Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Ecologie microbienne des sols'
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Domeignoz, Horta Luiz A. "Ecologie des bactéries N2O réductrices dans les sols agricoles." Thesis, Dijon, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016DIJOS031/document.
Full textNitrous oxide (N2O) is an important greenhouse gas (GHG) and the main ozone depleting substance. Agricultural soils are the main anthropogenic-induced source of this GHG. The concentration of N2O in the atmosphere is steadily increasing, but we still lack knowledge on the factors controlling its production and consumption in soils. The reduction of N2O to N2 by microorganisms harboring the N2O reductase gene (nosZ) is the only known biological process able to consume this GHG. Recent studies revealed a previously unknown clade of N2O-reducers which was shown to be important to the N2O sink capacity of soils. This thesis seeks to gain a greater understanding on the ecology of N2O-reducers in agricultural soils. A combination of laboratory incubation and field experiments were used to gain knowledge on the importance of N2O-producers and N2O-reducers to the soil N2O production. Additionally, the potential of agricultural practices to modify those microbial communities were assessed.We showed experimentally, in laboratory incubations, that the addition of a non-denitrifying strain Dyadobacter fermentans, which possesses the previously unaccounted N2O reductase NosZII, reduced N2O production in 1/3 of the tested soils. Remarkably, after addition of the nosZII strain, some soils became a N2O sink, as negative rates were recorded. This experiment provided unambiguous evidence that the overlooked non-denitrifying nosZII bacteria can contribute to N2O consumption in soil.Our evaluation of agricultural field experiments showed limited impact of agricultural practices on the microbial communities except for tillage management, and differences observed between an annual and a perennial cropping system. Increasing tillage management enhanced nosZII diversity. Higher diversity of the nosZII clade was also observed in the annual cropping system than in the perennial cropping system. Overall, the recently identified clade of N2O-reducers was more sensitive to environmental variables than the previously known clade (nosZI). The community structure of these two groups was explained by common and uncommon soil properties suggesting niche specialization between the two N2O-reducers.In an attempt to understand the relationship between the microbial communities and process rates, we assessed the potential denitrification and nitrification rates, and in situ N2O emissions. Potential N2O production and potential denitrification activity were used to calculate the denitrification end-product ratio. The diversity of nosZII was negatively related to the N2O:N2 ratio and explained the highest fraction of its variation (26%), while the potential N2O production and potential denitrification activity were mainly explained by the soil properties. To better evaluate the contribution of different factors to the in situ emissions, more than 70000 N2O measurements were subdivided into different ranges, from low to high rates. Interestingly, the low range of in situ N2O emissions was only related to soil pH, while the high ranges were also strongly related to the microbial communities. This result suggests that the “base-line” N2O emissions might be more regulated by soil edaphic conditions than by microorganisms, the lasts being more important for the high emissions ranges. Among the significant microbial variables, we found that the diversity of nosZII was negatively related to the high ranges of in situ N2O emissions.In conclusion, our results highlight the relevance of the second clade of N2O-reducers to the fate of N2O in soil. Our results also suggest niche differentiation between the two N2O-reducing clades with nosZII being more responsive to environmental variables. Agricultural practices showed limited impact on the two guilds. Further research is needed to test the niche specialization between the two groups, to disentangle their controlling factors, and to evaluate their potential for N2O mitigation
Haidar, Ihab. "Dynamiques microbiennes et modélisation des cycles biogéochimiques terrestres." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MON20202.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is to study some problems related to the modeling of microbial ecosystems in soil. Considering different physical and biogeochemical parameters, the reactif transport models are very performing to represent the biochemistry of a variably saturated porous media. In contrast, these models don't integrate (or sparsely) the microbiological activities in the soils. The mathematical model of chemostat is frequently used in microbial ecology. For the purpose of a more simplified spatial representation than the reactif transport models, but sufficiently relevant to represent biological phenomena, this thesis is a first attempt to understand the "input-output" function in a structured chemostat, and to study how a special structure can alter this function, and what are the key parameters
Juarez, Sabrina. "Régulations biotiques et abiotiques de la décomposition des matières organiques des sols." Phd thesis, AgroParisTech, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-01049725.
Full textZappelini, Cyril. "Étude des communautés microbiennes rhizosphériques de ligneux indigènes de sols anthropogéniques, issus d’effluents industriels." Thesis, Bourgogne Franche-Comté, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018UBFCD057/document.
Full textAbstractMy thesis subject includes one of the global projects of the UMR UFC/CNRS 6249 Chrono-Environnement entitled "phytoremediation strategies based on the use of trees and associated microorganisms", which is based, among other things, on 2 research projects:• the PROLIPHYT project (Eco-Industry programme, 2013-2018, ADEME) entitled "Production of woody phytoremediants",• the PHYTOCHEM project (ANR CD2i, 2013-2018) entitled "Development of eco-innovative chemical processes to exploit biomasses from phytotechnologies".The general objectives are to improve the phytoremediation potential of a panel of woody species and to develop the microbial potential for assisted phytoremediation on contaminated soil. In addition to limiting the impact of pollutants, this strategy aims to promote the production of biomass on land abandoned and not exploitable by agriculture, while ensuring the biodiversity needed to restore an anthropogenic ecosystem.My thesis work is financed through a ministerial doctoral contract for disability (dyslexia). It is based on the rehabilitation of two industrial sediment storage areas, used until the 2000s. These two experimental sites (INOVYN site of Saint-Symphorien-sur-Saône in Côte-d'Or, CRISTAL site of Ochsenfeld in Alsace) present very particular physico-chemical characteristics which make them privileged places of study. The first is a former settling lagoon whose sediments enriched in Hg, Ba and As come from the treatment of wastewater from SOLVAY's Hg electrolysis process. The second is a lagoon consisting of a backfill in which the titanium dioxide extraction residues from the CRISTAL Thann Plant have been stored since the 1930s. In contrast to the first experimental site, there is a low abundance of flora which results in heterogeneous development of a main woody species, the birch.The natural and spontaneous recolonisation of plants, more particularly woody species on both sites, is undoubtedly the result of close collaboration with telluric microorganisms located near their root systems. We have thus chosen to work on 3 pioneer species that have naturally relocated to the two study sites: willow and poplar for the industrial wasteland of Tavaux and birch for the effluent treatment unit at the Ochsenfeld site
Bourgeois, Emilie. "Contribution au développement de bioindicateurs microbiens pour l'évaluation de l'impact de pratiques agricoles sur les sols." Thesis, Dijon, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015DIJOS063/document.
