Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Écologie des forêts – Effets du climat'
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Oliveira, Elisiana Pereira de. "Le peuplement des Collemboles édaphiques en Amazonie brésilienne : systématique, biogéographie et écologie." Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30209.
Full textO'Heix, Bruno-Charles. "Etude écologique du changement climatique et des effets de l'ozone sur les chênes ainsi que sur l'écosystème d'une forêt dépérissante en Europe Centrale : vers une intégration dans les prises de décisions politiques pour un aménagement forestier durable." Nancy 1, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999NAN10290.
Full textThe condition of Hungarian forest ecosystems was analysed and compared to the European and world ecosystems, taking into account the global climatic changes. The Hungarian site of Síkfökút, continuously studied during the last twenty-five years has been considered in the light of new concepts. Two oak species Quercus petraea and Quercus cerris are growing in this stand, showing contrasting declining symptoms, Q. Cerris being considered as more resistant. Different analyses were made on the site, including dendrochronology and litter decomposition. In parallel, a fumigation experiment with ozone was carried out in a phytotronic chamber including two more oak species Q. Robur and Q. Rubra. The four oak species showed differential responses to ozone and they can be ranged from the more ozone tolerant to the more sensitive as follows: Q. Cerris > Q. Rubra > Q. Petraea > Q. Robur. These results led to suggestions for recommendations of species selection in reforestation and afforestation
Poszwa, Anne. "Utilisation des isotopes du strontium pour évaluer la dynamique des éléments minéraux dans des écosystèmes forestiers sous climat boréal, tempéré et tropical." Nancy, 2000. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2000_0128_POSZWA.pdf.
Full textDietz, Lucie. "Dynamique spontanée post-tempête de la végétation forestière en contexte de changement climatique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020AGPT0004.
Full textIn a context where the disturbances could be more severe and/or more frequent, the choice of silvicultural management to be implemented following disturbances comes up against the lack of knowledge of the spontaneous dynamics of regeneration obtained in the context of climate change. From permanent plots installed in France following the storms of 1999, the objective of this study is to analyse the medium-term vegetation dynamics observed within forest gaps, to identify its main determinants and assess the interaction between disturbances and adaptation of plant communities to climate change. The natural tree regeneration, obtained in the post-storm gaps, seems to be sufficient in terms of density and species diversity. Most sites have in average more than 2000 stems/ha and 4.4 species present in the stratum greater than 2 m. The few concerning situations have been identified from the young stages of regeneration and have common characteristics: they are old coniferous stands on acidic soil where competing vegetation has been able to develop, inducing regeneration blocking. In these contexts, a silvicultural intervention would have been desirable to promote regeneration. A specific study of the natural regeneration of three major European hardwood species was carried out: oak, hornbeam and beech. We have highlighted a decline in the abundance of oak over time, in favour of the two most competitive species of beech and hornbeam. Oak is still present on 22% of the sites 19 years after the canopy was opened despite its low density. It also shows growth equivalent or even superior to that of hornbeam and beech, suggesting different development strategies between the three species. Nevertheless, in view of the observed dynamics of the oak, without intervention to promote its regeneration, its future seems uncertain in the coming decades. Finally, our study revealed a greater thermophilisation of the plant communities present in forests that have had an open canopy compared to those in undisturbed forests. By stimulating thermophilization, disturbance thus plays a major ecological role in the adaptation of plant communities to climate change. The importance of large-scale disturbances should therefore not be underestimated, especially in a future climate context where they are likely to intensify
Rathgeber, Cyrille. "Impact des changements climatiques et de l'augmentation du taux de CO2 atmosphérique sur la productivité des écosystèmes forestiers : exemple du pin d'Alep (Pinus halepensis Mill.) en Provence calcaire (France)." Aix-Marseille 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX30033.
Full textData from 21 Aleppo pine stands have allowed to calculate a synthetic growth index which expresses inter-annual productivity variations. For each stand, three types of models (climatic, bioclimatic and biogeochemistry) have been confronted to the observations and validated. The biogeochemistry model is not sensitive to climatic changes but simulates a strong productivity increase linked to the increase of CO2 rate. The climatic model of growth simulates, in response of climatic change, a strong increase of productivity linked to the increase of spring temperatures. The bioclimatic model simulates a significant decrease of productivity linked to the increase of summer drought period. The response of a stand depends on the site conditions. The exposure, in fact, determines the thermal balance when the slope, the soil water capacity and the permeability of the substratum constraint the water balance
Tallieu, Clara. "État sanitaire et croissance radiale des arbres : Analyse spatiale et temporelle des données du réseau systématique de suivi des dommages forestiers." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0185.
Full textFor the past 30 years, annual visual assessments of crown condition, on the French part of the transnational monitoring network (ICP Forests, level 1), was essential for monitoring forest health. However, the use of crown condition as an indicator of tree health is regularly questioned for methodological reasons but also because of the lack of knowledge on the determinism of crown condition and its functional impact on the tree. In this context, and through the records of 9 tree species’ crown condition (deciduous and coniferous) spread over more than 300 plots in France, we have 1) described and interpreted the spatial and inter-annual variations of leaf loss, in addition to 2) discussing the use of crown condition as an indicator of tree health status based on the joint analysis of inter-annual variations of leaf loss and radial growth. The analysis of spatial variations in crown condition between plots showed multiple relationships with edaphic and climatic factors, but with relatively moderate explanatory power. The study of inter-annual variations in crown condition confirmed that the climatic factors of the previous year control crown condition of the current year. However, compared to radial growth, crown condition presents a less dynamic and inconsistent response to climate between trees in the same plot. The joint analysis of the two signals showed the existence of a weak link between growth and crown condition. We only observed a decrease in tree growth in the case of important leaf loss during years of extreme climatic hazards (dry or cold). However, the introduction of leaf loss as a predictor of radial growth had little or no significant effect for beech and fir. Finally, the evidence of the major influence of age on leaf loss precludes the interpretation of raw crown condition as an indicator of tree health
Abadie, Juliet. "Ecologie historique des forêts méditerranéennes : déterminants du changement du couvert forestier et effets des usages passés sur les sols et la flore actuels." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0192/document.
Full textIn temperate regions, historical maps have demonstrated that forest ancientness determines soil properties and the presence of some plant species. However, those differences were rarely analysed in the Mediterranean region. The main objectives of this PhD thesis are to analyse the drivers of forest cover change and the effect of temporal continuity and past land uses on forest soils and understory vegetation in the Mediterranean region. This work relies on the territory of the Regional Natural Park of Luberon. The first part consists of identifying biophysical and socioeconomic drivers of land use and forest recovery spatial distribution, based on the comparison of 1860, 1958 and 2010 land uses. Forest maintained on the least productive land while forest recovery occurred on soils with low productivity, and close to pre-existing forests. The second part investigates the effect of forest temporal continuity and past land uses on their ecological characteristics, based on floristic and pedological data. Ancient and recent forests are distributed according to soil productivity and host species of differing traits and ecological preferences. Notably, species significantly preferring ancient forests are true forest species, phanerophytes and endozoochores. If this work relies on the État-Major map, it turns out that the historical ecology of Mediterranean forests requires complementary in situ approaches in order to fully understand the complexity of past landscape uses
Journé, Valentin. "Influence du climat lors de l'investissement des ressources dans la reproduction chez les arbres forestiers : une approche par modélisation mécaniste." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2020. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/200217_JOURNE_229kn950dq423kitgvy940umn_TH.pdf.
Full textGlobal changes affect species distribution and ecosystems functioning due to long term climatic trends and extreme climatic events. Forests are notably subject to massive growth decline and even mortality. One of the major processes of forest dynamics is sexual reproduction, but there are still many uncertainties about the effect of climate on trees reproduction, especially on when and how resources are allocated to pollen and seeds. Reproduction also allows species to persist over generations, through adaptation and migration. The main objective of this thesis is to develop an approach based on resource and phenology modelling, in order to understand and predict climate effects on forest trees reproduction. First, I used statistical model to investigate temporal and spatial variation of fruit production. Second, I quantified the allocation of resources between vegetative versus reproductive functions, with a hierarchical Bayesian model and observation of growth, male and female reproduction over several years. Results allowed us to identify trade-off during floral initiation, and highlighted the importance of resources levels to ensure reproduction. Lastly, I developped a process-based model of reproduction and included it in an existing model of forest functioning (CASTANEA). The reproduction model, which runs from flower initiation to seed maturation, simulates spatial and temporal patterns of seed production. The model was calibrated and validated on silver fir on Mont-Ventoux and used to investigate how climate change will impact fruit production
Cateau, Eugénie. "Réponse des coléoptères saproxyliques aptères aux perturbations anthropiques des forêts et des paysages." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016INPT0045/document.
