Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Écologie des tourbières – Protection'
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Fay, Emmanuelle. "La dynamique et l'impact du bouleau envahisseur dans une tourbière de l'Est du Canada." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23632/23632.pdf.
Full textPouliot, Rémy. "Initiation du patron de buttes et de dépressions dans les tourbières ombrotrophes boréales." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/27853/27853.pdf.
Full textGoubet, Pierre. "Végétations et fonctionnement écologique des tourbières de montagne Bourbonnaise (Allier, France)." Phd thesis, Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand II, 2007. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00717834.
Full textAndersen, Roxane. "Évaluation du succès de la restauration écologique des tourbières à sphaignes : intégrations des critères physico-chimiques et microbiologiques au suivi à long terme." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/20579.
Full textGagnon, Félix. "La régénération spontanée d'une tourbière manitobaine après extraction de la tourbe : diversité des assemblages végétaux et propositions d'aménagement." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/27477.
Full textLavoie, Sarah-Kim. "Dynamique du pin blanc (Pinus strobus Linnaeus) dans les tourbières ombrotrophes du sud du Québec." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/28138.
Full textWhite, Marianne. "Modèle de développement des tourbières minérotrophes aqualysées du Haut-Boréal québécois." Thesis, Université Laval, 2011. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2011/28729/28729.pdf.
Full textGicquel, Aurélien. "Impact des changements globaux sur le fonctionnement des tourbières : couplage C-N-S et interactions biotiques." Rennes 1, 2012. https://ecm.univ-rennes1.fr/nuxeo/site/esupversions/fc809707-f62e-4b7b-aaa0-3ce961750dde.
Full textIn a context of global change, peatlands "sink" function of carbon (C) is likely to switch to a "source" function, releasing into the atmosphere large quantities of C initially stored in the peat. This thesis aims to characterize and quantify at different levels of organization: i) the impact of global warming on Sphagnum-peatland biogeochemical functioning (CNS) and ii) the impact of restoration of peatland abandoned after harvesting of peat on the interactions between recolonizing plants (Eriophorum angustifolium), macrofauna (Lumbricus rubellus) and the microorganisms potentially involved in the regeneration process of peat forming. The peatland functioning and biotic interactions have been studied by coupling C-N-S and isotope tracing 13C-15N-34S. A moderate increase of + 1°C simulated by "Open Top Chambers" (OTCs) significantly reduces C fluxes at the ecosystem level, the primary production of Sphagnum and the microbes are most affected. At the community level, the activity of anaerobic bacteria, fungi and protozoa (estimated by SIP 13C-PLFAs) was significantly slowed. We showed that a soil engineer as the earthworm L. Rubellus played a positive role in recycling organic matter indirectly by providing elements (C > N > S) to the plant. Transfers depend on the functional traits of the organism. At the individual level, we have characterized using NanoSIMS, "anticorrelated" NS transfers from earthworms to peat
Lajoie, Julie. "Le Scirpus cyperinus : germination, établissement et compétition en contexte de restauration de fen." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/26376.
Full textRecent advances in peat extraction methods now leave the environment in a state closer to an historical development stage designated as minerotrophic (fen) rather than ombotrophic (bog). Consequently, industrial peatlands are commonly invaded monospecifically by Scirpus cyperinus soon after the end of operations. This study investigates new intervention techniques promoting biodiversity of the degraded ecosystem. In this context, two greenhouse experiments were carried out. The first one compared the performance of four plant covers to prevent S. cyperinus germination in relation to hydrologic conditions. Sphagnum warnstorfii and graminoid plants mats efficiently limited Scirpus cyperinus germination. The second experiment looked at the potential of two species targeted for reintroduction to grow and compete with Scirpus cyperinus under two hydrologic regimes. The biomass production of one of the two selected species (Calamagrostis canadensis) was able to maintain itself in presence of Scirpus cyperinus.
Blier-Langdeau, Ariane. "La réponse au feu des communautés végétales d'une tourbière ombrotrophe restaurée." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/35465.
Full textOmbrotrophic peatlands (bogs) are known to be Carbone sink partially because of their resistance and resilience to fire. In a global climatic change context with politics aiming toward a reduction of atmospheric Carbone emission, a quick restoration of every degrade peatlands is desirable. The Canadian horticultural industry developed a promising peatland restoration technique. More than 100 sites were restored in Canada and despite many success indicators, we still hope that restored peatlands are resistantandresilient to fire. Indeed, few studies assess an ecosystem response to a disturbance happening after restorationandnone evaluates the response to fire of restored peatlands. At the end of summer 2014, a fire occurred in a Southern Quebec bog, partially burning a ten years old restored sectoranda natural one nearby providing the first opportunity to study the response to fire of a restored peatland. This research is divided in two objectives: 1) determine if the peat accumulation potentialandplant cover are the same between the burnedandunburned parts of the restored sector one growing season after fireand2) compare the mosses strata recovery between the naturalandthe restored sectors. The phytobiomass production rate was similar between the burnedandunburned parts of the restored sectorandthe burned parts plant cover growths significantly during the first growing season after fire, even reaching a similar level as the unburned parts for some areas. Sphagnumhummocks of the restored sectors showed a better resistanceandrecovery than the one in the natural sector. Thus, this study shows a tendency to resilience to fire of restored ombrotrophic peatlands.
