Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Écologie des forêts pluviales – Biodégradation'
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Coq, Sylvain. "La diversité chimique des litières et son rôle dans le fonctionnement des écosystèmes forestiers." Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20168.
Full textLitter decomposition and nutrient recycling are key processes for ecosystem functioning. The objectives of this thesis were to improve our understanding of the determinants of decomposition in a tropical rainforest in French Guiana, with a particular focus on the role of litter chemical diversity and live plant – litter interactions. With a detailed characterization of condensed tannins in leaf litter of 16 common tropical tree species, I showed that inter-specific variation in litter tannins are the main driver of decomposition in the studied nutrient-poor Amazonian rainforest. Experimental evidence suggests that the most important mechanism of tannin control is selective feeding on tannin-poor litter by soil macrofauna. The mixing of leaf litter of a subset of the 16 tree species in a green house experiment including seedlings of the different tree species showed litter diversity effects on decomposition and nutrient release. These non-additive effects were predominantly negative, resulting in decreased decomposition rates compared to expected rates based on individual litter species decomposition. The identity of litter species contributed strongly to these negative effects, and the presence of tree seedlings modified the observed litter diversity effects. Decomposing litter mixtures showed also a feedback effect on tree seedling growth, biomass allocation and leaf traits, which again was mainly related to the identity of a few litter species within mixtures. My results suggests that the diversity of chemically contrasted litter plays a major role in the functioning of tropical forets. The decomposition of these mixtures results in functional feedbacks between the aboveground and belowground compartments of these ecosystems
Mauffrey, Jean-François. "Biodiversité et écologie des communautés de rongeurs arboricoles et autres petits mammifères de Guyane française." Montpellier 2, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002MON20153.
Full textDelcamp, Matthieu. "Groupes « fonctionnels » d'espèces et prédiction de la dynamique des peuplements d'arbres après perturbation en forêt dense tropicale humide : exemple en Guyane française." Montpellier 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON20055.
Full textBedos, Anne. "Les Collemboles édaphiques du massif du Doi Inthanon (Thai͏̈lande) : biodiversité et écologie en forêt tropicale." Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30188.
Full textJudas, Jacky. "Ecologie du pécari à collier Tayassu tajacu, en forêt tropicale humide de Guyane française." Tours, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999TOUR4029.
Full textNgueguim, Jules Romain. "Productivité et diversité floristique des ligneux en forêt dense d'Afrique tropicale humide du Cameroun : sites de Mangombé, Bidou et Campo." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MNHN0019.
Full textThis study is carried in rainforest of Cameroon. It presents: i) the adaptability of species, planted with two sylviculturals methods in Mangombe’s plantation and ii) compare the biodiversity of Mangombe’s forest to those of Bidou and Campo less disturbed. The adapted species with few mortality and best diameter increasement are : Gmelina arborea (Verbenaceae), Dipterocarpus alatus (Dipterocarpaceae) and Aucoumea klaineana (Burseraceae). The natural regeneration under canopy in plantation is heterogenic and diversed. The vegetation indices show a high diversity in all the sites : Shannon index, generic diversity and specific richness which is higher in Mangombe (38 families and 91 species), intermediary in Bidou (32 families and 88 species) and lower in Campo (29 families and 75 species). Zoochory concerns more than 71% of the species, and suggests a major role of animals in the regeneration process. The abondance of species familiar to non disturbed natural forest confirms the possibility for the natural regeneration to reconstitute in long term the biodiversity in plantation
Cavalcanti, Porto Katia. "Analyse floristique et écologique de la bryoflore d'une forêt de plaine et d'une forêt d'altitude moyenne dans l'état de Pernambuco (Brésil)." Paris 12, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA120035.
Full textDutech, Christian Cyril. "Diversité génétique et dynamique de la forêt tropicale humide : le cas d'une espèce ligneuse guyanaise, Vouacapoua Americana (Caesalpiniaceae)." Montpellier 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MON20082.
Full textMillet, Jérôme. "Etude de la biodiversité arborée, de la structure et de l'évolution dynamique du massif forestier de Tan Phu (Vietnam) après son exploitation." Lyon 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003LYO10108.
Full textRoggy, Jean-Christophe. "Contribution des symbioses fixatrices d'azote à la stabilité de l'écosystème forestier tropical guyanais." Lyon 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998LYO10127.
Full textNicolas, Violaine. "Systématique et écologie des communautés afrotropicales de muridés (Mammalia : Rodentia) et de soricidés (Mammalia : Insectivora)." Rennes 1, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003REN10113.
Full textMuloko, Nicole. "Phylogéographie de Aucoumea klaineana (Burseraceae) : apport des marqueurs génétiques." Montpellier 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001MON20224.
