Journal articles: 'Ecology Party'

1

Ash, C. "ECOLOGY: Third-Party Parasitism." Science 320, no. 5872 (2008): 21a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.320.5872.21a.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

2

ERSSON, SVANTE, KENNETH JANDA, and JAN-ERIK LANE. "Ecology of Party Strength in Western Europe." Comparative Political Studies 18, no. 2 (1985): 170–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414085018002002.

Full text

Abstract:

Following the Lipset-Rokkan cleavage approach, we present an ecological analysis of the electoral outcomes at the regional level of the political parties in 16 European democracies. The search for relationships between voter alignments and the social structure is conducted in terms of a comparative ecology model. Ecological factors at the regional level within each country account for 75% of the variance in support for 93 parties over three elections during the 1970s. More than half of the “regional” variance could be explained by five “structural” properties of the regions: industry, agriculture, affluence, religion, and ethnicity. The impact of these structural properties varied across countries and across party types. Some of the more theoretically interesting variations are discussed for specific countries, individual parties, and party types.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

3

Witko, Christopher. "The Ecology of Party–Organized Interest Relationships." Polity 41, no. 2 (2009): 211–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/pol.2008.30.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

4

Kitschelt, Herbert. "The Internal Politics of Parties: The Law of Curvilinear Disparity Revisited." Political Studies 37, no. 3 (1989): 400–421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.1989.tb00279.x.

Full text

Abstract:

One of the few efforts to link systemic and organizational determinants of party strategies is provided by what John May dubbed the ‘law of curvilinear disparity’. According to this law, voters, party activists and leaders have necessarily divergent political ideologies. These systematic differences are attributable to the activists' motivations and the constraints of party competition. This paper argues that the law is empirically valid only under distinctive behavioural, organizational and institutional conditions which are not specified in its general formulation. Thus, the law is only a special case in a broader theory reconstructing the interaction between constituencies, intra-party politics and party competition. This alternative theory is partially tested with survey data from party activists in the Belgian ecology parties Agalev and Ecolo.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

5

Jones, Clive G., and Ragan M. Callaway. "The third party." Journal of Vegetation Science 18, no. 6 (2007): 771–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1654-1103.2007.tb02593.x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

6

Zaoual, Anne-Ryslene, and Julie Bastianutti. "Making industrial ecology meaningful: the role of the third party." Academy of Management Proceedings 2016, no. 1 (2016): 16162. http://dx.doi.org/10.5465/ambpp.2016.16162abstract.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

7

Hellemans, Staf, and Herbert Kitschelt. "Agalev en Ecolo als links-libertaire partijen : Of de partijpolitieke vertaling van een nieuwe breuklijn." Res Publica 32, no. 1 (1990): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.21825/rp.v32i1.18853.

Full text

Abstract:

A survey conducted in 1985 at the party conferences of the Belgian ecology parties Agalev and Ecolo, allows to brush an empirically based picture of the militants and the internal functioning of these parties. The "new middle class" background of the militants, the stratarchic order in the cadre party, the manifest links with the socalled "new social movements" and the specific brand of a new left-libertarian ideology all point to the new and different character of these parties, in comparison tothe established Belgian parties.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

8

Rüdig, Wolfgang, and Philip D. Lowe. "The Withered ‘Greening’ of British Politics: A Study of the Ecology Party." Political Studies 34, no. 2 (1986): 262–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9248.1986.tb01595.x.

Full text

Abstract:

Britain appears to be largely removed from the new political tide of ‘green’ parties that is currently sweeping other West European countries. This article will put forward some explanations for this ‘stillborn’ character of ‘green’ party politics in Britain. A detailed scrutiny of the history of the Ecology Party will be provided. It will be argued that the relative weakness of the Party is mainly due to its'failure to attract the support of ‘new social movements’. Particular attention will be paid to the British political system's ability to deal with middle-class protest movements by a mixture of issue suppression and group integration.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

9

Halpin, Darren, and Grant Jordan. "Interpreting Environments: Interest Group Response to Population Ecology Pressures." British Journal of Political Science 39, no. 2 (2009): 243–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123408000537.