St-Arnaud, Claudia. "Dynamique de la végétation d'un fen pauvre face à une simulation de réchauffement climatique : réponses potentielles des tourbières boréales à sphaignes." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24414/24414.pdf.
Full textArlen-Pouliot, Yann. "Développement holocène et dynamique récente des tourbières minérotrophes structurées du haut-boréal québécois." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26202/26202.pdf.
Full textMougeot, Jacques. "La protection juridique de l'environnement marin des Caraïbes." Bordeaux 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992BOR1D026.
Full textThe levels of urbanization and industrialization in the wider caribbean region are still relatively modest. Nevertheless, economic development has placed heavy demands on some areas along the coastlines of the region and there are many severely polluted locations. The increasing contamination of the marine environment in the caribbean seau has become more and more apparent. National authorities, research institutions, international organizations as well as many citizen groups has expressed their concern and foresteres the development of projects, strategies and legal instruments to safeguard de region's coastal and marine resources. The solution to the problems should be sought through action at the global level, as well as through national and regional pollution control measures. Hydrocarbon pollution coused by oil spills, tank ballast washings, dock operations and explorations sea still poses one of the major threats to the region. Large banana and coffee plantations are an important cause of pesticides contamination. Sewage in commonly being discharged without any treatment or after inappropriate treatment. Other growing concerns are the disposal of solid wastes and the transboundary movement of hazardous wastes. The economy, the health of population and the ecosystems are in danger
Tabouelle, Jérôme. "Le patrimoine géologique normand : nature, protection, promotion." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MNHN0021.
Full textThe occupation of the Norman province since Prehistory carved its landscapes, thus adding the human print to that of the purely geological history. Such a cultural conception of the common geological inheritance should probably thus be able to raise awareness of the importance of a common good between the Norman population and its land, and make it possible for future generations to better understand, to better apprehend and better manage the natural balance. A reflexion on the management of this regional inheritance puts the emphasis on the public as the principal search engine. This reflexion must thus make it possible to emphasize the place of the geological inheritance in human activity, as much in the cultural plan as in the economic plan
Magnan, Gabriel. "Fréquence passée des feux et successions végétales dans les tourbières ombrotrophes près de Radisson, Québec nordique." Thesis, Université Laval, 2009. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2009/26080/26080.pdf.
Full textWioland, Liên. "Etudes sur la protection et détection des erreurs, contribution au modèle écologique de sécurité." Paris 5, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997PA05H092.
Full textIt contains 4 parts, - the first one is a theorical chapter (from human error to the model of ecological safety), - the second one concerns an experiment in a micro-world (situation of air trafic control) to study the mechanisms underlying this model (the main mechanismes are detection, recovery and protection) - the third one is related to the study of 2 ways to improve the effenciency of this ecological safety - a human assistance (by an outside observer, this is not a cooperation or a collective situation) - to improve these mechanisms by a human factors education training (a group of pilots trainees have been educated and we have compared their performance with those of a group control) - the last one is a discussion about this model and this work
Vignes, Laurence. "Pénétration et diffusion des mots de l'écologie dans le discours politique : analyse de professions de foi (1965-1969)." Rouen, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996ROUEL232.
Full textThis thesis analyses the way the political rhetoric uses the ecological vocabulary, as well as the consequences this has on the ecologist parties themselves. The first part is delmicated to a study of the lexis, with such generic words as "green", "ecology", "environnement", and it is based upon J. Picoche's "semantique puissancielle". Itis completed by a list of key-words later examined in the three following surveys, all of which being inspired by the theory of praxematical the first corpus is composed of political manifestoes all delivered during presidential campaigns from 1965 - 1995. The constant and penetrating use of ecological words is analysed in a dacronic perspective. The second corpus deals with the 1992 local election in Seine-Maritime and includes some detailed and contrasted analyses. The last one gathers leaflets that were handed out by ecological candidates running for the 1993 General Elections in Seine-Maritime (who accounted for 30 % of the total number of candidates) and it mainly deals with phenomenons of interferences and mismisapprooriations
Villanueva, Ching-Maria. "Biodiversité et relations trophiques dans quelques milieux estuariens et lagunaires de l'afrique de l'ouest : adaptations aux pressions environnementales." Toulouse, INPT, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004INPT012A.
Full textCosquer, Alix. "L'attention à la biodiversité dans la vie quotidienne des individus." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MNHN0008.
