Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Écologie végétale – France – Préalpes (France)'
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Senn, Olivier. "Impact du pâturage ovin sur la végétation de parcours clôturés et fertilisés dans les Préalpes du Sud." Montpellier 2, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991MON20299.
Full textPlouguerné, Erwan. "Étude écologique et chimique de deux algues introduites sur les côtes bretonnes, Grateloupia turuturu Yamada et Sargassum muticum (Yendo) Fensholt : nouvelles ressources biologiques de composés à activité antifouling." Brest, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006BRES2046.
Full textThe invasive algae Grateloupia turuturu and Sargassum muticum were chosen as models of this study. The aims of this work were i) to understand the population biology of G. Turuturu and S. Muticum and their adaptation strategies in novel habitats, ii) to determinate if their adaptation strategies were related to the development of a chemical defence based on antifouling compounds synthesis, iii) to characterize metabolites involved in this chemical defence and produced by the two algae. Lien, a pluridisciplinary study was carried out including an ecological survey of the two invasive algae at three field sites selected along the coast of French Brittany, a screening of the antifouling activity of extracts from G. Turuturu and £ muticum, and a chemical work in order to isolate and identify compounds present in the active extracts. Results allow us to better understand the population biology of G. Turuturu and S. Muticum and to higlight the impact of environmental parameters on variables studied in both species. Antifouling tests highlighted the dichloromethane extract from G. Turuturu and the chloroform extract from S. Muticum as the most actives. The chemical work led to the isolation of cholesteryl formate from G. Turuturu and to the identification of hydrocarbons, free fatty acids and galactoglycerolipids from S. Muticum. All these compounds showed antifouling activities against several strains of bacteria implicated in microfouling
Pautz, Frédéric. "Les pelouses calcicoles de Lorraine : étude phytosociologique et écologique : impact de la gestion sur les populations végétales." Metz, 1999. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/UPV-M/Theses/1999/Pautz.Frederic.SMZ9961_1.pdf.
Full textThis study is made of thee parts. The first part deals with a phytosociological description of the Mesobromion syntaxon in Lorraine, which was established Eom 340 new fioristic list. Five main groups are to be distinguished , which correspond to the five known sub-alliances, i. E. . The Sesterio-Mesobromenion (represented by the Genisto-Seslerietum and its eight suballiances), the Teucrio-Mesobromenion (represented by the Festuco lemanii-Brometum and its three sub-alliances), the Eu-Mesobromenion (represented by the Onobiychido-Brometum and its four sub-alliances), the Tetragonolobo-Mesobromenion (represented by the Chloro- Brometum and its three sub-alliances) and the Chamaespartio-Agrostidenion (represented by the SiegIingio- Brachypodetium and its two sub-alliances). The second part of the study is an analysis of the vegetation successional dynamic, linked with the evolution of the Raunkier biological types, the specific diversity, the evolution of the morphologic attributes (stalks, leaves, flowers) of Teucrium chamaediys. The conclusions of this part are used for the analysis of the resdts described in the following two parts. The third and fourth parts respectively deal with the impact of the cutting and grazing which are calculated in the three most cornmon vegetation groups in the Moselie valley (Festuco lemanii-Brometum) and two sub-alliances of the Onobiychido-Brometum. The impact of these two types of management on the vegetation is very dxerent in each of these vegetation groups. The types of conservation management are proposed in order to manage in a rational way these biotops which are threatened to disappear in Lorraine
Oberlinkels, Michel. "Etude phytoécologique des vallées occidentales du massif des Ecrins : typologie forestière et productivité de la forêt du Périer (Valbonnais), intérêt des sapinières et des pessières pour une zonation biogéographique des Alpes dauphinoises." Grenoble 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987GRE10077.
Full textLinglart, Marine. "La biodiversité végétale des îlots boisés en terre de grande culture : approche ethnoécologique : exemple du Gâtinais occidental." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MNHN0008.
Full textVolaire, Florence. "Etude phyto et agro-écologique des formations herbacées de Corse." Montpellier 2, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989MON20034.
Full textFumanal, Boris. "Caractérisation des traits biologiques et des processus évolutifs d’une espèce envahissante en France : Ambrosia artemisiifolia L." Dijon, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007DIJOS025.
