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1
Nóbrega, Ricardo André Avelar da. "Os limites da flexibilização e informalidade na produção e trabalho contemporâneos: imigração laboral boliviana e a indústria de vestuário de São Paulo." Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro, 2013. http://www.bdtd.uerj.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=8649.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e TecnológicoA migração laboral de bolivianos para São Paulo é um processo intrinsecamente relacionado aos planos de ajuste estrutural ocorridos na Bolívia e no Brasil na segunda metade dos anos 1980 e no início da década de 1990, respectivamente. Para a Bolívia, o Decreto 21.060 implicou a privatização de mineradoras e conseqüentes demissões em massa, além de uma abertura econômica que favoreceu migrações internas para as regiões cocaleiras e para as periferias das grandes cidades. Posteriormente, esses migrantes e seus familiares se destinaram a países limítrofes como Argentina e Brasil. Destaca-se nesse contexto a localidade de El Alto, origem de grande parte dos imigrantes que se destinaram a São Paulo. Do lado brasileiro, houve também uma abertura econômica que foi prejudicial a amplos setores da indústria, como a cadeia têxtil-vestuário. Para reduzir os custos de produção e aumentar sua competitividade em relação às mercadorias asiáticas, a indústria de vestuário se reestruturou defensivamente e subcontratou grande parte de sua produção material às oficinas informais que empregam imigrantes bolivianos geralmente jovens, indocumentados e com baixa qualificação profissional. Nessa pesquisa, relacionamos esse fluxo populacional às transformações estruturais ocorridas nos dois países, destacando as mudanças nas relações de trabalho decorrentes do processo de reestruturação produtiva. Também abordamos as redes de solidariedade desses imigrantes e os meios pelos quais estes vêm revertendo uma inserção na sociedade de destino em que predominam condições precárias de trabalho e habitação, além de uma instabilidade permanente decorrente da irregularidade documental que atinge grande parte desses trabalhadores.
The Bolivian immigration to São Paulo is related to the structural adjustment plans which took place in both countries. In Bolivia, the State mines were privatized, meaning the loss of approximately thirty thousand jobs. The open trade policy was also harmful to familiar agriculture and both policies were followed by the migration to coca zones, the outskirts of the biggest cities and other countries, like Argentina and Brazil. In this context, the population of the city of El Alto located in the outskirts of La Paz - grew steeply and became the origin of most of the immigrants that travelled to São Paulo. On the Brazilian side, the trade-opening was harmful to many industrial sectors and led to their productive restructuring. That was the case of the garment sector which, to reduce its costs, outsourced the production to the sweatshops where the Bolivians work. These immigrants are mostly poor, undocumented and have low education level. In this research, we also relate this population flow to the structural transformations in these two countries, like the changes in the labor relations that occurred due to the productive restructuring processes. We also address the solidarity networks of these immigrants and the means by which they are improving their conditions on the destination society, where precarious work and habitation conditions prevail as well as a permanent instability as result of the irregular documentation for a expressive part of these workers.
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Espejo, Lipacho Rodrigo Erik. "Desalineamiento del tipo de cambio real: efectos en la determinación de los precios relativos dentro la economía boliviana." Universidad Mayor de San Andrés. Programa Cybertesis BOLIVIA, 2010. http://www.cybertesis.umsa.bo:8080/umsa/2010/espejo_lr/html/index-frames.html.
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El presente trabajo busca determinar y cuantificar el desalineamiento del Tipo de Cambio Real respecto a su trayectoria de largo plazo, y los efectos que tiene dicho desalineamiento sobre los distintos sectores de la Economía Boliviana a partir del shock positivo de precios internacionales vivido a partir del año 2003 en el contexto mundial. Para dicho fin se ha dividido el mismo en tres partes. En una primera parte se identifica la situación de dicha variable al interior de nuestra economía y se plantea el periodo de estudio (1991 – 2008). En la segunda parte se plantea todo el marco teórico a utilizarse: Se presenta el modelo de PPC, mismo que se descarta, el modelo TNT para determinación del Tipo de Cambio Real, el cual finalmente se utiliza y un modelo de Booming Sector para una economía pequeña y abierta, el cual se utiliza para el testeo de Enfermedad Holandesa. La tercera parte es la de desarrollo a partir de series estadísticas para los modelos planteados en la segunda parte. Se utiliza el Modelo TNT para la obtención del Tipo de Cambio Real, utilizando la metodología de dos pasos de Engel – Granger. El primer paso consiste en plantear y determinar un Tipo de Cambio Real de Equilibrio a partir de variables que lo determinan (Fundamentos del Tipo de Cambio Real). El segundo paso determina la velocidad de ajuste del TCR hacia su trayectoria de equilibrio de largo plazo, luego de un shock externo. Para determinar la trayectoria de equilibrio de largo plazo es necesaria la eliminación de la tendencia para ello se utilizo el filtro de Hodrick y Prescott. A partir de lo anteriormente mencionado, se obtuvo una apreciación del Tipo de Cambio Real de 16% respecto a su trayectoria de equilibrio. Una vez obtenido el resultado que arroja apreciación del Tipo de Cambio Real, se utiliza el modelo de Booming Sector dividiendo a la economía en tres sectores y se corrobora insipiente presencia de Enfermedad Holandesa en la Economía Boliviana, cuantificándose el efecto causado por el boom de precios sobre el nivel de producción sobre los tres sectores en que se divide a la economía.
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Albarracin, Tania. "A Macroeconomic Approach to the Growth of the Bolivian Informal Sector." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1989. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc501162/.
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This thesis attempts to measure the growth of the Bolivian informal sector. The study estimates the growth of the informal sector by defining it as the difference between the formal sector's reported real gross national product (GNP) and forecasted values of real GNP. The first chapter describes the Bolivian economy, defines its informal sector, and presents reasons for this sector's growth. Related research in informal activity, theoretical discussions, and perspectives are presented in the second chapter. Chapter III describes methodological research used in the analysis of the data. Chapter IV describes the results of the investigation. Conclusions and recommendations for the informal sector are provided in chapter V. The results show that it is possible to measure informal activity in a macro setting
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Dunlea, Stacey. "Reproducing imperial visions of Bolivia? : the personal, the cultural, and the economic in the British and Bolivian press." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2015. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/8426/.
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This thesis examines historical patterns of representation of Bolivia in Britain, along with the ways in which those representations have been internalized by local elites. It analyses the extent to which historical representations are reproduced by contemporary British and Bolivian press coverage of Bolivian political matters, focusing on three key areas: the personal, the cultural, and the economic. The personal is examined with respect to elections involving Evo Morales, the current Bolivian president. The UK press, the Bolivian press, and Morales himself have all sought to portray him as a radical leftist who represents a break from Bolivia's traditional power base. However, Morales's presidency has been less radical than suggested. The study shows that while contemporary British press coverage reproduces some of the problematic aspects of early representations, the contemporary Bolivian press appears more resistant to them. The cultural is examined through the coca leaf and cocaine. Coca, a mild stimulant, is central to Andean culture, but is also used to produce cocaine. While the coca leaf is Andean cultural material, cocaine is a European scientific invention. The study has found that British press delegitimizes the distinction between the leaf and the drug, thereby asserting the superiority of European worldviews. The Bolivian press allows for the duality of the leaf, suggesting that internalization of the supposed inferiority of local culture is limited. The economic is explored through coverage of Bolivia's natural resources. The UK press, reproducing historical patterns, renders Bolivia little more than a source of raw materials, and a blank canvas upon which British concerns can be projected and discussed. To a certain extent, the Bolivian coverage also renders Bolivia a source of raw materials to be exploited by foreign capital, supporting the notion that resource exploitation will allow Bolivia to develop.
