Academic literature on the topic 'Ecology : Woodland resources : Zimbabwe'
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Journal articles on the topic "Ecology : Woodland resources : Zimbabwe"
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Sprengelmeyer, Quentin D., Suzan Mansourian, Jeremy D. Lange, Daniel R. Matute, Brandon S. Cooper, Erling V. Jirle, Marcus C. Stensmyr, and John E. Pool. "Recurrent Collection of Drosophila melanogaster from Wild African Environments and Genomic Insights into Species History." Molecular Biology and Evolution 37, no. 3 (November 15, 2019): 627–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/molbev/msz271.
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Abstract A long-standing enigma concerns the geographic and ecological origins of the intensively studied vinegar fly, Drosophila melanogaster. This globally distributed human commensal is thought to originate from sub-Saharan Africa, yet until recently, it had never been reported from undisturbed wilderness environments that could reflect its precommensal niche. Here, we document the collection of 288 D. melanogaster individuals from multiple African wilderness areas in Zambia, Zimbabwe, and Namibia. The presence of D. melanogaster in these remote woodland environments is consistent with an ancestral range in southern-central Africa, as opposed to equatorial regions. After sequencing the genomes of 17 wilderness-collected flies collected from Kafue National Park in Zambia, we found reduced genetic diversity relative to town populations, elevated chromosomal inversion frequencies, and strong differences at specific genes including known insecticide targets. Combining these genomes with existing data, we probed the history of this species’ geographic expansion. Demographic estimates indicated that expansion from southern-central Africa began ∼13,000 years ago, with a Saharan crossing soon after, but expansion from the Middle East into Europe did not begin until roughly 1,800 years ago. This improved model of demographic history will provide an important resource for future evolutionary and genomic studies of this key model organism. Our findings add context to the history of D. melanogaster, while opening the door for future studies on the biological basis of adaptation to human environments.
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Jeffrey Kurebwa. "Women's Access and Control over Woodland and Water Resources in Rural Zimbabwe." African Conflict and Peacebuilding Review 7, no. 1 (2017): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2979/africonfpeacrevi.7.1.02.
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Campbell, B. M., R. N. Cunliffe, and J. Gambiza. "Vegetation structure and small-scale pattern in Miombo Woodland, Marondera, Zimbabwe." Bothalia 25, no. 1 (October 9, 1995): 121–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v25i1.721.
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The aim ol this paper is to describe woodland structure and small-scale patterning of woody plants at a miombo site, and to relate these to past disturbance and soil properties. Brachystegia spiciformis Benth. and Julbemardia globiflora (Benth.) Troupin were the most frequent woody plants at the five hectare site, with size-class distributions which were markedly skewed towards the smaller size classes. The vegetation structure at the site and the increase in basal area over the past thirty years point to considerable disturbance prior to the present protected status. Six woodland subtypes were identified, grouped into two structural types: open and closed woodland. The distribution of woodland subtypes related closely to certain soil properties. It was hypothesized that the distribution of open and closed woodland is stable and a positive feedback mechanism by which this occurs is postulated.
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Mapaure, I. "A floristic classification of the vegetation of a forest-savanna boundary in southeastern Zimbabwe." Bothalia 27, no. 2 (October 8, 1997): 185–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/abc.v27i2.680.
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The vegetation of Chirinda Forest boundary was classified into eight types using Two-way Indicator Species Analysis (TWINSPAN) and Detrended Correspondence Analysis (DCA). The moist forest comprises three types: Strychnos mellodora-Chrysophyllum gonmgosanum Forest on deep dolerite soils; Chrysophyllum gorungosanum-Myrianthus holstii Forest on shallow dolerite soils; and Teclea iiobilis-Ehretia cymosa Forest on drier, but deep dolerite soils. The non-forest vegetation comprises five types: Themeda triandra Grassland on shallow dolerite soils; Psidium guajava Bushland on sandstone; Bridelia micrantha-Harungana madagascariensis Mixed Woodland not restricted to any one particular soil type; Acacia karroo- Heteropyxis dehniae Woodland on shallow soils derived from sandstone but sometimes on dolerite; and Julbemardia globiflora-Brachystegia spiciformis (Miombo) Woodland on sandstone.