Full textOrdinary areas are a home to biodiversity and provide ecosystem services. Moreover, they are an important part of the experience on which individuals anchor their appreciation and being in the world. Urbanization deeply modifies individuals’ everyday relations with their environment. The relationship to these human-shaped areas leads to suggest the hypothesis of a growing disconnect between people and nature. This thesis studies the attention to biodiversity in the daily lives of individuals. Attention is structured around cognitive, emotional and behavioral elements. How the experience of biodiversity in an everyday-life context influences individuals’ knowledge, attitudes and practices towards biodiversity and conservation. A first quantitative work revealed a link between individuals' knowledge on biodiversity and the implementation of practices favorable to biodiversity. We have shown the importance of embodied knowledge in daily reality. We have shown that contact with nature on a daily basis can encourage both knowledge and practices to biodiversity. The study of the impact - both in the short and medium term – of a single individual experience (days of events in public parks in Paris) revealed a gap between the increased interest in biodiversity and its inclusion in future individual practices. The study of the consequences – in the medium and long term – of a repeated individual experience to biodiversity (participation in a citizen science program) showed an evolution of knowledge and practices favorable to biodiversity. Our results show that individuals’ attention to biodiversity is encouraged under three conditions: implementation/participation in a local context, direct interaction and knowledge transfer. The context of everyday life appears as an interesting framework since it enables the integration of the observation experience in the complexity of individual approaches (cognitive, affective) and the introduction of biodiversity as an element of ordinary lives of individuals
Lesturgez, Grégory. "Densification des sols sableux sous culture mécanisée : cas du Nord-Est Thaïlandais." Nancy 1, 2005. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/SCD_T_2005_0008_LESTURGEZ.pdf.
Full textThe thesis focuses on sandy soils of Northeast Thailand. A compact and resistant layer developed at low depth is a main constraint for agriculture. The thesis follows a sequence of studies that investigates (i) the physical properties of these soils in various situation natural or cultivated, (ii) the main mechanisms explaining the different physical states recorded and (iii) the research of methods for rehabilitation of damaged soils. Results highlighted the aeolian origin of the soils. This origin gives them a striking textural homogeneity and unique mechanical characteristics. Very sensitive to compaction, they collapse at low water content and under low mechanical pressure. Conventional tillage practices are not suitable as they induce structural instability. However alternative techniques as slotting or biological drilling are efficient
Quenta, Herrera Estefania. "Structure multi-échelles de la biodiversité aquatique d'écosystèmes alpins sous l'influence du changement climatique." Thesis, Tours, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOUR4015/document.
Full textUsing empirical and experimental approaches, we assessed the effects of three components of climate change on alpine aquatic diversity: glacier’ influence, elevation, and temperature. We found that: 1) intermediate levels of glacial influence on peatland’s catchment resulted in a high environmental heterogeneity and high local zooplankton diversity. Thirteen percent of the total regional aquatic diversity was restricted to peatlands with a high percentage of glacial influence. This diversity might be lost in a context of glacial retreat and a future increasing warming. 2) environmental and spatial filters contributed significantly to the zooplankton community structure at higher spatial scales and the important role of the environmental filter at small spatial scale, likely influenced by disturbance events (e.g. droughts and floods) 3) water temperature did not influence on the prey-predation interaction between Anax imperator and Daphnia magna, and the predator’s capture probability mainly depended on the precision of the predator in capturing the prey. This work suggests that there is a multi-scale structure of the potential effects of climate change on alpine aquatic diversity
Maillard, Daniel. "Occupation et utilisation de la garrigue et du vignoble méditerranéens par le sanglier (Sus scrofa L. )." Aix-Marseille 3, 1996. http://www.theses.fr/1996AIX30085.
Full textFarinetti, Aude. "La protection juridique des cours d'eau : contribution à une réflexion sur l'appréhension des objets complexes." Lyon 3, 2010. https://scd-resnum.univ-lyon3.fr/in/theses/2010_in_farinetti_a.pdf.
Full textThe natural sciences have demonstrated the systemic operation of waterways through the concept of river hydrosystems. This reality contrasts with their traditionally fragmented legal comprehension, and requires an evolution in applicable laws to ensure the protection of rivers. This development has involved mobilizing instruments of public law (public river domain, police or easements) in order to restore the ecological integrity of waterways through legislation. A territorial framework adapted to the protection of the river hydrosystem could be sought through ecological networks or basin territories. From this reunified spatial base, the law has developed a more comprehensive understanding of the river hydrosystem. A growing number of actors are now involved in decision making, while the ensemble of waterway issues are considered through globalizing concepts such as balanced and sustainable management of water resources and their operational extensions that are the planning instruments or financial and fiscal tools. Such developments have permitted the building of a legal arsenal dedicated to protecting river dynamics and the biodiversity it generates, but also capable of protecting cultural river heritage
Auterives, Chrystelle. "Influence des flux d'eau souterraine entre une zone humide superficielle et un aquifère profond sur le fonctionnement hydrochimique des tourbières : Exemple des marais du Cotentin, Basse-Normandie." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00137706.
Full text- Le fonctionnement hydrologique de la tourbière est contrôlé par celui de l'aquifère des sables et l'existence même de la tourbière est directement liée à sa présence ;
- Les conditions hydrologiques influencent directement la variabilité spatio-temporelle des conditions redox du milieu et donc les réactions biogéochimiques mises en jeu dans la tourbière ;
- La modélisation de la zone humide a mis en évidence la sensibilité et la vulnérabilité de ces écosystèmes à la pression anthropique (pompage) et/ou l'évolution globale du climat.