Full textAmbrosia artemisiifolia L. (Asteraceae) is an annual plant which was not intentionally introduced from North America in Europe since the end of 19th century. In France, this invasive species causes important threats for human public health due to its allergenic pollen. This species is also a troublesome weed in spring crops, but it also colonizes all other human disturbed habitats. Nevertheless, its spread in natural environments seems to be limited to disturbed ones such as riverbanks. The aim of this thesis was to study through a multidisciplinary approach, the different biological, genetic and ecological species characteristics, as well as the characteristics of invaded communities which could explain its invasive success in France. A bibliographic synthesis was realized on the different parameters involved in invasive processes, but also on the current knowledge of A. Artemisiifolia. The different life history traits of the species revealed a considerable variability, more particularly for seeds, which suggested the existence of an adapted strategy to colonize variable environments. The high phenotypic plasticity observed in A. Artemisiifolia explained in part the success of its invasion. The whole population dynamics (rate of increase) is also different among habitats. The limiting factor to the colonization or the maintaining of populations is definitely the habitat stabilization. The occurrence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the invaded communities may be a facilitating factor in the invasive process of the species. In addition, the species invasiveness can be also explain by the high levels of genetic diversity observed both in native as well as in introduced populations using different molecular markers (ADNcp, AFLP). These results also suggest that the species was introduced several times, from different origins and with a high number of founders. Finally, it has been showed that A. Artemisiifolia possessed an large ecological amplitude, and that it was not specifically associated with a particular vegetal group. Therefore, the species is able to colonize different ecological environments and is potentially able to spread out of its present distribution. The knowledge obtained through this thesis shows that the invasion of A. Artemisiifolia is a multifactorial phenomenom. The invasion of that species depends first of all to the conditions met during its introduction and spread (disturbed habitats, anthropogenic dispersal). Then, its generalist character enables it to respond to the abiotic conditions encountered. Our results suggest that in the present context, A. Artemisiifolia has a considerable potential to spread through France and Europe
Garbolino, Emmanuel. "Les plantes indicatrices du climat en France et leur télédétection." Phd thesis, Université de Nice Sophia-Antipolis, 2001. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00008446.
Full textbanque de données climatiques, celle de Météo-France, et d'une banque de données floristiques « Sophy ». Elle peut établir les relations entre plantes et climats sur une base stationnelle et
numérique, donc plus objective, plus précise et plus complète que la géographie botanique.
Le réseau météorologique national fournit des données standardisées dans 828 postes en France. Parmi les facteurs les plus actifs sur les plantes, il y a la température du jour et de la nuit, mois par mois, reflétées respectivement par la température mensuelle maximale et minimale ; il y a également les hauteurs et les fréquences mensuelles des précipitations. Ces facteurs sont ramenés à une même période de référence après estimation des données manquantes. De son côté, la banque « Sophy » fournit les présences et les abondances de 4.500 taxons botaniques dans 140.000 stations
en France. Elle permet de distinguer le comportement d'une plante soit par sa présence, soit par un seuil d'abondance. La conjonction de ces deux banques fournit un échantillonnage d'environ 12.000
stations floristiques réparties entre les climats de 574 postes.
La dépendance apparente d'une plante envers un facteur se manifeste par la concentration de ses présences dans la gamme du facteur. Cette concentration se calcule comme une probabilité et elle suit un gradient rigoureusement unimodal dans la gamme du facteur. La concentration maximale exprime le pouvoir indicateur de la plante, de telle façon que ce paramètre ne soit nul que pour une plante ubiquiste. Ce pouvoir indicateur est d'autant plus élevé que la plante est meilleure indicatrice. Le rang de la concentration maximale indique la position optimale de la plante. Les douze pouvoirs indicateurs et les douze positions optimales résument le comportement d'une plante dans la gamme d'un facteur. Ce travail présente le catalogue des comportements pour 2.800 plantes
indicatrices du climat et pour six grandeurs climatiques sous la forme de graphiques. Le catalogue présente aussi la répartition géographique de chaque plante entre les 140.000 stations de la banque « Sophy ». Ce catalogue n'est pas seulement un dictionnaire écologique des plantes indicatrices du climat. Il est aussi un outil informatique qui permet d'estimer avec précision le climat dans une communauté dépourvue de poste météorologique et d'introduire ainsi le climat de façon numérique dans toute étude phyto-écologique en France.
Mis à part l'application précédente, le catalogue ne montre pas de synthèse. Il est complété par une classification climatique des plantes qui montre la hiérarchie des phénomènes et leur importance statistique. Cette classification détermine des groupes de plantes ayant des comportements similaires d'après leurs fidélités cumulées aux rangs des variables climatiques. Elle caractérise un groupe par ses pouvoirs indicateurs et ses positions optimales. Elle aboutit à un catalogue des principaux groupes, depuis les plus nombreux et les plus différents, constituant les premiers niveaux de synthèse, jusqu'aux plus détaillés. Elle montre que le gradient phytoclimatique majeur sépare le littoral, la région méditerranéenne et les montagnes des plaines continentales. Le
groupe littoral, par exemple, se subdivise en groupes atlantiques et méditerranéens, puis en sousgroupes cantonnés dans une partie seulement de chaque climat.
