Relevant bibliographies by topics / Economia boliviana

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  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
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Academic literature on the topic 'Economia boliviana'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Economia boliviana"

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Gonçalves, Harryson Júnio Lessa, and Antônio Hilário Aguilera Urquiza. "CURRÍCULOS INTRA/INTERCULTURAL NA BOLÍVIA: a matemática e a perspectiva pós-colonial." Cadernos de Pesquisa 24, no. 3 (December 21, 2017): 41. http://dx.doi.org/10.18764/2178-2229.v24n3p41-58.

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O artigo tem como objetivo descrever, a partir de documentos curriculares, o processo de planificação dos currículos regionalizados do Estado Plurinacional da Bolívia. Para tanto, tem como objetivos específicos: a) identificar a organização e estrutura o sistema educacional boliviano a partir de algumas características sociais, histórica e econômicas; b) identificar pressupostos teóricos que consubstanciam a reforma curricular boliviana; c) descrever a organização curricular de Matemática no ensino secundário (Ensino Médio) viabilizada pelos currículos bolivianos. A investigação foi desenvolvida a partir de documentos curriculares que, pressupomos, são pouco conhecidos no Brasil e, por isso, como estratégia para afirmação da identidade latino-americana no Brasil. Assim, o estudo foi produzido a partir de pesquisa bibliográfica (artigos sobre ensino de Matemática na Bolívia) e documental (análise de documentos e currículos oficiais da Bolívia). Desse modo, nos consubstanciamos em um referencial teórico pós-colonial. O currículo analisado nos revelou um compromisso com a educação centrada em aspectos antropológicos que toma o conhecimento como histórica e socialmente posicionado a partir da diversidade cultural, valorizando, assim, saberes providos de povos indígenas originários; percebemos, ainda, um currículo distanciado de bases conceituais e epistemológicas preconizadas pela comunidade internacional de educadores matemáticos.Palavras-chave: Currículo de matemática. Bolívia. Educação boliviana.INTRA/INTERCULTURAL CURRICULA IN BOLIVIA: mathematics and the post-colonial perspective Abstract: The article aims to describe, from curricular documents, the process of planning the region's curriculum, of the Sate of Plurinational of Bolivia. To do so, it has specific objectives: a) to identify the organization and structure of the Bolivian educational system based on some social, historical and economic characteristics; b) to identify theoretical assumptions that underpin Bolivian curricular reform; c) describe the curricular organization of Mathematics in secondary education (Middle School) made possible by Bolivian curriculum. For that, the research was developed from curricular documents that, we assume, are little known in Brazil and, therefore, as a strategy for affirming the Latin American identity in Brazil. Thus, the study was produced from bibliographical research (articles on teaching Mathematics in Bolivia) and documentary (analysis of official documents and curricula from Bolivia). Therefore, we are based on a post-colonial theoretical framework. The curriculum analyzed showed us a commitment to education centered on anthropological aspects that takes knowledge as historical and socially positioned from cultural diversity, thus valuing the knowledge provided by native indigenous peoples; We also notice, a curriculum distanced from the conceptual and epistemological bases advocated by the international community of mathematical educators.Keywords: Mathematics curriculum. Bolivia. Bolivian education. CURRÍCULOS INTRA/INTERCULTURAL EN BOLIVIA: la matemática y la perspectiva post-colonial Resumen: El objetivo del artículo es describir, a partir los documentos curriculares, el proceso de planificación de los currículo regionalizados del Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia. Para ello, tenemos como objetivos específicos: a) identificar la organización y estructura del sistema educativo boliviano a partir de algunas características sociales, históricas y económicas; b) identificar los fundamentos teóricos que aportan la reforma curricular boliviana; ci) describir la organización curricular de Matemáticas en la educación secundaria viabilizada por los currículos bolivianos. La investigación fue desarrollada a partir de documentos curricular que, presumimos, son poco conocidos en Brasil y, por eso, se presenta como estrategia para la afirmación de la identidad latinoamericana en Brasil. Así, el estudio fue producido a partir de investigación bibliográfica (artículos sobre Enseñanza de Matemáticas en Bolivia) y documental (análisis de documentos y currículos oficiales de Bolivia). De ese modo, nos basamos en un marco teórico pos-colonial. El currículo analizado nos reveló un compromiso con la educación centrada en aspectos antropológicos que parte de un conocimiento histórico y socialmente posicionado a partir de la diversidad cultural, valorando los saberes provenientes de pueblos indígenas originarios; Percibimos también un currículo distanciado de bases conceptuales y epistemológicas preconizadas por la comunidad internacional de educadores matemáticos.Palabras clave: Currículo de matemática. Bolivia. Educación boliviana.
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Siqueira, Diego Pereira de. "O evismo doze anos depois: revolução burguesa nos marcos de uma economia dependente." Cadernos CERU 28, no. 2 (January 31, 2018): 104–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.11606/issn.2595-2536.v28i2p104-144.

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Este artigo tem por objetivo analisar o governo de Evo Morales na Bolívia e explicar as razões de seu aparente sucesso no contexto de crise do chamado “ciclo progressista” na América do Sul. Tendo como base o conceito de padrão de reprodução do capital, o artigo mostra que o evismo constituiu-se como a forma política mais adequada ao aprofundamento do padrão primário-exportador da economia boliviana. Adicionalmente, o evismo ampliou as bases de sustentação desse padrão ao promover ativamente a ascensão de uma nova pequena burguesia de origem indígena.
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Dalenz, Christian. "Evo-lución: The Economic Situation of Evo Morales’ Bolivia Under Scrutiny." Bolivian Studies Journal/Revista de Estudios Bolivianos 23 (December 19, 2018): 67–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/bsj.2018.177.