Full textSoil is the support of agricultural production. It performs many functions essential to the provision of ecosystem services necessary for the well-being of our societies. Soil physicochemical and biological properties have been altered by the development of intensive agriculture while it is a non-renewable resource, revealing the need to develop new management practices suitable for the sustainability of soil quality. This also marked the entry into the “Agroecology” era, which promotes the development of new agricultural systems optimizing services provided by biodiversity to reduce the use of inputs and energy use. To achieve this aim, the development of a range of indicators to assess the impact of agricultural practices on the biological quality of the soil is essential. This thesis, which aims to contribute to the development of microbial bio-indicators of soil quality, is a part of this agroecological context. The choice to work on microbial communities is fully justified because they are (i) present with a high abundance and diversity in all environments, (ii) heavily involved in biological functioning and the soil ecosystem services, (iii) they respond very sensitive to changes in environmental conditions in terms of biomass, diversity and activity. They therefore have significant potential in terms of bio-indicators of development. This work has focused specifically on the evaluation of two complementary bioindicators: (i) the microbial molecular biomass and (ii) the microbial taxonomic diversity. In a first part we tested the robustness of these two bioindicators by assessing the biases associated with each of the procedure technical steps used for their measurement. We then used these bioindicators in different agricultural contexts to assess their sensitivity. A first work has followed the rehabilitation of microbial patrimony of a polluted soil irrigated for a hundred years by sewage, by implanting a bioenergy crop. A second application has focused on the impact of different agricultural practices on microbial communities depending on the intensity of tillage (tillage vs. reduced tillage), management of crop residues (export vs. restitution), and the crop type (annual vs. perennial). Results highlighted that microbial molecular biomass and microbial taxonomic diversity achieved by high throughput sequencing are both robust and sensitive bioindicators to describe the microbiological quality of agricultural soils in very different contexts. Both bioindicators allow evidencing soil disturbances but also the positive impact of innovative practices. They may therefore represent powerful tools for the assessment of agricultural systems, helping to improve their long term management, allowing a sustainable use of resources provided by soils
Dupré-Camus, Françoise. "Transfert des radioéléments des sols aux végétaux : conditionnement des facteurs de transfert par la nature des sols, les formes chimiques et le mode d'apport." Aix-Marseille 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988AIX22025.
Full textFraissé, Thierry. "Végétalisation des zones de marnage le long des réservoirs et des cours d'eau : application à l'aménagement." Toulouse 3, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994TOU30073.
Full textLata, Jean-Christophe. "Interactions entre processus microbiens, cycle des nutriments et fonctionnement du couvert herbacé: cas de la nitrification dans les sols d'une savane humide de Côte d'Ivoire sous couvert à Hyparrhenia diplandra." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 1999. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00576611.
Full textMayeux, Bruno. "Ecologie microbienne et métabolisme associé : étude de l'eau interstitielle et de la roche argileuse du Callovo-Oxfordien dans le Laboratoire de Recherche Souterrain de l’Andra (Meuse/Haute-Marne)." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM4783/document.
Full textIn the framework of research of ANDRA about reversible deep geological radioactive waste, a microbiological study was conducted on pore water and Callovo-Oxfordian clay layer (-490m and 165 million years). Two types of studies were conducted, a cultural approach and a molecular approach.Despite various attempts of extraction, and as for the previous, no DNA could be extracted in this work. However, the cultural approach has highlighted the presence of a sparse microflora but viable and metabolically quite varied: nine aerobes species including four facultative anaerobes and two strictly anaerobes. They represent different metabolic types: sulfate-reducing, iron-reducing, fermentative and complete oxidation of substrates into CO2. In view of the availability of in-situ sources of carbon and energy required for bacterial growth, the production of acetate and other volatile fatty acids as well as hydrogen production could potentially be active in the clay layer of Cox and open to varied bacterial growth.The study of metabolic products has also identified several biotic agents (including hydrogen sulfide) having a potentially biocorrosive activity. Through this work it appears that the biological component is to be taken into account in the design of radioactive waste storage, in particular to avoid or minimize any contribution of exogenous organic matter in the clay formation.This biological consideration appears crucial to attempt to restrict bacterial trophic network on these initial conditions, that is to say those that are potentially present on the storage site, that concern solely autochthonous carbon and energy sources
Coulibaly, Sekou Fanta Mady. "Effets des changements de pratiques agronomiques sur la diversité des vers de terre et collemboles- conséquences sur leurs fonctions associées." Thesis, Normandie, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018NORMR005/document.
Full textSoil is one of the essential components supporting the functioning of the ecosystem. It is the support of primary production; an habitat for biodiversity, and it fulfills many ecological processes. Human activities, including intensive agricultural practices, have led to impaired the soil causing a sharp decline in their biodiversity. In response to these effects, new agricultural practices have been developed to preserve the soils and the ecosystem services they provide. These so-called innovative practices rely mainly on the reduction of tillage, integrated management of crop residues, the installation of permanent plant cover or the introduction of legumes into crop rotations. It is in this context of changes in agricultural practices that this thesis topic lays. This thesis aims to better understand the effects of the adoption of these innovative management practices on (i) the diversity of the macro and mesofauna communities soil and (ii) soil functioning in terms of organic carbon storage (basic food source), soil structure and pore size distribution (living environment). During the different chapters of this work, we highlighted three actions related to innovative agricultural practices combining in situ and ex situ experimental approaches. The aim of the first action was to study the combined effect of the introduction of legume (faba bean) and the reduction of tillage on the endogenous compartment. To answer this question, we developed an empirical experimental design made with the combination of situations encountered on farms. Our results showed that theinteraction between the two innovative practices did not result in a significant increase in the diversity of soil fauna. Microbial functions and the dynamics of carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) also do not seem to be affected by these practices. It turns out that the beneficial effects of these innovative practices cannot be considered without taking into account how they are implemented at the scale of crop rotations and technical itineraries. This allowed us to promote a second action whose objective was to follow, under the same pedoclimatic conditions and the same technical itineraries, the long-term effect (four years) of five different management regimes on the communities of soil fauna. Treatments included combinations of different crops, different rates of nitrogen fertilization, incorporation or removal of crop residues and different plowing intensities. The results showed that the reduction of tillage intensity favored the diversity of Collembola and its functional groups by improving habitatconditions through the increase of microbial carbon biomass (trophic source). In addition, the other components of management, namely the "reduction of nitrogen inputs" and the "restitution / export of crop residues", had no effect on springtails (abundance and wealth), in particular on those living in the soil, whether hemi or euedaphic. However, this study demonstrates that the dissimilarity in the composition of Collembola assemblages increases with the temporal differentiation of agricultural practices, and tillage was the main factor responsible for this trajectory
Mazziotti, Mélanie. "Impact des exsudats racinaires de Miscanthus x giganteus sur les microorganismes impliqués dans la bioremédiation d’un sol contaminé au benzo(a)anthracène." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017LORR0046/document.