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Rezera, Danielle do Nascimento. "Gênero e Trabalho: Mulheres Bolivianas na cidade de São Paulo 1980 a 2010." Universidade de São Paulo, 2012. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/8/8137/tde-12122012-112226/.
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Esta dissertação versa sobre o mundo do trabalho contemporâneo e suas implicações sociais e econômicas na esfera de gênero. Aqui abordamos a situação das mulheres bolivianas no setor de confecção na cidade de São Paulo, no período de 1980 a 2010. Procuramos, através desta pesquisa, elucidar os modos de inserção e permanência deste grupo na referida cidade, observando os papéis que desempenha na economia informal, através do seu trabalho no setor de confecção; buscamos, também, ampliar a compreensão acerca do mundo do trabalho contemporâneo, reestruturação produtiva e a questão de gênero. Para tanto, utilizamos como principais fontes as fichas de coletas de dados da Pastoral do Migrante no processo de Anistia de 2009, dados do setor de têxteis e confecção, além de entrevistas.Sought through this research to elucidate the modes of insertion and retention of this group in that city, noting the roles it plays in the informal economy, through their work in the sector of manufacturing; seek also to broaden the understanding about the world of contemporary work , production restructuring and gender. Therefore, we use the chips as the main sources of data collection for the Pastoral Care of Migrants in the process of Amnesty of 2009, data from the textiles and clothing, as well as interviews.
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Treiber, Victor Oviedo. "Rural poverty, vulnerability and food insecurity : the case of Bolivia." Bachelor's thesis, Universität Potsdam, 2014. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2014/7126/.
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Bolivia is one of the poorest countries in Latin America. This study analyzes whether rural poverty increases the incidence of food insecurity and whether food insecurity perpetuates the condition of poverty among the rural poor in Bolivia. In order to achieve this aim, the risks that households face and the capacity of households to implement coping strategies in order to mitigate vulnerability shocks are identified. We suggest that efforts by households to become food secure may be difficult in rural areas because of poverty and the vulnerability associated with a lack of physical assets, low levels of human capital, poor infrastructure, and poor health; as well as the precarious regional environment aggravating the severity of vulnerability to food insecurity.
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Morales, Juan Antonio. "La economía política del populismo boliviano del siglo 21." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2008. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/47381.
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Cornett, Linda. "Distribution of privilege : the politics of economic policy and reform in Bolivia /." Thesis, Connect to this title online; UW restricted, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/1773/10749.
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Román, Soraya. "Costos laborales, economía informal y reformas a la legislación laboral en Bolivia." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2011. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/144638.
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Tesis para optar al grado de Magíster en EconomíaSe desarrolla y ajusta un modelo de equilibrio general din amico y estoc astico con 2 sectores, el formal y el informal, para la econom a boliviana. El modelo considera como sector informal a aqu el que evade los costos laborales. Los incentivos para evadir dependen de la probabilidad de captura por evasi on y de la sanci on por evadir. Existen 2 tipos de costos laborales: los costos sobre la planilla salarial (contribuciones a la seguridad social e impuestos al ingreso) y los costos de despido y contrataci on que se modelan como costos de ajuste. Los par ametros de la funci on de los costos de ajuste son estimados por GMM. El objetivo del modelo es evaluar los impactos de las ultimas reformas laborales sobre el empleo, los salarios y el producto. En concreto, se analiza el efecto de un incremento impositivo en el empleo que sirve para la creaci on de un fondo semicontributivo con nes redistributivos y est a de nido en la Nueva Ley de Pensiones. Por otro lado, se analiza el efecto de un incremento en los costos de despido y contrataci on, de nido en el anteproyecto de C odigo Laboral. Los resultados indican que en el primer caso la reforma incrementa la informalidad, lo que ocasiona que en el largo plazo reduzca el n umero de contribuyentes al nuevo fondo, afectando a su sostenibilidad. En el segundo caso, se encuentra que la reforma reduce la movilidad del empleo formal e informal, dentro de cada sector y entre sectores, lo que incrementa el tiempo necesario para que el empleo se recupere en caso de una recesi on o responda en caso de una expansi on.
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Maciel, Douglas Campanini. "Nacionalismos, movimentos sociais e a incorporação da Bolívia à economia-mundo capitalista." Florianópolis, SC, 2008. http://repositorio.ufsc.br/xmlui/handle/123456789/90873.
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Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal de Santa Catarina, Centro Sócio-Econômico. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Economia.Made available in DSpace on 2012-10-23T16:17:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 260102.pdf: 1538946 bytes, checksum: 5caf71cacce3c55a88b1fb0dbae6a706 (MD5)
A Bolívia, nesses últimos oito anos que inauguram o século XXI cronológico, sinaliza para um reviver de movimentos de caráter étnico-sociais que refletem uma continuidade históricoestrutural multissecular do jogo de forças entre duas lógicas de organizações sociais antagônicas. Esse jogo de forças, interno ao Estado nacional boliviano, para além do esquecimento, demonstra que o passado está presente e a animar, de forma determinante, os eventos políticos dessa sociedade. Este trabalho procura lançar luz sobre esse jogo em sua longa duração, descrevendo e discutindo os principais processos que o permearam durante os últimos quinhentos anos. Salientam-se, pois, os determinantes que ensejaram esse processo, a exemplo da incorporação da região do Alto Peru, futura Bolívia no século XIX, ao moderno sistema mundial, na busca de compreender o presente dessa sociedade sob o olhar dos que, até o limiar do século XX, representaram os perdedores desse jogo, a saber, os povos originários. Bolivia in the last eight years that launches the chronological XXI century signalizes for a revival of ethical-social character movements that reflect a multi-secular historical-structural continuity of the power game between two antagonistic social organization logics. This power game, internal to Bolivian National State, beyond the forgetfulness, shows that the past is present and excites in a determinant way the political events of this society. This work seeks in the light of this game its long-last, describing and discussing the main processes that permeated it during the last five hundred years. It is highlighted the determinants that caused this process, taking for example Alto Peru region incorporation, future Bolivia in the XX century, represented the losers of this game, namely, from the native peoples.
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Morales, Juan Antonio. "Creación de dinero y demanda por dinero durante la alta inflación boliviana de 1982-1985." Economía, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/118061.
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Eversole, Robyn. "Little business, big dreams : households, production and growth in a small Bolivian city." Thesis, McGill University, 1998. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=34954.
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Questions about the role of the "informal sector" color much of the discussion of urban economic development in poor countries. Why is there an informal sector (and how to define it)? Are informal businesses stagnant or dynamic, and can they contribute to development? In the small Bolivian city of Sucre, site of this study, there is no "informal sector"; rather, the entire economy demonstrates informal characteristics. With a handful of exceptions, businesses are all very small and household centered. Most manufacturing is done by hand or with simple machines, and informal labor and trade relationships predominate. This thesis describes Sucre's producers, especially chocolate-makers and carpenters, and the local organizations which work with them to promote business growth. Despite attempts by local NGOs, grassroots organizations, and business people, Sucre' businesses stay, small and informal. The reasons for this include: (A) the size and composition of the local market; (B) the problems of trust and contract enforcement which raise transaction costs (for hiring workers, contracting distributors and forming partnerships); (C) the inability to "catch up" with more efficient, mechanized competitors in neighboring countries; and (D) a tendency for households to diversify their investments as a response to risk and uncertain markets. The main problem impeding business growth in Sucre is not the businesses' informality (which is principally a result of their smallness), but the local social, economic and institutional environment in which they must work. This is an environment in which business owners have learned to survive and even, occasionally, prosper, but one which they have thus far been unable to change.
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Coen, Stephanie E. "Economic and social dimensions of neighbourhood trade-stores in Cochabamba, Bolivia." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=99362.