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This paper deals with economic changes in the last 12 years in Bolivia under the presidency of Evo Morales. After a short introduction about the political landscape of the country, I will explain how Morales’ party, Movimiento al Socialismo, planned to change Bolivia’s economic model. Here I will rely on the works by former Bolivian Ministry of Economics and Public Finances, Luis Arce Catacora. Then I will show the improvements in social conditions of the Bolivian population during the Morales’ presidency, and I will relate them to the Cash Conditional Transfers adopted by the government, otherwise known as bonos. Finally, I will assess the intricate issue of economic and environmental sustainability of this model. My point of view is that since Bolivia will soon face less revenue from its gas exports, efforts in diversifying its economy will have to improve. At the same time, no major crisis should happen.
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Barr, Robert R. "Bolivia: Another Uncompleted Revolution." Latin American Politics and Society 47, no. 3 (2005): 69–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1548-2456.2005.tb00319.x.

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AbstractSince 1999, growing citizen dissatisfaction in Bolivia has been manifest in a cycle of often violent protests. Citizens believe that they have no means of expressing themselves except demonstrations. The public has grown weary of neoliberalism, which is perceived as benefiting only the elite. A recent economic downturn provided the catalyst for the unrest. Underlying these economic concerns, however, are fundamental problems with representation. The second Bolivian “revolution” involved not only the shift from state-led economic development to neoliberalism but also a shift from corporatism to pluralism. Representative institutions have not fully responded to the new pluralistic landscape, despite a range of political reforms. Many Bolivians find that their voice in government has weakened even as their needs have grown. The Bolivian case thereby highlights the obstacles young democracies face in winning over decreasingly tolerant citizens.
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López Guerrero, Maria Luisa. "La configuración del trabajo en el siglo XXI: el mercado Eloy Salmón y los movimientos moleculares del capital." Íconos - Revista de Ciencias Sociales, no. 62 (August 31, 2018): 87–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.17141/iconos.62.2018.3244.

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Los comerciantes de la calle Eloy Salmón, ubicada en la ciudad de La Paz, Bolivia, han sido vistos como una economía “informal” excluida de los circuitos de acumulación de capital global y asociados con pobreza y bajos salarios. La historia de estos comerciantes bolivianos ha estado marcada por procesos de exclusión y marginación de la economía oficial y del aparato estatal boliviano desde su establecimiento en 1952. Se propone –siguiendo el concepto de David Harvey– que los comerciantes de la Eloy Salmón son parte de los movimientos moleculares del capital. Esto debido a que dentro de su organización existen formas propias de institucionalidad, códigos internos entre los comerciantes y prácticas culturales que permiten un anclaje social local así como tejer relaciones con el capitalismo global, creando con ello una “resistencia” frente al Estado.
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Serrudo Terrazas, Jhoselin. "Uso, promoción y difusión del derecho de autor de música folclórica." Revista Lex 3, no. 7 (January 1, 2020): 26–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.33996/revistalex.v3i7.43.

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La investigación tuvo como objetivo principal analizar el uso, promoción y difusión del derecho de autor de música folclórica en Bolivia. Por lo que se usó una metodología de tipo descriptivo, con un diseño documental de campo, a su vez se usó un enfoque cualitativo y cualitativo, se utilizó los métodos histórico-lógico y análisis-síntesis. Por otro lado, la técnica e instrumentos que se usaron fueron el estudio documental, encuesta, y consultas a expertos. Además la investigación contó con una población de 200 personas relacionadas con derecho de autor. A su vez, se asumió como muestra la totalidad de la población. Se obtuvo como resultado que el folklore boliviano requiere de una política de seguridad que emerja del Estado. Y se concluyó que no existe una adecuada protección de los derechos de autores y compositores de música folclórica boliviana.
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Freeland, Anne. "Motley Society, Plurinationalism, and the Integral State." Historical Materialism 27, no. 3 (October 24, 2019): 99–126. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1569206x-00001804.

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Abstract This article examines Bolivian vice president Álvaro García Linera’s use of concepts originating in the work of Antonio Gramsci and Bolivian sociologist René Zavaleta Mercado. Zavaleta’s concept of sociedad abigarrada (usually translated as ‘motley society’) has a history of misappropriation in which García Linera participates by articulating it with the related concept of the estado aparente to claim that the merely ‘apparent’ state which does not effectively represent the heterogeneous social reality of a country like Bolivia is abolished with the official establishment of the Plurinational State in 2009. This ideologeme of the Plurinational State as one that faithfully represents Bolivia’s abigarramiento is equated with the Gramscian stato integrale, which in Gramsci refers to the state proper plus civil society where these are thoroughly integrated to function as an organic whole (the modern capitalist nation-state). Beyond merely misusing the borrowed terms of this discursive operation, García Linera gives a prescriptive value to concepts developed for an analytical purpose to validate the existing regime.
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Gonçalves, Chryslen Mayra Barbosa, and Roger Adan Chambi Mayta. "Ñankha Usu, Khapaj Niño y Mallku Usu." Maloca: Revista de Estudos Indígenas 4 (May 9, 2021): e021003. http://dx.doi.org/10.20396/maloca.v4i00.14325.

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Este artículo está conformado por relatos de los autores y de indígenas quechuas y aymaras de los Andes bolivianos acerca del ingreso de la pandemia en sus territorios, así como por los problemas desencadenados durante el gobierno transitorio de Jeanine Añez, que asumió la presidencia de Bolivia después de la renuncia de Evo Morales Ayma. Enfocamos nuestro análisis en los distintos ámbitos sociales que fueron afectados tanto por la crisis sanitaria como por la crisis política, entre ellos la economía, con las consecuencias especialmente para los sectores informales que representan la mayoría de los trabajadores en Bolivia; las cosmovisiones, con las respuestas onto-epistemologicas a la llegada del visitante coronavirus (Khapaj Niño, Ñankha Usu y Mallku Usu); la colectividad, con las salidas solidarias de comunidades frente a las ineficaces medidas del gobierno; la muerte, con los ritos funerarios y la desestabilización de las relaciones entre muertos y vivientes; y, por último, la política con los procesos de manifestaciones y bloqueos en contra de las medidas del gobierno provisorio y en favor de nuevas elecciones. Todos estos ámbitos se interrelacionan en la actual coyuntura boliviana.
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Marston, Andrea, and Tom Perreault. "Consent, coercion and cooperativismo: Mining cooperatives and resource regimes in Bolivia." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 49, no. 2 (October 17, 2016): 252–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518x16674008.