Full textDurand, Muriel. "Apport de l'analyse architecturale des arbres dans l'étude de la structure des forêts tropicales sempervirentes." Montpellier 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON20049.
Full textFuhr, Marc. "Structure et dynamique de la forêt côtière du Gabon. Implications pour une succession secondaire dérivant de la forêt monodominante à okoumé (Aucoumea klaineama Pierre)." Montpellier 2, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MON20227.
Full textMadelaine, Antin Cécile. "Dynamique des peuplements forestiers tropicaux hétérogènes : variabilité inter et intraspécifique de la croissance des arbres et trajectoires de développement en forêt dense humide sempervirente, dans les Ghâts occidentaux de l'Inde." Montpellier SupAgro, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009NSAM0034.
Full textOliveira, Elisiana Pereira de. "Le peuplement des Collemboles édaphiques en Amazonie brésilienne : systématique, biogéographie et écologie." Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30209.
Full textSoussou, Tatongueba. "Dynamique forestière dans la plaine du Litimé sous pression anthropique au Togo." Aix-Marseille 3, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX30049.
Full textThe present study falls under the general dynamics of the tropical forests. It integrates the results of the space, phytoecological and socio-economic analyses of the forest regression of the plain of Litime. The space study based on the acquisition of the satellite images Spot made it possible to establish a diachronic cartography of the vegetation of the zone of study in order to appreciate the evolution of the changes of occupation of the ground which have occurred between 1986 and 2001 in this zone. In this study, "urbanized" spaces just as those assigned to the cultures move with the detriment of the covered surfaces. The analysis of the biological and phytogeographical spectra on the whole of Litime highlighted not only the Guinean character of the vegetation, but also showed the progression of the savannas taxa in particular in the mediums open under the human action. Lastly, the socio-economic study based on the ethnobotanic investigations highlighted the importance of the forest for the local populations through the socio-economic, cultural and ecological uses that it gets for these populations
Obame, Engone Jean-Paul. "Structure spatiale et dispersion des communautés d’arbres en forêt tropicale humide du Gabon : rôle des facteurs édaphiques et du gradient de chablis." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26583.
Full textMirabel, Ariane Sandrine. "Réponse et résilience de la biodiversité d'une Forêt Tropicale après Perturbation Inescapable Taxonomists : Workable Biodiversity Management Based on a Minimum Field Work Post-Disturbance Tree Community Trajectories in a Neotropical Forest 30 Years of Post-disturbance Recruitment in a Neotropical Forest." Thesis, Guyane, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018YANE0006.
Full textForest are currently threatened by the global changing context. Maintain the goods and services they provide require clarifying tree community diversity response to disturbance, that determine forest functioning, maintenance and resilience. This is specifically crucial in tropical forests that are both the most threatened regions and those with the highest environmental, social and economic stakes. In this context, this work studies the taxonomic and functional response to disturbance of a Neotropical community. Through post-disturbance diversity trajectories in the long term we examined the ecological processes underlying community response to disturbance, explicit the taxonomic and functional aspects of community recovery, and eventually discussed some perspectives for forest management and modeling. From the monitoring dataset of the Paracou experimental station in French Guiana we examined tree community response to disturbance over the thirty years following a disturbance gradient. First, we developed and tested a diversity estimator tackling the taxonomic uncertainties of forest inventories and improving the accuracy of biodiversity surveys. The estimator based on botanical/vernacular association probability to account of taxonomic uncertainties in various diversity measurement framework. The estimator, further used in this worked, was first calibrated to improve the estimation accuracy and was then validated with real forest inventories. The results allowed designing an inventory protocol optimizing the cost of inventories and the accuracy of the diversity measure. Second, we analyzed the post-disturbance taxonomic and functional trajectories of diversity, composition and redundant at the scale of the whole community. We combined the 30 years of botanical inventories with a large functional dataset encompassing key leaf, root, wood and life-history functional traits. Eventually, we specifically analyzed the post-disturbance recruitment processes and the diversity and composition succession.We highlighted the emergence after disturbance of deterministic processes driving community taxonomic and functional response to disturbance. Deterministic processes favored the recruitment of a restricted pool of pioneer species, similar for to all communities and disturbance intensity. Around fifteen years after disturbance, the recovery of community initial characteristics started with the recovery of stochastic processes driving non-disturbed communities. At the whole-community scale, this succession translated into a cyclic trajectory of taxonomic composition leading to a recovery of the pre-disturbance composition and a maintenance of differences among communities. Disturbance increased both taxonomic richness and evenness until an intensity threshold above which, in accordance with the Intermediate Disturbance Hypothesis, the taxonomic richness decreased and the pioneers became persistently dominant. The functional trajectories however proved decoupled from taxonomic trajectories. Functional diversity increased whatever the disturbance, without any intensity threshold, and functional composition trajectories converged in the functional space without marked differences among communities. This decoupling was explained by the functional redundancy that mitigated the functional impact of disturbance and proved to be the slow parameter of tropical forest recovery.Our results showed a tangible taxonomic and functional recovery of communities after the gradient of disturbance but this recovery proved decades-long. In the light of those results, we discussed the practices of sustainable forest management and several perspectives of forest diversity modeling
Gourlet-Fleury, Sylvie. "Modélisation individuelle spatialement explicite de la dynamique d'un peuplement de forêt dense tropicale humide (dispositif de Paracou - Guyane française)." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 1997. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00204403.