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Tingle, Colin C. D., Sasha Lauer, and Geoffrey Armstrong. "Dry season, epigeal invertebrate fauna of mopane woodland in northwestern Zimbabwe." Journal of Arid Environments 23, no. 4 (November 1992): 397–414. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-1963(18)30613-x.
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Dunham, Kevin M. "Litterfall, nutrient-fall and production in an Acacia albida woodland in Zimbabwe." Journal of Tropical Ecology 5, no. 2 (May 1989): 227–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467400003515.
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ABSTRACTLitterfall was recorded for one year in Acacia albida woodland in Mana Pools National Park, Zimbabwe. Leaves fell throughout the year, but leaf-fall rate peaked in the wet season. Litterfall was 1.5 t ha−1 year−1, comprising 50% leaves, 20% fruits, 17% ‘fine’ material (mainly frass), 4% flowers and 9% wood and bark. Net above ground production by A. albida trees was 1.7 t ha−1 year−1, including leaf production of 1.0 t ha−1 year−1, twig production of 0.3 t ha-1 year−1 and fruit production of 0.3 t ha−1 year−1. Insects consumed about 26% of leaf production. Net above ground herbaceous production was estimated from rainfall data using regression equations: it was 6.8 t ha−1 year−1 for annual grasses and 2.8 t ha−1 year−1 for forbs. Net above ground primary production in A. albida woodland was 11.3 t ha−1 year−1. The seasonal variations in the nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, magnesium and calcium concentrations of different A. albida litter components were recorded. The estimated falls of N, P, K, Ca and Mg were 31.1, 2.1, 9.8, 15.0 and 3.4 kg ha−1 year−1 respectively.
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McCall, C., and R. B. Primack. "Resources limit the fecundity of three woodland herbs." Oecologia 71, no. 3 (February 1987): 431–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00378717.
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CAMPBELL, B. M., J. R. A. BUTLER, I. MAPAURE, S. J. VERMEULEN, and P. MASHOVE. "Elephant damage and safari hunting in Pterocarpus angolensis woodland in northwestern Matabeleland, Zimbabwe." African Journal of Ecology 34, no. 4 (December 1996): 380–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.1996.tb00633.x.
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Mwabvu, T. "The density and distribution of millipedes on termite mounds in miombo woodland, Zimbabwe." African Journal of Ecology 43, no. 4 (December 2005): 400–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2028.2005.00602.x.
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Linzey, A. V., and M. H. Kesner. "Small mammals of a woodland-savannah ecosystem in Zimbabwe. II. Community structure." Journal of Zoology 243, no. 1 (September 1997): 153–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-7998.1997.tb05761.x.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Ecology : Woodland resources : Zimbabwe"
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McGregor, JoAnn. "Woodland resources : ecology, policy and ideology : an historical case study of woodland use in Shurugwi communal area, Zimbabwe." Thesis, Online version, 1991. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?did=2&uin=uk.bl.ethos.314522.
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Grundy, Isla Mary. "Regeneration and management of Brachystegia spiciformis Benth. and Julbernardia globiflora (Benth.) Troupin in Miombo woodland, Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1995. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:2207086c-328c-4200-a243-f1391be3b1ce.