Full textIndustrial activities result of a large number of contaminated sites and soils in France. Among the pollutants found, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and especially those of high molecular weight, are a real environmental and public health problem because of their toxicity and persistence in soils. Biological remediation techniques which stimulate microbial degradation of PAHs using plants (phyto/rhizoremediation), nutrients (biostimulation), or microorganisms (bioaugmentation), appear as interesting strategies because they are more environmental friendly and less expensive than physico-chemical methods. In this context, the ability of the plant Miscanthus x giganteus (MxG) to improve benzo(a)anthracene (BaA) dissipation, a high molecular weight PAH few studied in remediation, was assessed with a multidisciplinary approach through two types of experimentations using an artificially contaminated soil. The first one was to analyze the rhizospheric influence of the plant (phyto/rhizoremediation) over a period of 12 months. Results showed that the presence of MxG led to a 3-fold reduction in BaA concentration in soil at the end of exposure thanks to an increase in pollutant bioavailability, and a positive effect on microbial communities due to a modification of their diversity and an increase in their 16S rRNA and PAH-RHDα GP genes density. In order to improve the understanding of this phenomenon, a second experiment was carried out for 105 days to study specifically the influence of certain molecules exuded in the plant’s root system (biostimulation), and specific microorganisms associated with its rhizosphere having the capacity to degrade BaA (bioaugmentation). These tests demonstrated the complexity of rhizospheric mechanisms, and the necessity to explore this type of analysis to improve the understanding of biodegradation processes in plant rhizosphere. All these results showed that MxG was an ideal candidate for phyto/rhizoremediation of soils contaminated with high molecular weight PAH, but that further studies were still needed to understand processes involved in its rhizosphere
GIUDICI, CLAUDIO JUAN. "Correspondances entre les variabilites morphologique et ecologique chez le nematode haemonchus placei, parasite de bovins." Tours, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999TOUR4027.
Full textBen, Aissa Fatma. "Ecologie microbienne des systèmes hydrothermaux marins alcalins de la baie de Prony (Nouvelle-Calédonie)." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4760.
Full textWe studied the microbial ecology of an alkaline hydrothermal submarine shallow field (0-50 m) located in Prony Bay (PHF) in the south of New Caledonia (SW Pacific) similar to the deep alkaline hydrothermal site (800m) of Lost City (LCHF) (Mid-Atlantic Ridge). Similarly to LCHF, PHF is an ultramafic hydrothermal system functioning on the basis of serpentinization reactions of the mantle rocks, releasing anoxic, highly alkaline fluids (to pH 11) rich in calcium, and in dissolved hydrogen and methane. The Prony hydrothermal field (PHF) is characterized by large carbonate chimneys emitting fluids with temperatures not exceeding 40 °C. Molecular approaches revealed a prevalence of Bacteria (Firmicutes, Deltaproteobacteria…) over Archaea (Methanosarcinales). Regarding microbial cultures, they were unsuccessful for most major trophic groups (sulfate-reducing bacteria, methanogens) with the exception of fermentative representatives of the phylum Firmicutes. Two novel bacteria belonging to this phylum were isolated. They include (i) Vallitalea pronyensis which is likely associated with hydrothermal vents and (ii) Alkaliphilus hydrothermalis which should be indigenous to alkaline fluids emitted from chimneys since its growth optimal physicochemical conditions match those of fluids. These two bacteria represent the first anaerobic microorganisms isolated from alkaline hydrothermal serpentinized systems so far
Msanda, Fouad. "Ecologie et cartographie des groupements végétaux d'Anzi (anti-atlas occidental, Maroc) et contribution à l'étude de la diversité génétique de l'arganier (Argania spinosa (L. ) Skeels)." Grenoble 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993GRE10084.
Full textMetivier, Romain. "Ecologie microbienne de produits végétaux : Adaptation de traitements assainissants pour la valorisation de ces produits." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0419/document.
Full textThe use of byproduct as raw material from another industrial sector, facts that it is not considered any more as "waste". Their valuation is thus an axis of development for the agronomic and food-processing industry. However, their new consideration of "raw material" entails constraints for the industrialists. These constraints are diverse according to the destination ways of the byproduct: sanitary, toxicological… This work focus on two byproducts resulting from different vegetable process: (1) apple peels, as antioxidant source. Their valuation needs to use raw materials with low phytosanitary treatment, so these materials may be more contaminated by different floras. (2) Crushed vegetable matter stemming from cereal crop as raw material of biosourced products. They occur naturally a strong microbial spore contamination. The valuation of these two byproducts requires adapted cleaning treatments. So, it was the main thing to determine nature, variability and evolution of the present microbial ecologies of these byproducts by fast techniques of enumeration and identification by molecular biology. The study of different cleaning process was also realized to combine efficiency of disinfection with the preservation of nutritional qualities (apple) or physical properties (crushed vegetable matter)
Verger, Jean-Pierre. "Végétation et pédogenèse sur roches vertes et gneiss acide dans une séquence altitudinale montagnard-alpin en Val d'Aoste (Italie) : essai de synthèse écologique." Grenoble 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987GRE10081.