Full textLe modèle de croissance est dérivé d'un type « potentiel x réducteur » adapté aux spécifités de la forêt dense tropicale humide de Guyane. Il prédit l'accroissement d'un arbre en fonction de son diamètre à l'instant t et de son environnement immédiat décrit par deux indices de compétition : l'un rend compte de la pression subie par l'arbre en début de période de croissance et l'autre de l'évolution de cette pression dans un passé proche. La prise en compte de quinze groupes d'espèces, homogènes du point de vue de la croissance, améliore considérablement son efficacité. Quatre modèles de mortalité prédisent la mort sur pied et la mort par chablis primaire, secondaire ou complexe d'un arbre, et un modèle de recrutement permet de gérer l'apparition de nouveaux individus sur des placeaux de 100m2 en fonction de la place disponible dans le peuplement.
Le simulateur, programmé en langage SmallTalk-80 selon la technique des systèmes multi-agents, est doté d'une interface conviviale permettant à l'utilisateur : (i) de suivre l'évolution virtuelle dans le temps d'un peuplement et de chacun des individus qui le constituent par le biais de cartes et de graphiques ; (ii) de réaliser à tout moment une gamme très variée d'interventions de manière à tester des scénarios sylvicoles. Les différents essais réalisés montrent que le peuplement que nous avons généré présente un comportement satisfaisant quelle que soit l'intensité des perturbations imposées, mais que sa réactivité est faible au regard d'un modèle matriciel calibré à partir des mêmes données. Nous proposons différentes voies d'amélioration et soulignons l'intérêt que peut présenter ce type de modèle pour la communauté scientifique et, à plus long terme, le gestionnaire forestier.
Ovalle, Carlos. "Étude du système écologique sylvo-pastoral à Acacia caven (Mol. ) Hook. Et Arn : applications à la gestion des ressources renouvelables dans l'aire climatique méditerranéenne humide et sub-humide du Chili." Montpellier 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986MON20199.
Full textStrasberg, Dominique. "Dynamique des forêts tropicales de l'île de La Réunion : processus d'invasions et de régénération sur les coulées volcaniques." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 1994. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00954484.
Full textAlessio, Filipe Martins. "Biodiversité, périurbanisation et santé publique : cas des micromammifères et de leurs parasites des fragments forestiers de la région métropolitaine de Recife, Pernambuco, Brésil." Aix-Marseille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AIX11123.
Full textThe determinants of the diversity of micromammals in the Atlantic Forest of Pernambuco Endemism Center are still unknown. Dissect the relationship between human health and environment can be explained by three main interrelated axes that concern the modification of ecosystems and their implications for human and animal health. The main approach of this study focuses on the ecology of small mammals and their parasites in relation to the environmental dynamics of the fragmentation of the Atlantic Forest in Northeastern Brazil and their potential impact on human health. Between January 2008 and March 2009, we surveyed six forest fragments present in urban and rural areas of the Metropolitan Region of Recife. The mammals were captured in 4 sessions of five consecutive nights of trapping in each fragment. In a total effort of 25,231 trap / nights, 431 mammals belonging to 20 species (8 marsupials, 11 rodents and one lagomorph) were captured. Individuals were anesthetized, measured, and stripped of their ectoparasites. Blood samples and feces were collected in order to analyze the eukaryotes, bacteria and viruses, blood or reveal the presence of helminths in feces. The community was dominated by generalist marsupial species, particularly by the species Metachirus nudicaudatus, Didelphis albiventris, Micoureus demerarae and Marmosa murina, which were present in almost all sites. Instead, the rodent species showed smaller distributions and were generally less numerous. The proportions of marsupials captured at intermediate heights and at ground level have not varied significantly in most of the fragments. The Rodents were captured mostly on the ground, and only 2. 2% of individuals have been caught at intermediate heights. Attendance at these layers did not vary between the different fragments, so that their vertical structure has been quite different. Preliminary analysis on the set of parasites encountered in host species led to the identification of four species of ticks, one of which represents a relatively rare species in South America, showing that the ecology of vectors of diseases, such as spotted fever, is still in its infancy in the study area. The aggregative character of a tick species in its host population was highlighted, confirming the general theories of host-parasite relationship in spite of the very disturbed nature of these environments. The bacterium Staphylococcus aureus was also shown to be the cause of the symptoms of mastitis in Didelphis albiventris, something quite unusual among marsupials. Thus one of the most abundant species in urban fragments proved to be a potential reservoir and / or vector of a bacterium that causes life-threatening infections for humans. The relationship between changes in the landscape matrix and ecology of micromammals hosts of causative agents of diseases such as leishmaniasis, leptospirosis, toxoplasmosis and Sarcocystosis, deserves to be widely depth to understand the emergence and ecology of new human and animal diseases
Norden, Natalia. "Importance du processus de régénération naturelle dans le maintien de la diversité en forêt tropicale humide." Toulouse 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007TOU30250.