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Neighbourhood trade-stores, or small scale retail outlets specialising in domestic provisions sold in small quantities, are common features of residential landscapes in developing countries. While these shops are fixtures in the everyday micro-geographies of urban places, little is known as to how they are economically and socially bound up with the neighbourhoods in which they are situated and, in turn, how these linkages influence the day-to-day life circumstances of local people. Through such a local-level investigation utilising multiple qualitative methods, I examine the intra-neighbourhood economic and social roles of small trade-stores in an urban neighbourhood in Cochabamba, Bolivia. My analysis reveals that trade-stores were a key influence on the welfare of neighbourhood residents. Economically, these shops functioned as safeguards for family economies by providing multidimensional material support. Socially, trade-stores acted as mechanisms for informal social control, nodes of local information exchange, and sources of local social opportunities and social support.
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Estevez, Christopher L. "A Market Study of Organic and Fair Trade Coffee in Bolivia." FIU Digital Commons, 2015. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2012.
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The purpose of this research is to study the commercialization of Fairtrade and Organic coffee in the Bolivia. Fairtrade and Organic coffee are alternative trade systems designed to promote the equitable and environmentally sustainable production of coffee. However, these alternative trading systems often fail to meet these goals. The producers and environment these systems are intended to protect remain marginalized. These failures are due to a number of local institutions. In order to better understand these institutions, this research conducted interviews of various stakeholders including producers, cooperative leaders, organic/Fair Trade certifiers, government agencies and private buyers. All these stakeholders influence the success of the alternative trade systems. By better understanding how these stakeholders impact the commercialization of coffee in Bolivia; new policies can be develop to improve the outcomes of alternative trade, to benefit both producers and the environment. This is especially critical in Bolivia because of the environmentally sensitive area in which coffee is grown, the potentially damaging impact of coca on the region and, the devastating economic impact to farmers.
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Martin, G. M. "The Bolivian Mineworkers Federation (FSTMB), 1952-1965: Labour, politics and economic development." Thesis, University of Portsmouth, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.484272.
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Monasterios, Perez Karin. "Structural adjustment and the collapse of the Bolivian model of accumulation." Ottawa, 1994.
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Quintana, Jaldin Patricia Carola. "El Rol del Estado en la Economía Política de Bolivia." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2010. http://www.repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/102469.
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Valencia, Amaya Mauricio Giovanni. "Trade Liberalization and Food Security : The Case of Bolivia after the Structural Reforms of 1985." Thesis, Stockholm University, Department of Economic History, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-36892.
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This research shows the relationship between trade liberalization and food security for the Bolivian case. As a result of the severe economic crisis of the early-1980s, Bolivia adopted a series of market-oriented reforms in 1985. The reforms included the liberalization of the trade regime and the promotion of non-traditional exports. The trade liberalization had an important effect on the performance of cash crops, especially in the development of the soybeans industry. However, foodcrops did not have such a great dynamics. Vegetables and starchy roots declined in per capita terms and the increase in imports were not enough to compensate the decline. Trade reforms mostly favor a small group of large-scale farmers in the lowlands, who had historically been granted land in the region. In this sense, Bolivia’s involvement in a trade liberalization process was not reflected in an overall improvement of the country’s food security.
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Cuellar, Suarez Claudia. "Economías Comunitarias y Modelo de desarrollo: Desafíos de un proyecto de Estado en Bolivia." Tesis, Universidad de Chile, 2017. http://repositorio.uchile.cl/handle/2250/152583.
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Magister en Ciencias Sociales Mención Sociología de la ModernizaciónHablar sobre modelos de desarrollo en América latina, ha sido vasto, sobre todo a mediados del siglo XX, cuando se inaugura en el continente toda una corriente que indaga sobre las posibilidades de desarrollo en las condiciones específicas de la estructura social latinoamericana. En Bolivia este debate no pasa desapercibido, más aun contagiado por la Revolución Nacional de 1952, el cual ancla una transformación en el país en términos de aperturas de derechos. Sin embargo también presentando los límites de su tiempo
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Morales, Juan Antonio. "Ajuste macroeconómico y reformas estructurales en Bolivia, 1985-1994." Economía, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/117800.
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El propósito principal de este documento es ofrecer un estado de la situación macroeconómica, una revisión del programa de reformas estructurales, que comenzó con la estabilización de agosto de 1985 (con el Decreto Supremo 21060), y un análisis de las perspectivas de crecimiento. Se hace hincapié en las dificultades que Bolivia confronta para reanudar sostenidamente el crecimiento.
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Maldonado, Genaro Emílio Carrión. "A economia do narcotráfico: o caso da cocaína na Bolívia." Faculdade de Economia, 1997. http://repositorio.ufba.br/ri/handle/ri/17137.
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Esta dissertação analisa o narcotráfico na Bolívia, dando ênfase, principalmente, à produção ilegal de folha de coca, matéria-prima essencial à fabricação da cocaína. Esta pesquisa revela que o fluxo migratório para as plantações de coca, além das características étnicas e culturais do produtor, fazem com que esta atividade se perpetue na Bolívia.
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Whittingham, Ryan. "Economic institutional change in bolivia and peru a discursive institutionalist approach." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2012. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/639.
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Since the turn of the twenty-first century, a number of Latin American countries have undergone a marked shift to the left in their politics. With this, a number of Latin American countries have been pursuing economic policies that give a greater role for the state in economic affairs. Hugo Chavez has promised to build "twenty-first century socialism" in Venezuela, while Bolivia's Evo Morales often attacks the "neoliberalism" that previously guided economic reform in that country. This thesis investigates these economic institutional changes through a discursive institutionalist perspective, focusing on two Latin American countries: Bolivia and Peru. The goal is to analyze the role discourse and ideas played in impacting economic institutional change, or the lack thereof, in these two countries. This analysis suggests that institutional change in Bolivia can be explained by the skill political figures such as Evo Morales had in linking certain economic policies to notions of Bolivian sovereignty and a defense of natural resources. However, in Peru, discursive limitations presented barriers to a shift towards greater state intervention. By emphasizing the impact of discourse and ideas, this thesis aims to provide a novel theoretical interpretation of these events transpiring in Latin America.B.A.
Bachelors
Sciences
Political Science
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Dorado-Banacloche, Silvia. "Social entrepreneurship : the process of creation of microfinance organisations in Bolivia." Thesis, McGill University, 2000. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=36916.
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This dissertation studies the origin of new organisational forms. It focuses on organisations that challenge existing institutional boundaries, specifically the boundaries between for profit and not for profit providers of financial services. It builds on research on the origins of the microfinance industry in Bolivia; and particularly on the creation and development of BancoSol and Los Andes, the two pioneering organisations. This research involved in-depth interviews and analysis of industry-specific documents and newspaper files.The study builds on three research streams: collective strategy, institutional theory, and evolutionary entrepreneurship. It proposes an overarching process-model that bridges these three bodies of work and advances our understanding of three key dynamics in the creation of new organisational forms: (1) the combination of hitherto unconnected principles and practices; (2) the leverage of support and acceptance for new organisational forms; and (3) the development of endurance for the new form.
The study argues that these three dynamics occur within a nonlinear process that includes three overlying stages. The first stage involves the creation of an entrepreneurial team to launch the organisations. This team includes individuals from fields with divergent principles and practices (e.g. for profit and not for profit). The second stage involves negotiations with institutional actors to leverage support and acceptance for the novel organisational form. The third stage involves decisions, actions, and interactions that promote internal coalescence and defend the organisations from external challenges. I have labeled this process-model social entrepreneurship. The process is predominantly social as the three dynamics are defined by the social assets and relations of actors. It is predominantly entrepreneurial as it destroys existing boundaries across fields and generates an enduring combination of principles and practices previously unconnected.