Full text

Abstract:

Important articles in this Journal by Nownes in 2004 and Nownes and Lipinksi in 2005 demonstrate that ‘population ecology’ approaches are now central to interest group studies. Partly at least this move to study at population level is a consequence of the numbers of such organizations. Party scholars typically deal with far fewer cases and sui generis discussion is more defensible. Ecology seems to offer a ‘handle’ on the thousands of cases that exist in the interest group field. Nownes and Lipinski stressed the importance of environmental factors in determining group populations, and challenged group scholars to address the dynamics among interest group populations. This article argues that animal-based population ecology may be an imperfect analogy to use in making sense of group circumstances. It considers the way groups respond to opportunities and constraints.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

10

McCulloch, Alistair. "The ecology party in England and Wales: Branch organisation and activity." Environmental Politics 2, no. 1 (1993): 20–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09644019308414062.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

11

WOODWARD, CALVIN A. "The Toynbeen Growth Model and Party Ecology: the Sri Lankan Experience." Australian Journal of Politics & History 23, no. 2 (2008): 239–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8497.1977.tb01242.x.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

12

Carty, R. K., and Munroe Eagles. "The political ecology of local party organization: the case of Canada." Political Geography 17, no. 5 (1998): 589–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0962-6298(97)00033-4.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

13

Miller, Claire. "Australian Greens Party Wins Record Vote." Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 2, no. 9 (2004): 452. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3868325.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

14

Walton, D. W. H. "Achieving Consultative Party Status." Antarctic Science 29, no. 1 (2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954102016000651.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

15

Sophus Lai, Signe, and Sofie Flensburg. "A proxy for privacy uncovering the surveillance ecology of mobile apps." Big Data & Society 7, no. 2 (2020): 205395172094254. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2053951720942543.

Full text

Abstract:

The article develops a methodological and empirical approach for gauging the ways Big Data can be collected and distributed through mobile apps. This approach focuses on the infrastructural components that condition the disclosure of smartphone users’ data – namely the permissions that apps request and the third-party corporations they work with. We explore the surveillance ecology of mobile apps and thereby the privacy implications of everyday smartphone use through three analytical perspectives: The first focuses on the ‘appscapes’ of individual smartphone users and investigates the consequences of which and how many mobile apps users download on their phones; the second compares different types of apps in order to study the app ecology and the relationships between app and third-party service providers; and the third focuses on a particular app category and discusses the functional as well as the commercial incentives for permissions and third-party collaborations. Thereby, the article advances an interdisciplinary dialogue between critical data studies, political economy and app studies, and pushes an empirical and critical perspective on mobile communication, app ecologies and data economies.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

16

Staudenmaier, Peter. "Fascist Ecology: The ‘Green Wing’ of the Nazi Party and its Historical Antecedents." Pomegranate: The International Journal of Pagan Studies 13, no. 10 (2012): 4–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1558/pome.v13.i10.14577.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

17

Kitschelt, Herbert P. "Left-Libertarian Parties: Explaining Innovation in Competitive Party Systems." World Politics 40, no. 2 (1988): 194–234. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2010362.

Full text

Abstract:

Since the 1960s, new left-socialist or ecology parties have appeared in approximately half of the advanced Western democracies. These parties have a common set of egalitarian and libertarian tenets and appeal to younger, educated voters. The author uses macropolitical and economic data to explain the electoral success of these left-libertarian parties. While high levels of economic development are favorable preconditions for their emergence, they are best explained in terms of domestic political opportunity structures. There is little evidence that these parties are a reaction to economic and social crises in advanced democracies. The findings suggest that the rise of left-libertarian parties is the result of a new cleavage mobilized in democratic party systems rather than of transient protest.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

18

Zhang, Yong Hong. "On the Importance, Meaning and Realization of the Ecological Civilization with Chinese Characteristics." Advanced Materials Research 361-363 (October 2011): 1910–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.361-363.1910.

Full text

Abstract:

Ecological civilization is the only way for the development of human civilization, and also something required for human overall development and our national interests. Ecological civilization with Chinese characteristics includes five aspects: understanding ecology, managing ecology, constructing ecology, advocating ecology and tasting ecology. It’s characteristic of Chinese ecological civilization to protect environment while developing. To carry out the ecological civilization construction effectively in China, we must try hard to strengthen the ecologically ruling construction of the party and the government, reinforce the ecological civilization education and grasp the key points and actively mobilize the public.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

19

Turner, John. "A Land Fit for Tories to Live In: The Political Ecology of the British Conservative Party, 1944–94." Contemporary European History 4, no. 2 (1995): 189–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777300003386.