Full textTo enable species migration in a global warming context, public policies try to improve European natural network (Green and Blue infrastructure, old trees network...). These measures might be adapted to the high-dispersal species, but there is a lack of knowledge concerning the ability of the low-dispersal species to move using these networks. Lots of these species remain poorly known. Considering forest ecosystems, ightless saproxylic beetles are supposed to be dispersal limited species because of they are small, unable to y and have trophic exigencies. The aim of this study is to understand how dispersal limited species evolve temporally and spatially in the landscape. Flightless saproxylic beetles have been sampled by sieving litter in front of ten trees per stand, using a modied Winkler and extracted through an adapted Berlese. This standardization of the methods lead to sample an average of 97,2% of the species targeted in each forest. A monthly survey during two years has shown that the species are present in the litter throughout the year and that they are stable over two years. The best season to sample them appeared to be autumn and spring. Comparison between old growth forests and harvested stands in the French Pyrénnées has shown that harvesting does not impact signi cantly the target species. Their repartitions were highly dierent between the studied valleys, which is assumed to result from the dierence in the past human impact. In the highly fragmented landscape (Coteaux de Gascogne, SW France), very few ightless saproxylic species have been sampled. Surprisingly, this experiment has shown that the landscape characteristics explain better these dispersal limited species' repartitions than the forest characteristics. For half of them, landscape composition in the 1850's explain better the repartition than the current one. A threshold of 15% of forest cover appeared to be determinant for one species (Dienerella clathrata). We showed that the studied species use the edges (at least to move through them) whatever their characteristics may be. As soon as they are present in the forest, they are in the connected edge. Moving abilities of 3 species have been approached by measuring the running speed in laboratory. This experiment showed a mean of running speed of 1,6m.h -1. These dierent elements lead us to conclude that the ightless saproxylic beetles are mobile in the landscape. All these results, and the fact that species richness is correlated to the landscape anthropisation, leads us to conclude that this taxonomic group can support human impact at small spatial and temporal scale, but are poorly resilient to large and long anthropisation
Altinalmazis, kondylis Andreas. "Tree diversity effects on root production, decomposition and nutrient cycling under global change." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021BORD0067.
Full textThe insurance hypothesis predicts that forests with tree species mixtures may resist better to stressful environmental conditions than forests composed of only one tree species. Most of the currently available literature tested this hypothesis for aboveground productivity and its related response variables, but less is known about belowground processes. In my PhD thesis, I studied the drivers of belowground productivity and decomposition across climatic gradients and how they are affected by tree mixtures. I hypothesized that mixing of tree species with contrasting rooting patterns and fine root morphologies, would result in a release of competitive pressure belowground, and translate into higher fine root standing biomass and increased fine root productivity. Moreover, I hypothesized that roots with contrasting chemical and morphological characteristics in mixed stands would decompose faster, which may be particularly important under nutrient-limited conditions. Under water-limiting conditions, such as during extreme summer drought, I hypothesized overall slower decomposition but an attenuating effect of tree mixtures on decomposition due to improved micro-environmental conditions, in particular for leaves, since roots decompose in a more buffered soil environment. To test these hypotheses I examined the variation in tree root functional traits (across- and within-species), and its consequences for fluxes of C, N and P at the ecosystem scale. I addressed three main objectives and associated research questions to quantify the interactive effect of tree mixtures and climate on: 1) vertical root segregation and fine root standing biomass, 2) fine root dynamics and their associated nutrient fluxes and 3) fine root- and leaf litter decomposition. I could benefit from two different field experiments for my work, one with a 10-year-old tree-plantation experiment with birch and pine close to Bordeaux (ORPHEE experiment), the second along a latitudinal gradient of mature beech forests in the French Alps (BIOPROFOR experiment).I observed that roots from the birch and pine tree-plantation showed similar vertical distribution and similar belowground root standing biomass in tree mixtures compared to monocultures, contrary to my first hypothesis. However, the greater allocation of pine but not of birch to root growth within the top soil horizons under less water-limiting conditions suggests locally favourable conditions that may lead to soil depth-specific asymmetric competition. In the same experiment, fine root production and decomposition were similar in mixtures and in monocultures, in contradiction with my second hypothesis. Moreover, I did not observe any interactive effects of tree mixtures with stand density or water availability. Interestingly though, birch roots, but not pine roots released P during root decomposition, which suggests an important role of birch in the P-cycle and for P nutrition of trees on these P-limited sandy soils. In line with my third hypothesis, I observed a slower decomposition of leaf litter and fine roots in response to reinforced and prolonged summer drought, irrespective of the position along the latitudinal gradient in the Alps. However, this slower decomposition under drought was not attenuated in forest stands with mixed tree species compared to single species stands. Compared to leaf litter, fine roots decomposed slower and released less C. Interestingly, I found a net N release in decomposing fine roots but not in decomposing leaf litter, which suggests a distinct role of fine roots in the N cycle. In conclusion, I found that mixing tree species did not attenuate negative effects of climate change. However, this thesis demonstrates that promoting mixtures can still be beneficial for at least one of the admixed tree species, through species addition (i.e., complementing one tree species with another tree species), as one tree species may facilitate another via belowground fluxes of N and P
Escobar, sandoval Margarita. "Plasticité phénotypique inter et intra-annuelle de la croissance radiale et d’autres propriétés liées à la formation du cerne chez le mélèze." Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020IAVF0022.
Full textPhenotypic plasticity is the ability of individual genotypes to adjust to environmental variation. In this thesis we used larch annual ring traits to estimate phenotypic plasticity at two-time scales: between years (chap. 1, inter-annual phenotypic plasticity) and within years (chap. 2, intra-annual phenotypic plasticity). In chap. 1 we analyzed annual rings of European larches distributed in four plots along a natural elevational gradient near Briançon, in the French Alps. The phenotypic plasticity of radial growth and latewood density as a function of maximum temperature tends to be negative at low elevation (1350 m) and distinctly positive at high elevations (2300 m), where European larch seems to react favorably to temperature increase. No elevation trend emerges for earlywood density, which mostly exhibits negative or null phenotypic plasticity. The phenotypic plasticity of mean ring density is intermediate between that of earlywood and of latewood density. In chap. 2 we used intra-annual radial growth curves recorded with automatic point dendrometers during four successive growing seasons in an experimental trial combiningseveral water regimes and three species of larch. From such curves we obtainedphenotypic plasticity variables for radial growth and the dynamics of water in the trunk as a function of several climatic variables. All phenotypic plasticity variables and all environmental conditions combined, hybrid larch is a little more plastic than Japanese larchand much more than European larch, which reflects its ability to quickly and efficiently replenish and use his water reserve. We hypothesize that this contributes to its greater vigor.In general, there are as many types of plasticity as there are combinations of phenotypic traits and environmental variable. Phenotypic plasticity summarizes in a single value all the dynamics of a particular response. While in natural selection a high plasticity seems to be an advantage, it is not so evident in artificial selection
Vennetier, Michel. "Un nouveau modèle bioclimatique pour la forêt méditerranéenne. Application à l'étude de l'impact du changement climatique sur la végétation et à l'évaluation de la productivité forestière." Aix-Marseille 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AIX30077.
Full textThis thesis consists of four articles linked by a connecting thread: the interaction between water-balance and climate change in the dynamics of the Mediterranean vegetation. The first part presents the design and the calibration of a new bioclimatic model dedicated to the assessment of the water-balance in Mediterranean forest. In the second part, mis model is used to assess the impact of the climate change on the composition of the forest flora. The third part thoroughly studies Pinus halepensis Mill. Autecology in its whole French distribution area, as this species serves as reference to link the bioclimatic model, climate change and forest height growth and productivity. The fourth part deals with the interaction between water-balance and climate change in the radial growth of Pinus halepensis, by means of an experimental device in field conditions
Faivre, Nicolas. "Quelle pyrodiversité pour quelle biodiversité ? Une étude comparative multi-échelle de deux écosystèmes méditerranéens." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 3, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX30013.