Rodriguez, Laura. "Savoir agir avec la nature : entre écologie scientifique, valeurs collectives et conceptions du monde." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG069/document.
Full textIn the current regime of ecological crisis, one generally expects actions and decisions about environmental issues to be enlighten by scientific knowledge. The aim of this thesis is to challenge this view by investigating how ecological knowledge and actions on nature are linked. I propose to study the interweaving between ecological knowledge, collective values and conceptions of nature in documents related to three types of actions (conservation in a nature reserve, environmental impact assessment, and ecological restoration). I lean on a field study where these actions are embodied, the plain of Crau (Bouches-du-Rhône, France). First, I examine how different types of ecological knowledge are translated in (and are influenced in return by) specific actions. I show that, in addition to the practical constraints of any action, this mutual relation is shaped by scientific cultural dynamics, as well as historical trajectories of these knowledges and actions. Then, I explain how the need to guarantee both credibility and legitimacy create an inherent tension in environmental actions. Finally, I explore how knowledge is based on preconceptions about our relationships with nature, and lead to specific ways of acting. From these insights, I suggest some trails to know and act differently with nature in the context of current ecological issues
Josso, Céline. "Écologie des interactions entre la mouche du chou Delia radicum et ses ennemis naturels : de la parcelle au paysage." Rennes 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012REN1S157.
Full textThe aim of the present thesis was to understand the interactions between D. Radicum and its main natural enemies in an agricultural landscape. To do so, we have carried out a multidisciplinary study, using landscape and population genetics approaches and working at different special scales ranging from the plant to the landscape. We found that some landscape elements and agricultural practices limiting field colonization and crop damages by D. Radicum and favoring its regulation by predators and parasitoids. After developing microsatellite markers, we characterized the genetic structure of their populations. We observed a weak genetic structure in pest populations, possibly due to high dispersal capability or high population densities. The two parasitoid species had a stronger population structure, suggesting a more limited dispersion than their host. The specialist parasitoid Aleochara bilineata shows the strongest genetic structure. In those species, geographic distance does not seem to be essential to population genetic structure. Finally, at a fine scale, we have determined the resource exploitation behavior of D. Radicum and its parasitoid A. Bipustulata. The clustering of D. Radicum eggs results from some plants being exploited by several females laying a few eggs each. Between each laying bout, females seem to move very little. Females of the generalist parasitoid A. Bipustulata apparently use successively odoriferous cues linked to the host plant then cues linked to their host D. Radicum during the behavioral sequence preceding egg-laying
Pesses, Abigaël. "Les Karen : horizons d'une population frontière : mise en scène de l'indigénisme et écologie en Thai͏̈lande." Paris 10, 2004. https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00370779.
Full textIn contemporary Thailand, the relationship between "Moutain peoples" and the government mainly cristallizes on competition for natural resources and land rights. This question goes beyond "hills tribes", to concern most of the Thai peasants. There is a need to analyse the minorities' effective access to land in the context of modern Nation-states, as well as the effetc of the progressive radicalisation od states' environmental policies. It is this topic that I would like to deal with, through the Karen who are meither considered as true natives (thus differing from Lawa), nor as true newcomers (thus differing for instance from Hmong). Through the ethnography of a network of Sgaw karen villages unified around in common political clamings, I want to highlight hheir involvement into new ways of action leading to the reasserting of new territorial rights and a new identity within the Thai Nation-State
Pageaux, Mathieu. "La Connectivité écologique dans les systèmes régionaux de protection de la biodiversité : étude comparée du réseau écologique Natura 2000 et du Système National des Unités de Conservation brésilien." Limoges, 2013. http://aurore.unilim.fr/theses/nxfile/default/5f025d66-5e57-4787-afaf-a0d22a840b2a/blobholder:0/2013LIMO1002.pdf.
Full textEcological connectivity is a concept of growing importance in the law of conservation of nature. It strengthens the ecological networks in their mission to protect ecosystems and is also a sign of their completion. This thesis analyzes the concept of ecological connectivity in international law, european law and brazilian law. The comparative study of the European ecological network Natura 2000 and the Brazilian System of Conservation Units (SNUC) allows us indeed to conduct a detailed inventory of the different ecological connections, their issues and their legal weaknesses. This is also an opportunity to examine key conditions essential in strengthening ecological connectivity, namely, essentialy, the social and environmental function of property rights, the protection of connectivity in urban areas by planning law, the protection of ecosystems in marine areas and the importance of participation in the management of ecological connections
Vallières, Pascal. "Biocarburants : instruments de la gouvernance internationale de l’environnement : écologie politique des projets de production de jatropha en contexte paysan au Mali." Doctoral thesis, Université Laval, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/68345.