Full text

Abstract:

Although the industrialised West has seen since the 1970s a very marked leaning to the right both in government and in popular politics, the experience of the British Conservative Party has been unique. The party can trace a continuous existence to the reconstruction of the King's government by William Pitt the Younger in 1784, and is probably the oldest political organisation in the world: far older, indeed, than most sovereign states. In two centuries of life it has transformed itself from the party of monarchy, aristocracy and the Established Church into a highly successful practitioner of mass politics. It has been in government, either as the sole party of government or as the dominant partner in coalition, for seventy years in the last hundred, and thirty-two years in the last fifty. This remarkable political achievement can be explained at many levels; the purpose of this article is to explore just one of them. By bringing together the explanatory insights of political scientists working on electoral sociology with the records of the party in government and opposition, it is possible to discern how the Conservatives used the opportunities of government to cultivate the society which tended, and increasingly tends, to give them victory at the ballot box. This cultivation of the political environment was not exactly social engineering – a project which contemporary Conservatives emphatically reject – but in tune with the biological metaphor of the title of this paper it could be called ‘social gardening’. The first part of the article examines very briefly how political scientists have come to understand the functioning of the British electoral process since the Second World War. The second part explores the process of adaptation which has enabled the Conservative Party to dominate British politics since the war.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

20

Sun, Wanning. "From Poisonous Weeds to Endangered Species:ShenghuoTV, Media Ecology and Stability Maintenance." Journal of Current Chinese Affairs 44, no. 2 (2015): 17–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/186810261504400202.

Full text

Abstract:

The most common framework through which we understand media communication and political/social stability in China is that of hegemony and control. This characterization may have served us well in documenting how the mandate for stability often results in censorship, regulation and restriction, but it has two major faults: First, the focus on crackdowns, bans and censorship usually tells us something about what the party-state does not like, but does not convey much about what it does like. Second, it often obscures the routine ways the party-state and the market work together to shore up ideological domination and maintain stability. In this analysis of the policies, economics and content of a broad range of television programmes, I suggest that we look at the media and communication as an ideological-ecological system in order to arrive at a more nuanced understanding of the relationship between China's media practices and its ongoing objectives.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

21

Sigman, Carole. "The End of Grassroots Ecology: Political Competition and the Fate of Ecology during Perestroika, 1988-1991." Soviet and Post-Soviet Review 40, no. 2 (2013): 190–213. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18763324-04002006.

Full text

Abstract:

This article deals with the Moscow ecological groups which appeared during perestroika, like many other “informal” political clubs whose specificity was to be independent from, but tolerated by, the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU). It focuses on the effects the 1989 electoral campaign for the USSR Congress of People’s Deputies had on their evolution. The ecological issue had stirred people into action and had been more and more present on the political agenda since 1986. However it almost vanished as a significant political stake and as a nascent grassroots movement in these first contested elections, at least in Moscow. The very configuration of political interplay during this campaign incited the informal clubs and the “radical” CPSU reformers they were supporting to relegate to the background the ecological issue. Henceforth, ecological groups were confined in the margins of the political space.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

22

Helles, Rasmus, Stine Lomborg, and Signe Sophus Lai. "Infrastructures of tracking: Mapping the ecology of third-party services across top sites in the EU." New Media & Society 22, no. 11 (2020): 1957–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1461444820932868.

Full text

Abstract:

Today, websites operate in a modular fashion, outsourcing the surveillance and datafication of users to outside companies, along with security functions, video hosting, and so on. These third-party services (TPSs) function as key enablers of the web, with respect to functionality and the monetization of user activity. Departing from critical data studies and media systems analysis, the article contributes to understanding TPS infrastructures by placing these in a wider context of markets, cultural differences and regulation. Through a study of top-150 websites from the 28 EU countries, the article demonstrates how the use of TPSs varies between different parts of the region and different types of sites, and traces this variation to issues of language, regulatory traditions and differences in online businesses. These insights may inform current debates about surveillance capitalism and big data, by linking different forms of commodification of users’ behavioural data to broader social and cultural structures.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

23

Veljanovska, Svetlana. "Environmental policy in the programs of political parties in Macedonia." Journal of Process Management. New Technologies 9, no. 1 (2021): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/jouproman9-30168.

Full text

Abstract:

This paper aims to analyze whether, how much and in what way environmental policies are developed in the programs of political parties in Macedonia. The paper will initially develop the terms party, party program and policies in the field of ecology. The central topic of the paper is the environmental policy in the programs of the parties and their systematization in terms of the topics on which they base their policies. The author will try to contribute to the typology of parties in terms of their attitude towards environmental issues.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