Full textAim and Background. Fire is an integral component of Mediterranean type ecosystems and other fire-prone systems worldwide but the perception of fire as an ecological disaster remains a widely-held view among human societies. Understanding whether and to what extent fire is beneficial or detrimental to biodiversity is a current research priority for conservation management in fire-prone systems. My research has attempted to quantify the multi-scale effects of fire on various facets of vegetation diversity, including landscape diversity, taxonomic diversity and functional diversity from a landscape ecology perspective. We used two contrasted Mediterranean study cases i.e., south-eastern France and south-western Australia in order to distinguish from their differences common ecological patterns.Methods. Fires and their effects on vegetation are normally studied as single and localized events. Here, we considered landscape-scale fire mosaics resulting from the compilation of fire events that occurred among time and space in a given landscape. The diversity of those fire mosaics has been quantified and permitted to define a new parameter i.e., pyrodiversity. This research proposes a conceptual and practical methodology for the objective characterization of pyrodiversity based on the comparison of two Mediterranean environments: south-west of Western Australia and southern France. Fire patterns were analyzed retrospectively over a 50-year period while vegetation, habitats and species diversity were quantified at the landscape scale using a monitoring protocol developed within the EBONE EU-project. Using the same geographical scale for fire and vegetation patterns permitted to cross the information on biodiversity and pyrodiversity. The relationship between pyrodiversity and biodiversity was examined at the community level (i.e., habitat) and landscape level (mosaic of habitats) with considering successively habitat diversity, taxonomic diversity and functional diversity.ResultsThis study provides evidence that high pyrodiversity (i.e., spatio-temporal diversity of fire patterns) is associated to various successional trajectories of vegetation and thereby maximizes the diversity of habitats at landscape scale. The results indicate that fire significantly contributes with environmental factors and land management to determine the composition of habitats across a landscape and spatial heterogeneity of landscape mosaics. Whether considering the effects of a single fire event on plant species or on plant functional traits, I found that plant diversity varies with fire frequency according to the intermediate disturbance hypothesis at the habitat level. At the landscape level, the pyrodiversity-biodiversity relationship verified the heterogeneous disturbance hypothesis i.e., maxima of alpha and beta diversity are associated to fire mosaics of high spatiotemporal heterogeneity. At the regional scale, pyrodiversity enhances habitat diversity (gamma diversity) within the landscape until a certain threshold. The two studies areas display contrasting profiles of pyrodiversity due to their different fire management strategies but also exhibit taxonomically unrelated floras. Hence, the two Mediterranean biomes were characterized by different ecosystem resilience and resistance to fire. Despite these differences, the two Mediterranean biomes show convergence trends in their ecological response to the gradient of pyrodiversity.Conclusion. This study tackled the Pyrodiversity-Biodiversity paradigm and demonstrated that Mediterranean-type ecosystems need pyrodiversity to maintain the variety of habitats and species at both habitat and landscape levels. Fire effects on vegetation cannot be interpreted directly from a local perspective with considering a single fire event
Turcotte, Yves. "Structure du paysage et écologie comportementale des oiseaux forestiers en hiver." Thesis, Université Laval, 2005. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2005/23015/23015.pdf.
Full textOver the last few decades, many researchers have addressed the impacts of forest loss on forest bird abundance. However, most of these works were conducted during the breeding season. The aim of my research was to document the effects of deforestation on bird populations during winter. Using an experimental approach, I also wanted to assess the effect of behavioral mechanisms potentially affecting population dynamics and spatial distribution of forest birds. Field work was conducted during three winters in Kamouraska County. The structure of 24 landscapes (500-m radius) was described from a satellite image. These landscapes represented a broad gradient of deforestation (forest cover 8–88 %). In half of these landscapes, we provided an unlimited source of food. I evaluated the effects of landscape structure 1) on the spatial distribution of the forest bird community, 2) on the fattening strategies, and 3) the anti-predator behavior of the Black-capped Chickadee (Poecile atricapillus). Forest integrity (a composite of forest cover and edge density) was positively associated with chickadee abundance and species richness in landscapes that were supplemented. However, in control landscapes, chickadee abundance and species richness tended to decrease with an increase in forest integrity. This suggests that the more forested control landscapes facilitated winter emigration when conditions deteriorated. Conversely in highly deforested and fragmented control landscapes, birds became “gap-locked”. Landscape structure did not affect chickadees’ energetic condition. However, food-supplementation improved it and affected the pattern of daily fattening as well. In the more deforested control landscapes, chickadees showed more willingness and ventured farther into the open despite a likely increase in the risk of predation. However, where ad libitum food was available prior to the experiment, chickadees always remained close to the forest edge, regardless of the level of deforestation.
Chauchard, Sandrine. "Dynamique d'une forêt de montagne méditerranéenne dans un monde changeant." Montpellier 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON20224.
Full textIn the last millennia, traditional land-use (plant and animal husbandry) has shaped both Mediterranean and other European landscapes. Since the 19th century, land-use changes, notably in mountain areas, have led to the expansion of shrub and forest areas and the decrease of semi-natural open habitats and its diversity. Sustainable management of these former agricultural areas requires an historical understanding of the mechanisms influencing the expansion of forested areas to predict future vegetation pathways. This is why we focussed on the study of forest dynamics in the French Pre-Alps, most particularly in the Montagne du Malay (Var), where the military camp of Canjuers is located. Our approach combines analysis of i) local land-use history by means of textual archives; and ii) forest density, dynamics and diversity via dendrochronological analysis. We also analyse the potential role of domestic and wild ungulates to control forest expansion and to preserve grassland. Main results show that land-use played, and still plays, a major role on the dynamics, structure and diversity of present-day forested areas. Different former land-uses favoured local disappearance of certain species and/or overabundance of others thus leading to different forest composition. On the other hand, the timing and location of land abandonment led to different forest dynamics. Concerning management, present ungulate density in the study site does not allow controlling forest expansion. Other management practices should thus be considered
Garbolino, Emmanuel. "Les plantes indicatrices du climat en France et leur télédétection." Phd thesis, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00008446.
Full textbanque de données climatiques, celle de Météo-France, et d'une banque de données floristiques « Sophy ». Elle peut établir les relations entre plantes et climats sur une base stationnelle et
numérique, donc plus objective, plus précise et plus complète que la géographie botanique.
Le réseau météorologique national fournit des données standardisées dans 828 postes en France. Parmi les facteurs les plus actifs sur les plantes, il y a la température du jour et de la nuit, mois par mois, reflétées respectivement par la température mensuelle maximale et minimale ; il y a également les hauteurs et les fréquences mensuelles des précipitations. Ces facteurs sont ramenés à une même période de référence après estimation des données manquantes. De son côté, la banque « Sophy » fournit les présences et les abondances de 4.500 taxons botaniques dans 140.000 stations
en France. Elle permet de distinguer le comportement d'une plante soit par sa présence, soit par un seuil d'abondance. La conjonction de ces deux banques fournit un échantillonnage d'environ 12.000
stations floristiques réparties entre les climats de 574 postes.
La dépendance apparente d'une plante envers un facteur se manifeste par la concentration de ses présences dans la gamme du facteur. Cette concentration se calcule comme une probabilité et elle suit un gradient rigoureusement unimodal dans la gamme du facteur. La concentration maximale exprime le pouvoir indicateur de la plante, de telle façon que ce paramètre ne soit nul que pour une plante ubiquiste. Ce pouvoir indicateur est d'autant plus élevé que la plante est meilleure indicatrice. Le rang de la concentration maximale indique la position optimale de la plante. Les douze pouvoirs indicateurs et les douze positions optimales résument le comportement d'une plante dans la gamme d'un facteur. Ce travail présente le catalogue des comportements pour 2.800 plantes
indicatrices du climat et pour six grandeurs climatiques sous la forme de graphiques. Le catalogue présente aussi la répartition géographique de chaque plante entre les 140.000 stations de la banque « Sophy ». Ce catalogue n'est pas seulement un dictionnaire écologique des plantes indicatrices du climat. Il est aussi un outil informatique qui permet d'estimer avec précision le climat dans une communauté dépourvue de poste météorologique et d'introduire ainsi le climat de façon numérique dans toute étude phyto-écologique en France.
Mis à part l'application précédente, le catalogue ne montre pas de synthèse. Il est complété par une classification climatique des plantes qui montre la hiérarchie des phénomènes et leur importance statistique. Cette classification détermine des groupes de plantes ayant des comportements similaires d'après leurs fidélités cumulées aux rangs des variables climatiques. Elle caractérise un groupe par ses pouvoirs indicateurs et ses positions optimales. Elle aboutit à un catalogue des principaux groupes, depuis les plus nombreux et les plus différents, constituant les premiers niveaux de synthèse, jusqu'aux plus détaillés. Elle montre que le gradient phytoclimatique majeur sépare le littoral, la région méditerranéenne et les montagnes des plaines continentales. Le
groupe littoral, par exemple, se subdivise en groupes atlantiques et méditerranéens, puis en sousgroupes cantonnés dans une partie seulement de chaque climat.