Full textNatural regeneration in tropical forests is a multistage process including seed production, dispersal, germination and subsequent seedling establishment. All these stages may have critical consequences in population dynamics and on species coexistence. We assessed many aspects of seedling regeneration at the Nouragues Station in French Guiana. We monitored seed arrival over a 5-years period. We monitored seedling community dynamics over 28 months. We developed a new approach in order to identify reproductive strategies among 48 tree and liana species. We found that the plant community showed an important variability in seed production. Most species fruited yearly, but as many as a quarter of the studied species showed a masting pattern, a phenomenon very poorly studied in tropical latitudes. The vast array of reproductive and germination strategies displayed by plants results in important temporal pulses in seedling recruitment. We thus assessed the importance of these sources of temporal variability and of spatial environmental heterogeneity in seedling community dynamics. Annual variation in seedfall and environmental filtering both contributed to explaining spatiotemporal variation in local seedling density and diversity. Finally, we showed for 15 seedling taxa that abundance patterns are mainly controlled by seed arrival. .
Fritsch, Jean-Marie. "Les effets du défrichement de la forêt amazonienne et de la mise en culture sur l'hydrologie de petits bassins versants : opération ECEREX en Guyane française." Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20242.
Full textMichaloud, Georges. "Aspects de la reproduction des figuiers monoi͏̈ques en forêt équatoriale africaine." Montpellier 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MON20215.
Full textRutishauser, Ervan. "Changements à long terme de la structure des forêts tropicales : implications sur les bilans de biomasse." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20176.
Full textAs living trees constitute one of the major stocks of carbon in tropical forests, assessing the role of these ecosystems in the carbon cycle received an increasing scientific and political interest. A better understanding of variations in the dynamics and structure of tropical forests is necessary to predict the potential of these ecosystems to lose or store carbon, and to understand how they recover from disturbances. Recent findings showed an increase of the turn-over in pantropical forests (Phillips et al. 2004a) and an increase of above-ground biomass in neotropical forests (Baker et al. 2004a). These results were attributed to an increasing availability of abiotic ressources (CO2, nitrogen) enhancing forest dynamics. Nevertheless, these findings were controversial and some scientists pointed out statistical and methodological errors (Lewis et al. 2006a; Wright 2006).The present project is based on a very different point-of-view and makes a nother interpretation of these results. The main hypothesis of this study is that the observed changes in forest dynamics around the Amazonian basin and in French Guyana are the consequence of natural endogenous processes. Tropical forests are facing recurring disturbances of various intensities and scales, ranging from tree fall (several square meters) to major drought linked to El Niño events (thousands of hectares). Thus forests would never reach equilibrium, but would rather fluctuate between short periods of disturbance and long periods of regeneration. The main findings of this study are that forests at our site can be seen as a mosaic of areas at different structural and dynamical stages, most of them increasing in mean stem diameter and accumulating biomass. The overall biomass balance is a net biomass increase that might mainly be related to endogenous forest dynamic
Aubry-Kientz, Mélaine. "Quelle sera la réponse des forêts tropicales humides à l’augmentation des températures et aux changements de pluviométrie ? : Modéliser la dynamique forestière pour identifier les processus sensibles en Guyane française." Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014AGUY0802/document.