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Lanza, García Daniela Patricia. "Incidencia de la informalidad laboral en Bolivia, período 1990-2006." Universidad Mayor de San Andrés. Programa Cybertesis BOLIVIA, 2011. http://www.cybertesis.umsa.bo:8080/umsa/2011/lanza_gd/html/index-frames.html.
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La presente investigación estudia al sector informal el mismo que se ha convertido en uno de los sectores más importantes y dinámicos de la economía boliviana, abarcando prácticamente todas las ramas de actividad económica y proporcionando más empleo que cualquier otro sector. Si bien hubo una reducción de la informalidad en términos relativos (porcentajes) entre 1996 y 2006 de 63% a 58% respectivamente, en términos absolutos se tiene un incremento aproximadamente en 300 mil personas pasando de 1.2 millones a 1.5 millones de personas.
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Turner, Katherine. "Feeding local economies: Bolivia’s edible biocultural heritage and rural territorial development." Journal of Agroecology and Sustainable Food Systems, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/31954.
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The biocultural heritage and diversity of localised food systems are resources that some communities, governments and other actors are mobilising to pursue their development objectives. However, further understanding is needed to determine how regimes of access and benefit surrounding this collectively held heritage are affected by its use in development projects. This dissertation examines rural development involving interventions in the food systems of the Central Valley of Tarija, Bolivia, and the ripple effects on the people who depend on these systems for their survival as producers, intermediaries and consumers. Core themes relate to personal histories and experiences of change and continuity in household economies and diet, and the role of biocultural heritage within localised food systems. These are examined in relation to processes of territorial construction and ordering through development programs and less planned processes of global and environmental change. Data were gathered through a food systems methodology, acknowledging the complex, interdependent relationships among production, transformation, exchange and consumption. The primary methods used were semi-structured interviews with local producers, intermediaries, consumers and government and non-governmental organisation key informants, complemented by participant observation, surveys, and document review. I found edible biocultural heritage to be a key resource in territorial projects seeking to alter current and future conditions of the Central Valley territory. From the 1970s onward, agricultural production possibilities available to research participant households have narrowed because of land enclosures, market integration, and other intersecting factors ultimately favouring transition towards commodity production (Chapter 2). Some smallholder viticulturalists, however, have incorporated grape production within multi-species agroecosystems to balance the risks and benefits of participation in the expanding commercial sector (Chapter 3). Edible biocultural heritage is being mobilised within multiple territorial projects in the Central Valley, including a gourmet project (Chapter 4) and an alternative food network around campesino gastronomic heritage (Chapter 5), with distinct ecological, economic and sociocultural implications. Whose heritage (or aspects of heritage) is carried forward and given precedence within development processes, and whose is rendered less viable and visible, has significant impacts on food systems’ form and function, the representations of local identity they manifest and the livelihood possibilities they entail.February 2017
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Jordan, M. Roberto. "The Bolivian National Revolution of 1952 : a contemporary perspective." Thesis, Kansas State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/9855.
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Navajas, Sergio. "Credit for the Poor: Microlending Technologies and Contract Design in Bolivia." Connect to resource, 1999. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1226089809.
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Gashi, Lumnie. "Handelsutveckling mellan Sverige och Bolivia - påverkande faktorer?" Thesis, Halmstad University, School of Business and Engineering (SET), 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hh:diva-3703.
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Molina, Tejerina Óscar Jorge. "Comercio internacional y diferencias salariales en Bolivia." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Politècnica de València, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/10913.
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La presente Tesis analiza cómo el comercio internacional -y más particularmente la intensidad comercial-, distinguiendo entre sectores transables y no transables, incide sobre las diferencias salariales por género. A partir del modelo propuesto por Gary Becker se contrasta la hipótesis de que en un país donde exista "propensión" a discriminar a las mujeres debería esperarse que la discriminación fuese menor en los sectores transables. En particular, podría incluso suceder que en los sectores transables dicha discriminación no existiera.
La evidencia empírica disponible procede de la Encuesta de hogares de Bolivia para el 2002, que se preparó dentro del programa MECOVI (Mejoramiento de Encuestas y Condiciones de Vida de la Población), y que es la única base de datos en el citado país que tiene la particularidad de poder clasificar a los individuos según su actividad principal de acuerdo con la Clasificación Internacional Industrial Uniforme.
Se ha escogido Bolivia por ser uno de los países más pobres y desiguales del continente americano. Además de por su pobreza, y esto es menos conocido, Bolivia es uno de los países pioneros de las políticas liberalizadoras que se generalizaron en casi todo el continente durante la década de los noventa de la mano del Consenso de Washington, con consecuencias no del todo estudiadas.
A partir de estimaciones econométricas corregidas por sesgo de selección del nivel de ingresos se calcula la Descomposición de Oaxaca-Blinder, ya que esta metodología es la más empleada para analizar temas de discriminación.
Los resultados muestran que en Bolivia existe en general una propensión a discriminar a la mujer en el mercado de trabajo. La estimación de la descomposición, diferenciando los sectores transables de los no transables, muestra que para los primeros no existe evidencia estadística de discriminación, mientras que ocurre lo contrario para los sectores no transables, aunque las pruebas estadísticas sugieren que la diferencia entre ambas no es estadísticamente significativa, demostrando -
curiosamente -la hipótesis fuerte de la tesis pero no la débil.Molina Tejerina, ÓJ. (2011). Comercio internacional y diferencias salariales en Bolivia [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/10913
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Jensen, Nathan. "Exploring the Relationships Between Livelihood Dimensions and Socio-ecological Resilience in the Bolivian Altiplano." Thesis, University of Missouri - Columbia, 2019. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=13850739.
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Households in the Bolivian Altiplano construct their livelihood strategies in a system marked by changing climate and volatile social systems. The strategies that they choose must work to decrease the household‘s vulnerability to shocks, such as drought and frost, and increase its ability to adapt to longer term changes, for instance the affects of globalization. Their strategies may also influence the resilience of their community and environment, either increasing or decreasing the likelihood of catastrophe.
This research uses canonical correlation analysis to analyze survey data collected from 330 rural households in two regions of the Bolivian Altiplano. It examines the impact that dominant livelihood strategies have on the resilience of the household and its socio-ecological environment. The analysis shows that access to land and lifecycle are two household characteristics most highly associated with resilience; that diversification into labor markets often works towards increasing resilience; and that many households use livestock as an insurance mechanism. The results suggest that policies that work towards increasing crop yields and reducing livestock loss in the face of climate change could effectively target the households that are most vulnerable. Programs that include transfer payments to older households for providing services, such as increasing ecosystem resilience by placing land in fallow, could reduce the negative impact of lifecycle experienced by many across both regions.
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Espinoza, Revollo Patricia. "The emergence of indigenous middle classes in highly stratified societies : the case of Bolivia." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:3b89c28e-2f6f-4648-b360-03e5d8209c70.