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This paper examines ways in which regional political, economic, and cultural hegemonies maintain “resource regimes” by exploring the emergence of mining cooperatives as central actors in Bolivia’s extractive economy. Like much of Latin America, Bolivia is experiencing a boom in resource extraction. Unlike other Latin American countries, in which the surge in mining activity is driven almost entirely by private, mostly transnational capital, relatively small-scale mining cooperatives play a major role in Bolivia’s mining economy. We draw on the Gramscian concepts of hegemony and the integral state to explore the historical and contemporary relationship between mining cooperatives and unfolding patterns of mineral, water, and territorial governance, particularly in Oruro and Potosí departments. We argue that the regional hegemony of the mining economy has been constructed and maintained by the close historical relationship between mining cooperatives and the Bolivian state. Since the 1930s, the state has supported the formation of mining cooperatives as a means of bolstering the mining economy and stemming political unrest; in recent decades, however, cooperatives have become more actively involved in the maintenance of mining’s regional hegemony.
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Macías Vázquez, Alfredo, and Jorge García-Arias. "Financialization, Institutional Reform, and Structural Change in the Bolivian Boom (2006–2014)." Latin American Perspectives 46, no. 2 (November 23, 2018): 47–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0094582x18813566.

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Since nationalizing its hydrocarbon industry, Bolivia has articulated an ambitious strategy to promote structural change in its economy. Despite positive trends in macroeconomic indicators, the increase in fiscal revenues derived from the export of raw materials has not translated into structural transformation. Although the Bolivian government has broken with classical extractivism, nationalization and state intervention have not been sufficient to produce changes. The institutional control imposed on hydrocarbon revenue by financialization inhibits structural change and threatens the long-term sustainability of recent improvements in social indicators. Después de nacionalizar su industria de hidrocarburos, Bolivia ha articulado una estrategia ambiciosa para promover el cambio estructural en su economía. A pesar de las tendencias positivas en los indicadores macroeconómicos, el aumento en los ingresos fiscales derivados de la exportación de materias primas no se ha traducido en una transformación estructural. Aunque el gobierno boliviano ha roto con el extractivismo clásico, la nacionalización y la intervención estatal no han sido suficientes para producir cambios. El control institucional impuesto a los ingresos de hidrocarburos por la financiarización inhibe el cambio estructural y amenaza la sostenibilidad a largo plazo de las mejoras recientes en los indicadores sociales.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Economia boliviana"

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Nóbrega, Ricardo André Avelar da. "Os limites da flexibilização e informalidade na produção e trabalho contemporâneos: imigração laboral boliviana e a indústria de vestuário de São Paulo." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2013. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=8649.

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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico
A migração laboral de bolivianos para São Paulo é um processo intrinsecamente relacionado aos planos de ajuste estrutural ocorridos na Bolívia e no Brasil na segunda metade dos anos 1980 e no início da década de 1990, respectivamente. Para a Bolívia, o Decreto 21.060 implicou a privatização de mineradoras e conseqüentes demissões em massa, além de uma abertura econômica que favoreceu migrações internas para as regiões cocaleiras e para as periferias das grandes cidades. Posteriormente, esses migrantes e seus familiares se destinaram a países limítrofes como Argentina e Brasil. Destaca-se nesse contexto a localidade de El Alto, origem de grande parte dos imigrantes que se destinaram a São Paulo. Do lado brasileiro, houve também uma abertura econômica que foi prejudicial a amplos setores da indústria, como a cadeia têxtil-vestuário. Para reduzir os custos de produção e aumentar sua competitividade em relação às mercadorias asiáticas, a indústria de vestuário se reestruturou defensivamente e subcontratou grande parte de sua produção material às oficinas informais que empregam imigrantes bolivianos geralmente jovens, indocumentados e com baixa qualificação profissional. Nessa pesquisa, relacionamos esse fluxo populacional às transformações estruturais ocorridas nos dois países, destacando as mudanças nas relações de trabalho decorrentes do processo de reestruturação produtiva. Também abordamos as redes de solidariedade desses imigrantes e os meios pelos quais estes vêm revertendo uma inserção na sociedade de destino em que predominam condições precárias de trabalho e habitação, além de uma instabilidade permanente decorrente da irregularidade documental que atinge grande parte desses trabalhadores.
The Bolivian immigration to São Paulo is related to the structural adjustment plans which took place in both countries. In Bolivia, the State mines were privatized, meaning the loss of approximately thirty thousand jobs. The open trade policy was also harmful to familiar agriculture and both policies were followed by the migration to coca zones, the outskirts of the biggest cities and other countries, like Argentina and Brazil. In this context, the population of the city of El Alto located in the outskirts of La Paz - grew steeply and became the origin of most of the immigrants that travelled to São Paulo. On the Brazilian side, the trade-opening was harmful to many industrial sectors and led to their productive restructuring. That was the case of the garment sector which, to reduce its costs, outsourced the production to the sweatshops where the Bolivians work. These immigrants are mostly poor, undocumented and have low education level. In this research, we also relate this population flow to the structural transformations in these two countries, like the changes in the labor relations that occurred due to the productive restructuring processes. We also address the solidarity networks of these immigrants and the means by which they are improving their conditions on the destination society, where precarious work and habitation conditions prevail as well as a permanent instability as result of the irregular documentation for a expressive part of these workers.
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Espejo, Lipacho Rodrigo Erik. "Desalineamiento del tipo de cambio real: efectos en la determinación de los precios relativos dentro la economía boliviana." Universidad Mayor de San Andrés. Programa Cybertesis BOLIVIA, 2010. http://www.cybertesis.umsa.bo:8080/umsa/2010/espejo_lr/html/index-frames.html.