Un travail analogue est entrepris sur les relations entre les plantes et les variables du satellite NOAA. Comme en géographie botanique, les relations entre plantes et mesures satellitaires se
fondent souvent sur la superposition de ces images, basées sur un indice de végétation (NDVI), avec des cartes de végétation. Ces images et leur interprétation montrent de grandes catégories de
végétation, telles que formations forestières et cultures. La banque « Sophy » permet une étude stationnelle et non plus cartographique du phénomène. Cette banque associe des données
floristiques à des données satellitaires issues du même emplacement, dans 11.000 pixels de 5,5 km de côté. Les synthèses mensuelles du NDVI montrent des différences de comportement entre les plantes de formations différentes, telles que prairies, forêts, ripisylves, formations méditerranéennes et les landes atlantiques, littorales et montagnardes. Les pouvoirs indicateurs sont parfois élevés et similaires pour les plantes de la même formation. Mais ils montrent encore quelques incohérences, soit d'un mois sur l'autre, soit d'une variable satellitaire à une autre, faute d'une standardisation insuffisante dans la caractérisation des pixels. Des variables satellitaires standardisées portant sur une plus longue période, dont les données manquantes seraient calculées, devraient être susceptibles de localiser des phytoclimats, grâce aux groupes de plantes qui les représentent, et de généraliser
sur le terrain les connaissances stationnelles de la phytoclimatologie.
Bresset, Vivette. "Contribution à l'étude phyto-écologique des sapinières oriento-pyréneennes." Nice, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986NICE4051.
Full textGallet, Christiane. "Apports de la biochimie à la connaissance du fonctionnement des écosystèmes forestiers : rôle des composés phénoliques dans une pessière à myrtille." Lyon 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LYO10278.
Full textShater, Zuheir. "Diversité végétale et sylviculture : effet de la plantation et de la gestion d'espèces forestières introduites sur la diversité végétale : étude du cas d'anciennes châtaigneraies des Cévennes-Midi de la France." Aix-Marseille 3, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001AIX30074.
Full textAfforestation and management of introduced forest tree species have considerable consequences on the biodiversity. The managers require more scientific research to better understand these consequences and to enhance the biodiversity in their actions. Our objective is to analyse the effect (i) of the afforestation, on plant species diversity, by three introduced forest tree species (Pseudotsuga menziesii, Pinus Laricio, Cedrus atlantica) and (ii) of the chesnut presence (Castanea sativa) in the understory mixed with these species. This work was carried out in the Cevennes region where considerable surfaces of these species have been planted in the last decades. Afterwards, the relation between plant species diversity and certain parameters, related or not to the silviculture of these species, such as stand dendrometric characteristics, Leaf Area Index (LAI), soil surface state and the flora of the station, was analyzed. .
Henn, Hubert. "Interférences entre Hieracium pilosella et Arrhenatherum elatius sur les terrils houillers du Nord de la France : allélopathie ou compétition." Lille 1, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986LIL10092.
Full textDevau, Bernard. "La transition bioclimatique et phytogéographique de l'Alpin à l'Oro-Atlantique : les hauts massifs des Pyrénées occidentales." Grenoble 1, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987GRE10118.
Full textSalhi, Nadia. "Eléments de déterminisme de la diversité végétale des ilots boisés dans la région d'openfield (Brie francilienne)." Paris, Muséum national d'histoire naturelle, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999MNHN0024.
Full textMagnanon, Sylvie. "Contribution à l'étude des prairies naturelles inondables des marais de Donges et de l'estuaire de la Loire : phyto-écologie, phytosociologie, valeur agronomique." Nantes, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991NANT2009.
Full textVela, Errol. "Biodiversité des milieux ouverts en région méditerranéenne : le cas de la végétation des pelouses sèches du Lubéron (Provence calcaire)." Aix-Marseille 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002AIX30062.
Full textErosion of biodiversity on a worldwide scale makes urgent studying endemism and species-rich hotspots to provide a global conservation strategy. Within these sensible areas, Mediterranean basin offers distinguished vascular flora (30,000 taxa with 50% endemic). Dry grasslands and other open lands are priority habitats, for which the patrimonial responsibility falls to the environmental managers. In calcareous Provence, the Luberon area was inventoried and permanent plots were followed during five years. Varied methodologies and perception scales permitted to describe, with the help of floristic relevés, the vegetation patterns and their biological indicators. Spatio-temporal dynamic of vegetation and functional groups involve the own richness of these semi-natural ecosystems, strengthened by anthropozoi͏̈cal pressure history. A similar work is considered in some countries at south of the Mediterranean
Chauchard, Sandrine. "Dynamique d'une forêt de montagne méditerranéenne dans un monde changeant." Montpellier 2, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007MON20224.