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This thesis investigates the emergence of an indigenous middle class between 1975 and 2010 in Bolivia - a country characterized by poor and unstable long-term economic growth, high inequality, and enduring ethnic and class cleavages. The study takes a two-tiered approach. It focuses first on tracing the emergence of the middle class by highlighting the main drivers of socio-economic improvement for individuals. Based on a longitudinal examination of a Socio-Economic Index (SEI) - upon which the middle class is operationally defined in this thesis - I explain the emergence of the middle class as the result of two distinct but interconnected processes: (i) a massive urbanization process that reached a peak in the mid-1980s, which brought individuals closer to areas favoured by state policies; and (ii) an institutional change in the mid-1990s, consisting of a new national framework that allocated resources more efficiently throughout the country. In addition, my analysis uncovers the different occupational trajectories that middle-class individuals followed to gain access to the new structure of opportunities and to prosper and become part of the middle class. Based on inter- and intra-generational analyses of occupational mobility, I find that in a context of an over supply of labour and with limited skills and economic capital, migrants found the means to thrive socially and economically in commerce, transport, and construction activities. Secondly, I explore the extent to which the emergence of the new middle class has opened-up opportunities for indigenous peoples. I conduct a periodic headcount of indigeneity based on spoken languages (indigenous and/or Spanish) and self-ascription to indigenous groups. Two messages emerge from this exercise. First, the new middle class has provided opportunities for individuals who are monolingual in indigenous languages, whether they ascribe themselves or not to an indigenous group. Second, individuals' ethnic identities become fuzzier as they move into the middle class. This is revealed by indigenous language loss and a significant decrease in self-ascription that happened in a markedly stratified manner over just ten years. I tackle the intricacies of middle-class ethnic identity by drawing on a social identity conceptual framework that allows me to integrate synergistically the discussions on class, ethnicity, and modernization. By approaching social identities through the analysis of differentiated lifestyles, I find that new middle-class individuals have hybrid and segmented identities. That is, individuals combine indigenous/traditional and modern forms of living that vary according to their socio-economic level, but do not necessarily move towards cultural assimilation. I contend that the creation of new status symbols and forms of recognition based on indigenous idiosyncrasies in the new middle class constitutes a categorical break with historical, ethnic-based forms of social, economic, and cultural exclusion and discrimination. In summary, this thesis advances the conceptualization and understanding of the middle class, contributing to the burgeoning literature on emerging middle classes in developing countries by offering a more complex picture of its expansion and identity construction.
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Raney, Catherine A. "From Housewife to Household Weapon: Women from the Bolivian Mines Organize Against Economic Exploitation and Political Oppression." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2013. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/591.
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Drawing from oral histories which I gathered while living in Bolivia, this thesis tracks the start, growth, and development of the political movement led by women from the Bolivian mines from 1961 to 1987. This movement helped create a new political culture that recognized the importance of women’s participation in politics and human rights. Today, this culture lives on. Bolivia has not experienced a coup since 1980, and the nation’s human rights record has improved dramatically since the 1980s as well.
Prior to the mid-1980s, Bolivia was often under the control of oppressive military regimes that resorted to many different types of coercion in attempts to silence resistance in the mining centers, the national government’s main source of conflict. This uneven power struggle between working class activists and the national government motivated many women to challenge gender roles and involve themselves in politics. After establishing their political organization called the Housewives’ Committee, women activists organized and acted collectively to challenge political oppression and mitigate the effects of extreme poverty. They frequently employed compelling tactics, most commonly hunger strikes, to win attention for their issues. They also involved themselves in many other diverse projects and demonstrations depending on their communities’ need. Women’s political development resulted in a number of personal transformations among those who participated: it awakened a political consciousness and also enabled women to recognize the importance of their paid and unpaid work in the mining economy. These changes eventually altered women’s understanding of how women’s oppression fit into the broader struggle of working class activism by convincing them of the deep connection between women’s liberation and the liberation of their community. These transformations led to the acceptance of women as political activists and leaders, which continues in the present.
This work also tracks the United States’ impact on the relationship between the mining centers and the state. This analysis serves to remind us that as United States citizens we must be very critical of our nation’s impact; because of our ability to enormously affect small land-locked countries like Bolivia, we must also hold ourselves accountable to understanding our historical impact so that we can make informed decisions in the present.
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Gomez, Montano Lorena. "Do microbial communities in soils of the Bolivian Altiplano change under economic pressures for shorter fallow periods?" Thesis, Kansas State University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/13726.
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Master of ScienceDepartment of Plant Pathology
Karen A. Garrett
Ari Jumpponen
Traditional fallow periods in the Bolivian highlands are being shortened in an effort to increase short-term crop yields, with potential long-term impacts on soil communities. Using 454-pyrosequencing, we characterized fungal and bacterial community responses to (1) the length of fallow period and (2) the presence of the plants Parasthrephia sp. or Baccharis sp. (both locally known as ‘thola’). Thola is widely considered by farmers as beneficial to soil health, although it is also frequently harvested as a source of fuel by farmers. Soils in one study area, Ancoraimes, had higher levels of organic matter, nitrogen and other macronutrients compared to the other study area, Umala. In our analyses, Ancoraimes soils supported more diverse fungal communities, whereas Umala had more diverse bacterial communities. Unexpectedly, the longer fallow periods were associated with lower fungal diversity in Umala and lower bacterial diversity in Ancoraimes. Fungi assigned to genera Verticillium, Didymella, and Alternaria, and bacteria assigned to genera Paenibacillus, Segetibacter, and Bacillariophyta decreased in abundance with longer fallow period. The presence of thola did not significantly affect overall soil fungal or bacterial diversity, but did increase the frequency of some genera such as Fusarium and Bradyrhizobium. Our results suggest that fallow period has a range of effects on microbial communities, and that the removal of thola from the fields impacts the dynamics of the soil microbial communities.
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McNelis, Paul D., and Liliana Rojas-Suárez. "Devaluación del tipo de cambio, dolarización e incertidumbre: una comparación entre Bolivia y Perú." Economía, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/117957.
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Lechner, Silke. "Presidents and economic policy-making : the politics of tax reform in Bolivia and Ecuador." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2006. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1903/.
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This comparative study of Ecuador and Bolivia analyses the political dynamics of economic reforms in the last two decades. The question guiding this work is: under which conditions are presidents able to introduce the reforms they propose. and the focus is put on the political processes behind the tax reforms that were implemented and those that failed. The theoretical framework employs an institutionalist approach and focuses on how variations in institutional structures have shaped policy-making processes. Since most authors limit their analysis to institutional aspects, the thesis aims to make a contribution to this approach by analysing the influence of particular institutional aspects on the introduction of reforms. Other variables, such as the influence of private sector groups or popular protest, are included in the analysis to explore to what extent they challenge or complement the argument. The tax reforms of the last two decades are used as a case study to account for dynamics of economic policy-making in the two countries more generally. The study resulted in three main findings. Firstly, the institutional analysis proposed provides a coherent explanation as to why Bolivia was able to implement wide-ranging tax reforms during the 1980s and 1990s while presidents in Ecuador usually failed to introduce similar changes. Bolivia's particular form of presidentialism - featuring a parliamentary element of electing the president in Congress in the second round of elections - has produced coalition governments after 1985, which allowed presidents to introduce wide- ranging tax reforms. In Ecuador, on the other hand, tax reforms often failed due to the lack of institutional incentives for overcoming the political deadlock of a fragmented Congress. A second finding contributes to the economic crisis approach as hyperinflation proved to have an impact on the policy-making process (Bolivia after 1985), which has not necessarily been the case when countries experienced other types of economic crises (e.g. Ecuador in 1999). Thirdly, the change in the pattern of policy-making within Bolivia is examined. It is argued that the extra-institutional processes Bolivia experienced during the recent years have been caused by the same institutional mechanism that had brought political stability during the 1980s and 1990s as coalition politics was dependent on patronage payments and the political parties lost more and more support. This thesis, in short, fills a gap by connecting institutional analysis to actual economic reforms; it establishes a link between political structures and their effect on policy-making as regards the case of tax reform.
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Galindo, Cespedes Jose Fernando. "Technical versus socio-technical : conflict in Bolivian and Dutch academic collaboration in irrigation /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2002. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p3052172.
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Elsner, Dominik. "A Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of a Hypothetical Dengue Vaccination Campaign in Bolivia." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Nationalekonomi, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-149625.