24

Hsu, Carolyn L., and Yuzhou Jiang. "An Institutional Approach to Chinese NGOs: State Alliance versus State Avoidance Resource Strategies." China Quarterly 221 (February 17, 2015): 100–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741014001568.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractThis article uses an institutional approach to examine Chinese NGOs as an emerging organizational field. In mature organizational fields, the organizations are powerfully constrained to follow the institutional practices of that field. However, in an emerging organizational field, the institutionalized constraints are not yet established, so actors can try out a wide range of practices. Some of these practices will become the new “rules of the game” of the organizational field when it is established. The content of these rules will shape the relationship between NGOs and the Chinese party-state for future generations. We find that a Chinese NGO's resource strategy is shaped by two interacting factors. First, NGOs operate in an evolving ecology of opportunity. Second, the social entrepreneurs who lead Chinese NGOs perceive that ecology of opportunity through the lens of their personal experiences, beliefs and expertise. As a result, the initial strategies of the organizations in our sample were strongly influenced by the institutional experience of their founders. Former state bureaucrats built NGOs around alliances with party-state agencies. In contrast, NGO founders that had no party-state experience usually avoided the state and sought areas away from government control/attention, such as the internet or private business.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

25

Raymond, Christopher D. "The organizational ecology of ethnic cleavages: The nonlinear effects of ethnic diversity on party system fragmentation." Electoral Studies 37 (March 2015): 109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electstud.2014.12.001.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

26

VAN NOORDWIJK, Maria A., and Carel P. VAN SCHAIK. "The Hidden Costs of Sociality: Intra-Group Variation in Feeding Strategies in Sumatran Long-Tailed Macaques (Macaca Fascicularis)." Behaviour 99, no. 3-4 (1986): 296–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853986x00595.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractGroups of long-tailed macaques (Macaca fascicularis) are often fissioned into a large main party and one or more small parties. We studied the size and composition of the main party in relation to fruit supply and the ecology of the various age-sex categories in order to establish the cause of this fissioning. The size of the main party varied not only because the size of available fruit trees varied but also because the various age-sex categories were so different in their feeding strategies that they sometimes went separate ways. Our observations suggest that body size and sex profoundly affected food requirements and the risks attached to leaving the main party. We concluded that adult females left the main party mainly to escape from feeding competition and attempted to reduce travel time when they had infants so as to minimise the costs of carrying infants. Males, by contrast, left above all because of their different food requirements; subadult males left to eat more fruit than the others, adult males mainly to eat bigger fruit than the others. This intra-group variation in feeding strategies constitutes a usually hidden cost to sociality.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

27

Call, Josep, Filippo Aureli, and Frans B. M. de Waal. "Postconflict third-party affiliation in stumptailed macaques." Animal Behaviour 63, no. 2 (2002): 209–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/anbe.2001.1908.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

28

Fessler, Daniel M. T., and C. David Navarrete. "Third-party attitudes toward sibling incest." Evolution and Human Behavior 25, no. 5 (2004): 277–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2004.05.004.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

29

Ohtsubo, Yohsuke, Fumiko Masuda, Esuka Watanabe, and Ayumi Masuchi. "Dishonesty invites costly third-party punishment." Evolution and Human Behavior 31, no. 4 (2010): 259–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.evolhumbehav.2009.12.007.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

30

Weaver, Thomas. "Changes in Forestry Policy, Production, and the Environment in Northern Mexico: 1960--2000." Journal of Political Ecology 7, no. 1 (2000): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2458/v7i1.21544.

Full text

Abstract:

Despite increasingly more comprehensive policies for forest management, the last forty years in Mexico has witnessed a continuing pattern of mismanagement. While some have pointed a ﬁnger at underlying factors such as population growth and poverty, focusing on these factors tend to “blame the victim.” Political elements such as a centralized government, a dominant political party, an authoritarian political party, corruption, laws with no enforcement, short range plans and investments, and other structural factors also must be considered. This paper examines the policy ideology, policies, and other factors that have led to the current state of affairs. Key words: forest management, deforestation, Mexican forestry policy, political ecology, political ideology, Tarahumara, NAFTA, indigenous communities, World Bank

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

31

Arter, David. "‘It’s a Long Way from Kuusamo to Kuhmo’: Mapping Candidates’ Electoral Constituencies in the Finnish Open-List Single Preference Voting System." Political Studies Review 19, no. 3 (2021): 334–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1478929920982509.