Full textSierra, Jorge. "Etude de l'anoxie dans les sols à structure agrégée en relation avec la respiration microbienne." Lyon 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994LYO10076.
Full textKaisermann, Aurore. "Effets du changement du régime hydrique sur l'activité et la diversité des communautés microbiennes du sol." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066100.
Full textGrouzis, Michel. "Structure, productivité et dynamique des systèmes écologiques sahéliens (Mare d'Oursi, Burkina Faso)." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112339.
Full textThis work mainly deals with the spin crossover phenomenon in cobalt (II} molecular chemistry. The synthesis of a series of five and six coordinated complexes, with Schiff bases as equatorial ligands and various apical ones, are reported. The temperature dependances of magnetic susceptibilities and EPR spectra are used to study the influence of the environment on the metal ion spin state. The behaviours observed are interpreted on the basie of simple models. Evidence is provided for thermally induced s = 1/2 - s -= 3/2 spin crossavers. In other respects, a correlation can be established between the geometry and spin state of these complexes and their ability to activate molecular oxygen. In order to specify the spin-crossover mechanism, structural and thermodynamic techniques are used: the ingle-crystal X-ray structure of one of the compounds is reported; the mean variation of metal-ligand diatances upon transition is evaluated by X-ray absorption spectroscopy; enthalpy and heat capacity changes, measured by t ose, are compared with the values calculated on the basis of a phenomenological model. A new means of detecting the crossover, by using its effect r. N he EPR spectrum of a Cu (II)doping ion, is described in the case of an iron(II)complex
André, Stéphane. "Caractérisation et écologie microbienne de lignes de production de conserves." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS047/document.
Full textMicrobial contaminants of safety concern represent most of time, in canned food, an industrial risk which is well mastered. However, the spoilage flora, due to its high heat resistance, is responsible for major economic losses. Nevertheless, these bacteria remained poorly characterized. Based on the works realized during last 10 years within the EMaiRIT'S unit of microbiology of the CTCPA (expertise unit of the French Technical Center of the Preservation of Food, focused on Management of Industrial Risk liked to Heat Resistant Spores), the main objective of this thesis were: i) to identify and to characterize, with the aim of its later control, the spoilage spore forming bacteria florae ii) to identify the origin of these florae in canning factories and finally iii) to determine ways of control.For that purpose, a current inventory of spore forming bacteria in spoiled canned food was made with the cooperation of 122 canning factories over more than 10 years in France. This characterization of the spoilage species allowed the elaboration of a molecular biology tool (SporeTraQTM) for quick identification of these germs or their detection within a complex population. In parallel, the improvement of the knowledge about the heat resistance of these species, main characteristic of the spores, was led. In addition, the chemical resistance of spores was investigated. When identified, we tried to localize these spores on canning factories lines, with several sampling plans, on various vegetables. At the end, the specific spore forming bacteria related to the industrial canning process was identified, characterized and localized, allowing to improve the microbial risk control either by a more efficient cleaning, and through optimized process schedules. Furthermore, this work was driven within a benefic / risk approach representing the future of the food-processing evolution with improvement of the nutritional quality and the preservation of the sanitary control.This thesis leans on 5 publications of rank A
Sultan, Gehan. "Impact d’une formulation minérale sur les composantes biologiques des sols agricoles." Thesis, Paris Est, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PEST0103.
Full textNumerous arable lands in the world have a low availability of micronutrients. This lack of micronutrients has a serious impact on crop production. To increase plant productivity more attention must be paid to micronutrients. A number of studies have focused on the effect of micronutrients on plant and bacterial metabolism. However, studies on the impact of these micronutrients, when all living organisms (plant, macrofauna and microorganism) present in a field are taken into account, are scarce..The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of these micronutrients on the three soil components. Different parameters were chosen such as plant productivity, bacterial community, soil enzyme and fauna to determine the impact of micronutrients on these organisms.A field experimental approach consisted of micronutrient treatments during oilseed rape cultivation in the Aisne Department (France) was carried out. In comparison to control plots, the weight and number of siliques (seed pods), the chlorophyll content of leaves, the weight and density of earthworms, soil enzyme activities, bacterial communities and total microbial activity were analysed. The addition of micronutrients caused changes to all the biological parameters studied in relation to the plant growth stage. Among the enzymes tested (alkaline and acid phosphatase, beta-glucosidase, alpha-glucosidase, beta xylosidase), a significant increase in alkaline phosphatase and alpha-glucosidase was measured at the 3rd stage of oilseed rape development with the addition of micronutrients. At this stage of oilseed rape development, total microbial activity and the weight and density of earthworms were higher in plots under micronutrient treatment. On the other hand, micronutrients had a significant impact on the nitrifying bacterial community and the total bacterial community only at the 2nd stage of oilseed rape development. All these results suggest that micronutrients act as a catalyst by stimulating plants, soil fauna and microorganisms directly or indirectly. Thus micronutrients can modify biological processes in all living organisms through successive complex interactions.The second objective of this study was to compare the impact of micronutrients on bacterial communities in presence/absence of plants or earthworms. An in vitro experimental approach using microcosms has been conducted to study different parameters (bacterial community, soil enzyme activity, total microbial activity). Because characteristics of soil contents are important in determining the availability of micronutrients in soils the experiment was conducted on three type of soil: sandy; loamy and clay soil. Our results bring to light that the application of micronutrients affected the bacterial communities. However the nature and the importance of this impact varies according to the organisms presents (plant or earthworms) and the nature of the soil.The results of this study provide a scientific basis for fertilizing and utilizing soil, protecting microbial diversity, and accomplishing the sustainable development of agroecology
Roose-Amsaleg, Céline Harry Myriam. "Diversité microbienne des termitières de Cubitermes (Isoptères, Termitidae) et des sols d'une forêt gabonaise." Créteil : Université de Paris-Val-de-Marne, 2007. http://doxa.scd.univ-paris12.fr:8080/theses-npd/th0394940.htm.
Full textVersion électronique uniquement consultable au sein de l'Université Paris 12 (Intranet). Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. : 301 réf.