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Miombo is dry deciduous woodland dominated by leguminous tree species, covering a significant area of Africa south of the equator, including large parts of Angola, Malawi, Mozambique, Tanzania, Zaire, Zambia and Zimbabwe. This woodland type reaches its driest, most species-poor limit in Zimbabwe. Brachystegia spiciformis and Julbernardia globiflora are the two main dominants of the drier form of miombo. Miombo woodland represents a rich and diverse resource base for small-scale farmers throughout the region, the importance of which has been ignored in the past by managers and policy-makers. The development of sustainable management strategies for this resource has therefore been hampered by a lack of knowledge. For this reason, the overall objective of this research was to define the basis for sustainable management of these woodlands, firstly by developing techniques for measuring biomass and monitoring woody growth; secondly, by examining the effect of site conditions on productivity; and thirdly, by investigating biological and social aspects of the management of these woodlands. This research has found that good estimations of standing wood biomass of these two species can be derived from diameter and stem length measurements, thus providing woodland managers with a means of assessing the standing stock. The finding that B. spiciformis forms annual rings can be used in ageing the trees, projecting future yields more accurately, as well as monitoring the effects of management on growth. In the investigation of the effects of climatic and edaphic conditions on tree growth, soil depth was found to have the greatest influence, followed by mean annual rainfall and clay content. Dominant height was found to be the best morphological variable to estimate site potential, in the absence of detailed studies of soil characteristics. The experimental findings from silvicultural trials have important implications for management. Regrowth from coppice stools was vigorous even in dry years, and greatest from medium to large stools. Productivity in general was extremely variable, both of coppiced and uncoppiced trees, due to site effects. The most productive sites are also potentially the best for agriculture and are therefore unlikely to be left exclusively for woodland management. The silvicultural techniques of coppice reduction and water harvesting were not found to enhance coppice regrowth. Browsing by livestock was found to severely reduce coppice regrowth, particularly of J. globiflora, at least in the initial stages, so that protection from browsing in the first year or two after felling is recommended if maximum regrowth is desired. An assessment of the use and management of the indigenous wood resources in a resettlement area in central Zimbabwe suggests that the present harvesting of wood products is unsustainable, due largely to the lack of any woodland management policy for these areas. Local villagers feel powerless to exclude outsiders from their resource, and thus the incentives to manage it sustainably are low. Major changes in government legislation are necessary to alter this situation. In the interim, resource-sharing schemes are suggested as a method of improving the sustainability of use. Some of the results reported here have a direct application in miombo management; these are summarised at the end of this work in the form of guidelines for management. Others identify the need for further work to expand these initial findings. One of the outcomes of this research has been the reminder of how little is known of the appropriate management of this important vegetation type.
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Pritchard, Rosemary Claire. "Woodland transitions and rural livelihoods : an interdisciplinary case study of Wedza Mountain, Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/31427.
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Tropical woodlands play a key role in the livelihoods of rural communities in southern Africa, but exist in contexts of constant ecological and socioeconomic change. With research into tropical woodlands neglected compared to tropical forests, it is important to improve understanding of the consequences of tropical woodland change for rural wellbeing. The aim of this thesis is to examine the dynamic interactions between woodland change and rural livelihoods through an interdisciplinary case study of a miombo woodland landscape on and around Wedza Mountain, Zimbabwe. The thesis is organised into three parts addressing: (1) the patterns of land use intensity and provisioning ecosystem service availability around Wedza Mountain; (2) the importance of environmental resources in rural income portfolios and hazard coping strategies; and (3) the adequacy of ecosystem service literature in representing the environmental values of rural African communities. The first part of this thesis explores patterns of land use and woodland structure on the woodland cover gradient around Wedza Mountain. In Chapter 2 I characterise land use intensity in the six study villages using a new method of calculating human appropriation of net primary productivity (HANPP) at the village scale. Use of this approach indicates that previous studies have underestimated land use intensity in African small-scale farming areas, with village-scale HANPP estimates in Wedza ranging from 48% to 113% of total potential annual NPP as compared to 18 to 38% in published studies. In Chapter 3 I combine woodland survey data with a quantitative ethnobotanical assessment of the use values of woody