Full textIn 2013 the intergovernmental panel on climate change (ipcc) publishes its fifth report. This report underlines that an increase of temperature and a strengthening of drought and extreme rainfall are expected in tropical regions. This work was made in this context of climate changes, and aimed to study the response of the rainforest to predicted climate changes. To do this, i used the data from the study site of Paracou French Guiana to build an individual based dynamics model based on the functional traits of trees. This model was first applied to species with a commercial interest in French Guiana, in natural and logged forest and adding a water stress index as predictor. Water stress decreases growth and increases mortality, while logging had the opposite effect. The model was then applied to the community in natural forest for identifying potential climate drivers and impacted processes. Growth is impacted by the water stress and temperature and mortality is imp acted by the water stress and the total rainfall. These results allowed us to build a climate dependent model of forest dynamics and to run simulations of the evolution of a community under different scenarios for the next century. Simulations showed a decrease of growth and a small decrease of mortality. This resulted in a substantial decrease of basal area, squared diameter and fresh biomass
Jourdan, Marion. "Le rôle de la diversité sur la stabilité des processus des écosystèmes forestiers en contexte de changement climatique." Thesis, Paris, AgroParisTech, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AGPT0009.
Full textClimate change has a direct impact on the ecosystem processes of forests and on the services they provide, but it also indirectly affects forest ecosystems by changing the composition of communities. However, such changes in biodiversity are likely to affect ecosystem functioning, since ecosystem processes - such as productivity or decomposition - are particularly sensitive to the species composition of communities. However, while the relationship between diversity and the average level achieved by a given process (e.g. productivity or decomposition) has been widely documented, few studies have attempted to estimate the effect of diversity on the stability of these ecosystem processes. This stability refers to the ability of a forest ecosystem to maintain its structure and properties after disturbance or stress (resistance), and also its recovery rate (resilience). This lack of knowledge about ecosystem stability is particularly important for forest ecosystems; and the gaps of knowledge are even greater if we consider the interaction between the effects of diversity and the effects of climate change. However, in this context of climate change where stressful events are expected to be more intense and frequent, a better understanding of stand resilience and resilience seems essential, both from the point of view of conserving diversity and maintaining ecosystem processes at the local scale and from the point of view of the forest manager who must adapt stand types and silvicultural practices to new conditions. This thesis thus focused on the effect of species richness and climate on two key ecosystem processes: tree growth and litter decomposition. This involved (i) testing and quantifying the stabilizing effect of tree diversity on forest productivity, (ii) identifying the importance of the effect of litter or stand species composition on decomposition, and (iii) estimating the effect of climate on forest ecosystem processes and the effect of diversity. This thesis focused on stands dominated by three tree species: beech (Fagus sylvatica), fir (Abies alba) and oak (Quercus pubescens) in the French Alps, using empirical (via sampling carried out on a double diversity-climate gradient), experimental and modelling approaches. Through empirical and experimental data, we have shown that the stabilizing effect of diversity can be significant but depends greatly on species identity. Some insights on the underlying mechanisms were highlighted, mainly based on physiological differences and niche complementarity between species. This work also raised the importance of focusing on several scales in the study of the relationships between diversity and functioning. Then this work showed that the effect of a stress gradient could significantly, but not systematically, modulate the mixture effect on forest processes, wood production and litter decomposition. Finally, simulations were conducted to identify management scenarios promoting mixtures and allowing the maintenance of ecosystem services in the context of climate change
Réjou-Méchain, Maxime. "Origines de la structuration spatiale des communautés d’arbres en forêt tropicale : approches multi-échelles en Afrique centrale." Montpellier 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009MON20230.
Full textUnderstanding the mechanisms which underlie community assemblage in tropical forest communities remains controversial. The purpose of this thesis, was to examine the factors responsible for the spatial structure of tree communities at multiple spatial scales in Central Africa. First, we adopted a theoretical approach in which niche differentiation and dispersal limitation processes can be interpreted and inferred thanks to (dis)similarity indices. Second, we used regional floristic inventories established by forest companies in Central Africa, to examine the structure of tree communities at multiple scales. Thanks to botanical controls, we first estimated the scientific limits and interests of such floristic data. We then showed that edaphic and historic variations could explain most of the floristic structure detected at the landscape (10-100 km) and regional (> 100 km) scales. At a more local scale (0. 2-100 km), the degree of specific aggregation was consistent across sites, suggesting that life history traits drive species aggregation patterns at this scale. We also showed that, at the landscape scale, the environment filters species according to their life history traits: a particular common set of traits was associated with a particular habitat. Interestingly, we also evidenced that successional trajectory of tree communities depends on soil types. In this way, these studies highlight the importance of niche and historical processes in the assemblage of tropical tree communities at a scale compatible with their management
Flores, Olivier. "Déterminisme de la régénération chez quinze espèces d'arbres tropicaux en forêt guyanaise : les effets de l'environnement et de la limitation par la dispersion." Phd thesis, Université Montpellier II - Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, 2005. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00297707.