Lyautey, Emilie. "Caractérisation, dynamique et facteurs de contrôle des communautés bactériennes de biofilms de rivière." Toulouse 3, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005TOU30288.
Full textEpilithic bacterial community structure was studied using 16S rRNA gene based fingerprinting methods. In these algae and cyanobacteria dominated aggregates, 51 % of the detected taxa were affiliated to plastids and cyanobacteria being revealed by universal primers. The fingerprint methods, PCR-DGGE (Polymerase Chain Reaction – Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis), is thus not involved and proved to be a relevant tool for comparing bacterial diversity for natural assemblages from different sites (β diversity Among all analysed samples, communities appeared to be diversified (Simpson and Shannon diversity indices ranging from 0. 039 to 0. 094 and from 3. 50 to 4. 78, respectively), but less rich (around 23 OTUs – Operational Taxonomic Unit) than planctonic and soil communities. With less than 10 % of the OTUs detected in 50 % of the treated cases, community composition seemed to be highly conditioned by inter-sites repartition. Over a river section (River Garonne, France), an important differentiation of benthic bacterial communities (less than 50 % similarity) was observed between communities collected up- and downstream of an important urban centre (Toulouse, France). Excluding the particular OTUs affiliated to plastids and cyanobacteria, 11 taxa out of 63 were only detected upstream, and 13 downstream. Temporal bacterial community changes of natural assemblages were studied over an undisturbed seven month low water period. Two biomass peaks were recorded (around 25 g. M-2). Bacterial community DGGE profiles differed between the two biomass peaks and shared only 30% common OTUs, suggesting the influence of seasonal factors (light, temperature) on these communities. During the biomass accrual phase, bacterial richness and the appearance of new OTUs fitted a conceptual model of bacterial succession in biofilms. During succession, five OTUs (corresponding to Dechloromonas sp. , Nitrospira sp. , and three different Spirosoma spp. ) exhibited particular patterns and were present only during clearly defined successional stages, suggesting differences in life-history strategies (pioneer vs competitive strategies) for epilithic bacteria. Thus, in these naturally occurring epilithic biofilm assemblages, bacteria appeared to react through a combination of both allogenic (seasonal) and autogenic changes
Corcket, Emmanuel. "Approche experimentale de la competition entre graminees dominantes et de l'herbivorie par les orthopteres dans une pelouse seche collineenne." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001GRE10063.
Full textHachair, Sophie. "Rhizobium leguminosarum biovar trifolii indicateur microbien de l'effet d'applications répétées de traitements fongicides à base de cuivre dans les sols viticoles." Dijon, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003DIJOS027.
Full textThe effects of copper contamination on indigenous R. Leguminosarum bv. Trifolii populations nodulating subclover was studied by sampling vineyard soils (from 53 to 445 mg kg-1). The size of the rhizobial populations varied from 105 to less than 101 cells g-1 soil , the lowest numbers being found for the most Cu-contaminated plots. The genetic structure of rhizobial populations was characterized by PCR-RFLP of the intergenic spacer region between the 16S and 23S rRNA genes (ITS). One ITS type predominated in the less Cu-contaminated soils and its frequency was significantly lower in the soils with the highest Cu contents in which another type predominated. Effectiveness in nitrogen fixation with clover plants was related to the symbiotic genotypes (nodC and nifH), isolates with genotype that predominate in the most Cu-contaminated soils being less effective than others. Consequently, high copper contents in vineyard soils might negatively affect soil fertility
Anees, Muhammad. "Temporal dynamics of components of the microflora, including Trichoderma sp. In relation to patch development of the disease incited by Rhizoctonia solani AG2-2 in a sugar-beet field." Dijon, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009DIJOS019.
Full textTo assess the mechanisms involved in the development of disease patches caused by Rhizoctonia solani AG 2-2 in sugar beet field, transects were done across the sugar beet plots and soil was sampled within disease patches and healthy areas. Soil suppressiveness and soil inoculum potential were measured and compared. The soil became less conducive within the patches. The analyses of the structures of the microbial communities (bacteria and fungi, use of both genetic and physiological approaches) indicated changes leading to the isolation of various Trichoderma sp. They have been characterized, including the functional diversity i. E. Antagonistic activity (and the mechanisms involved) towards R. Solani. Those from the inside of the patches were more antagonistic towards R. Solani than those from healthy areas, although they could belong to the same species (T. Gamsii). Population dynamics were conducted to study the interactions between a strain of Trichoderma and R. Solani AG 2-2. They revealed that indeed T. Gamsii inhibits significantly the development and the density of R. Solani population once its population is above a threshold that may explain why the soil became less conducive within a patch but could not prevent the occurrence of the patch. Samplings were also performed along the development of the patches to study the temporal dynamics. The relative influence of an aerial disease of sugar beet caused by Cercospora beticola and the disease caused by R. Solani was investigated too, revealing that the effect of C. Beticola on the soil microflora was not neutral
ALLIOT, MARTINE. "Ecologie microbienne des sites industriels fromagers : identification, caracterisation des flores isolees et etude des facteurs regissant leur implantation." Paris, Institut national d'agronomie de Paris Grignon, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999INAP0021.
Full textPhilippot, Laurent. "Rôle d'une fonction microbienne dans l'écologie des micro-organismes du sol : valeur sélective des gènes de la dénitrification." Lyon 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LYO10075.
Full textLahlah, Jasmina. "Résilience géochimique et microbienne d'un ferralsol associée à des alternances d'aération et d'apport de vinasse de rhumerie." Avignon, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AVIG0618.