Full textPropelled by the energy crisis, the production of jatropha, an oilseed plant cultivated as a biofuel, has benefited from massive investments on a global scale since 2007. This expansion is due to both incentive energy policies, the economic support of various governments and the power of the industrial lobby. The objective of non-oil-producing countries to reduce part of their energy bill through biofuel production is combined with the interest of national and foreign investors in the new profit opportunities offered by offsetting carbon emissions through jatropha plantations. Adopting a multiscalar perspective and an approach derived from political ecology and development anthropology, the case study proposed in this thesis examines the roles and economic and political implications of the various national and transnational actors (state of Mali, transnational institutions, private sector, non-governmental organizations) associated with the promotion and production of jatropha as an energy crop in southern Mali, while providing a critical analysis of the discourses they produce and the developmental configuration on which they rely. The international environmental governance mechanism, which draws on both discursive strategies and normative practices in the fight against climate change, is examined in order to understand how it participates in the construction of public policies in favour of biofuels in general and jatropha in particular. The political and economic mechanisms involved in the establishment of the jatropha sector are also studied in the light of their impacts on local socioeconomic dynamics. Finally, this thesis demonstrates how, faced with the attempt to integrate contract farmers into the market economy in a "participatory" and subsidized manner, the latter, disappointed by the low yields and insignificant incomes associated with jatropha cultivation, are putting up passive resistance by gradually abandoning jatropha plantations or diverting the small quantities harvested in favour of domestic processing into soap by women.
Doré, Antoine. "Des loups dans la cité : éléments d'écologie pragmatiste." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011IEPP0020.
Full textContemporary politics are marked by ecological changes questioning the place to be attributed to an ever growing list of various candidates for public life. Based on an empirical enquiry, this PhD Thesis relates the political career of wolves in France Tracing the various ways wolves get the attention of who (and what) surrounds them, describing the hybrid human/non-human agencies that they form and transform on their way, focusing on the way the involved protagonists handle the situations created by these animals, the most important trajectories that make up this career are followed, step by step. This research shows how scientists, lawyers, audiences, civil servants, journalists, etc. – and the wolves themselves – shape these trajectories that are marked by specific practices, temporalities, spaces and materialities. This enquiry demonstrates how the public presence of wolves is established by Science, Law, The State, etc and, reciprocally, how Science, Law, the State, etc. , invent and reshape themselves through wolves. It eventually gives a synthetic and realistic account of how Wolves’ Politics are established and sheds light on more general questions: in what sense can we talk of the political implications of nature? And in which ways does it compel us to change our ways to describe and build our living together?
Guerbois, Chloé. "Considérer les aires protégées dans la dynamique des systèmes socio-écologiques pour une conservation intégrée et durable de la faune sauvage africaine." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012MNHN0029.
Full textProtected areas, considered today as a major tool for wildlife conservation, are facing an increasing competition for space and resources. This calls for a better integration of socio-economic dynamics at regional scale in the management of protected areas. This thesis aims at understanding the ecological, socioeconomic and cultural linkages conditioning the integration of the protected areas into the anthropological system to which they belong. An appropriate conceptual framework for thinking these relationships is the socio-ecological system, which complements the framework of natural ecosystems by including humans as a functional element and a source of transformation. In order for conservation to be a sustainable objective, the analytical framework used is the resilience of socio-ecological systems, including protected areas. Illustrated by extensive field works, this study focuses on the socio-ecological system constituted by Hwange National Park (Zimbabwe) and its periphery, an unfenced area hosting one of the largest elephant density over the world. To understand the key challenges for integration, we studied the socio-ecological linkages between the protected area and the peripheral rural communities. This interdisciplinary research, where the elephant is used as a thread-line, necessitated to combine sociological and ecological methodologies. The contribution of protected areas to local well-being is dependent on multiple socio-cultural factors that influence the services (and dis-services) perceived as provided by these areas. The distance to protected areas regulates the intensity of fluxes (access to natural resources, wildlife damages). Further, social cohesion promotes the mitigation of dis-services by decreasing the costs associated with the coexistence between humans and wildlife. The economy of the studied community is based on subsistence, constrained by annual rainfall and intimately dependent on natural resources. The values associated with this type of economy, and society, certainly contributed to the resilience of this system regarding the political and economic crisis of the early 2000's. This thesis underlines the necessity to understand the endogenous socio-ecological processes that condition the coexistence between protected areas and their peripheral anthroposystems. Protecting wildlife through protected areas relies also on the protection of the values that promote coexistence
Donadieu, Pierre. "Du désir de patrimoine aux territoires de projets, paysage et gestion conservatoire des milieux humides protégés : le cas des réserves naturelles du plateau de Versailles-Rambouillet et de quelques marais de l'Ouest." Paris 7, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993PA070045.
Full textThe research concern the management of two systems of natural sanctuaries near versailles (pond of saint-quentin-en-yvelines) and rambouillet, two towns near paris. One is located in a urban context (saint quentin), the other inside forests managed by french forestry commission. The setting up of these sanctuaries is described according following hypothesis. First step : scientific inventory of natural heritage (flora and fauna) and petition for protection of threatened species ; second step : setting up of territory of legal protection (santuary) ; third step : creation and management of internal and external landscape. In each of the two cases, council of management is playing a prominent part in the decisions. Analysis shows chronic oppositions between experts of fauna and flora and those of hydraulic questions (saint-quentin). In forestry context of rambouillet, no dissension is observed inside the management council. Comparisons are proposed between these cases and similar questions in farming areas of marshs situated in west part of france (rochefort sur mer)
Rambinintsaotra, Saholy Harinirina. "Vers la gestion intégrée des zônes côtières à Madagascar." Limoges, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LIMO0512.