Full text

Abstract:

This article seeks an insight into the nature of intraparty competition in an open-list single preference voting system, and it does so by analysing the distribution of votes for Centre Party candidates in the 40 or so municipalities making up the northern Finnish constituency of Oulu in each of the five general elections between 2003 and 2019. It builds on Grofman’s distinction between a geographical constituency and a candidate’s electoral constituency to map the ecology of candidate support in a constituency with (1) a larger than average district magnitude (M); (2) a significantly larger than average territorial magnitude (T); and (3) a substantially larger than average Centre party magnitude (P). Setting M, T and P within a party organisational framework, the article identifies (1) a significant disparity between levels of intraparty competition at district and sub-district levels; (2) several contextual factors that act more as disincentives than incentives to engage in personal vote seeking across the electoral district.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

32

Sørensen, Jannick Kirk, and Hilde Van den Bulck. "Public service media online, advertising and the third-party user data business: A trade versus trust dilemma?" Convergence: The International Journal of Research into New Media Technologies 26, no. 2 (2018): 421–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1354856518790203.

Full text

Abstract:

News and media web pages generate valuable consumer data, collected by third-party servers. Using longitudinal experiments, this article shows that third-party servers are active in 34 cases of European public service media (PSM) websites from 19 countries. This constitutes a pressing privacy problem in relation to GDPR and challenges the notion of PSM organizations as particularly trusted providers of media content. This has implications for their role and placement in the commercial media landscape as well as for their independency, but also for their survival in the future media landscape. Our analysis shows not only connections between the presence of advertisement and the number of third-party servers found but also a reflection of different types of European media systems. To provide a benchmark for our analysis, we also analysed 64 private media websites for the presence of third-party servers. The empirical results suggest a pressing need for discussions on whether and how PSM organizations can participate in the commercial web ecology of user data exchange and utilization, for example, for the purposes of user profiling, targeting and PSM performance measurement.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

33

Vink, Daphne N., Fiona A. Stewart, and Alex K. Piel. "Comparing Methods for Assessing Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthii) Party Size: Observations, Camera Traps, and Bed Counts from a Savanna–Woodland Mosaic in the Issa Valley, Tanzania." International Journal of Primatology 41, no. 6 (2020): 901–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10764-020-00142-x.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractStudying animal grouping behavior is important for understanding the causes and consequences of sociality and has implications for conservation. Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) party size is often assessed by counting individuals or extracted indirectly from camera trap footage or the number of nests. Little is known, however, about consistency across methods for estimating party size. We collected party size data for wild chimpanzees in the Issa valley, western Tanzania, using direct observations, camera traps, and nest counts over six years (2012–2018). We compared mean monthly party size estimates calculated using each method and found that estimates derived from direct observations were weakly positively correlated with those derived from camera traps. Estimates from nest counts were not significantly correlated with either direct observations or camera traps. Overall observed party size was significantly larger than that estimated from both camera traps and nest counts. In both the dry and wet seasons, observed party size was significantly larger than camera trap party size, but not significantly larger than nest party size. Finally, overall party size and wet season party size estimated from camera traps were significantly smaller than nest party size, but this was not the case in the dry season. Our results reveal how data collection methods influence party size estimates in unhabituated chimpanzees and have implications for comparative analysis within and across primate communities. Specifically, future work must consider how estimates were calculated before we can reliably investigate environmental influences on primate behavior.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

34

Sima, Miriam Jennifer, Theresa Matzinger, Thomas Bugnyar, and Simone Pika. "Reconciliation and third-party affiliation in carrion crows." Ethology 124, no. 1 (2017): 33–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/eth.12699.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

35

Queller, David C., and Joan E. Strassmann. "Evolutionary Conflict." Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and Systematics 49, no. 1 (2018): 73–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-ecolsys-110617-062527.

Full text

Abstract:

Evolutionary conflict occurs when two parties can each affect a joint phenotype, but they gain from pushing it in opposite directions. Conflicts occur across many biological levels and domains but share many features. They are a major source of biological maladaptation. They affect biological diversity, often increasing it, at almost every level. Because opponents create selection that can be strong, persistent, and malevolent, conflict often leads to accelerated evolution and arms races. Conflicts might even drive the majority of adaptation, with pathogens leading the way as selective forces. The evolution of conflicts is complex, with outcomes determined partly by the relative evolvability of each party and partly by the kinds of power that each evolves. Power is a central issue in biology. In addition to physical strength and weapons, it includes strength from numbers and complexity; abilities to bind and block; advantageous timing; and abilities to acquire, use, and distort information.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

36

Zhou, Caihua. "Game Theory-Based Analysis of Local Governments’ Behavioral Dissimilation in the Third-Party Soil Pollution Control under Chinese-Style Fiscal Decentralization." Land 10, no. 4 (2021): 389. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10040389.