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El presente trabajo busca determinar y cuantificar el desalineamiento del Tipo de Cambio Real respecto a su trayectoria de largo plazo, y los efectos que tiene dicho desalineamiento sobre los distintos sectores de la Economía Boliviana a partir del shock positivo de precios internacionales vivido a partir del año 2003 en el contexto mundial. Para dicho fin se ha dividido el mismo en tres partes. En una primera parte se identifica la situación de dicha variable al interior de nuestra economía y se plantea el periodo de estudio (1991 – 2008). En la segunda parte se plantea todo el marco teórico a utilizarse: Se presenta el modelo de PPC, mismo que se descarta, el modelo TNT para determinación del Tipo de Cambio Real, el cual finalmente se utiliza y un modelo de Booming Sector para una economía pequeña y abierta, el cual se utiliza para el testeo de Enfermedad Holandesa. La tercera parte es la de desarrollo a partir de series estadísticas para los modelos planteados en la segunda parte. Se utiliza el Modelo TNT para la obtención del Tipo de Cambio Real, utilizando la metodología de dos pasos de Engel – Granger. El primer paso consiste en plantear y determinar un Tipo de Cambio Real de Equilibrio a partir de variables que lo determinan (Fundamentos del Tipo de Cambio Real). El segundo paso determina la velocidad de ajuste del TCR hacia su trayectoria de equilibrio de largo plazo, luego de un shock externo. Para determinar la trayectoria de equilibrio de largo plazo es necesaria la eliminación de la tendencia para ello se utilizo el filtro de Hodrick y Prescott. A partir de lo anteriormente mencionado, se obtuvo una apreciación del Tipo de Cambio Real de 16% respecto a su trayectoria de equilibrio. Una vez obtenido el resultado que arroja apreciación del Tipo de Cambio Real, se utiliza el modelo de Booming Sector dividiendo a la economía en tres sectores y se corrobora insipiente presencia de Enfermedad Holandesa en la Economía Boliviana, cuantificándose el efecto causado por el boom de precios sobre el nivel de producción sobre los tres sectores en que se divide a la economía.
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Albarracin, Tania. "A Macroeconomic Approach to the Growth of the Bolivian Informal Sector." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1989. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc501162/.

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This thesis attempts to measure the growth of the Bolivian informal sector. The study estimates the growth of the informal sector by defining it as the difference between the formal sector's reported real gross national product (GNP) and forecasted values of real GNP. The first chapter describes the Bolivian economy, defines its informal sector, and presents reasons for this sector's growth. Related research in informal activity, theoretical discussions, and perspectives are presented in the second chapter. Chapter III describes methodological research used in the analysis of the data. Chapter IV describes the results of the investigation. Conclusions and recommendations for the informal sector are provided in chapter V. The results show that it is possible to measure informal activity in a macro setting
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Dunlea, Stacey. "Reproducing imperial visions of Bolivia? : the personal, the cultural, and the economic in the British and Bolivian press." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2015. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/8426/.

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This thesis examines historical patterns of representation of Bolivia in Britain, along with the ways in which those representations have been internalized by local elites. It analyses the extent to which historical representations are reproduced by contemporary British and Bolivian press coverage of Bolivian political matters, focusing on three key areas: the personal, the cultural, and the economic. The personal is examined with respect to elections involving Evo Morales, the current Bolivian president. The UK press, the Bolivian press, and Morales himself have all sought to portray him as a radical leftist who represents a break from Bolivia's traditional power base. However, Morales's presidency has been less radical than suggested. The study shows that while contemporary British press coverage reproduces some of the problematic aspects of early representations, the contemporary Bolivian press appears more resistant to them. The cultural is examined through the coca leaf and cocaine. Coca, a mild stimulant, is central to Andean culture, but is also used to produce cocaine. While the coca leaf is Andean cultural material, cocaine is a European scientific invention. The study has found that British press delegitimizes the distinction between the leaf and the drug, thereby asserting the superiority of European worldviews. The Bolivian press allows for the duality of the leaf, suggesting that internalization of the supposed inferiority of local culture is limited. The economic is explored through coverage of Bolivia's natural resources. The UK press, reproducing historical patterns, renders Bolivia little more than a source of raw materials, and a blank canvas upon which British concerns can be projected and discussed. To a certain extent, the Bolivian coverage also renders Bolivia a source of raw materials to be exploited by foreign capital, supporting the notion that resource exploitation will allow Bolivia to develop.
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Rezera, Danielle do Nascimento. "Gênero e Trabalho: Mulheres Bolivianas na cidade de São Paulo 1980 a 2010." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-12122012-112226/.

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Esta dissertação versa sobre o mundo do trabalho contemporâneo e suas implicações sociais e econômicas na esfera de gênero. Aqui abordamos a situação das mulheres bolivianas no setor de confecção na cidade de São Paulo, no período de 1980 a 2010. Procuramos, através desta pesquisa, elucidar os modos de inserção e permanência deste grupo na referida cidade, observando os papéis que desempenha na economia informal, através do seu trabalho no setor de confecção; buscamos, também, ampliar a compreensão acerca do mundo do trabalho contemporâneo, reestruturação produtiva e a questão de gênero. Para tanto, utilizamos como principais fontes as fichas de coletas de dados da Pastoral do Migrante no processo de Anistia de 2009, dados do setor de têxteis e confecção, além de entrevistas.
Sought through this research to elucidate the modes of insertion and retention of this group in that city, noting the roles it plays in the informal economy, through their work in the sector of manufacturing; seek also to broaden the understanding about the world of contemporary work , production restructuring and gender. Therefore, we use the chips as the main sources of data collection for the Pastoral Care of Migrants in the process of Amnesty of 2009, data from the textiles and clothing, as well as interviews.
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Treiber, Victor Oviedo. "Rural poverty, vulnerability and food insecurity : the case of Bolivia." Bachelor's thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2014. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2014/7126/.