Un travail analogue est entrepris sur les relations entre les plantes et les variables du satellite NOAA. Comme en géographie botanique, les relations entre plantes et mesures satellitaires se
fondent souvent sur la superposition de ces images, basées sur un indice de végétation (NDVI), avec des cartes de végétation. Ces images et leur interprétation montrent de grandes catégories de
végétation, telles que formations forestières et cultures. La banque « Sophy » permet une étude stationnelle et non plus cartographique du phénomène. Cette banque associe des données
floristiques à des données satellitaires issues du même emplacement, dans 11.000 pixels de 5,5 km de côté. Les synthèses mensuelles du NDVI montrent des différences de comportement entre les plantes de formations différentes, telles que prairies, forêts, ripisylves, formations méditerranéennes et les landes atlantiques, littorales et montagnardes. Les pouvoirs indicateurs sont parfois élevés et similaires pour les plantes de la même formation. Mais ils montrent encore quelques incohérences, soit d'un mois sur l'autre, soit d'une variable satellitaire à une autre, faute d'une standardisation insuffisante dans la caractérisation des pixels. Des variables satellitaires standardisées portant sur une plus longue période, dont les données manquantes seraient calculées, devraient être susceptibles de localiser des phytoclimats, grâce aux groupes de plantes qui les représentent, et de généraliser
sur le terrain les connaissances stationnelles de la phytoclimatologie.
Khlifa, Rim. "Effets de la diversité des arbres sur le fonctionnement de l'écosystème dans deux plantations de forêts tempérées." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27346.
Full textIn the last two decades, the vast majority of scientists have agreed that anthropogenic actions are responsible for an important and rapid loss of biodiversity at a global scale, through the elimination of genes, species and biological traits. This fact led to remarkable progress towards understanding how the loss of biodiversity affects the functioning of ecosystems. Although the link between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning (BEF) is now well documented, the mechanisms underlying this relationship are still poorly understood, especially with regards to belowground processes in treed ecosystems. The objective of this Ph.D. project was to improve our understanding of the link between aboveground biodiversity and belowground functioning in two artificial ecosystems (tree plantations). For this purpose, we examined the implication of different actors and parameters of the belowground compartment that are likely to influence the C - and N - cycles, in relation to aboveground biodiversity (through the functional trait-based approach). On the one hand we studied the productivity of fine roots, their chemistry, the functioning and composition of soil microbial communities in relation to diversity measures (specific richness and functional diversity) in a young plantation (4 years). On the other hand, we studied the decomposition of fine roots in relation to over- and understory vegetation following the application of silvicultural treatments in an older plantation (27 years). In all cases, we studied the relationship between these parameters and processes, as well as soil C and N (total and in fractions). Deciduous and conifer species differed in fine root productivity and in microbial community catabolic activity. Conifers were more productive than deciduous (fine roots), and soil microbial communities associated with deciduous trees used a greater number of carbon sources than those associated with conifers. Moreover, although tree specific richness influenced the functioning of microbes, it had no effect on their composition or the productivity of the fine roots, while tree identities (and their functional traits) influenced all these parameters and processes. The mean value of traits had a greater influence on fine root productivity, basal respiration and microbial biomass than the variance of these traits. The functional diversity (considered as a gradient) had no effect on any of the parameters and processes studied. Finally, our study revealed that the understory vegetation (cover of functional type and some species), more than overstory vegetation, soil properties or fine root chemistry influences the fine root decomposition. In general, this thesis has uncovered and highlighted unknown aspects of the relationship between BEF, in particular with regard to the link between aboveground diversity and belowground functioning. Our results precisely identified tree species, understory vegetation and functional traits and the processes on which they intervene. This could help to refine predictive models of C and N cycles or provide advice to forest managers.
Pereboom, Vincent. "Mode d'utilisation du milieu fragmenté par une espèce forestière aux habitudes discrètes." Angers, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006ANGE0032.
Full textThe destruction of forests, a main issue in biological conservation, is one of the greatest threat in biodiversity worldwide. In Europe and North America, however, the maintenance of populations is put in jeopardy by the destruction of trees outside of forests and hedgerows. In order to acquire new insights in the impact of habitat fragmentation, I chose a species regarded as forest specialist and recognised as vulnerable to forest degradation, the Pine marten Martes martes, as a model. I studied habitat and corridor use by Pine martens by radio-tracking 24 martens in France on two different sites. The marten was shown as being a species not dependant on old growth forest, as was previously considered, but instead on the presence of trees in the close vicinity, be they forest groves or hedgerows
Henneron, Ludovic. "Etude des conséquences de l'adaptation de la gestion forestière au changement climatique sur la biodiversité du sol et les interactions plantes-litière-sol en futaie régulière de chêne." Rouen, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ROUES017.
Full textClimate change will greatly increase drought frequency and severity in forest ecosystems and forest management adaptation are required to face the associated risks of tree mortality. The reduction of stand density is currently debated in France as a potential tool to increase forest resistance to water stress. The aim of this thesis work is to assess the consequences of those forest management changes on soil biodiversity, litter decomposition and forest floor dynamic. I took advantage of a large-scale, multi-site experimental network of long-term forestry sites experimentally manipulating the density of even-aged oak stands (Quercus petraea). A large number stands were studied covering a wide gradient of stand density, stand age and abiotic context. In the first section, we reported important soil faunal community changes in response to stand density manipulation. Collembolan abundance and species richness decreased with declining stand density while the impact on the global soil macro-detritivore community was limited. However, we found that soil faunal species had contrasting responses patterns according to their functional group and these responses were mediated by contrasting ecological drivers among different functional groups. Epedaphic collembolan species were favoured by declining stand density and their response was mediated by changes in understory plant species richness. In contrast, euedaphic collembolan species were negatively affected in young stands and this was mainly mediated by changes in understory plant community composition and species richness, as well as microclimatic conditions. Endogeic earthworm abundance showed a sharp increase with stand density reduction in relation with the increase of understory plant cover while the anecic earthworm abundance decreased. Finally, we found that these soil faunal changes could have cascading effect on soil processes. Indeed, the increase of endogeic earthworm abundance translated into an increase of soil respiration whereas the decrease of anecic earthworm abundance was strongly associated with a decline of forest floor turnover. In the second section, we reported that stand density manipulation had also important consequences for ecosystem functioning. We observed important intraspecific variation in oak leaf litter traits in response to stand density manipulation. Oak leaf litter quality strongly declined with decreasing stand density in young stands which had important cascading effects on litter decomposability and N cycling processes. This response pattern was driven by a shift in understory plant community composition and the associated decline of their litter decomposability. We also found that the alterations of microenvironmental conditions induced by canopy opening resulted in a decline of litter decomposition. Therefore, a global decline of forest floor turnover was observed in young stands which suggest that stand density reduction could increase forest floor accumulation. However, tree litterfall also strongly declined with stand density reduction in young stands and this tradeoff results in a net decline of forest floor C
Sana, Ullah Muhammad. "Effets des changements climatiques et en particulièrement de la sécheresse sur la décomposition et la stabilisation de la matière organique du sol dans un écosystème prairial." Paris 6, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA066240.
Full textColl, Mir Lluis. "Compétition pour les ressources entre de jeunes hêtres (Fagus sylvatica L. ) et la végétation dans des milieux en transition." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003CLF22445.
Full textEl, Khorchani Ali. "Approche dendrochronologique de l'influence des changements climatiques sur la productivité des forêts de pin d'Alep (Pinus halepensis Mill. ) en Tunisie." Aix-Marseille 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AIX30037.
Full textThe study of Aleppo pine reaction to interannual climate variations makes it possible to specify its ecology and to predict its future productivity in the context of climate change. Nineteen Aleppo pine stands, sampled from humid to arid bioclimate were the subject of a dendroecologic study based on the relation climate-tree ring (ring-width, wood density). For each stand, using radial growth and actual climate data made it possible to calibrate two statistical growth models. Using simulated climate data according to 2x CO2 made it possible to predict future Aleppo pine growth. A statistical model that stands on simple climate parameters (precipitation, temperatures) simulates a strong growth decrease (up to 100% in arid bioclimate) that is linked with precipitation decrease and spring temperature increase. A bioclimatic model that stands on water balance parameters (actual evapotranspiration) simulates an average growth decrease (20%) that is linked with spring and summer water stress increase. The study of Aleppo pine productivity trend evidences both a strong radial growth decrease (50%) and a earlywood density increase (20%) during the second half of the 20th century. Comparing these results with predictions resulting from both models shows that Aleppo pine survival at its southern limit (arid bioclimate) is threatened by the future climate changes
Lamotte, Sandrine. "Essai d'interprétation dynamique des végétations en milieu tropical inondable : la plaine alluviale de Haute Amazonie." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20201.