Full textIn the last millennia, traditional land-use (plant and animal husbandry) has shaped both Mediterranean and other European landscapes. Since the 19th century, land-use changes, notably in mountain areas, have led to the expansion of shrub and forest areas and the decrease of semi-natural open habitats and its diversity. Sustainable management of these former agricultural areas requires an historical understanding of the mechanisms influencing the expansion of forested areas to predict future vegetation pathways. This is why we focussed on the study of forest dynamics in the French Pre-Alps, most particularly in the Montagne du Malay (Var), where the military camp of Canjuers is located. Our approach combines analysis of i) local land-use history by means of textual archives; and ii) forest density, dynamics and diversity via dendrochronological analysis. We also analyse the potential role of domestic and wild ungulates to control forest expansion and to preserve grassland. Main results show that land-use played, and still plays, a major role on the dynamics, structure and diversity of present-day forested areas. Different former land-uses favoured local disappearance of certain species and/or overabundance of others thus leading to different forest composition. On the other hand, the timing and location of land abandonment led to different forest dynamics. Concerning management, present ungulate density in the study site does not allow controlling forest expansion. Other management practices should thus be considered
Ballini, Christine. "Contribution à l'étude écologique des groupements à Ulex parviflorus Pourr. En Provence calcaire : régénération, structure, productivité et dynamique des bio-éléments." Aix-Marseille 1, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993AIX11047.
Full textLe, Mire Pecheux Lidwine. "LandBioDiv : un nouveau modèle de prédiction de la diversité et de la composition spécifique végétale au niveau du paysage : exemple d'application en région méditerranéenne (France)." Aix-Marseille 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004AIX30057.
Full textProvencal landscapes are complex and disturbed. In such a context, vegetal species richness or floristic composition modelling for a given surface area has never been attempted. This study offers a new method in order to fill this gap and the creation of a software program : LandBiodiv. It is based on concepts drawn from island biogeography (i. E. The influence of surface and formation number on species richness), and also from ecological continuum theory. LandBiodiv's framework use species-area relationships to predict species richness, and Bayesian rules to model species occurrence within landscapes. The model evaluation demonstrated that SAR are not suitable to predict the species richness of highly variable communities. However, LandBiodiv not only permits good predictions of the species composition both at the landscape (gamma diversity), and community scales (alpha diversity), but also diversity patterns can be assessed at several spatial scales according to landscape structure
Fallour, Delphine. "Evolution et structuration spatiale de la diversité du cèdre de l'Atlas sur le petit Luberon: approches écologique, dendroecologique et génétique." Aix-Marseille 3, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998AIX30050.
Full textHumeau, Laurence. "Écologie et évolution de la dioécie et du dimorphisme sexuel de la taille des fleurs chez les "dombeya" (sterculiacées) endémiques de la Réunion." La Réunion, 1999. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00488723/fr/.
Full textBouchereau, Jean-Luc. "Bioécologie et tactiques adaptatives d'occupation d'une lagune méditerranéenne (Mauguio, Languedoc, France) par trois poissons téléostéens gobiidés : "Pomatoschistus minutus" (Pallas, 1770), "P[omatoschistus] microps" (Kroyer, 1838), "Gobius Niger Linnaeus", 1758." Montpellier 2, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MON20043.
Full textBuisson, Juliette. "Hydrobiologie du massif du Vercors (Préalpes calcaires) et d'une rivière type : le Furon : Ecologie des diptères Chironomidae du Furon et de quelques cours d'eau pollués." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble ; 1971-2015), 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986GRE10055.
Full textRameau, Jean-Claude. "Contribution phytoécologique et dynamique à l'étude des écosystèmes forestiers : applications aux forêts du nord-est de la France." Besançon, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987BESA2016.
Full textLotfi, Ali. "Durabilité écologique des paysages agricoles et production de bois, bocage et néobocage." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00588228.
Full textGonzalez, Maya. "Diversité des plantes ligneuses de fragments forestiers dans les côteaux de Gascogne : importance des facteurs locaux et du contexte paysager." Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30103.
Full textThe woody plants of the forest fragments in agricultural zone partly condition the presence and the diversity of other forest organisms. This work is centred on the study of the diversity of woody species and its determinants on three levels of organization: the wood, the stand and the micro-site of regeneration. On the level of wood, the richness of woody species is mainly related to the surface of wood. Late-successionnal species are sensitive to the distance to wood sources. At stand level, the richness and the composition are connected to the soil quality and the exposure. On the level of regeneration micro-site, the identity of the reproducers and the distance to the edge determine the diversity of woody species under cover. The found relations are improved by using regroupings of species based on their life history traits. The diversities found on these three scales are dependent on the successionnal state of the stands
Briand, Xavier. "Prolifération de l'algue verte Ulva sp. En baie de Lannion, France : étude d'une nuisance et de son traitement par fermentation anaérobie." Lille 1, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989LIL10070.
Full textLeperlier, Cédric. "Données écologiques et physiologiques pour l’utilisation d’espèces indigènes de La Réunion en revégétalisation." Thesis, La Réunion, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LARE0023.