Full text

Abstract:

The participation of a third party of the environmental service enterprise theoretically increases the level and efficiency of soil pollution control in China. However, Chinese-style fiscal decentralization may have a negative impact on the behaviors of participants, especially the local government. First, this paper conducts a positioning analysis on participants of the third-party soil pollution control in China and discusses the behavioral dissimilation of the local government under fiscal decentralization. Second, taking the government’s third-party soil pollution control as a case, a two-party game model of the central government and the local government is established around the principal-agent relationship, and a tripartite game model of the central government, the local government, and the third-party enterprise is designed around the collusion between the local government and the third-party enterprise. The results show that Chinese-style fiscal decentralization may lead to the behavioral dissimilation of local governments, that is, they may choose not to implement or passively implement the third-party control, and choose to conspire with third-party enterprises. Improving the benefits from implementing the third-party control of local governments and third-party enterprises, enhancing the central government’s supervision probability and capacity, and strengthening the central government’s punishment for behavioral dissimilation are conducive to the implementation of the third-party soil pollution control. Finally, this study puts forward policy suggestions on dividing the administrative powers between the central and local government in third-party control, building appraisal systems for the local government’s environmental protection performance, constructing environmental regulation mechanisms involving the government, market and society, and formulating the incentive and restraint policies for the participants in the third-party soil pollution control.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

37

Lemche, Jennifer, and James Miller. "Global Capital, Local Conservation, and Ecological Civilization: The Tiejia Ecology Temple and the Chinese Daoist Association’s Green Agenda." Religions 10, no. 10 (2019): 580. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rel10100580.

Full text

Abstract:

Since 1995, the Chinese Daoist Association (CDA) has pursued a green agenda through the publication of declarations, statements and an eight year plan. This agenda has been aided in part by its engagement with global environmental discourse as mediated in particular by the Alliance for Religions and Conservation (ARC). Through its collaboration with ARC and a Dutch businessman, Allerd Stickert, the CDA built its first “ecology temple” in Shaanxi Province and convened its first ecological conference there. Analysis of these declarations and activities reveals an increasing globalization and juridification of environmental discourse in Chinese Daoist temples. In this way the issue of ecology presents further opportunities for the CDA, and by extension the Communist Party of China (CPC), to enhance their supervision of local religious activities.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

38

Xueying, Liu, and Li Qiang. "“Three-Education” mode of Civil Engineering talents Based on “Double Chain Fusion”." E3S Web of Conferences 253 (2021): 03026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125303026.

Full text

Abstract:

The core of developing application-oriented undergraduate education is to create a first-rate ecology that is most conducive to the cultivation of undergraduate talents. Based on the education chain and industrial chain, the civil engineering talent cultivation mode of moral education, practical education and innovative education is constructed. The national excellent party building model branch has been established, and the “model worker” training studio has been set up to play the leading role of party building education. Engineering experience, scientific research experience and other practical education methods are explored. Innovation education mechanism of teaching practice, innovation activities, and science and technology service has been constructed. The results show that the model enables students to succeed, enterprises to improve economic efficiency and market competitiveness, and teachers to benefit a lot.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

39

Emmert, M., and A. Schneck. "Optimisation of water extraction considering water demands of water supply, agriculture and ecology." Water Supply 3, no. 3 (2003): 289–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2003.0038.

Full text

Abstract:

For drinking water supply in the Donauried area (52 km2) approximately 950 l/s groundwater are abstracted from 6 catchment plants with 220 wells. In the Donauried also intensive farming and several natural parks with valuable but drained lower moors are located so that many conflicts have arisen around the water. In a joint research project the goal is to manage the 6 plants' water demands, hydrology and season to achieve a water-optimum for each party. That is to have enough water for water supply, to guarantee farming without affecting groundwater quality and to rewet the lower moors. This task is solved by developing an optimisation algorithm that is based on a numerical groundwater flow model taking into account the water demands of all parties.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

40

Barneah, O., I. Brickner, M. Hooge, V. M. Weis, T. C. LaJeunesse, and Y. Benayahu. "Three party symbiosis: acoelomorph worms, corals and unicellular algal symbionts in Eilat (Red Sea)." Marine Biology 151, no. 4 (2007): 1215–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00227-006-0563-2.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

41

Kitschelt, Herbert. "Organization and Strategy of Belgian and West German Ecology Parties: A New Dynamic of Party Politics in Western Europe?" Comparative Politics 20, no. 2 (1988): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/421663.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

42

Harrowfield, David L., and Bill Alp. "The diet and incidence of scurvy and adopted preventative measures in the two branches of Shackleton’s Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition 1914–1917." Polar Record 55, no. 2 (2019): 82–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247419000238.