Full textmodèles confirment le gradient de tolérance parmi les espèces étudiées et révèlent des courbes d'installation différentes selon le mode de dispersion.
Jabot, Franck. "Marches aléatoires en forêt tropicale : contribution à la théorie de la biodiversité." Toulouse 3, 2009. http://thesesups.ups-tlse.fr/641/.
Full textTropical forests contain a huge diversity of trees, even at small spatial scales. This diversity challenges the idea that, in given environmental conditions, one species should be better suited to this particular environment and progressively exclude all other species. Ecologists have proposed various hypotheses to explain diversity maintenance. One element prevents the test of these hypotheses: the lack of robust methods to link available theories and knowledge on tropical forests to field data, so as to compare different hypotheses. This thesis thus aims at developing more efficient tests of coexistence mechanisms. It is shown that environment filters tree communities at both the regional and local scales. This rejects, for the first time rigorously, the neutrality hypothesis, which aims at explaining species local coexistence in assuming their functional equivalence. This finding stimulates the development of a new dynamical model describing environmental filtering on the basis of species characteristics, such as functional traits. Applications to field data are discussed. Finally, evolutionary relationships among coexisting species contain potentially useful information on their ability to coexist. In this vein, it is shown how to integrate these evolutionary relationships in the test of the neutral theory of biodiversity. The dynamical models studied during this thesis are called, in mathematical terms, random walks. They have been mainly studied here thanks to a statistical technique called Approximate Bayesian Computation, which opens new perspectives for the study of dynamical models in ecology
Beeravolu, Reddy Champak. "Écologie des communautés neutralistes : inférence des paramètres des modèles à l'aide de la composition spécifique en forêt tropicale." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20183.
Full textUnderstanding the dynamics of highly diverse communities such as tropical forests has always been a challenging task in ecology. Historically, simplified logistic models and complex niche theories have had a limited success in explaining the species diversity and composition in a tropical context. With the advent of neutral models, we have an original quantitative framework in terms of a sampling theory which opens new perspectives in the field of tropical community ecology. These parsimonious models originally developed from existing theories in population genetics, have a highly selective interpretation of niche theory defined as the functional equivalence of species which has been insufficiently explored. To begin with, we review recent advances of this extremely active field and provide insights into future developments of this theory. Further on, we provide a detailed account of parameter inference which is the crucial link between theoret ical models and field data. In addition, we improve on existing approaches by introducing a novel estimator for the parameter explaining the species richness found in these forests. These results are put into perspective by using field data from the wet evergreen forests of the Western Ghats region of India and the tropical rain forests around the Panama Canal Watershed. Our results are also rigorously tested using simulations of neutral community composition. Lastly, we provide insights into whether parameter inferences dealing with immigration correspond to the seed dispersal distances typically found in tropical forests
Cassagne, Bernard. "Le problème du bois de feu dans les villes d'Afrique tropicale : le cas de Bangui (RCA)." Montpellier 2, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987MON20210.
Full textDenis, Thomas. "Organisation des communautés de moyens et grands vertébrés en relation avec l'hétérogénéité des forêts de terre ferme de Guyane." Thesis, Guyane, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017YANE0004/document.
Full textThe main objective of this thesis was to study the influence of Guianan terra firme rainforests types on medium- and large-sized vertebrates community organization. First, we choose a model species which permitted to develop an appropriate abundance estimation method which take into account the imperfect detection and temporary immigration of mobile species, and to test environmental conditions effects at different spatial scales of analysis. Second, given that bias due to animal detection can be important in the abundance estimation, we determinated the relative role of environmental conditions and species biological traits on detection probability. From this methodological framework, we studied then processes of community organization, by identifying the main determinants involved in community organization, using composition and alpha and beta diversities, and, in a complementary manner, three metrics (taxonomic, functional, and phylogenetic). We sought from these general framework to determinate the relative role of environmental conditions and historical contingency, responsible for the current community organization, and to test the forest refugia hypothesis. Finally, we downscaled the analysis to determinate, and tried to disentangle the effects of environmental conditions and interspecific interactions on species co-occurrence. We used then functional traits to test the relationship between species co-occurrence and similarities.This thesis highlights the important role of historical contingency and facilitation in the structure of regional diversity and the local assembly processes of medium- and large-sized vertebrates, respectively, in French Guiana
Duron, Quiterie. "Rats invasifs et biodiversité native au sein des forêts denses humides de Nouvelle-Calédonie. : Eléments pour l’amélioration des stratégies de gestion." Thesis, Nouvelle Calédonie, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NCAL0006/document.