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Bolivia is one of the poorest countries in Latin America. This study analyzes whether rural poverty increases the incidence of food insecurity and whether food insecurity perpetuates the condition of poverty among the rural poor in Bolivia. In order to achieve this aim, the risks that households face and the capacity of households to implement coping strategies in order to mitigate vulnerability shocks are identified. We suggest that efforts by households to become food secure may be difficult in rural areas because of poverty and the vulnerability associated with a lack of physical assets, low levels of human capital, poor infrastructure, and poor health; as well as the precarious regional environment aggravating the severity of vulnerability to food insecurity.
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Morales, Juan Antonio. "La economía política del populismo boliviano del siglo 21." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2008. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/47381.

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Cornett, Linda. "Distribution of privilege : the politics of economic policy and reform in Bolivia /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10749.

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Román, Soraya. "Costos laborales, economía informal y reformas a la legislación laboral en Bolivia." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2011. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/144638.

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Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en Economía
Se desarrolla y ajusta un modelo de equilibrio general din amico y estoc astico con 2 sectores, el formal y el informal, para la econom a boliviana. El modelo considera como sector informal a aqu el que evade los costos laborales. Los incentivos para evadir dependen de la probabilidad de captura por evasi on y de la sanci on por evadir. Existen 2 tipos de costos laborales: los costos sobre la planilla salarial (contribuciones a la seguridad social e impuestos al ingreso) y los costos de despido y contrataci on que se modelan como costos de ajuste. Los par ametros de la funci on de los costos de ajuste son estimados por GMM. El objetivo del modelo es evaluar los impactos de las ultimas reformas laborales sobre el empleo, los salarios y el producto. En concreto, se analiza el efecto de un incremento impositivo en el empleo que sirve para la creaci on de un fondo semicontributivo con nes redistributivos y est a de nido en la Nueva Ley de Pensiones. Por otro lado, se analiza el efecto de un incremento en los costos de despido y contrataci on, de nido en el anteproyecto de C odigo Laboral. Los resultados indican que en el primer caso la reforma incrementa la informalidad, lo que ocasiona que en el largo plazo reduzca el n umero de contribuyentes al nuevo fondo, afectando a su sostenibilidad. En el segundo caso, se encuentra que la reforma reduce la movilidad del empleo formal e informal, dentro de cada sector y entre sectores, lo que incrementa el tiempo necesario para que el empleo se recupere en caso de una recesi on o responda en caso de una expansi on.
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Maciel, Douglas Campanini. "Nacionalismos, movimentos sociais e a incorporação da Bolívia à economia-mundo capitalista." Florianópolis, SC, 2008. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/90873.

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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Sócio-Econômico. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Economia.
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A Bolívia, nesses últimos oito anos que inauguram o século XXI cronológico, sinaliza para um reviver de movimentos de caráter étnico-sociais que refletem uma continuidade históricoestrutural multissecular do jogo de forças entre duas lógicas de organizações sociais antagônicas. Esse jogo de forças, interno ao Estado nacional boliviano, para além do esquecimento, demonstra que o passado está presente e a animar, de forma determinante, os eventos políticos dessa sociedade. Este trabalho procura lançar luz sobre esse jogo em sua longa duração, descrevendo e discutindo os principais processos que o permearam durante os últimos quinhentos anos. Salientam-se, pois, os determinantes que ensejaram esse processo, a exemplo da incorporação da região do Alto Peru, futura Bolívia no século XIX, ao moderno sistema mundial, na busca de compreender o presente dessa sociedade sob o olhar dos que, até o limiar do século XX, representaram os perdedores desse jogo, a saber, os povos originários. Bolivia in the last eight years that launches the chronological XXI century signalizes for a revival of ethical-social character movements that reflect a multi-secular historical-structural continuity of the power game between two antagonistic social organization logics. This power game, internal to Bolivian National State, beyond the forgetfulness, shows that the past is present and excites in a determinant way the political events of this society. This work seeks in the light of this game its long-last, describing and discussing the main processes that permeated it during the last five hundred years. It is highlighted the determinants that caused this process, taking for example Alto Peru region incorporation, future Bolivia in the XX century, represented the losers of this game, namely, from the native peoples.
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Books on the topic "Economia boliviana"

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Los bolivianos enemigos de Bolivia: Al cumplirse los 100 años de pérdida del litoral boliviano. Santa Cruz de la Sierra: [s.n.], 2004.

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Carreón, Milton José. Patrón de inserción internacional de Bolivia: Evaluación y perspectivas de la economía boliviana. [La Paz]: CEDLA, 1997.

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Muñoz, Hernán Paredes. Desafios de la economía boliviana. La Paz: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Instituto Latinoamericano de Investigaciones Sociales, 1996.

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Muñoz, Hernán Paredes. Desafios de la economía boliviana. La Paz: Friedrich Ebert Stiftung, Instituto Latinoamericano de Investigaciones Sociales, 1996.

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Medina, Samuel Doria. Perspectivas de la economía boliviana. Sucre, Bolivia: Universidad Mayor Real y Pontificia de San Francisco Xavier de Chuquisaca, Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Administrativas, 2000.

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El meollo de la economía boliviana. La Paz, Bolivia: [publisher not identified], 2009.

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Hollweg, Mario Gabriel. Alemanes en el oriente boliviano: Su aporte al desarrollo de Bolivia. Santa Cruz de la Sierra, Bolivia: [s.n., 1995.

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Santa Cruz: La mayor inversión boliviana, 1825-2000. La Paz, Bolivia: Centro de Estudios para la América Andina y Amazónica, 2013.

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Ballivián, Danilo Paz. Estructura agraria boliviana. 2nd ed. La Paz, Bolivia: Librería Editorial "Popular,", 1989.

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Roca, Carlos F. Toranzo. Claves y problemas de la economía boliviana. La Paz, Bolivia: ILDIS, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Economia boliviana"

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Capie, Forrest. "Bolivia." In Directory of Economic Institutions, 120–21. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-10218-1_7.