Full text

Abstract:

AbstractSir Ernest Henry Shackleton’s Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition (ITAE) 1914–1917, consisted of two parties – a Weddell Sea party led by Shackleton with Endurance, and a supporting Ross Sea depot-laying party, led by Captain Aeneas L.A. Mackintosh with Aurora. The purpose of this research paper is to consider why the Ross Sea party contracted scurvy and the Weddell Sea party did not. The authors suggest that for the Ross Sea shore party there was ineffectual leadership, insufficient medical care and sledging with excessive loads, and an inadequate diet for sledging, in both energy and vitamin C content. In their second season, depletion of vitamin C was again evident with one person dying. The Weddell Sea party, ably led by Shackleton, not only faced the arduous task of sledging heavy stores and moving camps in thick snow, but also had to haul three boats over pressure ridges, before reaching open water and rowing to Elephant Island. Here, the men lived almost exclusively on a fresh meat diet and were not affected by scurvy. This is the final paper for the trilogy commemorating the Ross Sea party centenary (the others are Harrowfield, 2013, 2015).

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

43

Mallikarjun, Amritha, Emily Shroads, and Rochelle S. Newman. "The cocktail party effect in the domestic dog (Canis familiaris)." Animal Cognition 22, no. 3 (2019): 423–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10071-019-01255-4.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

44

Schroeter, B., T. G. A. Green, and R. D. Seppelt. "The history of Granite House and the western geological party of Scott's Terra Nova expedition." Polar Record 29, no. 170 (1993): 219–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247400018520.

Full text

Abstract:

ABSTRACTIn summer 1911—1912, during Robert Falcon Scott's Terra Nova expedition (1910–1913) a field party of four men led by the geologist Griffith Taylor surveyed the coast and hinterland of Victoria Land, Antarctica. During their stay at Cape Geology (77°00'S, 162°35'E), Granite Harbour, the members of the ‘western geological party’ built Granite House, a rock shelter used as a kitchen. The field party finished its work in the Granite Harbour region in the second week of January 1912, but heavy sea ice prevented Terra Nova from reaching the prearranged meeting point at the entrance to the bay. Faced with the possibility of being trapped for the winter, the party left Granite Harbour and travelled overland back toward the winter quarters on Ross Island. One month later the party was picked up by Terra Nova and was returned safely to Cape Evans. During an expedition to Granite Harbour in January-February 1992, the authors discovered an 80-year-old note left by the field party in a cigarette tin in the vicinity of Granite House. Dated 14 January 1912, the note was written by Taylor to Lieutenant H.L.L. Pennell, the skipper of Terra Nova, to let him know that the party had left for Cape Roberts. Granite House is a significant relic of the ‘heroic era’ and merits protection.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

45

FESSLER, D., and C. NAVARRETE. "Third-party attitudes toward sibling incestEvidence for Westermarck's hypotheses." Evolution and Human Behavior 25, no. 5 (2004): 277–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1090-5138(04)00040-6.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

46

Cai, Ting, Yuxin Wu, Hui Lin, and Yu Cai. "Blockchain-Empowered Big Data Sharing for Internet of Things." International Journal of Web Services Research 18, no. 1 (2021): 58–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijwsr.2021010104.

Full text

Abstract:

A recent study predicts that by 2025, up to 75 billion internet of things (IoT) devices will be connected to the internet, in which data sharing is increasingly needed by massive IoT applications as a major driver of the IoT market. However, how to meet the interests of all participants in complex multi-party interactive data sharing while providing secure data control and management is the main challenge in building an IoT data sharing ecosystem. In this article, the authors propose a blockchain-empowered data sharing architecture that supports secure data monitoring and manageability in complex multi-party interactions of IoT systems. First, to build trust among different data sharing parties, the authors apply blockchain technologies to IoT data sharing. In particular, on-chain/off-chain collaboration and sharding consensus process are used to improve the efficiency and scalability of the large-scale blockchain-empowered data sharing systems. In order to encourage IoT parties to actively participate in the construction of shared ecology, the authors use an iterative double auction mechanism in the proposed architecture to maximize the social welfare of all parties as a case-study. Finally, simulation results show that the proposed incentive algorithm can optimize data allocations for each party and maximize the social welfare while protecting the privacy of all parties.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

47

Fofanova, Anna R. "United States Democratic Party and the 2020 Presidential Election: The Main Candidates, Topics and Features of the Election Rhetoric." REGIONOLOGY 27, no. 3 (2019): 398–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.15507/2413-1407.107.027.201903.398-412.