Full textIntroduced rats (Rattus spp.) are one of the major invasive species threatening native biodiversity on islands worldwide. Twospecies, the black rat (R. rattus) and the Pacifie rat (R. exulans) are sympatric in New Caledonian rainforests, where questionsasto the feasibility and the utility of their control (i.e. local limitation of their abundance) for the conservation of nativebiodiversity remain unanswered. ln response to the lack of a conceptual framework for control projects, we fi rst conducted areview of invasive rat control operations in island natural areas worldwide. Then we sought to characterize and understand thepopulation dynamics of these two sympa tric rat species and the ir interactions with native biodiversity in the rainforest of MontPanié mountain. Lethaltrapping operations and capture-mark-recapture showed that black rats were more abundant thanPacifie rats. Diet analysis revealed that the two species consume both shared and unshared prey likely resulting in astrengthening and a broadening oftheir impacts on native biodiversity, relative to the impact that each species would haveal one. Rats consume a large quantity of fruits and seeds, invertebrates, and Squamates. However, birds, which often justify theimplementation of rat management projects, do not appear here to be one of the ir preferred prey, either as adults or throughnest predation. A potential positive rat impact on seed dispersal was a Iso highlighted through a comparison of seedgermination after seeds had passed through rat versus native frugivore digestive tracts. Finally, we propose lethal trappingstrategies to efficiently control invasive rat populations. A better understanding ofboth rat impacts in sympatric situations,and the link between rat density and the intensity of their effects on biodiversity would allow optimizing rat control strategieswhen eradication is not feas ible
Metzger, Jean-Paul. "Structure du paysage et diversité des peuplements ligneux fragmentés du rio Jacaré-Pepira (Sud-Est du Brésil)." Toulouse 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU30191.
Full textClivot, Hugues. "Acidification et restauration d'écosystèmes forestiers : effets sur les communautés microbiennes et sur des processus fonctionnels associés." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LORR0285/document.
Full textMany terrestrial and freshwater forested ecosystems are affected by anthropogenic acidification, which can led to deleterious effects on biodiversity and ecosystem functioning. To counteract acidification, liming can be used to improve soil and water physicochemical characteristics in order to restore tree health and headwater stream functioning. In particular, liming has been shown to enhance leaf litter breakdown, which is a key ecosystem process in headwater streams. In this context, the aims of this study were, first to investigate if liming, through its effects on soil chemical characteristics, could induce changes on soil microbial communities, and second to identify what factors could be responsible, at the microbial level, of reduced leaf litter breakdown in acidified headwater streams. Results showed that moderate large-scale liming can induce sustainable changes in soil bacterial communities. Major taxonomic changes revealed notably that the ratio between Proteobacteria and Acidobacteria was higher in limed soils compared to their control counterparts, confirming that this ratio could be a microbial indicator of soil quality improvement. Results obtained in the second part of this work showed that sporulating aquatic hyphomycete diversity on leaves was strongly impaired in acidified streams, whereas fungal diversity investigated by molecular analyses was not depressed. The latter showed a lower proportion of aquatic hyphomycetes and a higher proportion of terrestrial fungi on leaves when exposed in an acidified stream compared to a circumneutral one. Microbial activity analyses bring out that Al may be an important factor that could reduce microbial leaf litter processing, this metal inducing notably a P limitation for microbial decomposers. These effects may in turn have repercussions on higher trophic levels and whole ecosystem functioning
Fanin, Nicolas. "Limitations nutritives des microorganismes décomposeurs du sol et de la litière en forêt tropicale de Guyane française." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MON20129/document.