Full textAs observed at a world scale, dry lowlands of Reunion Island are facing an important demographic development causing habitat degradation and leading to native plant species loss. In order to limit this phenomenon, selection of native species for revegetation is widely proposed. However, the lack of knowledge about biology and ecology of such species hinders their use. The aim of this study was to determine major factors influencing the very first steps from a sown seed to the resulting established seedling (germination, emergence, survival and establishment) for 14 natives plant species (10 woody and 4 herbaceous species) of dry habitats of Reunion Island. Germination strategies were evaluated in laboratories for 13 of them. A dormancy phenomenon could be identified for 12 species : 2 herbaceous and 5 woody species possess seeds with physical dormancy, 4 woody species possess seeds with physiological dormancy with a mechanical component and 1 species possess seeds with physiological dormancy and positive photoblasty. For each species, a pre-treatment improved germination. The efficiency of these methods and the influence of abiotic parameters on seedling emergence were observed in greenhouse experiments for 10 species (7 woody and 3 herbaceous species). A low water availability decreased performances, especially for woody species. While for herbaceous species, hydroseeding increased seedling emergence, this technique alone was not sufficient for woody species. Finally, establishment capacity was determined on field plots for 10 species (7 woody and 3 herbaceous species). The abiotic and competition pressures limited survival and establishment of the studied species. However, the use of hydroseeding along with the control of sowing density and diversity and a temporary control of weed competition enhanced establishment for the herbaceous and 4 woody species. The described methods of this thesis could be applied to other native species in order to improve revegetation in Reunion Island dry lowlands
Jaunatre, Renaud. "Dynamique et restauration d’une steppe méditerranéenne après changements d’usages (La Crau, Bouches-du-Rhône, France)." Thesis, Avignon, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AVIG0324/document.
Full textEcosystem restoration has been identified as one approach to slow down the loss of biodiversity and to protect all the biodiversity-based goods and services from which humankind benefits. Restoration feeds from knowledge coming from both community ecology and restoration ecology. The objectives of the thesis are to provide insights on both the dynamics of a mediterranean steppe after changes in land-use and the implementation of techniques which could be applied to restore this ecosystem after severe anthropogenic disturbances. The thesis takes as a study object the La Crau Mediterranean steppe, and especially former cultivated fields to study the recovery after cultivation and the Cossure large scale rehabilitation project to experiment rehabilitation and restoration techniques. Concerning dynamics after severe exogenous anthropogenic disturbances, we confirmed the low resilience of the steppe plant community both at mid- (30-40 years) and long-term (150 years) while the resilience of soil parameters and mycorrhizal infestation rate are effective on the long-term. Moreover we confirmed the role played by the three filters in the plant community recovery and found that for the La Crau steppe, this is firstly driven by the abiotic filter, then by the dispersion filter and finally by the biotic filter. Given this low resilience, we tested several restoration techniques applied at large-scale within the Cossure rehabilitation project: nurse species seeding, topsoil removal, hay transfer and soil transfer. In order to assess the efficiency of restoration techniques we developed indices to measure the community structure integrity, disentangling lower and higher abundances compared to the reference. The best results were obtained with soil transfer, followed by topsoil removal, then nurse species seeding and finally hay transfer. The research conducted for this thesis shows that current knowledge in ecological restoration makes it possible to restore at least partially some La Crau ecosystem components, but ought to lead us to understand the importance of in situ conservation of natural habitats as a better alternative to restore them after they were destroyed
Cheikh, Al Bassatneh Marwan. "Facteurs du milieu, gestion sylvicole et organisation de la biodiversité : les systèmes forestiers de la montagne de Lure (Alpes de Haute-Provence, France)." Phd thesis, Université Paul Cézanne - Aix-Marseille III, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00176374.
Full textla potentialité de ces stations forestières artificielles. Cette étude se situe dans ce cadre général de dynamique de la biodiversité et de changement des pratiques traditionnelles de gestion et de production vers la gestion durable des peuplements forestiers favorisant les espèces autochtones.
L'analyse phytoécologique montre que : (i) La zonation des peuplements forestiers dominants sur le versant nord de la montagne de Lure n'est pas toujours en rapport avec le cortège floristique associé ; (ii) le peuplement de pin noir montre la richesse spécifique en espèces patrimoniales la plus pauvre. Par contre, le peuplement de Abies alba en mélange avec le hêtre présente la richesse spécifique la plus élevée ; (iii) Certains travaux sylvicoles peuvent maintenir les espèces patrimoniales, comme les coupes progressives dans la pinède et les coupes jardinatoires en petite surface dans la hêtraie et la hêtraie sapinière.
L'approche expérimentale sur les potentialités de régénération des principales essences forestières démontre que l'absence du Abies alba dans la partie basse de la montagne (800 m) est due à un problème de dispersion (absence de semencier alentour) et non à des contraintes écologiques. Cette absence peut être attribuée à la distribution géographique des refuges pendant les glaciations quaternaires, mais aussi à l'effet de l'anthropisation qui a commencé avec le développement des sociétés sédentaires du Néolithique.