Full text

Abstract:

Introduction. The article is of relevance due to the beginning of the active phase of the race for the right to become the Democratic Party’s nominee for the 2020 United States presidential election. The range of issues, topics and features of the election rhetoric of the Democrats will largely determine the outcome of the 2020 election and therefore will influence the subsequent development of the United States. The objective of the study is to analyze the political rhetoric of the major Democratic Party presidential candidates and the political trends among the ranks of the Democrats, taking place against the backdrop of the election campaign. Materials and Methods. The study was based on the methods of empirical analysis, such as description, synthesis, analogy, classification, and comparison, which made it possible to consider the main characteristics and topics of the political rhetoric of members of the United States Democratic Party. Publications in the media, recordings of public speeches of the Democratic Party members, statistics, sociological polls, and research by Russian and foreign scientists were used as the materials for the study. Results. The author has identified the main topics and features of the election rhetoric of the Democratic Party presidential candidates. Issues of public health, education, and ecology have become central topics for the potential Democratic presidential candidates, which is largely due to a significant shift to the left and the role of the left-wing Democrats in the electoral process. The study has revealed a significant degree of political disintegration in the Democratic Party. The major challenge the Democrats are faced with today is to nominate a candidate who will be able to fight back the energetic rhetoric of Donald Trump, retain the traditional electorate of the Democratic Party, and attract new supporters. Discussion and Conclusion. The research results provide an insight into the processes taking place in the Democratic Party at the stage of nominating the Democratic presidential candidate. The data presented in the article will be useful to researchers interested in the history and politics of the United States. The study conducted makes it possible to better understand the current trends in American domestic policies, which largely determine the state of affairs in international relations.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

48

Stephan, Claudia. "Third-Party Intervention in Wild Western Lowland Gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla)." International Journal of Primatology 40, no. 6 (2019): 592–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10764-019-00123-9.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

49

Harrowfield, David L. "‘For the sake of science and country’: the Ross Sea party 1914–1917." Polar Record 51, no. 4 (2014): 343–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0032247414000795.

Full text

Abstract:

ABSTRACTIn December 1913 Sir Ernest Shackleton released a prospectus and announced The Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition. His goal was to undertake the first crossing of Antarctica from the Weddell Sea via the polar plateau to McMurdo Sound on the Ross Sea. The journey had already been attempted by Wilhelm Filchner whose shipDeutschland, had become beset in the Weddell Sea ice for nine months in 1912. Shackleton aimed ‘to make all possible scientific observations on [the Trans-Antarctic] journey; to carry on similar work by parties operating from the two bases on the Weddell and Ross Seas [and] to carry on scientific work, and travel unknown portions of the coastline, by the two ships of the expedition’(Shackleton 1913: 3). WithEndurancea continental crossing party of six led by Shackleton would begin from the Weddell Sea and a supporting depot laying party led byNimrodveteran Lieutenant Aeneas L.A. Mackintosh RNR, with the auxiliary barquentineAurorabased in McMurdo Sound. Unbeknown to each party, both experienced problems beyond their control.Endurancewas holed and sank in the Weddell Sea andAuroralocked in ice, although damaged, reached New Zealand. Here the ship was repaired and then undertook a relief expedition with Shackleton as a passenger, to McMurdo Sound. In spite of these major setbacks each party conducted valuable scientific observations.When Shackleton published his bookSouth(Shackleton 1919) on the expedition, compiled with New Zealand journalist and friend Edward Saunders, with exception of accounts on the Ross Sea party sledging and drift of the shipAurora, no recognition was given to work undertaken by the four Ross Sea party scientists and an assistant. Later publications have focused on the depot-laying, while books on Antarctic science have largely overlooked the science undertaken.The purpose of this paper is to make this better known, and to give credit to the four scientists involved. The science conducted although primarily concerned with meteorological observations, also covers limited glaciological observations including the ablation of lake ice, solution of glacier ice in salt water, tidal recordings, collection of zoological and other specimens, along with the use of improvised equipment to undertake observations. The science achieved was secondary to the field work. The Ross Sea party science was done however, under conditions not normally conducive for such field work with health issues a major contributing factor. A lack of funding, equipment, personality problems, concern forAuroraand crew, uncertainty of Shackleton's Antarctic crossing and their own relief, led to depression, sleeplessness and insomnia.

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

50

Miranda, L. E. "Catch Rates Relative to Angler Party Size with Implications for Monitoring Angler Success." Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 134, no. 4 (2005): 1005–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1577/t04-171.1.

Full text

APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Journal articles on the topic 'Ecology Party'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles