Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Écologie des forêts – France (sud-est)'
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Boureau, Jean-Guy. "Analyse par télédétection de formations forestières hétérogènes : application à la caractérisation des boisements lâches méditerranéens." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20279.
Full textRameau, Jean-Claude. "Contribution phytoécologique et dynamique à l'étude des écosystèmes forestiers : applications aux forêts du nord-est de la France." Besançon, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987BESA2016.
Full textShindo, Lisa. "Bois de construction et ressources forestières dans les Alpes du sud au IIe millénaire : dendrochrono-écologie et archéologie." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM3001/document.
Full textTimber study makes it possible to date the traditional buildings (farms, barns, wine presses, mills, bridge ...) and specify the time variations of relationships between human societies, timber uses and forest management. The studied area is the Durance valley, from Briançon to Riez region, and, more generally, the southern French Alps. The time windowof our study is the medieval times, modern and contemporary periods, when a large amount of material (wood) is available.The first purpose of my work is to establish a better knowledge of the built heritage, using dendrochronology. We have been highlighting the types of wood used (species, age, size) as well as the trees felling and human construction phases. Given the human occupation and the land use changes, the development of this type of study is essential to preserve the historical track of this fragile heritage, witness of a mountain society in strong relationship with its environment, especially forestry. The second purpose is to develop knowledge of the relationship between buildings and forest. This relationship addresses the issue of the Alpine forests state and forest as a resource, during the last millennium. Human occupation history, in the southern French Alps, is questioned.To reach these goals, interdisciplinarity has been a necessity. Thus, a dialogue was established with historians, archaeologists, foresters, computer specialists, carpenters, anthracologists, managers, engineers and workers in construction and restoration. In order to overcome the limits of each discipline, dendrochronology has been used to implement an interdisciplinary approach
Dincher, Marie. "Dynamique comparée des éléments majeurs dans les humus de forme mull dans une hêtraie du Nord-Est de la France." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0170.
Full textHumus is the place of key tree nutrition processes. However, it remains a compartment of the ecosystem still under studied for all major nutrients and beneficial elements other than C and N. Thus, in a context of increasing pressure on forests, it matters to understand the dynamics of the elements from their input into the humus to their output towards the soil. The aims of this thesis are: (1) to identify the mechanisms and factors responsible of the major element dynamics (C, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Mn, S, Si, Al and Fe), (2) to determine the relationships between these elements and (3) to specify the place of the humus in tree nutrition. To answer these objectives, a conceptual model based on the identification of humus inputs and outputs and the possible mechanisms present at the humus level was elaborated. The results of this thesis suggest that the element output fluxes depends on processes and reactions accelerating or delaying their release from the humus. The element release rates in the soil depend on their forms in the humus inputs (soluble, organic molecules, biominerals) and their location in the plant tissues (leaf blade vs. vein) supplying the humus. The element dynamics is also influenced by recycling reactions within the humus, such as biotic or abiotic precipitation through testate amoebae (Si, P, Ca and Mn), precipitates around hyphae (Ca, Mn, P, and K) or amorphous Si precipitates. These reactions control the mean residence times of the elements and their leaching gradient below the humus: the most soluble and least immobilized elements will be leached more rapidly and will have lower residence time. The release of these elements below the humus is another important factor that affects the availability of these elements to trees. During the growing season, when the trees upatke soil solution, less than 25% of K and P are released from humus. The ability of the soil to hold the elements produced during periods of senescence and dormancy is fundamental to ensure the sustainability of the ecosystem. In this thesis, the particles leaving the humus were quantified for the first time. In addition to their role on pedogenesis and the dynamics of C, this particle flux below the humus could increase the cation-exchange capacity of the soil and its ability to hold these leached elements during the dormant period
Devêvre, Olivier. "Étude expérimentale du rôle des champignons rhizosphériques dans l'acidification du sol et le jaunissement de l'épicéa commun (Picea abies (L. ) Karst. ) dans les Vosges." Nancy 1, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995NAN10347.
Full textMoulet, Pierre. "Systématique, biologie, écologie et éthologie des Reduviidae (Heteroptera) ; systématique et bio-écologie des Coreoidea (Heteroptera) du Ventoux (Sud-Est France)." Avignon, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AVIG0310.
Full textHaving replaced The Mount Ventoux in its geographic and geologic frame, the Reduviidae are presented briefly on morphological (eggs, young stadia, adults), ecological (food, camouflage) and systematical plans. The ethology, mainly returned to the alimentary behavior, is studied in detail. It is shown that the food catching can be decomposed in eight obligatory phases : detection of the victim, approach, interest, attack, sting, immobilization, alimentation properly and cleaning ; sometimes one notes a supplementary phase : transport (after immobilization). The phases interest, during which the potential prey will be or not considered consumable, and immobilization, while the prey is dying, had been never indicated previously in these Insects. The phases sting and food can be distinguished by the place of the point of puncture ; often sting (during which the lethal saliva is injected) is practised wherever : while food puncture is always practised in a precise place, variable according to the prey species. In the case of harmless preys, one phase is often shortened and the passage from one phase to another one is accelerated. Problably, in harmless preys, alimentation begins during immobilization. The harmless preys are probably punctured during the immobilization. It as been possible to count thirteen species at the Ventoux, ten of which belonging to the Harpactorinae. For some of them, eggs and young stadia are described, often for the first time. The conditions of the collects are precised and the annual biologic cycle is established. The list of the preys of eight Reduviidae (of which numerous news) is supplied. A fine study of female genitalias of "Peirates stridulus" and "P. Hybridus" is given which allows to separate certainly these taxa. The new synonymy "Sphedanolestes livigaster " (Mulsant & Tey, 1852) = "S. Argenteolineatus" (A. Costa, 1883) is established. Precisions on the bio-ecology of Coreoidea from Mont Ventoux are brought and particularly their elevation which is compared to some of others European mounts
Ménard, Thierry. "Etude phytosociologique et écologique des peuplements lichéniques saxicoles calcifuges du sud-est de la France." Aix-Marseille 3, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997AIX30088.
Full textSelim, Suryahadi. "Effets de l'irrigation par submersion des pâturages sur l'écologie des strongles gastro-intestinaux et la localisation spatio-temporelle du risque d'infestation des Ovins." Montpellier 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986MON20082.
Full textAuclerc, Apolline. "Impact d'amendements calco-magnésiens sur la diversité des macroinvertébrés de sols forestiers et sur certains processus fonctionnels associés. Cas du massif vosgien (nord-est, France)." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0056/document.
Full textThe use of liming (Ca-Mg) on acidified forest can be interesting to counteract soil acidification and loss of nutrients caused by decades of acid atmospheric deposition. In this context, the aims of this work were to assess liming effect on (i) taxonomical diversity and community structure of soil macro-invertebrates and on (ii) two associated functional processes related to earthworms: soil structuration and humus evolution. The PhD project was realised in three sites from the Vosges mountains (North-eastern, France): two forest mountain catchments (one lying on sandstone and the other on granite) limed in 2003 and the public hill forest of Humont at a lower altitude limed in 1991 and 2008. Results showed that 4 years after liming in mountain forest, the total abundance of macro-invertebrates decreased, while the species richness were similar. However, the community structure strongly differed, and less than 50% of the species were common to limed and control sites. Moreover, 43 species appeared to be indicators of liming. Predator taxa abundance decreased whereas the detritivorous were favoured by lime addition. The in vitro experiments showed a positive effect of liming on soil structuration by earthworm activities (cast production and burrowing activities). In the Humont forest, liming at medium-term (4 years) and long term (20 years) have an important effect on the Aporrectodea velox population, an endemic vosgian species. Related to its high biomass, this increase strongly improved soil physicochemical parameters such as soil structure and humus morphology
Lescure, Jean-Paul. "La reconstitution du couvert végétal après agriculture sur brulis chez les Wayapi du Haut Oyapock (Guyane française)." Paris 6, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986PA066120.
Full textAnglade, Jean-Yves. "Etude d'impact écologique après implantation de rosiers en zone débrouisallée." Aix-Marseille 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995AIX30034.
Full textChamproux, Pierre. "Installation du chêne pubescent par semis in situ en conditions forestières méditerranéennes." Aix-Marseille 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996AIX3A003.
Full textThe purpose of this work is to demonstrate that it is possible to seed Downy Oak with a good rate of success in forestry conditions in the South-east of France. Paleoecology studies (palynology and paleoanthracology) show that deciduous species were well established in the past in lower Provence. Both knowledges in History (and Prehistory) and in paleoecology lead to think that these species have decreased from neolithical period because of human activity. We may assess that these species lesser spread is due to human action more than natural conditions. The data provided in this work demonstrates that these species are in fact well-adapted to the natural site conditions found in mediterranean forests. In fact, present observations show that some deciduous species and especially the Downy Oak tend to spread under the Canopy (Aleppo Pine) and in areas with good scrub cover (Ulexparviflorus, Quercus cocci/era. . . ). The experiments carried out in Luminy in 1981 and at Le Tholonet later in 1988-89 have confirmed these constatations and are dicussed in the first section of this dissertation. From the experimental method comes a means of representing knowledge ; it is based on indices (proportions) about Downy Oak acom survival and sprouting rates. Its construction constitutes the second part of this work
Abou-Hamdan, Hussein. "Réponses des macrophytes de six cours d'eau méditerranéens à des perturbations naturelles et d'origine anthropique (sud-est de la France)." Aix-Marseille 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX30060.
Full textThis is the first study on this topic focusing on the aquatic plants growing in six coastal rivers of the Provence-Alpes-Côte d’Azur area. These rivers were selected because of their morphological and hydrological characteristics are typical of most of Mediterranean coastal rivers. Owing to the size and the specific characteristics of these rivers, it was necessary to find a method of analysis of macrophyte. A macrophyte inventory of the species was drawn up and biomass evaluated. The responses of the macrophytic communities subjected to different types of disturbances (anthropic and natural) were both analysed in terms of intra - and inter ecosystemic functioning and of great ecological concepts. The water quality was calculated by various indices used in France (SEQ-EAU, IBD, IBMR, IBGN) and the different values discussed
Metzger, Jean-Paul. "Structure du paysage et diversité des peuplements ligneux fragmentés du rio Jacaré-Pepira (Sud-Est du Brésil)." Toulouse 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU30191.
