Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Écologie des régions arides – Sahel'
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Baup, Frédéric. "Apport des données ENVISAT/ASAR pour le suivi des surfaces continentales : application à la zone Sahélienne." Toulouse 3, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007TOU30083.
Full textThe international project AMMA, in which this work of thesis is linked, aims to improve comprehension of the phenomena related to monsoon in West Africa, and in particular, exchanges of energy between continental, oceanic surfaces and the atmosphere. Concerning continental surfaces, these exchanges are mainly controlled by vegetation quantity and soil moisture. In this context, the use of radar sensors, sensitive to these two factors, appears useful in areas where the cloud cover is often marked. However, no sensors used up to now (Wind SCatterometers and SAR) offers at the same time a wide spatial cover combined to high space and temporal resolutions. The SAR of second generation, such as the one on board ENVISAT, offers an interesting compromise between spatial and temporal resolutions. This work is based on the use of ENVISAT/ASAR data and is organized around three complementary axes: (1) Treatment and analyzes data acquired in Global Monitoring and Wide Swath modes. This study showed a stronger aptitude of this last one for the estimations of the soil moisture at kilometric scales, while keeping a large space cover. The use of radar data in a bi-objective assimilation algorithm, associated with optical data, helped to improve biomass and LAI estimation. (2) Acquisition of ground data (soil roughness and soil moisture) allowed us to determine, via radar models, that the radar signal is mainly controlled soil characteristics. (3) Empirical estimate and cartography of the soil moisture from radar signal. .
Jouve, Philippe. "Adaptation des systèmes de production à l'aridité au Maroc et au Sahel." Montpellier 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MON30033.
Full textThis works oriented thesis presents the results of researches undertaken in morocco and in the sahel about the adaptation of agricultural production systemes to aridity. It comprises two volumes. In the first one, a foreword retraces the professional career of the author and indicates the main reasons of the choice of the thesis topic. Then a first part shows the main characteristics and the specificity of the aridity in morocco and in the sahel with their agronomical consequences as well. In the second part, the cropping systems adopted in the two zones are described and their practises and strategies against climatic hazards are analyzed. The third part is about the presentation and discussion of the results of researches geared at adapting the production systems to aridity. In particular, the pathways and means of improving the water availability of rain cultivation and the efficiency of rains. At last, the possibility to fight aridity through irrigation is examined. A comparative analysis of both the morocco and the sahelian, most contrasted experience in this field, allows to discuss the conditions of success of irrigation. The second volume gathers a selection of 18 publications of the author about the study of the agricultural production systems and their adaptation to aridity
Serie, Eric. "Contribution à l'étude des aérosols des régions arides et semi-arides : granulométrie, mesure des flux, signature électrique." Toulouse 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU30159.
Full textDeiri, Walid. "Contribution à l'étude phyto-écologique et de la potentialité pastorale en Syrie aride." Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20315.
Full textWu, Weicheng. "Application de la géomatique au suivi de la dynamique environnementale en zones arides : exemple de la région de Nouakchott en Mauritanie, du Ningxia nord et du Shaanxi nord en Chine du nord-ouest." Paris 1, 2003. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00011113.
Full textJauffret, Sandrine. "Validation et comparaison de divers indicateurs des changements à long term dans les écosystèmes méditerranéens arides : application au suivi de la désertification dans le Sud tunisien." Aix-Marseille 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX30066.
Full textAs many rangelands surrounding the Mediterranean Basin, the Tunisian arid zone, characterised by scattered steppic vegetation, is commonly viewed as degraded landscapes. In Arid Mediterranean regions, vegetation dynamics is indeed affected by hunian and non-human disturbances and stresses which induce desertification processes. In this context, the objectives of this research were to identify and validate various indicators of long term changes to provide information useful for the management of arid lands. The study is focussed on the understanding of 1) the structure and functioning of ecosystems and 2) the changes that occur in space and time in response to degradation. The ecological indicators allow us to describe different organisation levels from species to the ecosystem and the landscape. The diachronic comparison of vegetation maps of 1975 and 2000 allow a more complete diagnosis about the evolution of ecosystems and landscapes over the last three decades. .
Miranda, José Roberto. "Écologie des peuplements de Reptiles du tropique semi-aride brésilien (région d'Ouricuri-PE)." Montpellier 2, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986MON20154.