species and demonstrate that per-household availability of provisioning ecosystem services declines with declining relative tree cover. These findings also suggest that more deforested villages have reduced diversity of ethnospecies underlying service provision, with ramifications for service resilience and livelihood option values in response to future change. The focus of the second part of the thesis is on the role of woodland resources in rural livelihoods. In Chapter 4 I quantify the contribution of environmental income to the total income portfolios of 91 households and show that lower village woodland cover is not associated with reduced livelihood diversity, in part because a large proportion of environmental income is derived from degraded woodland or non-woodland environments. In Chapter 5 I assess the importance of environmental resources for coping with hazard exposures, drawing on recall of past exposure responses and a survey exercise weighting the elements of coping strategy portfolios in response to varying shock scenarios. Synthesis of these data sets indicates that environmental resources represent an important safety net in coping with interacting covariate and idiosyncratic hazard exposures. The third part of the thesis consists of critical reflection, firstly on the adequacy of current ecosystem services research in southern Africa landscapes and secondly on this specific research project. In Chapter 6 I identify the value discourses which are most dominant across 356 peer-reviewed papers adopting an ecosystem services approach to miombo landscape research, and contrast these with the environmental values of study communities in Wedza District. Through this I show that the current ecosystem service literature is failing to represent rural African social and spiritual imaginaries of landscapes, with potentially serious consequences for the efficacy and equity of landscape management interventions. In Chapter 7 I examine some of the methodological and ethical challenges encountered during this research project through a discussion of the relationships between researcher, research assistant and respondents in an interdisciplinary field research context. Finally, in Chapter 8 I synthesise the key messages from the thesis, and conclude by discussing the implications of our findings for understanding of how future change will impact the resilience and vulnerability of savanna woodland socioecological systems.
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Shaffer, James D. "FACTORS INFLUENCING THE ESTABLISHMENT AND SURVIVAL OF NATIVE HARDWOOD TREE SEEDLINGS OF THE KENTUCKY INNER BLUEGRASS BLUE ASH-OAK SAVANNA-WOODLAND." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/biology_etds/15.
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Historically, the Kentucky Inner Bluegrass blue ash-oak savanna-woodland was the primary ecosystem of the Inner Bluegrass Region (IBR) of Kentucky. After European settlement, the majority (>99%) of Bluegrass savanna was converted to agricultural and urban land uses. Currently remnant savanna tree species are failing to recruit. Therefore, a long-term restoration ecology project researching competition and disturbance on seedling establishment, survival, and growth has been established at Griffith Woods (the largest remaining savanna in Kentucky) in Harrison Co., KY. Fourteen native hardwood tree species (a total of 6,168 seedlings) have been experimentally planted. Light, soil, surrounding vegetation, and herbivory, factors thought to influence seedling survival, have been initially assessed. Results show that soils differed spatially in P, Ca, Mg, Zn, pH, N percent and soil organic matter percent. Light was significantly reduced by diffusive filtering through vegetation. Vegetation biomass was influenced by pH and Mg. Initial seedling survival was high, but significantly differed by species type, location, and soil pH, Mg, and Zn. This research demonstrates that under a similar range of conditions, native hardwood tree seedling establishment is possible. Therefore, the potential exists to restore Bluegrass savanna-woodland in order to return proper ecological functioning into a degraded landscape.
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Walters, Michael John. "Effect of season and type of fire on Colophospermum mopane woodland in the south-eastern lowveld of Zimbabwe." Thesis, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/10244.
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The majority of the vegetation types occurring on Malilangwe Estate, in the south-eastern lowveld
of Zimbabwe, are dominated by Colophospermum mopane (mopane). Over the past 30-50 years
the stand density of these mopane vegetation types has increased, and an investigation was
undertaken to determine the effect of season of burning and type of fire on mopane woodlands.
From this study the following was ascertained:
1) A single predictive equation cannot be used over all seasons to estimate standing crop
(fuel load) using the standard disc pasture meter procedure. The calibration equations developed
using this procedure accounted for between 39 and 72% of the variation in standing crop,
illustrating the high variation in basal cover of the grass sward, as well as the variation between
months. Although the revised procedure, developed for areas with low basal cover, accounts for
a lot more of the variation in standing crop, this procedure was not used to estimate standing crop
over the study period because the calibration equation covered a number of vegetation types, and
was not specific to the mopane woodlands.