Full textBron, Magali. "Etude écologique et éthologique de Phlebotomus perniciosus (vecteur de leihmaniose canine et humaine) et de Sergentomya minuta dans le Sud Est de la France (région marseillaise)." Aix-Marseille 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994AIX30039.
Full textDebras, Jean-François. "Rôles fonctionnels des haies dans la régulation des ravageurs : le cas du psylle Cacopsylla pyri L. dans les vergers du sud-est de la France." Avignon, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007AVIG0318.
Full textHedgerows host a great of invertebrate species and play a great role as reservoirs of beneficial arthropods, which is not to be demonstrated any more. In the current context of a systemic agriculture based on the durability of the systems of production, their use in integrated protection management enters within the scope of the methods called "conservation biological control". The objective of this work is to estimate the hedge functionality in the control of the psylla Cacopsylla pyri (L. ) (Hemiptera, Psyllidae, key pest of the pear orchards, Pyrus communis (L. ). Our results, obtained in an experimental orchard during three consecutive years, show that the hedge influences the distribution of predators in the field during C. Pyri proliferation. This effect is not simply a border effect as movements of beneficials are observed between the hedge and the orchard in connection with prey density. In an applied context, the impact of chemical treatment is major on the composition of arthropods populating orchards and decreases the functional role of hedgerows observed in our experimental orchard
Buisson, Elise. "Restauration écologique de communautés végétales herbacées méditerranéennes : exemples dans le sud-est de la France et sur la côte californienne (USA)." Aix-Marseille 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005AIX30071.
Full textDisturbance and resilience maintain ecosystem dynamics. The first objective of this thesis was to assess the resilience of two plant communities after anthropogenic disturbances. Resilience was low, suggesting that the ecosystems were dysfunctional. The second objective was thus to isolate several functions of these degraded ecosystems to better understand their functioning. Perennial species were sown and transplanted to degraded ecosystems and functions manipulated. In both the Mediterranean regions studied, emergence of perennial species in the field was low. Transplanted seedlings established well if habitat was improved. In France, stone cover has to be restored, and grazing and arable plant competition decreased. In California, exotic plant competition has to be decreased drastically and topsoil removal is a good technique to reduce competition
Pinto, Paulina. "Ecologie et croissance de Abies alba Mill. en peuplements purs et mélangés dans le Massif Vosgien (Nord-est de la France)." Phd thesis, ENGREF (AgroParisTech), 2006. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00003643.
Full textBertrand, Céline. "Réponses de la communauté phytoplanctonique et de la population de la Diatomophycée, Asterionella formosa Hassal, à la variabilité physique, chimique, biotique de l'environnement à l'échelle d'un complexe hydraulique composé de 9 retenues artificielles en région méditerranéenne (Sud-Est de la France)." Aix-Marseille 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX30034.
Full textIntensive impoundments have been built on southeastern France Rivers, Durance and Verdon, to satisfy human needs in energy and water resources. The course of both rivers is interrupted by reservoirs with quite different morphometric and hydrodynamic characteristics. Phytoplanktonic responses to physical and chemical environmental variability has been studied along a series of reservoirs from the Durance-Verdon complex. The "Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis" concept has been tested on phytoplanktonic communities (taxonomic richness) and Asterionella formosa populations (architectural richness) subjected to human disturbances. This diatom induces dysfunctions on water supply companies treatment (Societe des Eaux de Marseille). An experimental study has been conducted on A. Formosa cultures to determine effects of density and architectural modifications on the efficiency of floculation treatment
Baysse-Lainé, Adrien. "Terres nourricières ? : la gestion de l'accès au foncier agricole en France face aux demandes de relocalisation alimentaire : enquêtes dans l’Amiénois, le Lyonnais et le sud-est de l’Aveyron." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE2087/document.
Full textThis dissertation focuses on how the rise of local food issues impacts the way access to farmland is managed in France. This question fits into a a broader concern about how processes of allocation of land take into account the diversity of agricultural models. My corpus is made up of case studies of land operations benefiting a relocalized agriculture and carried out by local public authorities,the civic movement Terre de Liens and farmers. I study them through a cross analysis of surveys undertaken in three regions associating a city and the surrounding countryside : the Ami´enois, the Lyonnais and the south-east of the Aveyron departement.Fist, the relocalization project appears to be implemented in a wide variety of farms. Its complex spatial scope and the related social representations call for a renewed definition of the ”food localness” category. Second, the land operations help renewing the means of accessing farmland. Estate strategies rely on setting up alternative farmland management styles at a local scale, whereas network strategies target land information flows. Building on a bundle of rights framework, the dissertation analyses how the demarcartion between property and use of the land evolves. Third, the power relationships governing the allocation of land are only incrementally modified, as the Safer and traditional farmers’ unions remain at the center. Beyond scarce cases of governance of the land-based coexistence of agricultural models, the dissertation build up a land justice frameworksuited to France