Full textThe spreading of liquid by-products of food industry enables their elimination and supplies the soil with nutrients for plants. Unfortunately, it simultaneously favours anoxia and anaerobic microbial activities that may lead to various geochemical changes, including mineral alterations/neo-formations and metal mobilizations. It also favours changes in microbial taxonomic and functional diversities. The soil resilience has not been checked until now. The goals of this work were therefore (i) to confirm already obtained results dealing with microbial and geochemical changes in anoxic conditions, (ii) to assess for microbial and geochemical resiliences after the return to oxic conditions, and (iii) to describe the survival of anaerobic microorganisms in oxic conditions. Incubations of slurries of a ferralsol of Reunion Island were performed with successively oxic and anoxic conditions, rum vinasse being supplied at the beginning of each of the anoxic periods. Measurements were performed at some dates to characterize the composition of the gaseous headspace of the flasks, the slurry solution (pH, organic and mineral compounds, including metal elements), solid phases (iron (Fe) and manganese (Mn) oxidation level, soil CEC) and microbial communities (fungal biomass, bacteria and archaea numbers, numbers of cultivable fermentative bacteria and Fe(III) reducers, bacteria molecular diversity). Under anoxic conditions, main biotransformations included fermentations, true acetogenesis, Fe(III) and Mn(IV) reductions, SO42- reduction and acetoclastic methanogenesis. They led to a great mobilization of Fe and Mn, as well as an increase in soil CEC. Bacteria and Archaea numbers increased during fermentations and methanogenesis, respectively, whereas fungal biomass remained constant during 28 days in anoxic conditions. Microbial molecular diversity was changed with the appearance of dominant peaks in CE-SSCP characterizations after 2 days of anoxia, but this diversity became more complex for longer anoxic periods. The return to oxic conditions induced the oxidative immobilization of Fe, the exchange of adsorbed Fe(II) with other metals (Ca, Mg, K, Na, Mn, Pb, Ni …) from which the mobility decreased suddenly. Mn(II) in solution and solid phases was not oxidised for 28 day oxic periods. The soil CEC remained higher than its initial value and Fe solid phases evolved to phases that differed from initial phases and phases at the end of the anoxic period. The fungal biomass transiently increased, whereas the bacteria number didn't vary and the archaea number slightly decreased for treatments in which methanogenesis previously enabled their growth. The bacteria molecular diversity was modified again with the appearance of peaks in CE-SSCP, some ones being already observed after the beginning of anoxic conditions. The persistence of some peaks that appeared in anoxic conditions and the definitive disappearance of other peaks in anoxic conditions suggest that microbial resilience was only partial even after 28 days in oxic conditions. A period in oxic conditions between 2 periods in anoxic conditions did neither affect the growth of bacteria, archaea and cultivable fermentative bacteria, nor the microbial fermentations and Fe(III) reduction during the second anoxic period
Cattaneo, Raffaela. "Effet du carbone suie sur les communautés virale et procaryotique dans les eaux marines côtières." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066579.
Full textVenditti, Danielle. "Sols industriels contaminés par les métaux : caractérisation biogéochimique, approche biomoléculaire de la diversité microbienne et faisabilité d'un traitement de dépollution." Nancy 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998NAN10325.
Full textCourde, Laurent. "Etude des effets d'applications répétées de cuivre sur l'activité et la diversité de la microflore des sols." Dijon, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000DIJOS048.
Full textGANDOY, CECILE. "Approche comparative des relations vegetation / environnement sur substrats calcaire et siliceux a l'etage subalpin dans le massif des grandes rousses (alpes du nord francaises)." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000GRE10202.
Full textCastaner, Nathalie. "Etude de l'oxydation bactérienne de composes soufres en vue de l'application au traitement de sols pollués par des métaux." Lyon, INSA, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995ISAL0040.
Full textFrance, as other industrialized countries, has on its territory many sites contaminated by metallic or organic pollutants. Specific remediation technologies have been developed, mainly in North. America, and other technologies used for the treatment of solids wastes have also been adapted to the treatment of contaminated technologies include physical chemical methods (such as stabilization/solidification, vitrification, electroreclamation, extraction), thermal processes (desorption,. . . ) and containment. Biological process are still relatively rarely applied for metallic pollutant. Bioleaching is a potentially applicable method which has been studied in this work. The method is currently used at industrial level for metal recovery from low-grade ores (bio-hydro-metallurgy based on bacterial / oxidation of metal sulfide). In first step, experiments have been conducted on the oxidation of ZnS and CdS in order to validate own experimental approach. Then. ' the study focused on the oxidation of sulfur with the Objective to couple the production of sulfuric acid by Thiobacillus thioox. Idans with the leaching of metals from the contaminated soil. A kinetic mod has been developed for the bacterial oxidation of sulfur. In a second step, the process has been tested on a real soil from an industrial site contaminated by zinc, copper, lead and arsenic, Feasibility study conducted in shaker t1asks resulted in the extraction of 50% of zinc and 40% of copper, but was inefficient on the other 2 elements. Further studies conducted on laboratory-scale lysimeters containing 4 kg of soil to simulate heap extraction indicate that limiting factor reduced the yield of stabilization to around 10%. Results indicate that the process should be tested on other contaminated soils to evaluate better its applicability, and that the model of sulfur oxidation should be developed ta take into account limiting factors such as the diffusion of oxygen ad nutriments in the soil layer
Gaboyer, Frédéric. "Potentiels physiologiques et métaboliques de communautés microbiennes de sédiments de subsurface : approches culturale, génomique et métagénomique." Thesis, Brest, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014BRES0082/document.
Full textMicrobial communities inhabiting marine subsurface sediments were described up to 1922 mbsf (meters below the sea floor) andcould represent 0.6% of the total biomass. This microbial diversity, remaining elusive to cultivation, comprises groups specific to subsurface environments and groups of generalists found in contrasted habitats, all belonging to the 3 domains of life (Bacteria,Eukarya and Archaea). Although playing a major role in global geochemical cycles, the microbial ecology of the subseafloor remains largely unknown. The hostile conditions of subsurface sediments contrast with the descriptions of microbial activity andviability in the subseafloor. In this context, many questions related to the microbial physiology and the lifestyles of buried communities remain to be answered. The objective of this thesis was to better understand which adaptive strategies could be deployed by subseafloor microbial communities and to characterize their physiological potential. In that aim, 3 approaches were used.(1) A cultural approach enabled describing 2 novel sedimentary bacterial species (Halomonas lionensis, a versatile generalist and Phaeobacter leonis a typical marine bacterium). The survival of these 2 species to subseafloor conditions and of the subsurface bacteria Sunxiuqinia faeciviva, isolated at 247 mbsf, was then studied. (2) Using a structural and comparative genomic approach, the physiological plasticity of H. lionensis was investigated. (3) Finally, the functional potential of the microbial communities buried at 31 and 136 mbsf in the Canterbury Basin was analyzed, by studying the 2 corresponding metagenomes. Cultural and genomics results showed that H. lionensis and S. faeciviva are more resistant to subsurface constrains than P. leonis and, in the case of H. lionensis, this may involve various physiological properties, maybe explaining thee cological success of the genus Halomonas. Metagenomic data showed that the functional and the phylogenetic diversity of the subseafloor are distinct from the ones from surface environments and highlighted the importance of metabolic pathways like fermentation, methanogenesis and β-oxidation. Genes of ecological and evolutionary interests enabled speculating about lifestyles of buried microorganisms and analyses of genomic fragments highlighted recombination events of still uncultivated microbial groups
Sallih, Zaher. "Relations entre activité rhizosphérique et décomposition de la matière organique des sols au niveau de la biomasse microbienne et de la minéralisation du carbone et de l'azote." Montpellier 2, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990MON20138.