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This thesis aims to perform a cost-effectiveness analysis for a hypothetical vaccination campaign against dengue fever in Bolivia, a low-income country with endemic risk of Dengue in the eastern lowlands of the country. A vaccination campaign is evaluated using a societal perspective and accounting for different disease incidence rates. The analysis is based on a Markov model previously used in neighboring Argentina and adapted to the Bolivian context by use of information published in scientific journals and information obtained by personal communication with Bolivian doctors. The vaccination campaign was found likely to be cost-effective when the clinical/suspected case incidence is used. Cost-effectiveness is not given when only the laboratory confirmed case incidence is used. The results are similar for a sensitivity analysis that accounted for differences in costs for treatment or vaccination. A probabilistic analysis yielded a probability of 100% at the three-times GDP per capita threshold of 9,231 US$ for the clinical incidence and correspondingly a 56% probability of cost-effectiveness for the lower incidence measure.
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Arruda, Belia Fantina Bonini Pinto de. "A designação camelos em caceres : os sentidos nas relações comerciais na fronteira Brasil/Bolivia." [s.n.], 2000. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/269048.
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Orientador: Eduardo Roberto Junqueira GuimarãesDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Estudos da Linguagem
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Resumo: Este trabalho tem como objetivo estudar a designação camelôs brasileiros e camelôs bolivianos na cidade de Cáceres. Primeiramente gostaria de chamar a atenção para a atividade da economia informal na cidade de Cáceres, mais especificamente a ligada aos comerciantes chamados camelôs. Observamos nesta cidade um fato curioso e muito interessante, pois além dos camelôs brasileiros também existem camelôs bolivianos comercializando lado a lado, aparentemente, sem nenhum conflito. Digo aparentemente já que por meio de entrevistas feitas com comerciantes formais, camelôs brasileiros e camelôs bolivianos, (que constituíram o corpus da pesquisa), encontrei elementos que me proporcionaram delimitar os recortes para as análises semântico-enunciativas. Estes recortes me permitiram discutir a questão da designação de camelôs brasileiros e camelôs bolivianos Na perspectiva da Semântica Histórica da Enunciação, Guimarães (1995), encontrei os conceitos teóricos e descritivos que me permitiram mostrar nas análises como estes conflitos se dão no acontecimento enunciativo. Pelas análises também aparece como a designação camelô funciona na enunciação a partir das diferentes relações, sejam elas sociais, econômicas ou jurídicas. E a partir deste estudo poder explicar a posição e o lugar social do camelô brasileiro e do camelô boliviano que trabalham numa economia informal, e que em alguns momentos são enunciados de uma posição de legalidade e em outros da posição de ilegalidade
Abstract: This dissertation aims to study the designation Brazilian pedd/ers (camelôs brasileiros) and Bolivian peddlers (camelôs bolivianos) in the city of Cáceres. Firstly I would like to call the attention for the activity of infonnal economy in Cáceres, more specifically on to the traders called peddlers. We observe a curious and very interesting fact for besides the Brazilian peddlers, we also find Bolivian peddlers commercializing side by side, apparently, without any conflict. I say apparently since by means of interviews made with fonnal traders, Brazilian peddlers and Bolivian peddlers, (they constituted the corpora of this research), I found elements that provided me to delimit clippings for the semantic-enunciative analyses. These clippings allowed me to argue the matter of designation of Brazilian and Bolivian peddlers. In the perspective of Semântica Histórica da Enunciação (Historical Semantics) Guimarães (1995), I found theoretical and descriptive concepts that allowed me to show in the analyses how these conflicts appear when given in the discursive event. These analyses also show how the designation pedd/er functions in the discourse from the different relations, may they be: social, economic or legal. And from this study to be able to explain the position and the social place of the Brazilian peddler and the Bolivian peddler that work in an infonnal economy and that at some moments they are enunciated from a position of legality and in others from the position of illegality
Mestrado
Mestre em Linguística
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Miranda, Cabrera Sergio Andrés. "“Geologia economica aplicada al comportamiento de la veta hundimiento distrito minero de Porco Potosí - Bolivia”." Universidad Mayor de San Andrés. Programa Cybertesis BOLIVIA, 2008. http://www.cybertesis.umsa.bo:8080/umsa/2008/miranda_cs/html/index-frames.html.
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El yacimiento de Porco fue descubierto en tiempos precolombinos, cuyas vetas, inicialmente sólo fueron explotadas para la obtención de minerales argentíferos. Hoy en día, se extraen de este yacimiento, minerales de estaño (Sn O2) y metales base; actualmente, es uno de los principales productores de Zinc (Zn S) y plomo (Pb S) con contenidos de plata (Ag). Este depósito mineral, está compuesto por estructuras vetiformes poli metálicas desarrolladas principalmente en la toba Porco y la roca ígnea porfiditica. Por otra parte, las vetas principales, tienen en general anchos menores a un metro pero en algunos casos llegan hasta 3 metros de potencia, con una extensión longitudinal de hasta 2 km.
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Eversole, Robyn. "Rural weavers in Southern Bolivia : a development project case study." Thesis, McGill University, 1995. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=22584.
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While most people would agree that economic development is an important goal, and understanding of exactly what "economic development" implies, and how to achieve it, are considerably more elusive. Specifically, this paper addresses the concern about whether very small-scale "grassroots-style" development projects for producers--especially petty artisans--really have the potential to make a positive impact on an ailing economy. A case study of a textile weavers' project in rural northern Chuquisaca, Bolivia, among the Jalq's (Quechua-speaking) ethnic group, is presented in detail. The local-level organizations, known as "workshops", which administer this project are analysed along with economic data from households, in order to determine both the advantages of such a project for rural women weavers, and the project's limitations. The implications of a form of organization in which local-level organizations share administrative duties with a larger support organization--in this case, the Sucre-based Antropologos del Surandino (ASUR)--are also discussed. The gains and potential gains made by weavers and their households as a result of this project are not overwhelming, yet they are valuable steps toward increased empowerment and an expansion of economic and social options for the Jalq'a.
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Peres, Cajías José Alejandro. "Bolivia Public Finances, 1882-2007. Challenges and restricitons of State intervention in a small, multiethnic and revolutíonary economy." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/126118.
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My dissertation aims at analyzing the impact of State intervention in Bolivia by looking at the long term evolution of Bolivian Public Finances, 1882-2007. My dissertation is compound by four different chapters. In the following lines, you may find a small abstract of each chapter.
According to Acemoglu, Johnson and Robinson (2002), Bolivia is a perfect example of the reversal of fortune (RF) hypothesis. This hypothesis, however, has been criticised for oversimplifying causal relationships by “compressing” history (Austin, 2008). In the case of Bolivia, a full contrast of the RF hypothesis would require a global approach to the entire postcolonial period, which has been prevented so far by the lack of quantitative information for the period before 1950. Chapter 1 aims at filling that gap by providing new income per capita estimates for Bolivia in 1890-1950 and a point guesstimate for the mid-nineteenth century. The new estimates indicate that post-colonial divergence has not been a persistent feature of Bolivian economic history. Instead, it was concentrated in the second half of the 19th century and the second half of the 20th century.
Chapter 2 aims at offering a long-term and comparative study of Bolivian public finances using a new detailed database. The new quantitative evidence allows bringing new insights on the achievements and restrictions of State intervention in the country. First of all, it shows that whereas the importance of social expenditure has constantly grown within total public spending since the late 1930s, Bolivian public revenues have always had an unbalanced structure: from the 1880s to the 1980s the State was highly dependent on trade taxes; later on, on indirect internal taxes, and taxes and non-tax revenues derived from oil and gas exploitation. Secondly, it shows that Bolivian government revenues and expenditures were relatively small and volatile until the 1980s. Finally, it confirms that Central Government fiscal deficits have been constant, reaching in some periods, such as the early 1980s, a level that was especially damaging for the overall economy. Thus, beyond the existence or not of an explicit commitment by the political leadership towards certain types of public expenditures, the effectiveness of Bolivian public finances was often hindered by the difficulty to ensure a sustained flow of revenues.