Full textMonroy, Ata Arcadio. "Installation de plantes pérennes de la zone aride soumises à des contraintes hydriques contrôlées et à des coupes." Montpellier 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON20025.
Full textIbrahim, Maimouna. "Impacts des changements d'usage des sols sur les ressources en eau souterraine au Sahel nigérien." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013MON20046/document.
Full textIn semiarid sub-Saharan Africa, the rapid population growth (~3%.yr-1) during the past few decades has resulted in land clearing and large-scale conversion from savannah and fallow to rainfed or irrigation crop fields. The traditional duration of fallow has been also shortened. In order to estimate the impact of these land use changes on groundwater recharge, the vadose zone was investigated during three years (2009-2011) for two regions located in Niger (south-west and south-east).A qualitative analysis was first carried out for identifying vadose zone properties and for characterizing the corresponding water fluxes (0-10 m depth) for the main land use types: natural savannah; fallow; rainfed millet crop; and irrigated sweet pepper crop. Grain size and electrical resistivity profiles were established and soil water content and matric potential were monitored. Based on the results of this analysis, two more detailed investigations were performed.In southwestern Niger, in order to estimate changes in diffuse recharge from a fallow with Guiera senegalensis to a rainfed millet crop (Pennisetum sp.), a physically-based modeling with Hydrus-1D code was completed. Probability density functions were first built for the soil hydraulic parameters based on the GLUE approach; then, deep drainage (0-10 m depth) was simulated for a 2 × 100 year time-period including a fallow-millet conversion. It was shown that the increase in millet crop areas could result in an increase in deep drainage from 20 to 25 mm.yr-1 after a delay of 35 to 60 years.In southeastern Niger, in order to assess the impact of rainfed and irrigated cropping development on soil and groundwater salinization, major ion concentrations in pore water of the vadose zone were measured and compared with the geochemical composition of water inputs (rainfall, irrigation). It was shown that rainfed cropping does not affect soil water and groundwater quality whereas irrigation results in an increase of solutes concentrations in soil pore water, which could lead to a groundwater salinization at mid-term through soil leaching
Petit, Daniel. "Contribution à l'étude de l'évolution des Carduées et Lactucées (Composées)." Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20127.
Full textHébrard, Olivier. "Stratégie de prévision des humidités de surface sur un bassin versant agricole en milieu méditerranéen." Montpellier 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004MON20076.
Full textDeblauwe, Vincent. "Modulation des structures de végétation auto-organisées en milieu aride." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210121.
Full textL’auto-organisation de la végétation fut particulièrement bien étudiée dans le cas des structures périodiques connues dès les années '50 sous le nom de brousses tigrées. Depuis les années '90, un pas en avant dans la compréhension de ce phénomène fut accompli grâce au développement de modèles mécanistes de la dynamique de la phytomasse et des ressources, émanant du cadre théorique de l'auto-organisation des structures dissipatives. Ces modèles se rejoignent sur un ensemble de prédictions robustes et vérifiables concernant la formation, le maintien et la modulation par l'environnement des structures macroscopiques. Durant le même laps de temps, notre niveau d’analyse a connu une expansion sans précédent, à la fois dans le temps et dans l’espace, grâce au développement de l’imagerie satellitaire et des outils d’analyse spatiale. Nous nous trouvons dès lors à un moment charnière pour la validation macroscopique des théories d’auto-organisation des végétations en milieu aride.
Le présent travail s'articule en quatre études, chacune traitant d'une prédiction différente. Nous avons mis en évidence les principales variables responsables de la formation des structures et de leur modulation en termes d’échelle et de géométrie. Enfin avons démontré la mobilité des structures sous l’effet d’une pente de terrain.
Doctorat en Sciences
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Chaieb, Mohamed. "Influence des réserves hydriques du sol sur le comportement comparé de quelques espèces végétales de la zone aride tunisienne." Montpellier 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON20126.
Full textPierre, Caroline. "Variabilité interannuelle des émissions d'aérosols minéraux en zone semi-aride sahélienne." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00921688.
Full textNdiaye, Yéro. "Aménagements hydroagricoles dans la moyenne vallée du fleuve Sénégal, rive mauritanienne : Les problèmes d'encadrement." Rouen, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987ROUEL029.