Full textThe coastal zones occupy a very important place in the human's life. They represent, like forests and the agricultural areas, the systems that maintained life on earth. The coastal zones biodiversity contain very weak ecosystems, which mostly suffer from human pressures. Facing this wealth, the different pressures on the coastal territories and the many legal texts that organize this space, the concept of integrated coastal zones management is recommanded by the international instruments. It is mainly the 17th Chapter of the Action plan 21, adopted by the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED) organized in Rio in june 1992 which is the basis of this system. The interest of these global and integrated solutions causes a big capacity of adaptation concerning all the different concepts that are led. The main question is to know if the Malagasy legal setting is able to face the changes required by this concept of global management. In relation to the different conflicts that exist on the coastal space, many opportunities offered by the integration of the modern and the traditional right appear, in order to implement the integrated coastal zones management' approach in the country
Coly, Emile Victor. "Biologie et écologie de la Mineuse Nord-Américaine des feuilles, Liriomyza trifolii Burgess, Diptera, Agromyzidae, ravageur des cultures maraîchères au Sénégal : étude des possibilités de lutte." Aix-Marseille 3, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992AIX30068.
Full textRivere, Marc. "Socio-histoire du vélo dans l'espace urbain : d'une écologie politique à une économie médiatique… : Toulouse, Genève, Saragosse." Toulouse 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009TOU20030.
Full textWhile it used to be quaint and unsuitable, it is now in free service and fashionable… Bicycles' recent renewal in urban spaces is the result of a process which was initiated during the 1970s under the influence of activists who claimed their belonging to the environmental wing of politics. This study seeks to understand how this « cause » was born and was then given recognition to eventually benefit to the new actors who, themselves, now vary its usages. As an entity which only makes sense in the public sphere, that is which claims a transformation of this very space and of its use to assert itself as a part of it, the bicycle highlights the enduring mutation of cities and of those who initiate it. Deliberately focusing on three cities where apathy towards a reconsideration of cars supremacy still dominates should help us understand the major role played by political, cultural, historical and economical facts in each city. Thus, studying the bicycle cause emphasises the contemporary expression of an ever changing society and allows a deeper comprehension of the evolutions of the public space for the past thirty years
Mulki, Gusti Zulkifli. "Gestion des marais maritimes sur la côte Ouest de Kalimantan, Indonésie." Brest, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BRES1017.
Full textDelpon, Gaël. "Écologie de la conservation des papillons de jour et des libellules en France." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTG009.
Full textInsects are still poorly considered in biodiversity conservation programs, despite their major role in the functioning of terrestrial ecosystems. Because of their great diversity, and a great lack of knowledge of community structuring patterns, the conservation of these organisms faces major challenges related to the evaluation and prioritization of issues as well as the estimation of the species richness of communities. Because they constitute two groups of insects particularly impacted by environmental changes, butterflies and dragonflies are an important part of protected insects in Europe. In this context of low consideration of entomological diversity in conservation biology, this thesis aims to (1) measure the recent dynamics (decline, stability or expansion) of these two taxa in France, and to identify the climatic and ecological factors likely to condition them, (2) for butterflies, to use a fine description of the interactions network between the larvae and their hostplants to question the conservation status according to a systemic approach (3) and finally, with a clearly operational objective, to evaluate the links between the information gains and the efforts / sampling costs mobilized during environmental impact assessments.The comparative study of the temporal dynamics of the populations of these two taxa was carried out at the scale of three countries of Western Europe through a diachronic analysis of the species distribution patterns on a time step of 35 years. This work has highlighted a strong correlation between the artificialisation of landscapes (urbanization, agricultural intensification, regression of wetlands) and the decline of many species, mainly characterized by strict ecological requirements and currently unprotected. On this same scale, the analysis of the architecture of the interactions network between butterfly larvae and their food plants revealed a modular structure in relation to the taxonomy of the partners, as well as a link between the degree specialization and species vulnerability (although the similarity of the species' diet did not seem to condition their conservation status). A final part was focused on the evaluation of the completeness of entomological surveys carried out during environmental impact assessments. A systematic and calibrated return procedure, on sites sampled in Mediterranean scrublands, allowed highlighting the limits of the current protocols in the estimation of species richness and the detection of protected or vulnerable species.This thesis contributes to the articulation between fundamental issues and operational needs, by allowing both a better understanding of the structuring mechanisms of insect communities and the formulation of recommendations for a better local application of conservation policies
Benhalla, Mahmoud. "Etude d'un défoliateur forestier en forêts de feuillus en Haute-Garonne : cas de Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera : Lymantriidae)." Toulouse 3, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990TOU30208.