2) Standing crop tracks effective rainfall (monthly rainfall divided by monthly pan
evaporation) closely, with a lag period of less than one month. Standing crop can be estimated
using a predictive equation that utilizes effective rainfall from the previous month. There is a
positive relationship between peak standing crop and rainfall. A predictive equation was developed
to estimate peak standing crop, using annual rainfall. Standing crop declines through the dry
season as effective rainfall decreases, and this 'decrease function' allows for the estimation of the
standing crop for a particular month, after peak standing crop is reached.
3) Two leaf quantification equations were developed for mopane trees in the south-eastern
lowveld of Zimbabwe, one for coppicing and for non-coppicing individuals. These allow for the
estimation of leaf dry mass from measured canopy volume.
4) There was no significant difference between the fire intensities attained for the three
seasons of burning. Over all seasons, head fires were significantly more intense than back fires.
5) Percentage topkill after late dry season burns was significantly higher than topkill after
early dry season burns. There was no significant difference between mid and late dry season
burns, and head fires led to significantly more topkill than back fires. Plants < 150 cm
experienced significantly more topkill (80 %) than did individuals > 150 cm (44%). 6) Fire per se led to an increase in stand density over all seasons and types of fire, but this
change was not significant. Fire did not influence the nett recruitment of new individuals. Height
class one (0-50 cm) and three (151-350 cm) were impacted most by fire. This reflects a change
in tree structure, with an increase in the amount of leaf material in height class three, and a
subsequent decrease in the amount of material in height class one.
7) The effect of season of burning on the change in tree height was significant, whereas
the effect of type of fire was not significant. All treatments, except early dry season back fires,
led to a reduction in tree height, whereas trees in the no burn areas increased in height.
8) Burning in any season, and implementing either type of fire, led to an increase in the
number of stems. Mid dry season burns led to the highest increase in number of stems. However,
the more intense the fire the smaller the increase in number of stems.
9) All three seasons of burning (head and back fires) led to a significant decrease in
maximum canopy diameter per tree, while the maximum canopy diameter of trees in the no burn
areas increased. Mid dry season burns resulted in the greatest decrease in canopy diameter.
10) The effect of burning on the change in leaf dry mass per tree was highly significant.
All three seasons of burning led to a decrease in leaf dry mass, while there was no difference
between head and back fires. Leaf dry mass in the control areas increased however. High fire
intensities led to the greatest decrease in leaf dry mass, late dry season head fires having the greatest decrease.
This study suggests that mopane plants face a constraint due to fire and/or browsing, and a
tradeoff occurs between canopy volume, canopy diameter, canopy area; and number of stems. Fire
leads to an increase in the number of stems through coppicing, while canopy volume and leaf dry
mass decreases. This decrease is either (i) a tradeoff in response to increasing stem number, or
(ii) a reduction in canopy because additional leaves on the new stems contribute to photosynthesis.
The most important response to season of burning is the altered phenophase (phenological stage)
of the plant. Early dry season burns cause the trees to be leafless during the early dry season
(when unburnt trees are carrying full leaf), and then to be in leaf at the end of the dry season
(when unburnt trees are leafless). It would appear that fire disturbance initiates leaf senescence
after burning, and then leaf expansion earlier than normal i.e the whole leaf senescence/growth process is brought forward. Trees in late dry season burn areas remain leafless at the start of the
rains, while trees in unburnt areas are carrying leaf. Being leafless these trees do not
photosynthesize during this time, and it is proposed that the grass sward is advantaged by the
reduced competition from the tree component. The consequences of these two changes in
phenophase could not be addressed in this study, but are pertinent questions that must be answered
if mopane woodland dynamics are to be more fully understood.