Full textBert, Guy Didier. "Influence du climat, des facteurs stationnels et de la pollution sur la croissance et l'état sanitaire du Sapin pectiné (Abies alba Mill. ) dans le Jura : étude phytoécologique et dendrochronologique." Nancy 1, 1992. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_1992_0049_BERT.pdf.
Full textRobert, Audrey. "Modélisation de l'effet de la topographie sur la dynamique et la structure de peuplements forestiers hétérogènes." Lyon 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001LYO10199.
Full textGarcía, González Raquel. "Towards an improved understanding of the impacts of drought stress on the atmospheric exchange of CO2 and distribution of production in Mediterranean ecosystems." Paris 11, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA112230.
Full textThe environment imposes a water and temperature stress over time to Mediterranean-type areas. Future climate predictions have warned that these areas may experience a precipitation reduction by more than 20% during the summer period for the period 2090-2099 relative to 1980-1999. This might have important implications because Mediterranean ecosystems act as a transition between tropical and more temperate regions in Europe and they may be especially sensitive to climate change. Indeed, in the Mediterranean region all climate models generally performed poorly most likely because of problems in the representation of water stress effects on both carbon uptake by photosynthesis and carbon release by heterotrophic respiration. Stomatal conductance plays an active role to reduce photosynthesis under moderate soil water deficits, but when drought stress increases, non stomatal limitations on photosynthesis, such as internal conductance and biochemical limitations, may impose higher limitations. These two assumptions were assessed and their relative importance was quantified for different species and for a wide range of drought conditions. Non-stomatal limitations to photosynthesis under water stressed conditions were found to be more dominant in each of the species studied. Applying non-stomatal limitations to photosynthesis with ORCHIDEE model leads on average to an 11% reduction compared with the original model performance in the predicted total photosynthesis over the year for a broadleaf forest site in southern France. At the regional scale it may reduce photosynthesis and transpiration rates, improving the efficiency in the use of water by plants and reducing water loss through plants. But, there are still high uncertainties related to different model descriptions of the ecosystem processes and soil hydrology. In general, models disagree on the dominating ecosystem process causing the anomalous net ecosystem exchange, driven by an increase in respiration or by a decline in GPP. Changes in the precipitation patterns may have important implications to predict future net carbon gain and allocation of Mediterranean ecosystems; it might lead to a reduction in the net C gain through a reduction on the heterotrophic ecosystem respiration
Barboni, Doris. "Signal pollinique et climat de mousson en Inde du sud." Aix-Marseille 3, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000AIX30080.
Full textWe present here a study on the relationship between the evergreen, semi-evergreen and deciduous forests of southwest India and the modern monsoon climate. A thorough pollen analysis of 180 sin-face soil samples collected between 8°-16°N and 0-1400 m of altitude leads to the identification of 9 f'loristic types among the 15 distinguished by the vegetation mapping. Interpretation of factorial analyses indicates that the main differences in the pollen composition of the samples are due to climatic constnimts on the modern vegetation. Mean temperatures of the coldest month of 20°C and 15°C define the climatic domain of low. Medium and high elevation tropical forests. Mean annual rainfall controls the vegetation phenology :deciduous/evergreen forests occur when rainfall is below/above 2500 mm/yr. We have also investigated the humidity coefficient E/PR, which evaluates the drought stress induced by the dry season. E/PE values of 65% and 75% delimit the climatic domain of different types among evergreen and deciduous vegetation. These new climatic thresholds will be integrated in a forthcoming version of the BIOME model
Pey, Alexis. "Réponses biochimiques et physiologiques des symbioses marines tempérées face aux changements climatiques." Nice, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012NICE4009.
Full textGlobal climate change leads significant reactions on marine ecosystems which, when dealing with sessile species, can drive to episodes of mass mortalities. In the north-western Mediterranean Sea, recent events of mortalities severely impacted gorgonian communities, threatening their survival, but also all the associated biodiversity. The implementation of strategies of preservations requires preliminary acquisitions of the knowledge at ecological, evolutionary, physiological, biochemical, genomic and genetics levels. In this ambitious framework, these doctoral studies aimed to better define the answers induced by thermal stress of two Mediterranean symbiotic Cnidarians : the white gorgonian Eunicella singularis and the sea anemone Anemonia viridis. A first part of the works was carried out of two populations of the white gorgonian, associated with their photosynthetic symbionts (zooxanthelles), collected at two geographical zones with contrasted thermal profiles. This study allowed us to identify the superior limits of thermal resistance of the populations and to estimate the possible links between the genetic varieties of the hosts and the symbionts, and their thermal resistance. Complementary studies then allowed identifying, on this symbiotic gorgonian early molecular indicators induced by a hyperthermia, implying the global antioxidant defences capacities and the degree of protein ubiquitination. Finally, our studies led on the sea anemone allowed to deepen our knowledge developed on this model concerning the antioxidant enzymes and in particular the glutathione peroxidases (GPx). The measures of the GPx activities in the different holobiont compartments did not reveal major modifications during the stress, but the appearance of one activity band induced by the hyperthermia could represent a new potential marker of stress
Kiss, Laurence. "Impact des incendies sur les communautés de gastéropodes terrestres en basse Provence calcaire." Aix-Marseille 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX30084.
Full textFire is a major disturbance within Mediterranean ecosystems, but its consequences on land snail communities and their subsequent recolonisation patterns are little studied. The aims of the present study are: (1) to define the short-; middle- and long-term impact of fire on land snail communities, (2) to analyse the consequences of successive fires during a short period of time on malacofaunas, and (3) to reveal the patterns of post-fire recolonisation within these communities. Land snail communities are highly resilient. Although fire induces a drastic reduction of their abundance, species richness is little affected and all the ecological groups are represented within the first post-fire year. Malacofaunas do not show patterns of post-fire succession. In fact, recolonisation patterns are complex and depend on diffuse refuges, located within burned areas and which are due to varying fire severity, but also on the biogeography and history of the sampling sites
Daussy, Juliane. "Les effets du changement climatique sur les émissions volatiles des grandes cultures et forêts du Sud de la France." Thesis, Montpellier, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MONTG010.
Full textSince the twentieth century, the mean temperature and atmospheric concentration of CO2 have been constantly increasing and climate models suggest even greater future increases. The modification of climatic factors impacts Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) emitted by terrestrial vegetation. These compounds are essential for plants’ interactions with their biotic and abiotic environment and are involved in multiple chemical reactions in the atmosphere since they modify the concentrations of greenhouse gases and participate in the formation of secondary organic aerosols. The degree of involvement of VOCs in climate change and the importance of its feedback on volatile emissions need to be clarified. Isoprenoids (isoprene, monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes) are the most emitted VOCs by terrestrial vegetation and the most reactive species in the atmosphere. The individual and combined effects of temperature and CO2 concentration are relatively well known on isoprene emissions, but it remains unclear for monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes: the emission of these compounds can vary according to the presence or the absence of storage structures in the plant and can be modified by the induction of biotic stress.The main aim of this thesis was therefore to clarify the short-term and long-term effects of an increase in temperature and CO2 concentration on the VOCs emitted by 3 plants typical of agroecosystems in the south of France and whose emission strategies differ: sweet wormwood (Artemisia annua), a strong emitter of constituent VOCs stored in glandular trichomes, holm oak (Quercus ilex), a strong emitter of novo-synthesized constituent VOCs and maize (Zea mays) strong emitter of VOCs induced by biotic stress. The plants were grown in air-conditioned greenhouses under 4 different climatic scenarios: 2 temperature regimes (25 - 30 °C) were associated with 2 CO2 concentrations (400 - 800 ppm) in a 2x2 factorial plan. VOC emissions from plants in different greenhouses were then measured under different assay conditions according to the same design to separate the short- and long-term effects of the 2 parameters. Secondly, we looked at the variability of VOC emissions within the same species, maize. The emissions of 21 maize genotypes were quantified before and after the exogenous application of methyl jasmonate (MeJA), a plant hormone simulating biotic stress.The results of these experiments show that overall the short-term increase in temperature increases volatile emissions, the increase in CO2 concentration decreases them, and that the increase in the two parameters increases them. There is however an effect of the presence of storage structures on the response to CO2 and of the category of VOCs on the response of emissions to temperature. The long-term impact of climate parameters on emissions is more vague: no effect of growth under elevated temperature was found on emissions, a negative effect of growth under elevated CO2 was found on VOCs emitted by Artemisia annua, and the growth under elevated temperature and elevated CO2 does not modify the total quantity but modifies the proportions of VOCs induced in Zea mays. The study of intraspecies variability has shown that there are qualitative and quantitative differences between the emissions of maize genotypes and that the amplitude of response of emissions to biotic stress depends on the genotype. Overall, MeJA induced the synthesis and release of new VOCs and increased the amount of VOCs emitted. These results provide new information on the possible repercussions of the choice of variety on the atmospheric load of VOCs in agroecosystems and suggest that the quantity and quality of VOCs emitted in response to climate change are dependent on the species but also on possible biotic stress
Kammer, Julien. "LANDEX : étude des aérosols organiques secondaires (AOS) générés par la forêt des Landes." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016BORD0402/document.