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Morales, Juan Antonio. "Economic Vulnerability in Bolivia." In Towards Democratic Viability, 41–60. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403905246_3.

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Jemio, Luis Carlos. "Sectoral Accumulation Balances in the Bolivian Economy." In Debt, Crisis and Reform in Bolivia, 65–166. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781403907400_4.

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Jianping, Li, Li Minrong, Wang Jinnan, Li Jianjian, Su Hongwen, and Huang Maoxing. "Report on Global Environment Competitiveness of Bolivia." In Current Chinese Economic Report Series, 353–56. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54678-5_28.

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Daga, Sergio. "Weather Shocks’ Impacts on Farm-Level Agricultural Outcomes in Bolivia." In SpringerBriefs in Economics, 15–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-43708-4_2.

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Contreras, Manuel E. "Bolivia, 1900–39: Mining, Railways and Education." In An Economic History of Twentieth-Century Latin America, 188–216. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230599659_7.

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Morales, Juan Antonio. "Economic Policy in Bolivia after the Transition to Democracy." In Economic Policy and the Transition to Democracy, 30–48. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-24642-7_2.

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Boutilier, Robert G., and Ian Thomson. "Co-evolution of risk hotspots with Bolivian politics and economy." In The Social License, 113–21. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429507861-11.

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Peres-Cajías, José A. "From West to East: Bolivian Regional GDPs since the 1950s. A Story of Natural Resources and Infrastructure." In Palgrave Studies in Economic History, 97–129. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47553-6_5.

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Griffin, Keith. "The State, Human Development and the Economics of Cocaine: The Case of Bolivia." In Studies in Globalization and Economic Transitions, 192–214. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230372139_8.

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Conference papers on the topic "Economia boliviana"

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dos Santos, Sidney Pereira. "Viability of the Gas Pipeline Network Expansion in Brazil." In 2002 4th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2002-27322.

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The energy shortage in Brazil prompted for the need of alternative and reliable energy sources that could be put into operation in a short period of time while being environmentally friendly and with flexibility to be installed around the country, taking advantage of the existing electric grid and therefore minimizing overall investments. Gas fired power plants proved to be the best selection, which covered all the requirements. The Ministry of Mines and Energy of Brazil set a program addressing initially 55 thermo power plants totaling about 20,402 MW. From this total 18,263 MW of installed power was from 49 gas fired power plants demanding gas volumes in the range of 88 MMm3/d most of this power to be available from 2001 to 2003. With this challenge, Petrobras has started to design a gas pipeline network expansion plan with investments of more than 1 billion US$ for its system alone, including new gas pipelines, new compressor and custody transfer stations and loop lines. In line with this expansion project more investments are required for the Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline in Bolivia (0.2 billion US$) and Brazil (0.35 billion US$), and the new gas pipeline from Argentina to Brazil (0.25 billion US$) totaling 1.8 billion US$ of additional investments in gas pipeline expansion. All of this expansion design was based on technical and economic analysis that took into consideration the availability of gas supply from Brazil, Bolivia and Argentina. This paper presents the scope of the expansion, the technical and economical assumptions and the hydraulic simulation that was used to allow an investment decision.
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Wright Wendel, H. E., and J. R. Mihelcic. "Evaluating the social, economic, and environmental drivers of urban brownfields redevelopment in Santa Cruz, Bolivia." In ECOSUD 2009. Southampton, UK: WIT Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.2495/eco090321.

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Taquichiri Ayaviri, Abel Antonio, Abdiel Mallco Carpio, Alan Almendras, Miguel Alejandro Ruiz Orellana, and Carlos Portillo. "Techno-Economic Analysis of a PV (Photovoltaic) Plant for High Radiation Conditions from the Altiplanic of Bolivia." In ISES Solar World Congress 2019/IEA SHC International Conference on Solar Heating and Cooling for Buildings and Industry 2019. Freiburg, Germany: International Solar Energy Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18086/swc.2019.25.03.

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COSTA, DENILDO DA SILVA, and LUCIMARA POQUIVIQUI DE OLIVEIRA. "MANEJO DE HERBICIDAS ENTRE TRABALHADORES: DIAGNÓSTICO DE UMA COMUNIDADE RURAL DE VILA BELA DA SANTISSIMA TRINDADE - MT." In Brazilian Congress. brazco, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.51162/brc.health2020-00050.

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Esta pesquisa analisou as relacoes trabalhistas em uma comunidade rural: Sao Sebastiao, municipio de Vila Bela da Santissima Trindade-MT, espaco composto por quase sessenta familias, oriundos de tradicoes culturais etnograficas regionais e inseridos a faixa de fronteira internacional com Bolivia. Realizado em 2019 e 2020, o estudo consistiu em uma revisao bibliografica no ambito das ciencias humanas, sociais e saude publica, e observacao participante com entrevista semiestruturada. Os resultados apresentam uma modalidade de trabalho abundantemente utilizada na regiao: o manejo de herbicidas extremamente toxicos no abordo de manutencao economica produtiva de pecuaria, para controle de ervas espontaneo em meio as pastagens cultivadas, oficios que configuram de maneira esporadica informal e sem preocupacao protetiva ou preventiva, potencializando acidentes trabalhistas e por consequentes problemas de saude publica. Desse modo o presente estudo considera todas as conjunturas sociais, os desafios de implementacoes ao trato de educacao e saude, sugerindo trabalhos de consciencia racional para uma melhor qualidade de vida.,
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dos Santos, Sidney Pereira, Maria Ange´lica S. Bittencourt, and Luiz Diogo Vasconcellos. "Compressor Station Availability: Managing Its Effects on Gas Pipeline Operation." In 2006 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2006-10560.