Chapter 3 aims at revisiting the debate on the evolution of Bolivian tariffs from the 1850s to the mid 1930s by presenting and discussing new quantitative evidence. Contrary to an old claim by Bolivian historiography, the chapter suggests that Bolivian tariff policy was not as passive as previously assumed and that, broadly speaking, Bolivian tariffs remained high during most of the period. Nevertheless, the chapter also suggests that tariff policy did not necessarily allow protecting those products which represented the main economic activity of the different Bolivian regions during this period of time. Two reasons would explain this result: a) the prevalence until the mid 1900s of disadvantageous trade agreements with neighboring countries as a consequence of both the initial fragility of the Bolivian State-building process and the lost of the Pacific War (1879); b) the impact that both geographical fragmentation and the regional unbalanced expansion of railways had on domestic transport costs.
A widespread view suggests that, given an initial high level of inequality, Latin American States have been controlled by small elites that did not have any interest in tax collection (Sokoloff and Zolt, 2006) –since this would imply taxing themselves- or education spending (Engerman, Mariscal and Sokoloff, 2009) –which would involve a redistribution of resources. Chpater 4 aims at analyzing if educational spending in Bolivia, either fits well into this regional description up to present times or, by contrast, changed radically and took distance from the regional pattern after the 1952 Revolution. Taking advantage of new quantitative evidence, the paper stresses that the Revolution did not imply a substantial modification of the quality and redistributive character of the Bolivian education system. Three main findings support this claim: public spending in education was hardly sustainable over time; the inexistence of a substantial support to primary education may have reduce the redistributive impact of education spending; and education outputs, either in quantity or quality terms, were often among the worse in the regionEl objetivo central de mi tesis doctoral consistió en analizar el impacto de la intervención estatal en Bolivia mediante el análisis de la hacienda pública a través de un enfoque de largo plazo (1882-2007) y en perspectiva comparada con el resto de América Latina. El Capítulo 1 presenta las fuentes y la metodología utilizadas para estimar por primera vez las series del PIB de Bolivia desde 1846 hasta 1950; esta información es luego conectada con las series oficiales que empiezan precisamente ese último año. El Capítulo 2 presenta las fuentes y la metodología utilizadas para estimar por primera vez las series de ingresos y gastos públicos del Estado Central de Bolivia en forma desagregada desde 1882 hasta la actualidad. Los siguientes capítulos utilizan la anterior evidencia cuantitativa para ofrecer una nueva perspectiva sobre dos temáticas ampliamente debatidas por la literatura nacional e internacional. El Capítulo 3 brinda una nueva perspectiva sobre los niveles de protección arancelaria nominal y su capacidad de protección sobre las industrias locales desde 1880 hasta la década de 1930. El Capítulo 4 identifica la evolución de la prioridad fiscal del gasto público social, en general, y del gasto educativo, en particular, y los efectos que éste pudo tener sobre el resto de la economía desde principios del siglo XX hasta la actualidad.
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Rosén, Malin, and Monica Lindmark. "Conditions for Successful Export : An Analysis of Bolivian Wooden Door Producers." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Management and Economics, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-5619.
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Bolivia, as the poorest country in South America, can gain a lot from international trade. It is an important factor for a country to build prosperity and gain economic growth and thereby reach a higher standard of living. But for a company to succeed in the international market is a demanding task. Both internal and external factors that influence a company’s competence need to be taken into consideration. This Master Thesis deals with two Bolivian wooden door producers’ possibilities to export to the Swedish market.
The demand of tropical wood products is expected to increase and the Bolivian wood industry has been identified as an export industry of the future. Another thing in favor for the Bolivian export is the fact that the country is number one in the world when it comes to sustainable management of forest resources. This gives the companies the possibility to offer an environmentally friendly and unique product and thereby create competitive advantages. There are though areas that need improvement. One of the most important improvement areas for both of the companies is marketing and understanding what the customers needs. They need to keep the costumer in focus in all of their activities and learn how to promote their products advantages.
The facts that both the studied companies have earlier experience in export and a high level of motivation support the possibility to succeed in this matter. But, these factors are not enough for the studied companies to succeed in export. The result of this study also shows that the instable situation in the country results in financial problems and lack of trust. Therefore the companies must focus on building trust to attract new customers and
investors. This should be done by keeping an even level of quality, fulfilling promises and finding ways to reduce the risk for potential investors.
The trend towards more individual and exclusive doors in the Swedish market results in the recommendation to focus on offering a niche product in the middle-price segment. It is also recommended for the Bolivian companies to use some kind of representative to reach the market. A good alternative is to work as a supplier to a door producing partner and help them widen their assortment and in turn get someone present in the market that can work close to the customers.
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Duran, Gil Aldo. "Estado militar e instabilidade politica na Bolivia : (1971-1978)." [s.n.], 2003. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/279910.
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Orientador: Caio Navarro de ToledoTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
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Resumo: Este trabalho analisa o processo de reprodução de crises e instabilidade política no quadro de funcionamento do Estado militar boliviano do período 1971-78. Afasta-se dos tradicionais enfoques sobre o fenômeno da instabilidade política e da problemática militar e propõe uma análise teórica alternativa. Parte-se da discussão de que tal fenômeno político deve ser examinado à luz da relação entre crise política e instabilidade política no quadro de funcionamento reprodutivo do Estado burguês. Detecta-se que as principais causas da instabilidade política no período em foco foram provocadas pela relação entre Estado militar e classes dominantes. Mais especificamente, demonstra a tese segundo a qual as principais causas da instabilidade política foram desencadeadas por três crises devastadoras, intimamente relacionadas: a crise de hegemonia, a crise de acumulação de capital e a crise de sucessão militar-governamental. A primeira se relaciona com a crise de hegemonia vacilante do capital monopolista americano no país. A segunda se relaciona com o processo de acumulação de capital pautado pela prática de extração de mais-valia e sobrelucros imediatos pelas classes dominantes, viabilizado por uma política de desnacionalização da economia boliviana a longo prazo e que, no período, adotou a forma de um processo de transferência acelerada de capital público ao setor privado. E a terceira se relaciona com a condensação das crises internas da instituição castrense, que contribuíram com o agravamento da crise institucional, patenteada na figura do golpe de Estado. As principais crises e contradições políticas no período foram agravadas pelo impacto desestabilizador destas três crises que provocaram instabilidade política permanente. Assim, tanto o funcionamento do Estado militar como o processo de acumulação estiveram sobredeterminados pela deflagração dessas crises, configurando-se esse Estado como um Estado militar-de-crise e como um Estado potencialmente desestabilizador. Nesse contexto, o agravamento da crise de legitimidade do governo ditatorial do período seria uma conseqüência do desencadeamento dessas crises
Abstract: This work analyzes the process of the reoccurrence of political crises and instability, in the context of the function of the Bolivian military state in the period from 1971-1978. The work distances itself from the traditional focus on the phenomena of political instability and the military question, and proposes an alternative theoretical analysis. It is argued that the relation between political crisis and instability must be examined in terms of in the context of the reproductive function of the bourgeois state. It is found that the principle causes of political instability in the period in focus were provoked by the relation between the military state and the dominant classes. More specifically, it is demonstrated that the principal causes of political instability were unleashed by three intimately related devastating crises: the crisis of hegemony, the crisis of capital accumulation, and the crisis of military-governmental succession. The first crisis is related to the vacillating hegemony of American monopoly capital in the country. The second is related to the process of capital accumulation based on the practice of extraction of surplus value and immediate profit by the dominating classes. This process is exemplified by the policy of the denationalization of the Bolivian economy over the long term, which, in the period under examination, took the form of an accelerated transfer of public capital to the private sector. The third is related to the confluence of internal problems in the armed forces which contributed to the aggravation of a crisis of the military institution as such, which manifested itself in the form of attempted coup d¿état. The principal political crises and contradictions of the period from 1971-78 were aggravated by the destabilizing impact of these three crises, thus provoking permanent political instability. The functioning of the military state as well as the process of accumulation were determined by the unleashing of these crises, configuring the Bolivian state as a military-in-crisis state and as a potentially permanently unstable state. In this context, the aggravating of the crisis of legitimacy of the dictatorship is shown to be a consequence of the unleashing of these crises
Doutorado
Ciencia Politica
Doutor em Ciências Sociais
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Faust, Heiko. "Vergleichende Kulturgeographie : empirische Befunde regionaler Integrationsprozesse in tropischen Agrarkolonisationsräumen Boliviens, der Elfenbeinküste und Indonesiens : mit 13 Tabellen /." Göttingen : Goltze, 2007. http://bvbr.bib-bvb.de:8991/F?func=service&doc_library=BVB01&doc_number=015714799&line_number=0002&func_code=DB_RECORDS&service_type=MEDIA.