Full textForest ecosystems affect air quality and climate, especially through the emissions and the reactions of biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) with the atmospheric oxidants, known to generate Secondary Organic Aerosols (SOAs). This work aims to improve our knowledge on the processes involved in biogenic SOA formation and fate. Two field campaigns have been conducted in the Landes forest. In a first step, the measurement site was characterized by a statistical study of local meteorological conditions. During these campaigns, complementary physical and chemical measurements have been carried out, implying measurements of fluxes and concentrations of particles, BVOCs and oxidants. The results evidenced nocturnal new particle formation, which is an original result as this process was usually only reported during daytime. The strong contribution of BVOCs (dominated by α- and β-pinene) ozonolysis to nocturnal new particle formation has been demonstated. Particle flux measurements suggested that particles are transfered from the canopy to the higher atmospheric surface layer. The comparison between ozone fluxes and a physical ozone deposition model also highlighted an ozone production source. This ozone production might be related to BVOC photooxidation
Kahouadji, Azzeddine. "Recherches floristiques sur le massif montagneux des Beni-Snassene (Maroc oriental)." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1986. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37598652w.
Full textGuyon, Jean-Paul. "Environnement et croissance du pin maritime (Pinus pinaster Aït. ) et du pin noir d'Autriche (Pinus nigra Arn. ) : applications en sylviculture." Nancy 1, 1998. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_1998_0144_GUYON.pdf.
Full textBoussougou, Boussougou Guy Fidèle. "Vulnérabilité des paysages forestiers en relation avec les activités humaines et la variabilité climatique en Tanzanie : analyse prospective des dynamiques de l'occupation du sol des réserves forestières de Pugu et de Kazimzumbwi." Thesis, La Réunion, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LARE0035/document.
Full textThe objective of this work is on one hand to show the vulnerability of forest landscapes in relation to climate variability at the scale of Tanzania and on the other hand to analyze forest dynamics in order to carry out a prospective study of the dynamics of land use in the forest reserves of Pugu and Kazimzumbwi. Analysis of the TRMM data over the period from 2001 to 2013 has allowed revealing a seasonal and inter-annual variability in precipitation across the country. The inter-annual precipitation maps have made it possible to distinguish the years with low rainfall (2003, 2005, 2012 ), the years of high rainfall (2002, 2007, 2006, 2011) and the years of intermediate rainfall (2001, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2013). It has also help to distinguish 11 types of rainfall regimes marked by different patterns of seasonal variability at the scale of Tanzania. There are oppositions between the rainfall regimes of the central savannah region on one hand marked by low annual heights over an important period of seven dry months, also more affected by inter-annual variability, and the northern, southern and eastern forest regions are more humid and presenting low deficits of heights inter-annual rainfall. The sensitivity of plant phenology to rainfall variability has been analyzed by the examination of the spatio-temporal relationships between the standardized vegetation index NDVI-MODIS and rainfall (rain TRMM). The rain / NDVI correlation maps show an opposition between the dry regions of the center marked by savannah landscapes highly vulnerable to rainfall variability and the southern regions of moist forests, mountains and coastal regions, mangrove forests Reacting poorly to this rainfall variability. In the savannah regions of the center, the intensity of rain / NDI dependence is measured by a correlation coefficient of 0.70. A monitoring of the analysis of human pressures on forest reserves was carried out using the example of the Pugu and Kazimzumbwi forests during the period 1995-2015 using SPOT 6 (high resolution) and LANDSAT imagery. The land use classifications were realized from the object oriented method. The forest review shows that in 2015 (55% of which 32% is dense forest), from the two reserves only the reserve of Pugu still preserves nearly the half of its surface in forest while the reserve forest of Kazimzumbwi contains only 5% of its area. Over the entire period studied, the sub-period 2009-2014 was the most critical in terms of forest loss. In fact, within five years the forest reserves of Pugu and Kazimzumbwi have almost lost the double of their area. Based on the increased vulnerability of human pressures in the Pugu and Kazimzumbwi forest reserves and their periphery, a multicriteria analysis has made it possible to identify areas of high and low human pressures. The most vulnerable areas remain those located close to the communication axes and cities. Consequently forest reserves are more vulnerable in their eastern parts, close to major roads and major urban centers such as Pugu and Kazimzumbwi. The use of a model for prospective modeling in 2050 has required the integration of the explanatory variables of the observed changes and the land use maps of 1995 and 2014. The model is validated from a predicted map and a real map. The result shows an exact simulation at 72%, based on this hypothesis of an increase in anthropogenic human pressures on the two forest reserves over time; we have predicted the land use map of 2050 under the effect of explanatory variables. This prospective modeling therefore envisages, by 2050, an expansion and densification of artificial surfaces, notably at the north-eastern periphery of the reserve of Pugu and on the south in the kazimzumbwi reserve. This growth in artificial surfaces will result in a significant decline in existing forest areas within reserves
Gicquel, Aurélien. "Impact des changements globaux sur le fonctionnement des tourbières : couplage C-N-S et interactions biotiques." Rennes 1, 2012. https://ecm.univ-rennes1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/fc809707-f62e-4b7b-aaa0-3ce961750dde.
Full textIn a context of global change, peatlands "sink" function of carbon (C) is likely to switch to a "source" function, releasing into the atmosphere large quantities of C initially stored in the peat. This thesis aims to characterize and quantify at different levels of organization: i) the impact of global warming on Sphagnum-peatland biogeochemical functioning (CNS) and ii) the impact of restoration of peatland abandoned after harvesting of peat on the interactions between recolonizing plants (Eriophorum angustifolium), macrofauna (Lumbricus rubellus) and the microorganisms potentially involved in the regeneration process of peat forming. The peatland functioning and biotic interactions have been studied by coupling C-N-S and isotope tracing 13C-15N-34S. A moderate increase of + 1°C simulated by "Open Top Chambers" (OTCs) significantly reduces C fluxes at the ecosystem level, the primary production of Sphagnum and the microbes are most affected. At the community level, the activity of anaerobic bacteria, fungi and protozoa (estimated by SIP 13C-PLFAs) was significantly slowed. We showed that a soil engineer as the earthworm L. Rubellus played a positive role in recycling organic matter indirectly by providing elements (C > N > S) to the plant. Transfers depend on the functional traits of the organism. At the individual level, we have characterized using NanoSIMS, "anticorrelated" NS transfers from earthworms to peat
David, Marie. "Echange d'ammoniac entre une prairie et l'atmosphère : sources et puits à l'échelle du couvert prairial et influence des pratiques agronomiques." Paris 11, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA112057.
Full textAtmospheric ammonia is recognised as a pollutant mainly because of its negative impact, associated with acidification and eutrophication, on natural ecosystems. The ammonia exchange between plants and the atmosphere is bidirectional: both ammonia emission and deposition can occur. Semi-natural ecosystems are generally regarded as ammonia sinks and agricultural ecosystems as ammonia sources. However, less is known about the role of the vegetation in atmospheric ammonia budgets. This PhD thesis, a part of the European project GRAMINAE (GRassland AMmonia INteractions Across Europe), focuses on two main points: the study of the origin of the ammonia fluxes within the canopy and the quantification of the net exchange budgets under a semi-continental climate. A dynamic chamber was developed to measure ammonia emissions within a grassland canopy under field conditions over several days. The emissions from the green leaves, the litter and the soil were assessed. .
Ramboarison, Rivo. "La déforestation en pays Sakalava (ouest malgache)." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998STR1GE08.