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As competitive market for gas transmission becomes more and more dynamic and we face an increase of regulatory agencies influence, the pressure on cutting down cost of service without affecting reliability and safety is a consequence. Notwithstanding this trend, transportation companies must act in a way that guarantees a fair return on investment and optimizes assets and operation costs. Contractual obligations play an important role since most of the contractual capacity is on a firm basis and subject to liabilities related to capacity shortage or interruption. Compressor stations availability study play a fundamental role in providing information that will support decision making in terms of defining a criterion for installing stand-by units. This paper presents two methods adopted for the Bolivia-Brazil Gas Pipeline Project: (1) Monte Carlo Simulation and (2) Scheduled and Unscheduled Maintenance. A technical end economic feasibility study is also presented to support the decision of installing stand-by units.
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Bhatia, Neeraj. "Rewiring Territories: The Future Production of Extraction Infrastructure." In 2016 ACSA International Conference. ACSA Press, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.intl.2016.35.

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The disjuncture between a territorial infrastructure and local cultures is most overtly witnessed in the development of pipelines, which are large infrastructural conduits used to transport oil or gas, deployed primarily between points of extraction and refining. This article examines the typology of the pipeline and its relationship to both territorial and local systems for their eventual future productions. Specifically, it focuses on the South American “Uruguayana-Porto Alegre Pipeline”, which will unify a series of separate pipelines developed over the past two decades. Spanning 3,100 kilometers across Argentina, Bolivia, Uruguay, and Brazil, and linking northern regions to the southern cone once completed, this energy ring will redistribute flows of energy, wealth, and people across the territory. As new pipelines and their associated infrastructures cross the once remote hinterland, it exposes these rural settlements and local ecologies to development pressures. This case study will use two design-research projects to investigate how the pipeline can be leveraged to reassert local cultures, economies, ecologies, and values.
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Lopez Monterrey, C. A. "Economic Analysis of the Law in Bolivia and the Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous People and Potential Social Implications for New Discoveries." In SPE Latin America and Caribbean Petroleum Engineering Conference. Society of Petroleum Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/185570-ms.

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Oliveira, Hudson Régis, and Henrique Xavier de Paula. "Emergency due to Rain Event on OSPAR Pipeline Right-of-Way: Lessons Learnt From the Rapid Approach in March, 2011." In ASME 2013 International Pipeline Geotechnical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipg2013-1939.

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Nowadays, natural disasters have become much frequently in Brazil, having as result serious consequences such as social, economic and environmental damages and losses. The aim of this paper is evaluate the actions provided by TRANSPETRO in emergency span occurred in OSPAR right-of-way due to intense and heavy rains that occurred in March 2011 in the Serra do Mar Hills, in Parana State, southern Brazil. The geotechnical phenomenon affected three pipelines: • OSPAR Oil Pipeline, which is responsible for supplying the Presidente Getulio Vargas Refinery - REPAR with crude oil; • OPASC Oil Pipeline: used for distribute derivatives from REPAR to Santa Catarina State; • GASBOL Gas Pipeline: supplies Southern Brazil with natural gas from Bolivia. After several days of heavy and steady rain, on 11th March 2011 the rainfall reached the peak of 180mm in 24 hours what generated more than 50 geotechnical and hydrotechnical occurrences in OSPAR stream at Serra do Mar crossing,. The actions, necessary to reducing the hazard, required stopping of oil pipelines, decrease of internal pressure in the gas pipeline, rearrangement of internal staff and machinary structure, and support of external companies structure, such as partnerships companies and new emergency contracts including heavily aircraft support, staffs and machines. The emergency works, carried out in the occasion, leaded to the return of pipeline operations in less than five days. The total pipeline security was established with the stabilization of more than 50 geotechnical and hydrotechnical occurrences.
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Reports on the topic "Economia boliviana"

1

Morales, Juan Antonio, and Jeffrey Sachs. Bolivia's Economic Crisis. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w2620.

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Beverinotti, Javier, Gustavo Canavire-Bacarreza, and Alejandro Puerta. Understanding the Growth of the Middle Class in Bolivia. Inter-American Development Bank, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003407.

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In this paper we aim to disentangle how sectoral economic growth affects the growth of the middle class size using state-level data of Bolivia from 2000 to 2017, a country with limited data, breaking the three main economic activities into subsectors aiming for more specific results. By means of a Bayesian hierarchical longitudinal model for small samples, we find that the commerce and services sectors have the biggest impact, even though mining and agriculture also have a positive effect on the increase of the middle class in Bolivia. Our results also suggest that both formality and public social investment have a significant, yet smaller, effect.
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Freitas, Carlos Otávio, Mateus C. R. Neves, and Felipe de Figueiredo Silva. Agricultural Production and Access to Energy in Bolivia, Peru, and Colombia. Inter-American Development Bank, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003443.

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In this paper, we explore the link between energy and agricultural production in Bolivia, Peru, and Colombia. The economic literature and policy reports, discussed here, indicate that access to energy (electricity) has a positive effect on agricultural production. To test this hypothesis, we look at the agricultural census and national survey to estimate the effect of energy use on the value of production using the Propensity Score Matching (PSM) technique. We found that, in the three countries, access to energy increases the value of agricultural production.
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Corderi Novoa, David, Hori Tsuneki, and Luis E. Yamin. The Economics of Investment in Flood Risk Reduction in Developing Countries: An Application to the Rocha River Basin of Bolivia. Inter-American Development Bank, November 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002019.

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Granada, Isabel, Andrea Monje, Manuel Pastor, María Clara Gutiérrez, Alejandra Caldo, and Daniel Pérez. Linking Gender Equality (Goal 5) with Decent Work and Economic Growth opportunities (Goal 8) through the Development of Infrastructure (Goal 9) in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC) : Pilot Experiences in Bolivia, Paraguay and Nicaragua. Inter-American Development Bank, September 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0001870.

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Marcos Barba, Liliana, Hilde van Regenmortel, and Ellen Ehmke. Shelter from the Storm: The global need for universal social protection in times of COVID-19. Oxfam, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2020.7048.

