coasts in the first two levels of status: 10 as “high” and 10 as “good” with the PREI values ranged between 0,551 and 1.
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Wang, Lingyue, and Xiaoliu Yang. "Estimation of Environmental Water Requirements via an Ecological Approach: A Case Study of Yongnian Wetland, Haihe Basin, China." In Sustainable Development of Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering in China, 377–86. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61630-8_32.

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"Using Physiological and Ecological Requirements and Environmental Tolerances for Assessing Risk of Invasion." In Monitoring and Control of Macrofouling Mollusks in Fresh Water Systems, Second Edition, 93–206. CRC Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781439804414-c3.

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"Chapter Using Physiological and Ecological Requirements and Environmental Tolerances for Assessing Risk of Invasion." In Monitoring and Control of Macrofouling Mollusks in Fresh Water Systems, 127–240. CRC Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781439804414-9.

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Evans, Richard, Peter Cook, Paul Howe, Craig Clifton, and Elizabeth Irvine. "A toolbox for assessing the ecological water requirements of groundwater dependent ecosystems in Australia." In IAH - Selected Papers on Hydrogeology, 1–7. CRC Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b15003-2.

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"A toolbox for assessing the ecological water requirements of groundwater dependent ecosystems in Australia." In Groundwater and Ecosystems, 19–26. CRC Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b15003-6.

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Kanagasubbulakshmi, S., Krishnasamy Lakshmi, and K. Kadirvelu. "Cost-Effective Methods of Monitoring Pesticide Pollution in Water." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 236–56. IGI Global, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-6111-8.ch014.

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Environmental protection efforts require numerous advanced technologies to prevent and monitor the health and ecological effects associated with abiotic and biotic systems. Development of innovative tools and methodologies with the help of multidisciplinary approach to assess the transport, accumulation, and impact of pesticides will avoid the long-term effects in the environment. The lack of information about the pesticides hampers the labeling requirements that lead to misuse and discharge of pesticide-contaminated effluents into the water resources. This chapter covers the information on major sources of pesticides, chronic impacts, labeling of pesticides, multidisciplinary approach for monitoring, current cost-effective technologies, pros and cons of current technologies, and future perspectives of the pesticide monitoring technologies.
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Quevedo-Rojas, Ana, and Mauricio Jerez-Rico. "Mixed Forest Plantations with Native Species for Ecological Restoration in Cloud Forests of the Venezuelan Andes." In Silviculture [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.95006.

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Tropical cloud forests play a fundamental role in the hydrological cycle of mountain watersheds having the largest biodiversity per unit area. In Venezuela, cloud forests are subject to intense deforestation and fragmentation by farming and cattle-ranching causing soil erosion, water cycle alteration, and biodiversity loss. Reforestation projects used exotic species as Pines and Eucalyptus, native species were rarely planted by lacking knowledge on species requirements and management. We report the performance of 25 native cloud forest species differing in shade-tolerance, planted in mixed assemblies on degraded areas. Tree survival and the individual tree variables: total height, root-collar diameter, tree-slenderness, and crown-ratio were evaluated at 1, 2, 4.5 and 7 years-old. Data was analyzed with a repeated measures analysis of variance mixed model considering species shade-tolerance, light intensity at planting and age as explanatory factors. Survival was over 80%. Shade-intolerant species displayed faster height and root-collar diameter growth. Shade-tolerant species had larger crown ratios due to persistence of lower branches; whereas, shade-intolerant showed signs of crown recession at age 7. Slenderness values from age 4.5 were indicative of good trees stability and health across treatments. The positive results have motivated landowners to establish native species plantations in critical areas with our support.
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de Sadeleer, Nicolas. "The Precautionary Principle." In Environmental Principles, 135–362. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198844358.003.0005.

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This chapter explains that precaution is the end point of a range of public measures intended to counter ecological damage. It reviews the definitions given to the principle in various legal systems, as well as representative court decisions, in order to set out the problematic elements inherent in this principle. The chapter takes a critical look at the implementation of the precautionary principle (PP) on a sector-by-sector basis (water resources, fisheries, genetically modified organisms (GMOs), electromagnetic fields, climate change, etc.). The various thresholds for application of the precautionary principle in international law, EU law, as well as in several domestic legal orders is considered. The difficulties that characterize the principle are set out and the chapter recommends ways in which these weaknesses might be remedied. The chapter then assesses how the principle might fuel the evolution of environmental law by introducing uncertainty to an unparalleled extent in both decisions and sanctions. It shows that opposing science to precaution is unproductive and proposes practical solutions in the field of risk assessment and management. How the principle could influence the elaboration of regulatory standards, procedural requirements (impact assessment), and civil liability is demonstrated.
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Conference papers on the topic "Ecological water requirements"

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Wenyuan, Wei, Cheng Guanwen, Xu Shan, Liang Ling, Lu Guodan, and Fu Hongyuan. "Study on Water Requirements of Liuzhou Ecological City Construction." In 2011 International Conference on Computer Distributed Control and Intelligent Environmental Monitoring (CDCIEM). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cdciem.2011.241.