Management recommendations for (1) the removal of unacceptable moribund grass material, or
(2) the reduction of encroachment by woody species on Malilangwe Estate are also given. In an
attempt to combat the increase in stand density of mopane it is recommended that high intensity
head fires be implemented, when standing crop (fuel load) is sufficient and climatic conditions are
conducive to maintaining high intensity fires. These should be carried out at the end of the dry season, before the onset of the rains.Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2000.
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Twidwell, Dirac. "Extreme fire and fuel limitations drive fire effects in Juniperus woodland." 2006. http://digital.library.okstate.edu/etd/umi-okstate-2117.pdf.
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Mukwada, Geofrey. "Unlocking resources: The impact of land reform on sustainability of forest and woodland resources and rural livelihoods- The case of Mufurudzi resettlement scheme(Zimbabwe )." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10539/2047.
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Student Number : 0318769R -
PhD thesis -
School of Geography, Archaeology and Environmental Studies -
Faculty of ScienceThis thesis is about the relationship between planned resettlement, livelihoods and environmental resources in Zimbabwe. In Zimbabwean resettlement areas, assets such as human and physical capital, social networks and financial resources are often clearly insufficient to adequately provide inputs for the sustainable productive and extractive systems that are required to drive the rural economy. Due to uncertainties related to agricultural production doubts have been expressed about the benefits of state sponsored resettlement. Currently, debate is raging on whether land resettlement in Zimbabwe has yielded the intended benefits among land reform beneficiaries, with some scholars even questioning whether state sponsored resettlement is not merely an expensive way of reproducing the livelihoods of communal lands. This thesis contributes to the ongoing debate about the link between rural livelihoods and land resettlement, using the case of Mufurudzi resettlement scheme in Zimbabwe. Based on a livelihood framework, the thesis argues that in order to fully understand the relationship between land reform and livelihoods, livelihood trajectories have to be examined. In line with this thinking the thesis presents a number of arguments. First, the thesis argues that there are many theoretical frameworks for analyzing the relationship between people, resettlement and environmental resources such as forests and woodlands and the sustainable livelihood framework is just one of them. Second, resettlement does not necessarily always lead to environmental destruction. Instead resettlement provides the mechanism for unlocking the natural capital that local communities require for survival. Forest and woodland resources are one such form of natural capital. Under these circumstances access to natural capital, particularly in the form of forest and woodland resources, becomes the cornerstone of survival, notwithstanding the role that these resources play in supplying daily livelihood requirements such as food, shelter, fuel, medicines and other needs, in a harsh macro-economic environment. Apart from providing important products, forest and woodland resources also provide a mechanism through which land reform beneficiary communities can diversify their livelihoods. The key finding of this research is that despite their continual use during the past 25 years no wholesale degradation has occurred to the forest and woodland resources in Mufurudzi. Informal CBNRM is responsible for this situation.
Books on the topic "Ecology : Woodland resources : Zimbabwe"
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Fortmann, Louise. Local management of trees and woodland resources in Zimbabwe: A tenurial niche approach. [Harare]: Centre for Applied Social Sciences, University of Zimbabwe, in conjunction with Oxford Forestry Institute, Dept. of Plant Sciences, University of Oxford, 1992.
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Scoones, Ian. Woodland management in Zimbabwe: Tenure and institutions for sustainable natural resource use : a report for the Zimbabwe national policy review of forestry, tree, and woodland resources. [Harare?: s.n., 1992.
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Nhira, Calvin. Land use planning and woodland management: A case study of local control and regulatory capacity on household and communal woodland resources in Zimbabwe. Harare, Zimbabwe: Institute of Environmental Studies, University of Zimbabwe, 1998.
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Nhira, C. Land use planning and woodland management: A case study of local control and regulatory capacity on household and communal woodland resources in Zimbabwe. Harare, Zimbabwe: Institute of Environmental Studies, University of Zimbabwe, 1998.