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As 2020 draws to a close, the economic devastation caused by the COVID-19 pandemic shows no sign of abating. Without urgent action, global poverty and inequality will deepen dramatically. Hundreds of millions of people have already lost their jobs, gone further into debt or skipped meals for months. Research by Oxfam and Development Pathways shows that over 2 billion people have had no support from their governments in their time of need. Our analysis shows that none of the social protection support to those who are unemployed, elderly people, children and families provided in low- and middle-income countries has been adequate to meet basic needs. 41% of that government support was only a one-off payment and almost all government support has now stopped. Decades of social policy focused on tiny levels of means-tested support have left most countries completely unprepared for the COVID-19 economic crisis. Yet, countries such as South Africa and Bolivia have shown that a universal approach to social protection is affordable, and that it has a profound impact on reducing inequality and protecting those who need it most. In addition to the full paper and executive summary, an Excel file with the data analysed by Oxfam and Development Pathways is available to download on this page, along with an annex on the crisis in Latin America and the Caribbean.
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Bustelo, Monserrat, Pablo Egana-delSol, Laura Ripani, Nicolas Soler, and Mariana Viollaz. Automation in Latin America: Are Women at Higher Risk of Losing Their Jobs? Inter-American Development Bank, August 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002566.

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New technological trends, such as digitization, artificial intelligence and robotics, have the power to drastically increase economic output but may also displace workers. In this paper we assess the risk of automation for female and male workers in four Latin American countries Bolivia, Chile, Colombia and El Salvador. Our study is the first to apply a task-based approach with a gender perspective in this region. Our main findings indicate that men are more likely than women to perform tasks linked to the skills of the future, such as STEM (science, technology, engineering and mathematics), information and communications technology, management and communication, and creative problem-solving tasks. Women thus have a higher average risk of automation, and 21% of women vs. 19% of men are at high risk (probability of automation greater than 70%). The differential impacts of the new technological trends for women and men must be assessed in order to guide the policy-making process to prepare workers for the future. Action should be taken to prevent digital transformation from worsening existing gender inequalities in the labor market.
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Bagley, Margo. Genome Editing in Latin America: CRISPR Patent and Licensing Policy. Inter-American Development Bank, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003409.

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The power and promise of genome editing, CRISPR specifically, was first realized with the discovery of CRISPR loci in the 1980s.i Since that time, CRISPR-Cas systems have been further developed enabling genome editing in virtually all organisms across the tree of life.i In the last few years, we have seen the development of a diverse set of CRISPR-based technologies that has revolutionized genome manipulation.ii Enabling a more diverse set of actors than has been seen with other emerging technologies to redefine research and development for biotechnology products encompassing food, agriculture, and medicine.ii Currently, the CRISPR community encompasses over 40,000 authors at 20,000 institutions that have documented their research in over 20,000 published and peer-reviewed studies.iii These CRISPR-based genome editing tools have promised tremendous opportunities in agriculture for the breeding of crops and livestock across the food supply chain. Potentially addressing issues associated with a growing global population, sustainability concerns, and possibly help address the effects of climate change.i These promises however, come along-side concerns of environmental and socio-economic risks associated with CRISPR-based genome editing, and concerns that governance systems are not keeping pace with the technological development and are ill-equipped, or not well suited, to evaluate these risks. The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) launched an initiative in 2020 to understand the complexities of these new tools, their potential impacts on the LAC region, and how IDB may best invest in its potential adoption and governance strategies. This first series of discussion documents: “Genome Editing in Latin America: Regulatory Overview,” and “CRISPR Patent and Licensing Policy” are part of this larger initiative to examine the regulatory and institutional frameworks surrounding gene editing via CRISPR-based technologies in the Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) regions. Focusing on Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay, they set the stage for a deeper analysis of the issues they present which will be studied over the course of the next year through expert solicitations in the region, the development of a series of crop-specific case studies, and a final comprehensive regional analysis of the issues discovered.
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Kuiken, Todd, and Jennifer Kuzma. Genome Editing in Latin America: Regional Regulatory Overview. Inter-American Development Bank, July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0003410.

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The power and promise of genome editing, CRISPR specifically, was first realized with the discovery of CRISPR loci in the 1980s.3 Since that time, CRISPR-Cas systems have been further developed enabling genome editing in virtually all organisms across the tree of life.3 In the last few years, we have seen the development of a diverse set of CRISPR-based technologies that has revolutionized genome manipulation.4 Enabling a more diverse set of actors than has been seen with other emerging technologies to redefine research and development for biotechnology products encompassing food, agriculture, and medicine.4 Currently, the CRISPR community encompasses over 40,000 authors at 20,000 institutions that have documented their research in over 20,000 published and peer-reviewed studies.5 These CRISPR-based genome editing tools have promised tremendous opportunities in agriculture for the breeding of crops and livestock across the food supply chain. Potentially addressing issues associated with a growing global population, sustainability concerns, and possibly help address the effects of climate change.4 These promises however, come along-side concerns of environmental and socio-economic risks associated with CRISPR-based genome editing, and concerns that governance systems are not keeping pace with the technological development and are ill-equipped, or not well suited, to evaluate these risks. The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) launched an initiative in 2020 to understand the complexities of these new tools, their potential impacts on the LAC region, and how IDB may best invest in its potential adoption and governance strategies. This first series of discussion documents: “Genome Editing in Latin America: Regulatory Overview,” and “CRISPR Patent and Licensing Policy” are part of this larger initiative to examine the regulatory and institutional frameworks surrounding gene editing via CRISPR-based technologies in the Latin America and Caribbean (LAC) regions. Focusing on Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Honduras, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, and Uruguay, they set the stage for a deeper analysis of the issues they present which will be studied over the course of the next year through expert solicitations in the region, the development of a series of crop-specific case studies, and a final comprehensive regional analysis of the issues discovered.
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Bolivia: Marketing and economic analyses help NGOs develop strategies for sustainability. Population Council, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh14.1072.

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