Full textPoly, Franck. "Réponses des communautés bactériennes telluriques à des perturbations chimiques complexes : activités potentielles et empreintes génétiques." Lyon 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000LYO19001.
Full textPalka, Laurent. "Role des protozoaires bacteriophages du sol dans la mineralisation de l'azote en conditions gnotobiotiques." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988CLF21150.
Full textHéry, Marina. "Caractérisation des communautés bactériennes des sols extrêmes de Nouvelle-Calédonie : influence des principaux facteurs biotiques et abiotiques." Lyon 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LYO10124.
Full textSire, Wilfried. "Machine d’Évolution microbienne : une technologie millifluidique pour diriger l’évolution de communautés de microorganismes." Thesis, Université Paris sciences et lettres, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPSLS029.
Full textMicroorganisms are at the heart of Earth’s ecology. Omnipresent, they have been playing a fundamental role in the evolution of life on Earth. Assembled in the form of communities, they present beneficial interactions that are essential for biogeochemical cycles, bioremediation, plants growth and protection, our health and even our survival. However, the synergies that these communities present are not extensively studied, and remain untapped, largely owing to lack of an appropriate technology. This thesis proposes a new technology, called “Microbial Evolution Machine” (MEM), using the driving force of evolution, natural selection, to study microbial ecology and take benefit from it. This thesis work allowed its design, development and demonstration of its application potential. The chosen approach, based on digital millifluidics, consists of using millimeter-sized droplets to compartmentalize and parallelize the culture, manipulation, and analysis of hundreds of communities, and to direct their evolution in an automated way. Its functioning and concept have been validated by a first concrete biological application, which demonstrates an acquisition of antibiotic resistance in bacterial populations of Escherichia coli
Firmesse, Olivier. "Etudes chez l'homme de la survie de souches 'probiotiques' en transit dans le tractus gastro-intestinal et influence de leur consommation sur l'homéostasie du microbiote." Paris 11, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007PA114823.
Full textThe bacterial inhabitants of the human digestive tract, i. E. The intestinal microbiota, play an important role in the maintenance and the improvement of health. In this context, we are interested in the fate of “probiotic” strains by studying their aptitudes to survive during their passage through the human digestive tract, and their influence on the balance of the intestinal microbiota. We have developed and validated the real-time quantitative PCR by designing specific probes and primers targeting the studied “probiotic” strains and the dominant and sub-dominant phylogenetic groups of the human intestinal microbiota. We did not observe any effect of the consumption of “probiotic” strains on the microbiota homeostasis for the dominant faecal populations. However, modulations were observed on the sub-dominant microbiota, especially the population of enterococci which has been significantly increased as a result of Camembert cheese consumption
Dussud, Claire. "Caractérisation des communautés microbiennes associées à la colonisation des déchets plastiques en mer." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066254/document.
Full textThe increasing awareness on the impact of plastic pollution within the marine environment has stimulated countless of scientific studies. For the past decade, researchers have quantified plastic waste and assessed its fate at sea. It is estimated that more than 5.25 billion plastic particles float within the world’s oceans today. This PhD work is a result in part of this major environmental concern. It brings with it new knowledge about the marine bacterial communities that develop on plastic debris, also termed as the "plastisphere". The analysis of samples taken from the Tara-Mediterranean expedition allowed us, for the first time, to characterize, and quantify communities specific towards plastic biofilms in comparison to the communities attached to organic matter in surrounding seawater. Bacterial colonization and its evolution on different types of polymers was studied using microcosm experiments with open seawater circulation. The unusual coupling of biological and physicochemical data of plastic surfaces revealed a greater bacterial development on "biodegradable" polymers compared to conventional polymer types (especially hydrocarbonoclastic species). We showed that the composition of the polymer, together with its hydrophobicity and roughness, influences the diversity of bacterial communities during the early colonization steps. Finally, a greater bacterial biofilm activity (e.g. heterotrophic productions) was observed on polymer surfaces compared to seawater. Once again, differences according to plastic types have been observed. This present work highlights the existence of a new ecological niche on plastics that are distinct from the surrounding seawater
Mei, Nan. "Ecologie des micro-organismes producteurs d'hydrogène des sources hydrothermales alcalines associées à la serpentinisation en Baie de Prony, Nouvelle-Calédonie." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4055/document.
Full textThe Prony hydrothermal field (PHF, New Caledonia) is composed of several shallow-submarine springs discharging into the lagoon seawater high pH, moderate temperature, low-salinity fluids, enriched in hydrogen (H2) and methane produced by serpentinization. In this work, we evaluated the potential ability of microorganisms to produce H2 in this alkaline ecosystem by using both molecular and cultural approaches. Our first molecular analyses provided evidence of high bacterial abundance and diversity contrasting with low archaeal diversity in the PHF chimneys. The diversity and distribution of potential H2-producing bacteria were specifically investigated by using metagenomic analyses and different PCR-sequencing methods. The sequences of hydA genes encoding the catalytic subunit of [FeFe]-hydrogenases, used as molecular marker of H2-producing bacteria, were mainly related to those of Firmicutes. Two groups of hydA sequences were distinguished according to the origin of the samples. Moreover, novel alkaliphilic H2-producing Firmicutes were successfully cultivated from PHF chimneys. Among them, an alkaliphilic and anaerobic strain, Clostridium sp. PROH2, belonging to the genus Clostridium, demonstrated efficient H2 production at a high pH, comparable to neutrophilic clostridial species. This manuscript also present the characterization of a novel anaerobic, mesophilic and alkaliphilic species belonging to a new genus, named Serpentiniticella alkaliphila 3bT, isolated from an intertidal PHF site. Both molecular and cultivation-based data demonstrated the ability of Firmicutes originating from serpentinite-hosted environments to produce H2 by fermentation
Bouziri, Lamia. "Rétention et phytodisponibilité du Cadmium dans le sol : interactions avec l'activité microbienne et le cycle de la matière organique." Aix-Marseille 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX30015.