Full textDufresne, Carine. "Les risques de disparition d'écosystèmes littoraux en Méditerranée : analyse prospective dans les Alpes-Maritimes et en Ligurie : thèse." Nice, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004NICE2026.
Full textThe human activities are intense on the Mediterranean coast and oblige the ecosystems to maintain a favourable stability for their development. The man proposes a partial or total conservation of their specificities but some threats persist. The analysis of the disappearance risks, with the prospective approach of the scenarios, is interesting to do for the ecosystems of Posidonia and of Caulerpa in Alpes-Maritimes and Ligurie. This method detects the principal components in the evolution of the ecosystems and the essential components for the proposition of the future strategies
Toro, Perez Catalina. "La biodiversité tropicale, entre gouvernance globale et réalités locales : le cas de la politique de protection de la biodiversité en Colombie." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008IEPP0052.
Full textIn the early 90s, when the forum of the Earth Summit in Rio took place, tropical countries like Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, Côte d'Ivoire, India, China, were presented as "The Hots Spots": the richest and most threatened areas of biological and cultural diversity of the planet. The loss of tropical biodiversity, as a common concern of humanity will gradually emerge as one of the most widespread consensus in the Forum of the Community of global environmental policy: Three-quarters of the world population use medicines and benefit agricultural development related to the exploitation of tropical plants. However, genetic research in tropical countries is restricted because of the existent mechanisms of control they impose to avoid access to natural resources and traditional knowledge. A principle is then referred to a global resource intervention, necessary and useful for scientific research, and management in the common interest of all. A set of ideas, institutions and interest groups will shape a new system of genetic resources defined in terms of access, property rights and free trade in the tropical countries. The evolution of the political protection of common property under the principle of non-appropriation to a global trade system of genes will become one of the major issues of the global governance of tropical biodiversity. The purpose of this research is to show how the process and re-transmission of biodiversity, as a "common concern of mankind" change ideas, power structures and institutions of nature conservation in the global system and how it is reflected in "tropical" countries, like Colombia
Rusch, Adrien. "Analyse des déterminants des attaques de Meligethes aeneus (Coleoptera, Nitidulidae) et de sa régulation biologique à l'échelle d'un paysage agricole : contribution à l'amélioration de la protection intégrée du colza." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2010. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00589802.
Full textLuglia, Rémi. "L'émergence de la protection de la nature en France (1854-1939) : la Société d’acclimatation, témoin et acteur du courant naturaliste." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012IEPP0011.
Full textHe aim of this thesis is to explain the emergence of the conservation of nature in France from the mid-19th century while highlighting the naturalists a specific movement. The ‘Société d’Acclimatation’ was born in 1854 with the utilitarian idea that nature is submitted to man’s needs. It knows a Golden Age before being deeply touched, from the 1880’s, by an internal crisis which favors the arrival of Edmond Perrier as the chairman, a truly convinced conservationist, speeds up at the same time its reorientation towards the conservation of nature. From the beginning, many ways lead a great number of members to a kind of conservation mainly thought from a metropolitan point of view of the situation. From a scientific hands-on approach mixing professionals and amateurs, a new scientific, ecosystemic and biocentred conception of the conservation of nature emerges. The ‘Société’ relies on the state to set up this conservation, successive failures lead it gradually to the more direct action of creating natural reserves. This slow movement becomes effective through the individualisation of an ornithological sub group (‘Ligue pour la Protection des Oiseaux’) and the preservation in 1912 of the Sept-Îles, the organisation of the first two international congresses for the conservation of nature in Paris in 1923 and 1931, the creation of the sanctuaries in Camargue in 1927, of Néouvielle in 1935 and of Lauzanier in 1936 as well as a group dedicated to the conservation of nature in 1933. The transformation ends after WWII when the ‘Société d'Acclimatation’ becomes the ‘Société nationale de protection de la nature’
Faubert, Patrick. "The effect of long-term water level drawdown on the vegetation composition and CO2 fluxes of a boreal peatland in central Finland." Master's thesis, Québec : Université Laval, 2004. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2004/21536/21536.pdf.
Full textDIATTA, MALAINY. "Mise en defens et techniques agroforestieres au sine saloum (senegal) : effets sur la conservation de l'eau, du sol et sur la production primaire." Université Louis Pasteur (Strasbourg) (1971-2008), 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994STR10006.