Julien, Marie-Pierre. "Processus de colonisation des prairies permanentes par le frêne (Fraxinus excelsior L. ) et conséquences sur la biodiversité : le cas de la zone périphérique du Parc national des Pyrénées." Toulouse 3, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOU30060.
Full textTraditionally used as a fodder species in the local pastoral system, ash has now become an invading species of the grasslands of the Pyrenees National Park. The aim of this work is to identify and study the importance of the factors influencing the colonization processes, and to evaluate their impact on biodiversity. Heavy grazing and mowing are directly preventing grasslands from ash seedlings establishment, when low grazing intensity and grassland abandonment are indirectly allowing ash seedlings to establish. However the successful establishment of ash in grasslands does not only depend on changes in management practices but on the omnipresence of ash in the landscape and on its specific traits of invasive species. Regarding the biodiversity impact, the ground beetle communities are changing dramatically according to the degree of ash colonization which leads to the local extinction of the grasslands species whereas the transient ash stand appears to have a high conservative value
Garguet-Duport, Bruno. "Fusion d'images et télédétection en écologie du paysage : application à l'étude structurale d'un corridor fluvial alpin." Grenoble 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994GRE10159.
Full textMeyer, Albin. "Processus et dynamique de la recolonisation et de la bio-diversité dans les bras du Rhin et autres cours d'eau restaurés de la plaine d'Alsace après reconnexion." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00974842.
Full textMarion, Benoit. "Impact du pâturage sur la structure de la végétation : Interactions biotiques, traits et conséquences fonctionnelles." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00566651.
Full textBoukhdoud, Nathalie. "Réponses des communautés microbiennes associées à l'olivier à des pratiques agricoles conventionnelles et de conservation : influence des variantes climatiques de la France et du Liban et selon la distance à la mer." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4316.
Full textOlive grove soils are subjected to harsh environmental pressures such as Mediterranean constraints and intensive agriculture practices. They require a great attention in the context of climate change. In coastal areas, osmotic and thermal stresses are intensified. Under these conditions of intensified pressure, significant changes in soil quality may occur and these changes can be mitigated by ‘sustainable’ farming practices. Thus, this thesis project aimed at evaluating, under coastal constraints, the impact of conventional and conservation practices on microbial activities involved in C and N cycles, and soil chemical characteristics. Depending on the distance from the sea, we evaluated i) functions of microbial communities of olive rhizosphere and phyllosphere, ii) the effect of tillage, Fabaceae co-culture, natural grass, OMW in Lebanon and France, iii) microbial responses to water stress under different practices. This work focused on microbial activities involved in the transformation of organic matter, whose quality was studied by solid state NMR 13C. Therefore, this work reported a ‘coastal print’ on microbial functioning and a likely reduction of CO2 emissions through the application of conservation practices. Therefore, it is necessary to develop, under olive tree culture intensification, practices ensuring stability of ecological functions supported by soils / microorganisms / plants relationships
Wintenberger, Coraline. "Dynamique fluviale et végétation pionnière à la Salicaceae en rivière sablo-graveleuse : études in et ex situ de la survie des semis durant les premiers stades de la succession biogéomorphologique en Loire Moyenne." Thesis, Tours, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015TOUR4020/document.
Full textThe present study is focused on the three first stages: geomorphic, pioneer and biogeomorphic of the Fluvial Biogeomorphological Succession applied to a sandy-gravel bed lowland river: the Loire River (in its middle reaches). This work is based on both an in and ex situ approach. It analyses the recruitment and survival during their first stages of growth of two Salicaceae trees: Populus nigra L. and Salix alba L. developed on a non-migrating (forced) bar. The dynamics of this bar influences the survival potential of seedlings during floods. The seedlings adapt morphologically according to the sedimentary structure, and as a consequence, modify their survival potential. Three conceptual models detail: (i) the dynamics of a mid-channel forced bar during floods, (ii) the longitudinal evolution of the mortality of seedlings induced by the downstream fining of sediments, (iii) the sediment archiving and time needed to reach a pioneer island state from a non-migrating vegetated bar
Mehdi, Lotfi. "Structure verte et biodiversité urbaine. : l'espace vert : analyse d'un écosystème anthropisé." Thesis, Tours, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010TOUR1804.
Full textThis research work focused firstly on the analysis of the green structures, their spatial organization, evolution, management and uses in the area of greater Tours. Secondly, we analyzed the influence of the anthropological activities, particularly management operations and users' practices, on the communities of the lawns of public green spaces. Thirdly, we examined the effect of the urban gradient on the botanical composition of urban afforestations.The spatial analysis of the evolution of the green structures of Tours has demonstrated that green spaces which were not protected by a special status (heritage site, ecological value, flood-risk area, etc.), have disappeared, been split up or become highly artificial. This work highlights the spatial structure of the floristic communities according to the gradient of frequencies in lawns, and the urban gradient in the case of wooded areas. In the presence of intensive management, as with urban lawns, the effect of the environment's variables appears to be reduced
Schultz, Emilien. "Construire une économie de la recherche sur projets. L’installation de l’Agence Nationale de la Recherche en France et ses conséquences dans les domaines de la génomique végétale et de la chimie durable." Thesis, Paris 4, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PA040106.