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Keci, Erjola. "OVERVIEW OF SURFACE WATER QUALITY MONITORING STATUS IN THE FRAME OF EU WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE REQUIREMENT IN SOME ALBANIAN RIVERS." In 4th International Scientific Conference – EMAN 2020 – Economics and Management: How to Cope With Disrupted Times. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/eman.2020.303.

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This paper first reviews the principal monitoring requirements of the WFD and discusses the monitoring network for diffuse pollution in Albania in the context of implementation of the EU Water Framework Directive (WFD). Considerations on water quality of surface waters from main Albanian rivers based on ecological and chemicals indicators are reported. Quality measurement are essential to demonstrate the comparability of obtained data and they form the basis for correct decisions related to management of water resources. The existing surface water quality monitoring network provides only restricted information to select between different management options when implementing river basin management plans (RBMP) under the WFD. We then clearly define and exemplify the roles, the functions and the need for a new set of monitoring tools support of implementing the WFD, using the case studies based on datasets that we obtained during recurrent monitoring campaigns in the Rivers Ishmi, Erzeni, Shkumbini and Mati.
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Ramczyk, Marek. "Application of Econometric Model for Water Economy Management." In Environmental Engineering. VGTU Technika, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/enviro.2017.042.

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The econometric model can be a precise instrument for the analysis of the impact of the natural environmental degradation on the fishing economy. This paper aims at analysing the influence of the water quality changes in Charzykowskie Lake on the fishing economy. The economic-ecological models have been constructed, explaining the changes of economic effects of the lake fishery in the conditions of an increasing water pollution in the hypolimnion on the example of the catch of Rutilus rutilus, Blicca bjoerkna, Coregonus lavaretus, Anguilla anguilla and Esox lucius in Charzykowskie Lake. Performed empirical research focuses on the influence of the environmental factors on the size of fish catch. Calculations and analysis show clearly that even though the habitat factors have an influence on the catch size of each studied fish species, they do it with different intensity and in various combinations. Both, lake water quality and climate factors changes, cause measurable effects on fishing industry of Charzykowskie Lake. Among the examined Rutilus rutilus and Blicca bjoerkna, Blicca bjoerkna has the highest high environmental requirements regarding the water quality. Empirical calculations showed as well that Coregonus lavaretus has considerably higher water cleanness requirements than Rutilus rutilus and Blicca bjoerkna. While considering Rutilus rutilus and Blicca bjoerkna, most water characteristics still rather stimulate a development of these species, but when it comes to Coregonus lavaretus, in general they suppress its development. The model has also proved quite high habitat requirements for Anquilla anquilla and correctness of the thesis that Esox lucius avoids polluted water. Climatic factors influence is significant for the endogenous variables. The above prejudges the itineration of Rutilus rutilus, Blicca bjoerkna, Coregonus lavaretus, Anquilla anquilla and Esox lucius catch in Charzykowskie Lake. The results of the modelling can be used in managing the fishing economy of the lake.
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Блиновская, Я. Ю., В. В. Жариков, Е. Г. Егидарев, А. А. Мурзин, and Э. Э. Ахмаева. "REQUIREMENTS FOR INFORMATION RESOURCES IN THE FORMATION OF A MARINE SPATIAL PLANNING SYSTEM." In Геосистемы Северо-Восточной Азии. Crossref, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35735/tig.2021.90.38.037.

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Одним из наиболее эффективных на сегодняшний день инструментов, позволяющих наглядно, оперативно получать и обрабатывать информацию об экологическом состоянии территорий и акваторий, признаны геоинформационные системы (ГИС). Информационная основа морского пространственного планирования (МПП) как системы поддержки принятия решений, формируется основе ГИС-технологий. В этой связи важной задачей является определение требований к информационным ресурсам, составляющим систему морского пространственного планирования. Geographic information systems (GIS) are recognized as one of the most effective tools today, allowing to visually, quickly receiving and process information about the ecological state of territories and water areas. The information basis of marine spatial planning (MSP) as a decision support system is formed based on GIS technologies. In this regard, an important task is to determine the requirements for information resources that make up the maritime spatial planning system.
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GOLOVKO, Liudmyla. "IMPLEMENTATION OF EU WATER POLICY IN UKRAINE: PROBLEMS AND PERSPECTIVES." In RURAL DEVELOPMENT. Aleksandras Stulginskis University, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.15544/rd.2017.103.