Full textPerveen, Nazia. "Intégration de l'écologie microbienne dans les modèles biogéochimiques : conséquences pour les prévisions du stockage du Carbone et la fertilité des sols." Thesis, Paris 6, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA066340.
Full textIntegration of the priming effect* (PE) in ecosystem models is crucial to better predict the consequences of global change on ecosystem carbon (C) dynamics and its feedbacks on climate. Over the last decade, many attempts have been made to model PE in soil. However, some basic knowledge to model the PE is lacking such as the relationship between decomposition rate of soil organic matter (SOM) and microbial biomass (MB). Moreover, the PE has never been inserted in a plant-soil model to analyze its role on plant-soil interactions. The main objectives of this thesis were to 1) integrate the activity, biomass and diversity of soil microorganisms in models of ecosystem C and nitrogen (N) dynamics in order to simulate the PE, and 2) determine the consequence of this integration for ecosystem functioning and response to global change. These objectives were achieved thanks to the combination of diverse approaches such as modeling, experimentation and statistical. In a lab experiment, I show that the rate of SOM decomposition increases 1) linearly with MB, and 2) with a saturating effect with SOM content. The linear response of SOM decomposition to MB is explained by the very limited microbial colonization of SOM reserves. However, the positive effect of SOM content on decomposition rate indicates that the local availability of SOM may be limiting for microbial mineralization. The observed co-limitation of SOM decomposition was accurately modeled with the Michaelis-Menten equation. Finally, incorporating this equation in a simple model of soil C dynamics explained how carbon often continuously accumulates in undisturbed soils whereas it reaches steady state in cultivated soils. Moreover, I present the first parameterized PE embedding plant-soil model (SYMPHONY) which provides realistic predictions on forage production, soil C storage and N leaching for a permanent grassland. SYMPHONY also shows that plant persistence depends on a fine adjustment of microbial mineralization of SOM to plant nutrient uptake. This fine adjustment was modeled by considering the destruction of SOM through PE and the interactions between two microbial functional groups: SOM-decomposers and SOM-builders. Moreover, consistent with recent observations, SYMPHONY explains how elevated CO2 induce modification of soil microbial communities leading to an intensification of SOM mineralization and a decrease in the soil C stock
Wertz, Sophie. "Impact d'une érosion de la diversité microbienne du sol sur le fonctionnement et la stabilité des communautés hétérotrophes, dénitrifiantes et nitrifiantes." Lyon 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LYO10092.
Full textSanguin, Hervé. "Développement et validation d'une puce à ADN taxonomique 16S pour la caractérisation et le suivi de la communauté bactérienne rhizosphérique." Lyon 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LYO10027.
Full textThe rhizosphere is a complex microbial habitat, where root exudates (rhizodeposits) lead to intense microbial activity. The bacterial community plays an important role in the biological functioning of rhizosphere, but its description remains incomplete with current analysis methods. The objective of this work was the development of a 16S rDNA-based taxonomic microarray (600 probes) for characterizing and monitoring the bacterial community, especially in the rhizosphere. Protocols were developed for the design of probes and the sensitivity of the tool was determined. The microarray was validated experimentally using about 50 strains and by comparison with cloning sequencing. It was used to assess bacteria colonizing monoculture maize and wheat. In the case of maize, a rhizosphere effect was shown, with the predominance of Agrobacterium in rhizosphere and Acidobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Verrucomicrobia and especially Planctomycetes in bulk soil. Inter-plant variability was also evidenced. In the case of wheat, crop monoculture leads to the decline of take-all disease. This is paralleled by modifications of bacterial community structure, confirming the presence of antibitiotic-producing antagonistic Pseudomonas and evidencing bacterial groups belonging to Alphaproteobacteria, Betaproteobacteria, Planctomycetes, Acidobacteria, Chloroflexi and Firmicutes. This work demonstrates the microarray potential for characterizing and discriminating between rhizosphere bacterial communities, a prerequisite for a better understanding of the relationships between bacterial community and soil biological status
Benest, Gilles. "L'Organisation d'un peuplement de carabiques forestiers." Grenoble 2 : ANRT, 1987. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37602813d.
Full textStemmler, Sébastien. "Altération microbienne des minéraux dans les sols hydromorphes : incidence du couplage entre les cycles du carbone et du fer." Nancy 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001NAN10234.
Full textMicrobial weathering phenomenons have been studied in 5 tropical waterlogged soils representing two sequences. The results show the fundamental role of the bacterial iron-reducing processes, where the bacterial activities coupled the biodegradation of organic matter and the reduction-dissolution of oxidised forms of iron. The bacterial ferri-reducing activities are significant and strong in the soils of the slopes and near the swamp (at a minor degree). In waterlogged conditions, the autochthonous bacterial communities grow by using the soil organic matter as carbon and energy sources, and transform them into bacterial biomass and soluble organic compounds. The ferric iron is used as electron acceptor, going to its reduction under the soluble ferrous form, that can be exported in the drainage waters. This weathering process appears to be a major phenomenon of the tropical soil evolution, in which iron plays an important role as cement of the structure, and can induce a non reversible degradation of the soil
Recous, Sylvie. "Dynamique de l'azote en sol cultivé : organisation microbienne des formes ammoniacale et nitrique, conséquences sur l'utilisation de l'azote des engrais par une culture de blé." Lyon 1, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988LYO10049.
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