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Zachrisson, Per. Hunting for development: People, land and wildlife in southern Zimbabwe. [Göteborg]: Göteborg University, Dept. of Social Anthropology, 2004.
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McGregor, John. Woodland resources: Ecology, policy and ideology : an historical case study of woodland use in Shurugwi Communal Area,Zimbabwe. 1991.
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Local-level economic valuation of Savanna woodland resources: Village cases from Zimbabwe. [Harare: s.n., 1994.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Ecology : Woodland resources : Zimbabwe"
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Chamaillé-Jammes, Simon, Marion Valeix, Hillary Madzikanda, and Hervé Fritz. "Surface Water and Elephant Ecology: Lessons from a Waterhole-Driven Ecosystem, Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe." In Elephants and Savanna Woodland Ecosystems, 118–31. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118858615.ch8.
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Offat, Manyanhaire Itai. "Land Reform, Tobacco Production, and Wood Resources in Zimbabwe." In Handbook of Research on In-Country Determinants and Implications of Foreign Land Acquisitions, 389–408. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-7405-9.ch020.
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This chapter explores the land reform-tobacco production-wood resources nexus using a political ecology theoretical framework. It uses secondary data sources, literature review, and onsite expert verification to estimate the quantity of wood resources used by farmers to cure tobacco. The area of forest woodland cleared to cure one hectare of tobacco increased across tobacco farming regions in Zimbabwe. Despite the fact that the country has environmental agencies and departments, farmers continue to use wood to cure tobacco in a typical clientilistic and informalisation of state institutions. The use of firewood to cure tobacco is a long-term threat to ecological sustainability. The Fast Track Land Reform Programme should incorporate sound environmental plans and avoid informalisation of state institutions.
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Milne, Bruce T., and Douglas I. Moore. "Multidecadal Drought Cycles in South-Central New Mexico: Patterns and Consequences." In Climate Variability and Ecosystem Response in Long-Term Ecological Research Sites. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195150599.003.0027.
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Extreme, regional droughts are the most common form of disturbance in semiarid ecosystems typified by relatively slow recovery rates. Drought-driven impacts can include regionally synchronized insect outbreaks, wildfires, and tree mortality (Swetnam and Betancourt 1990), as well as disastrous failures of agriculture, silviculture, and livestock production (Mainguet 1994). Drought conditions, accompanied by anthropogenic land mismanagement, have led to subsequent invasions of grasslands and farmlands by woody shrubs and nonnative forbs and grasses, contributing to the modern “desertification” process manifested in many parts of the world (Archer et al. 1988). In the American Southwest, the drought of the 1950s was one of the most severe climate events of the past millennium because of wide ramifications for the region’s ecology (Herbel et al. 1972; Swetnam and Betancourt 1998), water resources (Thomas 1963), and economy (Regensberg 1996). As human population and resource needs increase in the Southwest, so will the economic sensitivity to largescale drought. A clear understanding of extreme droughts is necessary not only to understand long-term ecosystem dynamics, but also to mitigate socioeconomic impacts. The goals of this chapter are to use the Sevilleta LTER site in central New Mexico to (1) quantify the decadal variability in precipitation inferred from a 394-year record of tree rings, (2) relate the repeated decadal fluctuations in precipitation to major droughts of the 1890s and 1950s, (3) assess the ecological responses associated with droughts of the last century, and (4) elucidate the biotic-atmospheric feed backs that may influence future responses. We assess the magnitude, timing, and consequences of decadal fluctuations in annual precipitation. The Sevilleta LTER research site is located at the Sevilleta National Wildlife Refuge (NWR), Socorro County, New Mexico (34º20' N, 106º50' W). The Sevilleta NWR comprises 100,000 ha of grassland, desert, and woodland bordered by two mountain ranges and the Rio Grande Valley in between. Elevations range from 1,350 m at the Rio Grande to 2,797 m at Ladrón Peak in the northwestern portion of the refuge. Topography, geology, soils, and hydrology, interacting with major air mass dynamics, provide a spatial and temporal template that makes the region a transition zone between several biomes. The region contains communities that both represent and intersect Great Plains Grassland, Great Basin Shrub-steppe, Chihuahuan Desert, Interior Chaparral, and Montane Coniferous Forest (Brown 1982).