Full textThe National Research Agency (ANR) created in 2005 brings the French research system closer to Anglo-saxon ones, where funding agencies play an important part in research policies. Based on an investigation of the ANR and two funding programs in plant genomics and green chemistry, this dissertation shows the significant role played by the ANR in the transformation of funding allocation in France. It contributes both to sociology of science policies and to sociology of organisations. We use data from interviews with researchers, statistical analysis of submitted projects and various reports and media contents. We show that the ANR is an intermediate and semi-autonomous organisation whose aims have significantly evolved since its creation in 2005. The definition of its missions has been a continuous object of struggles which can be seen in the « career » of the agency. Because the ANR mainly « governs through projects », its activities led to the multiplication of competitive calls for projects in France. Some of the consequences are the singularisation of local situations, the scattering of research communities and a change in how researchers behave regarding fundings. More broadly, we show that the multiplication of competitive project funding opportunities leads to an « economy of projectified research ». In this type of economy, the main issue for researchers is to control the way their research is converted into « project » in order to be funded
Dujardin, Gaylord. "Dynamique des communautés herbacées d'un coteau calcaire de Haute-Normandie : étude des mécanismes impliqués dans les processus de maintien et de remplacement des espèces végétales." Rouen, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011ROUES013.
Full textDuring the late 50s, the gradual abandonment of agro-pastoral practices in chalk hillsides initiated secondary succession dynamics which resulted in significant changes from the initial vegetation and led to structuring of a vegetation mosaic including herbaceous (short grasslands, tall grasslands and encroached grasslands) and woody communities (shrubs and forests). The present study aims at improving the knowledge of mechanisms responsible for the structuring and dynamics of herbaceous communities of a chalk hillside. To identify these mechanisms, taxonomic, comparative and functional approaches were used in field surveys and controlled conditions experiments. The first part of the thesis is devoted to the description of the herbaceous communities and analysis of successional dynamics. The main results reveal significant differences in structure, composition, diversity and species abundance between communities. The increase of social grasses and shrub encroachment are the two ecological mechanisms causing these changes. The second part of the thesis is devoted to the study of plant performance and their ability to respond to ecological changes in their local environment. The measurements of biological traits of dominant species identified phenotypic plasticity as an essential feature for their persistence during succession. Finally, the last part of this work proposes the characterization of nitrogen dynamics and water availability in different soils. These results highlighted the key role of water factor as an abiotic filter influencing the structuring of communities. Overall, the results obtained in this study clarify the mechanisms involved in the process of species persistence and replacement within the different communities, and provide new ground for the management and conservation of calcareous grasslands
Rizzetto, Simon. "Prédiction de la sensibilité biogéochimique et écologique des écosystèmes forestiers français aux dépôts atmosphériques azotés dans un contexte de changement global." Phd thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2017. http://oatao.univ-toulouse.fr/19558/1/Rizzetto.pdf.
Full textCianfaglione, Kevin. "Plant landscape and models of French Atlantic estuarine systems." Thesis, Brest, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BRES0092/document.
Full textEstuaries generally include a wide mosaic of natural and semi-natural habitats. The objective of this thesis is to study the vegetation and Plant Landscape of French Atlantic estuarine Systems, trying to understand the functioning and the plant distribution patterns. The present study tries to carry out a theoretical common model of functioning and ecological gradients, in order to make a basis to improve their classification and ecological studies, and to Help the monitoring and assessment of land uses, land forms transformation and human impacts : developping a spatio-temporal predictive model based on actual and potential vegetation, using the dynamico-catenal approach.The study area corresponds to the Atlantic French estuaries. In 8 selected estuaries, we undertook fieldworks for a total of 98315 ha, highlighting 2 vegetation series and 4 geopermaseries, corresponding to 131 plant associations, 60 alliances, 43 ordos and 28 classes. We mapped the vegetation of three representative estuaries for a total of 74433 ha. A synthetic scheme of estuary vegetation landscape is proposed, integrating geographical and ecological gradients as well as geomorphologic forms
Lefebvre, Tiphaine. "Influence de l’herbivorie sauvage et domestique en prairie subalpine : réponse métabolique des plantes et conséquences fonctionnelles sur la décomposition des litières." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAV030/document.