Full textSakalava shows a duality where unity goes together with diversity. In regard to forests, deforestation varies with ethnic groups and production targets. People of sakalava protect well - managed forests. Migrants need more space to keep their cattle ; these migrants manage their firms with the aim to make money. Deforestation is the expression of conflicts between man and nature. It is a very complex phenomenon with intermingled interactions. A good knowledge of the functionning of the whole system is required in order to study deforestation. Deforestation is the result of complex socio-economical and political facts. Thourgh forest clearings for farming, deforestation give an answer to the question of subsistence means which garanties a minimum food security. With woody resources haversting, deforestation may yield a good income at minimum risk and investment. In total, deforestation is a reflection gone area the economy. As long as poverty will not be overcomed, deforestation will sill be practised
Ovalle, Carlos. "Étude du système écologique sylvo-pastoral à Acacia caven (Mol. ) Hook. Et Arn : applications à la gestion des ressources renouvelables dans l'aire climatique méditerranéenne humide et sub-humide du Chili." Montpellier 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986MON20199.
Full textPellerin, Félix. "Species responses to climate change and landscape fragmentation : the central role of dispersal." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019TOU30085.
Full textContemporary climate change is leading to population extinction, range shift and composition changes. Dispersal shapes these two last responses by allowing colonization of new habitats and by affecting population composition through gene flow. Depending on its adaptiveness, dispersal can promote or hinder local adaptation and modify the relative influence of phenotypic plasticity and evolutionary adaptation in population phenotypic change. However, landscape fragmentation hampers dispersal, affecting both population responses to climate change, and modifying the relative influence of the different processes involved in these responses. The aim of this PhD was to understand how population responses to climate change could be influenced by landscape fragmentation and by dispersal. By monitoring lizards inhabiting experimental populations where both climatic conditions and connectivity among them were manipulated, we demonstrated that connectivity among populations buffered climate change effects on population dynamics and phenotypic composition. We found that dispersal decisions depended on multiple intrinsic and extrinsic factors allowing to reduce the influence of warmer climate on population dynamics, but decreasing population density in cooler climate. Surprisingly, we also found that dispersal could modify the strength and direction of climate-dependent selection pressures on phenotypes. As a consequence, selection and dispersal acted in synergy to counteract the plastic response of the individuals. When integrated into a model, similar adaptive dispersal behavior strongly altered predictions of species persistence under climate change. We indeed found that adaptive dispersal promoted species range shift and reduced extinction probability compared to a model where dispersal was random (i.e.independent of intrinsic and extrinsic factors). Rather than considering dispersal as a neutral process, our results highlighted the importance to consider it as a complex mechanism shaped by multiple factors and able to drive population responses to climate change. Our results further suggest that fragmentation could strongly increase the influence of climate change on populations and may therefore precipitate their extinction. We thus call for a better integration of dispersal and landscape structure when studying population responses to climate change
Bouget, Christophe. "Chablis et diversité des coléoptères en forêt feuillue de plaine : impact à court terme de la trouée, de sa surface et de son contexte paysager." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MNHN0006.
Full textThe short-term impact of the Lothar windstorm (1999) on biodiversity was studied in oak forests in Seine-et-Marne, France. 125,000 beetles (66 families, 93 carabid and 185 saproxylic species) were sampled in 24 windthrow gaps (from 0. 1 to 3. 3 ha in size), 14 closed-canopy control stands and 12 open stands. Two years after the storm, beetle assemblages were clearly different in controls and gaps. The abundance of aquatic, flower-visiting and zoophagous beetles increased in gaps but phytophagous beetles did not. Saproxylic species composition differed significantly in gaps and controls. Open-land carabid species had colonised the gaps, whereas the forest taxa had decreased. At the landscape scale, gap size and gap isolation from surrounding open lands influenced their colonisation by carabid and saproxylic beetles. Between fellings and gaps rich in dead-wood, beetle fauna differed. Large, uncleared gaps and small fellings (0,5 ha) may enhance biodiversity
Osorio, Barahona Rodomiro. "Conséquences biologiques des variations du climat, de l'intensité de la coupe mécanique et du pâturage sur deux espèces arbustives de la région aride du Chili." Montpellier 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON20089.
Full textLarose, Catherine. "Interactions entre composition chimique et populations microbiennes de la neige : quelles sont les conséquences sur le cycle du mercure en Arctique ?" Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010GRENU004.
Full textThe main objective of this thesis is to characterize the interactions between seasonal snow chemistry and microbial community structure in an arctic snowpack. In order to do so, the biotic and abiotic compartments of the snowpack must be first characterized. From snow and meltwater samples obtained during a two-month field study held in Ny-Ålesund (Svalbard, Norway, 78°56'N, 11°52'E) in 2007, we showed that the sequence diversity in arctic snow and meltwater libraries is elevated. We also examined the fate of Hg in an arctic snowpack, from its deposition during atmospheric mercury depletion events up until its transfer during snow melt and reported an increase in methylmercury concentrations in the snowpack during late spring. The results from this campaign highlighted the need to improve our knowledge on mercury speciation and led to the development of a mer-lux biosensor to measure the bioavailable fraction of mercury. We deployed the biosensor during a second two-month field campaign in Ny-Ålesund in spring 2008 and the results obtained led to a novel model for mercury methylation in oxic environments. In parallel, we followed changes in microbial community structure in snow and meltwater samples using a 16S microarray. We modeled the interactions between snow chemistry and community structure and found a significant co-structure. We also explored functional community changes due to mercury contamination of snowpacks. Based on our results, methylmercury affects community structure and function at concentrations much lower than previously reported. Our results provide a basis for further studies on the interaction between chemistry and microbial community structure
DIATTA, MALAINY. "Mise en defens et techniques agroforestieres au sine saloum (senegal) : effets sur la conservation de l'eau, du sol et sur la production primaire." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994STR10006.
Full text- agroforesterie - mise en defens - haie vive - cordon de pierres isra, cirad and orstom revealed the soils natural envirenment fragility of thysse kaymor, a rural community which lies 30km away from nioro du rip to the south of sine satoum (senegal). Both an unprecedented drought and a population increase have brought about an important deforestation of a terricrust table and have provoked a widespread run off which was progressively destroying the cultivable soils below. In this dusadventaged context, the hydric erosion stabilization represent a main objectif for water and soils conservation in sine saloum southern zone : through the run-off control at the hight sides level by means of pervious micro dams and the humus reformation. Here, we focus on the protective improments on the environment's structure and functioning at an integrated scale of keur dianko-sonkorong catchment basin. We've tested 3 techniques of improvments according to the environment biophysical and socioeconomical contraints : on one hand we've protected high sides of the residuel ferricrust table with a stony cordon, on the other hand we've structured the cultivated spaces with contour quickset hedges. Presents results show the possibility to act effectively on the main elements of erosion, by improving the environment structure and functionong. We can learm among all these lessons that : the ligneous stratum evolution is conveyed by a 50% rise of the species, a doubling or more of the population density. The aerial and herbaceous phytomass is 1,5 to 3 times than the check plots of land. The run-off's measurements demonstrate that the flow on the defens is 3 times is 3 times inferior to the check. The quickset-hedges help to water conveys'reduction and to percolation increase with the hydrous profite betterment over 4 m away on either side of the small shurbes. These results confirmed by data on the side basius scale prove that we can significantly reduce the run-off, the strong convey and the residuel ferricrust table by pestecting the woody sides and it's erosvie potentiality with permeable micro dams (stony cordon and quickset-hedges). Keywores = senegal - sine-saloum - thysse-kaymor side basin - run-off - erosion - agrogoresterie protection - quickset hedges - stondy cords
Merlier, Elodie. "Télédétection optique des réponses des forêts aux stress abiotiques." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS022/document.