Full textTree species-rich tropical rainforests are characterized by a high variability in quality and stoichiometry of leaf litter input to the soil. Microbial heterotrophs in the decomposer food web depend primarily on these organic resources that can vary dramatically in quantity, quality and relative contribution in key elements such as carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorus (P). I evaluated during this thesis how differences in leaf litter resource quality and C:N:P stoichiometry influence the activity, biomass, stoichiometry and community structure of microbial decomposers. I did this work in the Amazonian rainforest of French Guiana, where the soils are highly nutrient-impoverished and microbial heterotrophs are assumed to be particularly dependent on litter-derived nutrients. I first showed that leaf litter C quality and P content explained more than 50% of the observed variability of the microbial respiration process in the underlying soil. Using a fertilization experiment with C (as cellulose), N (as urea), and P (as phosphate) in the field, I further showed that microbial respiration process in the litter layer was co-limited by N and P, while that in the soil was co-limited by C and P. Additionally, distinct nutritional limitations in litter and underlying soil were related to shifts in the microbial community structure, especially regarding the fungi:bacteria ratio and the proportion of copiotrophic versus oligotrophic bacteria. Finally, during a laboratory incubation experiment, I showed that litter microbial biomass, stoichiometry and community structure differed strongly among leaf litter from six different tree species varying in C:N:P stoichiometry. The variations in microbial parameters among substrate litters, however, were not related to bulk leaf litter quality, but rather driven by the stoichiometry of the soluble fraction, with larger microbial C:nutrients ratios and a shift towards fungal dominance with increasing litter leachate C:N:P stoichiometry. Collectively, these results showed that the distinct leaf litter quality produced by a diverse tree canopy controls the structure, stoichiometry, abundance and activity of microbial communities in the studied Amazonian rainforest at small spatial scales. Moreover, the decomposing leaf litter stimulates microbial communities in the underlying soil that appear to be under the combined control of energy (C) and P availability. The strong stoichiometric constraint on microbial heterotrophs in the decomposer food web suggests far-ranging consequences on ecosystem C and nutrient cycling with ongoing alteration of nutrient deposition and tree species diversity in tropical rainforests
Lamotte, Sandrine. "Essai d'interprétation dynamique des végétations en milieu tropical inondable : la plaine alluviale de Haute Amazonie." Montpellier 2, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992MON20201.
Full textBarantal, Sandra. "Diversité des litières et cycles biogéochimiques en forêt tropicale humide." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20052/document.
Full textThe high tree species diversity in Amazonian rainforest translates into a high variation of leaf litter quality input to the soil. These inputs constitute a major resource of nutrients and energy for saprophageous organisms, particularly in tropical rainforests growing on old and highly weathered soils and consequently impoverished in rock-derived mineral nutrients. However the consequences of such leaf litter heterogeneity for belowground functioning are still poorly understood. In this thesis, I aim to develop a better mechanistic understanding of leaf litter quality effects and litter diversity on decomposition. Using a factorial fertilization of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and a wide range of leaf litter C : N : P stoichiometries (derived from different tree species) in French Guiana rainforest and in laboratory, I aim to assess the nature and the extent of energetic and nutritional constraints imposed by litter quality on decomposer activities. Although the litter mass loss in this study system is greatly explained by the litter C quality, suggesting a strong control of energy availability on decomposition, external C additions do not alleviate this apparent energetic constraint. However, I find that litter decomposition is conjointly limited by N and P and that the extent of this NP co-limitation is widely related to leaf litter P content and to litter N : P stoichiometry. Thus, even if P appears more profoundly limiting in this system (in accordance to the well-recognized P deficiency hypothesis in tropical rainforest), the litter N access seems also constrain the decomposition. Moreover, I find significant litter diversity effects in litter mixtures and most of them are synergistics (observed mass loss in mixture was more often higher than predicted mass loss on the basis of single species decomposition). These litter diversity effects are largely higher in presence of soil fauna and increase with stoichiometric dissimilarity in mixtures. In other words, the association of stoichiometrically dissimilar litter appear promote a better nutritional balance for the saprophageaous fauna, and thus, stimulate the decomposition. Finally, I show that synergistic effects in mixtures are reinforced toward long-term presence of tree species contributing to the litter mixtures. This result suggest that complementarity effects on mixed litter decomposition may emerge through long-term interactions between aboveground and belowground biota
Fichaux, Mélanie. "Structuration des communautés de fourmis de la litière en forêt guyanaise." Thesis, Guyane, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018YANE0005/document.
Full textThe overall aim of this thesis is to determine the role of competitive exclusion, environmental filtering and dispersal limitation on the distribution of leaf-litter ant species in French Guianese forest. To this end, we evaluated how the diversity of ant communities varies along environmental and geographic gradients, using the three facets of diversity (i.e. taxonomic, phylogenetic and functional dimensions) at different spatial scales. Observed patterns of functional and phylogenetic structure lower than expected by chance suggest that environmental filtering acts on the distribution of ant species at the scale of sampled site. In contrast, the hypothesis of functional and/or phylogenetic overdispersion between locally co-occurring species resulting from the exclusion of similar species is not supported by our results. At the regional scale, our results show that ant communities are strongly structured by environmental variations. Spatial distance also influences the distribution of ant species throughout the region. Taken together, our results suggest that environmental filtering is the main driver structuring communities of ant species in French Guianese rainforest, both at local and regional scales. Species are distributed in a patchy way throughout the region, in response to environmental variations. Patterns of diversity are also influenced by the spatial distance at the regional scale, leading to a turnover in species composition of ant communities between distant areas