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The use, protection and management of water resources belong to the most urgent among global environmental problems of our time. Today, the civilization clearly realizes the need for careful management of water resources, maintaining and restoring its quality. Water quality determines the possibility of its use in various fields of human activity. For Ukraine problems of water sector are also acute and urgent. Low efficiency of water use, poor drinking water quality, nitrate contamination of water resources, poor condition of water bodies in Ukraine require more foreign experience in this sphere, especially the EU experience. The purpose of our scholarly work is to explore actual problems of harmonization of water legislation of Ukraine with the requirements of EU water policy and development of proposals for the improvement of Ukrainian legislation. Main features of harmonization of Ukrainian legislation in the water resources management sphere with EU law and prospects for implementation of principles of EU Water Framework Directive were analyzed. As a result of the study the ways of implementation of positive foreign experience of water objects management in Ukraine are considered. Considering the scale of ecological crisis in Ukraine the necessity of forming a new system of economic regulators of nature is obvious. Such system must not only accumulate funds for urgent actions, but primarily encourage economic entities to protect the natural environment. We consider it appropriate to introduce mandatory environmental insurance for operators of environmentally hazardous activities.
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Men, Baohui. "Ecological hydraulics radius model for estimating instream ecological water requirement: Theory." In 2010 Sixth International Conference on Natural Computation (ICNC). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icnc.2010.5584775.

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Schmidt, Martin, and Hubertus Murrenhoff. "Impact of Ageing on Tribological Properties of Environmentally Friendly Hydraulic Fluids." In ASME 2002 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2002-39341.

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Hydraulic systems are used in many technical applications, e.g. in agricultural and forestry machines. Hydrostatic pumps and engines as well as hydraulic fluids are essential components of these systems. Thereof, the hydraulic fluids are of great importance since not only technical but also ecological requirements have to be fulfilled. Apart from fluid power transmission the most important technical function of hydraulic fluids is lubrication and the resulting reduction of friction and wear. In times when saving energy and resources have become environmental matters, lubricants are increasingly attracting public awareness. Important ecological aspects which need to be considered since they have a major impact on the application of technical products and decide about their success are biodegradability, water pollution and ecological toxicity. This is why ester based hydraulic fluids have started to substitute mineral oil based fluids. Additionally, ester based fluids have excellent tribological features due to the polarity of the ester molecules. However, ester based fluids change their physical and chemical properties due to usage. This paper will show that both the total acid number and the viscosity is increased by ageing while the level of additives and the viscosity index is decreased. Therefore, the impact of ageing on the tribological performance of an ester based hydraulic fluid will be analysed by friction and wear investigations. Exemplary, two tribological contacts are chosen: a mixed friction and an elasto-hydrodynamic contact. These are representative conditions for hydrostatic pumps and engines. Analysing the fluid’s behaviour being stressed by mixed friction is performed by using a tribometer. Investigating the ageing impact on elasto-hydrodynamic behaviour of the fluid, a bearing test facility is used. Finally, after having been dealing with tribological contacts used in hydrostatic machines the performance of a hydrostatic machine itself will be analysed. The impact of increased viscosity on friction which is generated within a hydrostatic gear unit at low speed will be discussed.
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Liu, Jian-Wei, Qiang Zhou, Ying-Xin Dong, Gong-Xun Guan, and Can Zhang. "Research on Ecological Water Requirement of Typical Wetlands of Naoli River Drainage Basin." In World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2017. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784480601.021.

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Clauss, Günther F., Sascha Kosleck, Florian Sprenger, and Laura Grüter. "Oil Skimming Efficiency of the SOS: Scaling From GeoSim Model Tests to Full Scale Prototype Operations." In ASME 2012 31st International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2012-83624.

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The severe ecological and economical aftermath of the 2010 ‘Deepwater Horizon’ catastrophe in the Gulf of Mexico clearly shows the insufficiency of current oil recovery systems which cannot operate in wave heights above 1.5m. To prevent emulsification and weathering processes, it is necessary to skim the oil film off the sea surface shortly after the accident. The autonomous SOS (Sea State-independent Oil Skimming System) developed within the framework of the research project SOS3 features high transit velocities, the capability of operating in rough seas and a massive intake of oil polluted water — and is therefore a unique technology. The oil water separation process of the SOS is purely based on hydrodynamic principles involving vortex evolution and a special flow pattern inside the internal moon pool. These requirements for efficient oil skimming operations depend on various hydrodynamic effects that would imply model testing in compliance with Froude’s and Reynolds’ law simultaneously — a physically impossible condition. Therefore GeoSim model tests with the SOS at model scales of 1:16, 1:25 and 1:36 are conducted with discrete particles of the correct density substituting the oil phase. The tendencies in flow pattern evolution and oil skimming efficiency are compared and extrapolated to full scale. Results from open water tests with the prototype of the SOS in the mouth of river Elbe serve for validation of the extrapolated results.
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Wang, Gang, Hongjun Lei, Jianxin Xu, Qinghong Yan, and Gang Wang. "Study on River Ecological Water Requirement Based on Water Quantity Model and Water Quality Model." In 2009 3rd International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering (iCBBE 2009). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbbe.2009.5163499.

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