Full text- agroforesterie - mise en defens - haie vive - cordon de pierres isra, cirad and orstom revealed the soils natural envirenment fragility of thysse kaymor, a rural community which lies 30km away from nioro du rip to the south of sine satoum (senegal). Both an unprecedented drought and a population increase have brought about an important deforestation of a terricrust table and have provoked a widespread run off which was progressively destroying the cultivable soils below. In this dusadventaged context, the hydric erosion stabilization represent a main objectif for water and soils conservation in sine saloum southern zone : through the run-off control at the hight sides level by means of pervious micro dams and the humus reformation. Here, we focus on the protective improments on the environment's structure and functioning at an integrated scale of keur dianko-sonkorong catchment basin. We've tested 3 techniques of improvments according to the environment biophysical and socioeconomical contraints : on one hand we've protected high sides of the residuel ferricrust table with a stony cordon, on the other hand we've structured the cultivated spaces with contour quickset hedges. Presents results show the possibility to act effectively on the main elements of erosion, by improving the environment structure and functionong. We can learm among all these lessons that : the ligneous stratum evolution is conveyed by a 50% rise of the species, a doubling or more of the population density. The aerial and herbaceous phytomass is 1,5 to 3 times than the check plots of land. The run-off's measurements demonstrate that the flow on the defens is 3 times is 3 times inferior to the check. The quickset-hedges help to water conveys'reduction and to percolation increase with the hydrous profite betterment over 4 m away on either side of the small shurbes. These results confirmed by data on the side basius scale prove that we can significantly reduce the run-off, the strong convey and the residuel ferricrust table by pestecting the woody sides and it's erosvie potentiality with permeable micro dams (stony cordon and quickset-hedges). Keywores = senegal - sine-saloum - thysse-kaymor side basin - run-off - erosion - agrogoresterie protection - quickset hedges - stondy cords
Juhel, Jean-Baptiste. "Base de référence, impacts anthropiques et mesure s de protection pour les requins récifaux de Nouvelle - Calédonie." Thesis, Nouvelle Calédonie, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016NCAL0002/document.
Full textAnthropogenic impacts on coral reefs are largely documented through changes in functional diversity, ecosystem services or resilience. Among trophic groups, apex predators in general and sharks in particular are the most sensitive to disturbance due to conservative life history traits (e.g. slow growth, late sexual maturity, low fecundity). By some estimates, shark populations have declined by >90% worldwide. To ensure the sustainability of their populations and their functional role in the reef community, appropriate management measures must be implemented. The aims of this thesis are 1) to assess reef shark populations in New Caledonia; 2) to evaluate the efficiency of stereo baited remote underwater video systems (S-BRUVS) in surveying shark distribution comparing them to underwater visual censuses (UVC) and to evaluate their potential improvements ; 3) to evaluate the impact of human proximity on diversity, abundance and behaviour of reef sharks and 4) to determine the efficiency of management measures currently in place in New Caledonia to protect reef shark populations. The results of S-BRUVS and UVC were congruent and revealed a dramatic decline of shark abundance of ~90% along the anthropogenic gradient in a country where shark fishing is historically absent. An important behavioural alteration of the grey reef shark (Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos) towards bait was highlighted. Individuals remained farther from the device, exhibited more cautious approaches, interacted less with the bait and took longer to bite it as human proximity increased. Human proximity was the main driver of the abundance decline (46 to 71%) and the behavioural alteration towards shier individuals (50 to 80%). Globally, MPAs in New Caledonia are not effective in protecting reef sharks. However, the oldest and most restrictive MPA (Merlet) hosts shark abundance close to that of some remote reefs of the archipelago and partially protect the behaviour of individuals. These results 1) emphasize the unique role of remote coral reefs as the last refuges for sharks ; 2) reveal that in absence of shark fishing, human proximity condition shark abundance and behaviour with potential ecological consequences and 3) indicate that the MPAs efficiency to ensure the protection of reef sharks is effected by their ability to exclude human presence over a sufficiently large area
Bouillon-Launay, Emmanuelle. "Intérêts des indicateurs hydropédologiques dans la gestion raisonnée des zones humides : application aux marais du cotentin." Caen, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002CAEN1365.
Full textVié, Jean-Christophe. "Les effets d'une perturbation majeure de l'habitat de deux espèces de primates en Guyane française : translocation de singes hurleurs roux (Alouatta seniculus) et translocation et insularisation de sakis à face pâle (Pithecia pithecia)." Montpellier 2, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998MON20262.
Full textBarouch, Gilles. "La décision au fil de l'eau : systèmes de pensée et d'action à l'œuvre dans la gestion des milieux naturels en France." Paris 9, 1987. https://portail.bu.dauphine.fr/fileviewer/index.php?doc=1987pa090074.
Full textFigueiredo, Yves. "Du monumentalisme à l'écologie : politique et esthétique de la nature en Californie, 1864-1916." Paris 7, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA070006.
Full textWhen they created the world's first national parks, the United States seemed to have designed a coherent and revolutionary politics of nature. However national carks are not quite natural parks: as the name suggests, the central notion is that of nation. The creation of the first national parks is a phenomenon which is at once political and cultural since it deals first with heritage. Although national carks are physical entities, i. E. Territories, they are also mental constructs. They are part of the American civilization ideal and so their meaning evolved with time. Thus, if parks first used the language of aesthetics and were landscapes, later they became associated with ecology and the awareness of ecosystems. Environmentalism was not ecological at first and its progress, impressive as it might have seemed, was the result of experimentation and delicate compromises rather than of a global political project. At the turn of the twentieth century, the Hetch Hetchy crisis and the schism between preservation and conservation emphasized the weaknesses of the movement
Church, Jon Marco. "La convention alpine, une organisation internationale : la pyramide à l'envers et le retour de l'État." Paris 1, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA010313.
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