Full textAnticipating impacts of climate change on terrestrial ecosystems, particularly on the carbon cycle, requires the understanding and the quantification of the plant photosynthetic functioning and of their responses to abiotic factors. Tracking variations of spectral properties of plants using remote sensing allows the access of plant functioning at various spatial and temporal scales. Several optical indices have been developed to assess plant canopy structure, biochemistry and ecophysiological functioning. The PRI (photochemical reflectance index), determined from reflectances measured in narrow bands at 531 nm and 570 nm, may be used as a proxy of light use efficiency (LUE) at leaf and canopy scales, and more particularly of the xanthophyll cycle used by plants to dissipate the excess light energy as heat. However the use of PRI at the canopy scale and at large temporal and spatial scales faces several difficulties related to the involvement of different sources of variability that blur PRI sensitivity to photosynthetic functioning. These sources of PRI variability are particularly linked to spatial and temporal variations of biochemical and phenological canopy properties. The aim of these studies is to better understand the factors affecting PRI variability at leaf and canopy scales, to assess the strength of the relationships between PRI and vegetation responses to environmental abiotic constraints and disentangling the phenological component from the physiological component of PRI. Studies were conducted under controlled, semi-natural and natural conditions, on young trees and a mature deciduous forest subjected to various abiotic constraints. The analysis of PRI responses to the variations of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) allowed isolating three parameters. The PARsat, the PAR value at the PRI saturation; the PRI₀, the value of PRI at dim light (measured) or in darkness (estimated) and the ΔPRI, the range of PRI variations between the PRI₀ and the maximum value of PRI. During the leaf growing season, PARsat variability is mainly controlled by the availability of water content for the plant. The PARsat variability is also impacted by the atmospheric ozone concentration. During the phenological phases of budburst and the senescence, the variability of the leaf chlorophyll content governs PARsat values. This parameter describes the physiological variability of PRI and varies depending on the limiting factor for photosynthesis. The PRI₀ variability has been explained by the dynamic of the biochemical content of the leaves linked to the seasonal variations of chlorophyll content and to abiotic stress conditions. At canopy scale, the structural variability is added to the biochemical variability of PRI₀. The PRI₀, as the phenological component of PRI variability, can be used to correct PRI, removing its structural variability to obtain a PRIc strongly correlated to LUE. At canopy scale, it was shown that the PRI is mostly representative of the upper layer of the canopy. The ΔPRI showed no variation within and between days, suggesting that the PRI does not respond to the plant xanthophyll content but rather to a ratio maintained constant. These results highlight the importance of isolating the different sources of PRI variability before its use as a proxy of the photosynthetic functioning of terrestrial ecosystems
Flower, Jean-Marie. "Dérèglements durables de la dynamique de la végétation dans les mangroves des Petites Antilles:problèmes de régénération forestière après mortalité massive liée à des pertubations naturelles." Antilles-Guyane, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AGUY0115.
Full textMangroves have to face limiting ecological conditions(i. E. ,waterlogging,salinity,substrate instability),which leads to deal with their vegetation dynamics in terms of inertia (resistance to disturbances),of resiliency(recorvery following disturbance),and of plant sucession (new balances set up by long-lasting environnemental changes). In the islands of Guadeloupe and Martinique,sites still exhibiting recovery failure 10 years after natural mass mortality events that occured within the past half-century, were assessed and statistically split into 3 types,dominated respectively by Rhizophora mangle (type 1). Avicennia germinians (type 2) and a mix of these two species(type 3). Physiographic,soil and floristic features of each type influence their sensitivity to climatic hazards (cyclones for type 1,droughts for types 2 and 3). Vegetation recovery depends on abnomalities of seedling dipersal and on seedling adaptability of each spesies to the new environnemental conditions. Modelling vegetation evolution of each type,under current disturbance regime,and taking into account possible patterms of climate change in the Caribbean,tends to lend support to the idea of enhancing forest regeneration within those coastal areas. This will allow to meet the environnemental requirements challenging climate change mitigation ,and stepping towards a "sustainable balance" of tropical islands' development
Nimour, Nour Eddine. "Inflammabilité de la végétation méditerranéenne." Aix-Marseille 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX11060.
Full textLi, Ting-Xian. "Phyto-écologie et potentialités agro-pastorales et forestières du mont Lozère (France)." Montpellier 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987MON20199.
Full textChaieb, Ghassen. "Variation de l’intensité de la facilitation avec la salinité et l’aridité dans les dépressions salines continentales de Tunisie." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BORD0284.
Full textWe aim to clarify the debate of the community ecology literature on changes in plant-plant interaction along water stress gradients. We focused on the importance of the type of stress (resources vs. non-resources) and the method used (observational vs. experimental) to quantify biotic interactions. The continental saline depressions (Sebkhas) of Tunisia, characterized by the existence of a strong gradient of salinity in contrasting climatic conditions, is an excellent model system to clarify this debate, in particular by separating the effects of salinity from water stress.In a first step, we carried out an observational study on the scale of the Tunisian arid zone in order to identify the consequences of the possible interactions existing between topography and climate and determining variations in salinity and water stress and ultimately the structure, composition of plant communities and ecosystem functioning. We set up a field design combining a topographic position treatment (with four habitats) and a water stress treatment (with two climate conditions: the wet arid climate and the dry arid climate) with four replicates at the regional scale. We also carried out two experiments, one on the effect of neighbors using the observational method with transplants of three dominant species in all treatments and a second on the effect of the method (observational vs. experimental) with transplantation of three Poaceae in the two least saline habitats.The observational study clearly showed that salinity was the major direct factor determining the composition, diversity and structure of communities, as well as the productivity of ecosystems and their fertility. Aridity has less, more subtle effects, which can only be spatially compared in the least saline habitat between the low and high arid climates.The first experimental study showed that salinity stress (a direct, non-resource factor) induced a facilitation collapse that increased with increasing aridity, both temporally and spatially. The switch to competition in extreme conditions of aridity predicted in the literature was not found. This is very likely due to the weakly competitive strategy of Chamaephytes dominating the most saline habitats. The second experimental study showed that, before the dry summer season, the short-term interactions measured by the experimental method (removal method) were negative whereas the long-term interactions, measured by the combination of the observational and experimental methods were positive, thus, supporting our hypotheses and the literature. However, after the dry summer season, the short-term interactions turned to positive, whereas the long-term interactions collapsed due to vanishing the buffering effect of the vegetated soil on humidity.These results are crucial because they showed that in this arid and saline system, the collapse of facilitation is the major process explaining the structure, diversity and functioning of ecosystems, both along salinity gradients and when water stress increases. On the other hand, the combination of the observational and experimental methods was crucial to show that the increase in facilitation predicted by SGH with increasing water stress is only a response of plants to the increasing negative effect of abiotic environment (environmental-severity effect). This contrasts with the increased competition in unstressed environments and increased facilitation from highly stressed to intermediate environments, both being neighbor-trait effects
Samain, Adriane. "Importance du réseau trophique du sol dans la stabilité du fonctionnement des écosystèmes forestiers méditerranéens soumis au changement climatique." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2020. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/200709_SAMAIN_874d384dot728sctlgd405ox_TH.pdf.
Full textThis thesis focuses on trophic interactions between soil biota (microorganisms, detritivorous and predators) in three forests from South of France (pine forest, downy and holm oak forests) and how climate change expected in the Mediterranean region (via amplified drought) could affect these relationships. We reported that the soil organisms’ communities were strongly influenced by the litter identity of and by the forest type. Downy oak litter favored the abundance of all soil communities while holm oak forest was unfavorable for many groups of organisms. In a climate change context, experimentally amplified drought alters the soil food web with distinct responses according to trophic group and forest type. These results suggest that within the same Mediterranean region, climate change could differently modify the soil biota with consequences on their contribution to the litter decomposition process
Thévand, Adeline. "Dynamique des mangroves en contexte amazonien : de la veille mondiale au suivi des phénomènes de colonisation et de régénération, étude par télédétection et analyse in situ." Toulouse 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007TOU30293.
Full textLand-Ocean ecotone, the mangrove covers almost all the tropical littoral. It constitutes a unique ecosystem, built by a very constraining environment. Environment with high scientific and socio-economic value, the mangrove undergoes however multiple threats. The monitoring of this ecosystem and the comprehension of it dynamic contitute priorities now. In this context, our study focuses first on the improvement of the mangrove surfaces estimates at world level and on the monitoring of their evolution, by tremote sensing. The importance of the near infra-red for the mangroves identification was then highlighted. We then specially study an area of high hydro-sedimentary dynamic: mangroves under the Amazon river influence. From the individual to the settlement, from ground monitoring to remote sensing data analysis, we then characterized the dynamic of these mangroves through two key-phases: - The settlement growth after colonization of a new environment (example of the mud banks in French uiana): The role of microtopography for the seedlings establishment, the growth phenomena and the phenology of the young individuals were specified. - The regeneration of the adult mangrove (example of forest gap in Brazil): The distribution of the seedlings inside gaps and the importance there still of microtopography were observed. The possibilities of gap cartography by remote sensing were explored. Close connections between sedimentological cycles and biological cycles were thus highlighted. Our use of varied remote sensing data, from optical low resolution to Lidar, takes part in a better use of these technics for the study and the monitoring of the mangrove ecosystems