Full textIn a sahelian region made more precarious by the persitent drought, the new use of dams seems to reassure decision-makers, who in irrigated culture, see the best means self-sufficieney in food. Yet, the development of this technology in an environment, which, up to now, is ignorant of hydro-agricultural traditions, implies good quality training capable of making it popular. . . So, in this study centered upon the mauritanean bank of the middle valley of the Sénégal river, we try and show the risky aspect of irrigation just now. This situation is the result of a lack of good training. The variable technico economy element predominates, whereas the human dimension, the real countrymen's participation are neglected. "Development is neither an obligation nor a law it is a social project among others". J. Gallais
Achard, François. "Evolution récente de la végétation dans six stations au Burkina Faso." Toulouse, INPT, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993INPT002A.
Full textOsorio, Barahona Rodomiro. "Conséquences biologiques des variations du climat, de l'intensité de la coupe mécanique et du pâturage sur deux espèces arbustives de la région aride du Chili." Montpellier 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON20089.
Full textBertolami, Miguel Angel. "Structures paysagères, production et dégradation des steppes de Patagonie argentine, Département d'Escalante, Province de Chubut." Toulouse 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOU20032.
Full textThe aim of this work is to study the primary production and degradation of the landscape units in the Escalante Department of Chubut Province in the Argentine Patagonia. The sheep grassing has be the most important element in the population development processes at regional level along the XXth century and also the causes of the desertification processes in the arid natural landscapes. In the southeast area of Chubut Province, with a strong rain gradient are delimitated landscape units, from the climatic; geomorphological; topographics and phytogeographical characteristics. In these units the primary production and degradation levels are evaluated, to the field measures and the LANDSAT 5 and 7 data. The results confirm the higher level of carrying capacity in the eastern units, but in some cases the floristic composition is most important than the simple biomass measures. In relation to environmental degradation, the western units are high values than the eastern ones; with the exception the edaphic conditionated units in the east. The vegetation index (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) of the remote sensings products of 1986, 1997 and 2001, with strong climatic differences, are an moderate correlation to the primary production and environmental degradation. By other hands, the use of NDVI to delimitation the primary production in the most degradated soils is very complex and the floristic composition indetected in the satellital data, take an important place in the primary productivity evaluation. The analysis of these results shows the satellital imagery importance to asses and monitoring arid environment and also the fragility of predictions in ecosystems with high level of climatical interannual variability
Flenet, Françis. "Adaptation du tournesol à la sécheresse : influence de l'intensité et du stade d'application de la contrainte hydrique." Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30007.
Full textWalkowiak, Alain Michel. "Réponse à l'imprévisibilité de l'environnement : stratégies de quelques espèces annuelles de Basse-Californie (Mexique)." Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20264.
Full textNoumi, Zouhaier. "Acacia tortilis (Forssk.) Hayne subsp. raddiana (Savi) Brenan en Tunisie pré-saharienne : structure du peuplement, réponses et effets biologiques et environnementaux." Thesis, Bordeaux 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BOR14130/document.
Full textThe main aim of this work were to understand the dynamics of the founding species of the ecosystem of the region of Bled Talah, as well as the mechanisms to understand better its interactions with the vegetation partner. Dendrometric parameters were measured for each tree then determination of age were estimated. This work improves general understanding of the factors explaining the structure of the Acacia tortilis subsp. raddiana. These species naturally seems to follow rather a certain regressive dynamics. The possible reasons for regeneration failure natural regeneration of Acacia tortilis subsp. raddiana were especially the high infestation of seeds by Bruchidius raddianae, the autoallelopathic effetcs and the dominance of the negative interactions (competition) between the vegetation of the National park of Bou Hedma and the young plantations of Acacia tree. The importance and direction of biotic interactions along environmental gradients is still a major debate in plant ecology. Through the study of biotic interactions, our results suggests the dominance of competition between nurses and target species used in this work.The results of this study confirmed the positive effect of Acacia tortilis subsp. raddiana on the understorey vegetation composition and diversity in arid ecosystems. Once, established in the dry area, this species ameliorates microclimate including soil conditions that may be suitable to the regeneration and the growth of other species. In this way, this species will provide beneficial effects to the generating seedlings in the vicinity and therfore will help rehabilitating degraded areas