Reports on the topic "Ecology : Woodland resources : Zimbabwe"
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Evans, Julie, Kendra Sikes, and Jamie Ratchford. Vegetation classification at Lake Mead National Recreation Area, Mojave National Preserve, Castle Mountains National Monument, and Death Valley National Park: Final report (Revised with Cost Estimate). National Park Service, October 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36967/nrr-2279201.
Full textAbstract:
Vegetation inventory and mapping is a process to document the composition, distribution and abundance of vegetation types across the landscape. The National Park Service’s (NPS) Inventory and Monitoring (I&M) program has determined vegetation inventory and mapping to be an important resource for parks; it is one of 12 baseline inventories of natural resources to be completed for all 270 national parks within the NPS I&M program. The Mojave Desert Network Inventory & Monitoring (MOJN I&M) began its process of vegetation inventory in 2009 for four park units as follows: Lake Mead National Recreation Area (LAKE), Mojave National Preserve (MOJA), Castle Mountains National Monument (CAMO), and Death Valley National Park (DEVA). Mapping is a multi-step and multi-year process involving skills and interactions of several parties, including NPS, with a field ecology team, a classification team, and a mapping team. This process allows for compiling existing vegetation data, collecting new data to fill in gaps, and analyzing the data to develop a classification that then informs the mapping. The final products of this process include a vegetation classification, ecological descriptions and field keys of the vegetation types, and geospatial vegetation maps based on the classification. In this report, we present the narrative and results of the sampling and classification effort. In three other associated reports (Evens et al. 2020a, 2020b, 2020c) are the ecological descriptions and field keys. The resulting products of the vegetation mapping efforts are, or will be, presented in separate reports: mapping at LAKE was completed in 2016, mapping at MOJA and CAMO will be completed in 2020, and mapping at DEVA will occur in 2021. The California Native Plant Society (CNPS) and NatureServe, the classification team, have completed the vegetation classification for these four park units, with field keys and descriptions of the vegetation types developed at the alliance level per the U.S. National Vegetation Classification (USNVC). We have compiled approximately 9,000 existing and new vegetation data records into digital databases in Microsoft Access. The resulting classification and descriptions include approximately 105 alliances and landform types, and over 240 associations. CNPS also has assisted the mapping teams during map reconnaissance visits, follow-up on interpreting vegetation patterns, and general support for the geospatial vegetation maps being produced. A variety of alliances and associations occur in the four park units. Per park, the classification represents approximately 50 alliances at LAKE, 65 at MOJA and CAMO, and 85 at DEVA. Several riparian alliances or associations that are somewhat rare (ranked globally as G3) include shrublands of Pluchea sericea, meadow associations with Distichlis spicata and Juncus cooperi, and woodland associations of Salix laevigata and Prosopis pubescens along playas, streams, and springs. Other rare to somewhat rare types (G2 to G3) include shrubland stands with Eriogonum heermannii, Buddleja utahensis, Mortonia utahensis, and Salvia funerea on rocky calcareous slopes that occur sporadically in LAKE to MOJA and DEVA. Types that are globally rare (G1) include the associations of Swallenia alexandrae on sand dunes and Hecastocleis shockleyi on rocky calcareous slopes in DEVA. Two USNVC vegetation groups hold the highest number of alliances: 1) Warm Semi-Desert Shrub & Herb Dry Wash & Colluvial Slope Group (G541) has nine alliances, and 2) Mojave Mid-Elevation Mixed Desert Scrub Group (G296) has thirteen alliances. These two groups contribute significantly to the diversity of vegetation along alluvial washes and mid-elevation transition zones.