Full textAlpine grasslands are home to large populations of wild herbivores and are often exposed to additional grazing by domestic herbivores. This study aims to investigate the metabolic response of subalpine plant species to herbivory and to identify the ecosystem functional consequences via the alteration of litter decomposability. For this purpose, we set up a two-year experimental design using exclosures on the Armenaz subalpine grassland from the Bauges massif, under two mammalian herbivory regimes: intensive grazing by domestic heifers (Bos taurus) and extensive grazing by wild chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra). We measured leaf functional traits representative of growth and defense metabolisms on about twenty plant species grown in presence or absence of herbivores, and estimated litter decomposability of some of these species. Contrary to the hypothesis of a growth/defense tradeoff, our results show that the allocation of defensive compounds (polyphenols and lignin) in plants is not related to their nutrient acquisition strategy. In our study, plant responses to grazing exclusion vary according to: (1) herbivory context, plant response being more pronounced in the case of intensive grazing by heifers than extensive grazing by chamois, (2) plant species, suggesting that they rely on different defensive strategies, (3) environmental conditions, which may reflect the interactive effects with grazing treatment. One of the observed responses of plants to grazing exclusion is the decrease of their phenolic content, and more specifically flavonoids, which can be explained by the relaxation of the production of plant defenses when herbivores are no longer present. Chamois exclusion has no influence on chemical composition and decomposability of litters, the latter being best explained by its phenolic content. Revealing the contrasted effects of wild and domestic mammalian herbivores on vegetation and related soil processes allow us to improve our understanding of subalpine grasslands functioning. This should help us to better predict the effects of potential demographic variations of herbivore populations on environment
Bloc, Alain. "Étude éco-éthologique de l'exploitation des miellats du puceron cinara pectinatae (noerdl. ) (homoptera-lachnidae) par l'abeille domestique (apis mellifica mellifica L. )." Besançon, 1986. http://www.theses.fr/1986BESA2019.
Full textBellanger, Solène. "Etude de la biologie d'une messicole en régression : le bleuet (Centaurea cyanus L.)." Phd thesis, Université de Bourgogne, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00741148.
Full textPoher, Yoann. "Dynamique de la biodiversité et changements environnementaux en Corse depuis 7000 ans : éclairages paléoentomologiques et paléobotaniques." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017AIXM0435/document.
Full textThis thesis aims to define the multi-millennial trajectories of Corsican ecosystems under the climatic, eustatic and anthropic factors via the study of fossil insect assemblages and previous or new palaeobotanical data. This multidisciplinary approach was carried out at low and middle elevation on three sedimentary archives from the Greco pond on Cavallo Island, the Cannuta marsh and the Bagliettu peat-bog. The results reveal major changes in the structure of the vegetation cover over the last 7000 years. Signs of more open landscapes occurred on Cavallo and in Cannuta from 5500-5000 cal. BP. They coincide with bio-markers of insular societies activities, which increased from 3000 cal. BP onward and more particularly during the last 1000 years at Bagliettu.This study also suggests that the sensitivity and the response of coastal wetlands to the relative sea-level rise depend on the geomorphological context. On the low-lying Cavallo Island, marine transgression induced an increase of salt conditions in the Greco pond from 3700 cal. BP, which in turn, caused an irreversible loss of aquatic and hygrophilous beetle diversity. In Cannuta marsh, erosion on catchment slopes favoured the progradation of the coastal floodplain and the results reveal a progressive decrease of the marine influence from 5000 cal. BP as well as a diversification of this entomofauna over the last 1200 years. In Bagliettu, the results show how hydro-morphological changes of the rivers impact the dynamics of adjacent peaty ecosystems and beetle diversity
Arène, Fabien. "Ecologie comparative de la germination : des plantes à graines au genre Silene en région PACA." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016AIXM4339.
Full textGermination is a key process in plant reproduction, a critical and irreversible phase conditioning the regeneration and distribution of plants. Understanding how temperature and water act on germination, is major step prior to identify risks plants may undergo under warming climate. Thermal time and hydrotime modelling of germination are useful tools to predict germination in the field as a function of climatic conditions above threshold value of temperature and water potential (respectively base temperature, Tb, and base water potential, Ψb) in a seed’s environment. This PhD thesis aimed at studying germination ecophysiology at two contrasted taxonomic scales: (i) for all seed plants and (ii) at the restricted level of the genus Silene in the Provence Alpes Côte d’Azur region. In both cases the objective was to evaluate evolutionary implications of the germination traits, Tb and Ψb and their link with plant morphological and phenological constraints. This work is structured in three parts : (I) Temperature but not moisture response of germination shows phylogenetic contraints while both interact with seed mass and life span ; (II) Germination ecophysiology in the Silene genus : thermal time and hydrotime models ; (III) Comparative ecology of Silene germination : relation with plant traits and climate.The mains results of this work show strong evidences of phylogenetic signal in base temperature and greater lability for base water potential at both taxonomic scales. The links with plant traits such as seed mass depend on biogeographical origins and life span