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Honajzrová, Banús Shirley Consuelo. "The Economic Importance of Bolivia in South America and its commercial Perspectives with the Czech Republic." Doctoral thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2005. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-124997.
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The present thesis, "The Economic Importance of Bolivia in South America and its commercial Perspectives with the Czech Republic", is a complete and unique study which aims to determine, from an in-depth analysis of the current socio-economic situation in Bolivia, the opportunities that arise from its close cooperation in projects common with the European Union as a whole and the Czech Republic in particular, leading to fulfil the new vision of a multinational Bolivia. In order to accomplish this objective, the thesis is divided into 6 chapters. Each chapter brings forward those individual characteristics which best describe Bolivia. Firstly, it analyses Bolivia as a developing country, a situation common to its Latin-American neighbours, and the current tendency of this group of countries in terms of their "intraregional and interregional" integration. Furthermore, Bolivia is evaluated from a socio-economic perspective on a macro-regional, departmental and sectorial basis, focusing on the most outstanding sectors. This evaluation revealed its potentialities as well as specific areas which are still in need of further financial support for their development, in accordance with the current vision of Evo Morales' government. As this study aims to encourage investments in the Bolivian territory from the European Union and particularly from the Czech Republic, it also describes in detail the cooperation and commercial relations in which Bolivia currently participates, at a bi-regional (EU-Latin America), interregional (EU-Andean Community of Nations), unilateral (EU-Bolivia) and bilateral level (Czech Republic and Bolivia). Finally, the thesis identifies a variety of potential projects which any country from the EU, specially the Czech Republic, could participate in, seeking mutual benefit based on their individual supply and demand rates. To achieve this, it is critical for the EU and the government of Bolivia to reformulate and strengthen their bilateral and multilateral commercial relations.
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Rotarou, Elena Sonia. "The Impact of Foreign Aid on Economic Development : The Cases of Tanzania, Bolivia,and the Philippines." Kyoto University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/142144.
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El-Mahdi, Rabab. "Social democratization or political manipulation? : social funds in Egypt and Bolivia." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=100357.
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"Inclusion" in the broad sense of access to, and participation in, public policy and services has been lacking in the majority of developing countries---whether authoritarian or democratic---due to highly skewed political, social and economic power structures. To understand why this tends to be the case, the dissertation provides a political economy model for understanding civil society, arguing that the evolution of civil society and its potential as a vehicle for inclusion are conditioned by the economic imperatives in place and the state prerogatives. More specifically, I question the extent to which the neoliberal model allows civil society to fulfill this role, by examining the impact of Social Funds (SFs), a key social policy institution created and promoted solely under the neoliberal model, on civil society in Egypt and Bolivia.I argue that neoliberalism severely limits the possibility of: citizenship construction, achieving development synergy between the state and civil society, or strengthening the latter. These limitations are structural, inherent to the neoliberal development model and the changes it has brought about economically and politically. The research shows how these changes have manifestations within the state, the economy and civil society and more specifically social policy. Just as important, there are limitations intrinsically grounded in the structures found in many developing countries, pre-neoliberal changes. Such structures, I argue, do not allow new institutions like SFs to push forward such an ideal three-way relationship among the economy, state and civil society. Rather than strengthening civil society and creating development synergy, SFs are shown to be just an attempt to give neoliberal policies a human face and subdue any potential for structural changes.
More generally, by contrasting the dynamics of civil society under neoliberalism in a developing country with a democratic regime (Bolivia) with those of a soft authoritarian regime (Egypt). I argue that a dichotomous framework, which sees democracy as antithetically opposed to authoritarianism is not necessarily appropriate to the analysis of developing countries. The cases illustrate that the state and civil society, under two-different regime types, continue to share a number of similarities.
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Rabindran, Gamper Shanti 1970. "Essays in empirical environmental economics : GIS-econometric analysis of Indonesia's fires, Bolivia's deforestation and Mexico's trade with the U.S." Thesis, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1721.1/8578.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Economics, 2001.Includes bibliographical references (p. 114-116).
This thesis examines three environmental issues in developing countries. The first essay examines land fires in Indonesia that inflict severe air pollution-related damage on Southeast Asia annually. Conservative estimates of losses in 1997 alone were US$667 million for Indonesia (0.67% of GDP) and an additional US$12 million for Singapore. Fire incidence on various landholdings is examined using a new author-compiled database on satellite-based fire and rainfall data, land use maps, socioeconomic and geographical information. The essay finds that estates, large-scale industrial plantations that are rapidly expanding in the tropics, raise fire incidence beyond the 'natural' level (the fire incidence on conservation areas serves as a benchmark). In contrast, it finds no evidence that small landholdings, which are often blamed for fires, raise fire incidence. The government's ban on the use of clearance fires, as a result of weak enforcement, did not reduce fire incidence on estates. Alternative policy-levers that could potentially reduce these fires, such as lengthening the estates' leases to improve their property security, are found to be ineffective. The second essay examines whether education can potentially reduce households' agricultural-related forest clearance by increasing the returns to wage labor. It analyzes a unique survey of 649 indigenous households in protected areas in Bolivia's lowland forests. It finds that an additional year of education among household heads is associated with a reduction of 0.05 hectares or 4.3% of the annual mean household forest clearance, increased returns of 2.6% in wage labor and a 21 % increase in days worked in wage labor. Thus the 3-year average increase in education among the youngest cohorts is associated with potentially significant reduction in forest clearance in the study site, though further work is needed to establish causality. The third essay examines the pollution intensity of the NAFTA-related expansion in USMexican trade using new detailed measures of air, water, metal and toxic pollution intensities and injury rates at the 4-digit Standard Industrial Classification level. Based on pollution measures at this resolution, it does not find strong evidence of greater growth in the share of US net imports from Mexico in the more polluting or injurious industries.
by Shanti Rabindran Gamper.
Ph.D.
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Shenkin, Evan. "Activism or Extractivism: Indigenous Land Struggles in Eastern Bolivia." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/23716.
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This dissertation is a study of the tensions between the Movement Toward Socialism (MAS) political party, nongovernmental organizations (NGO), and indigenous social movement struggles for territorial autonomy. This study takes a multiscale approach by examining (1) the emergence of competing indigenous leadership organizations, (2) state repression of civil society groups, and (3) strategic indigenous-NGO alliances to preserve Native Community Lands (Tierra Comunitaria de Orígen, TCOs). At the community level, the study examines new organizations of state-aligned indigenous groups that represent extractive interests and threaten social movement cohesion. At the national level, this paper analyzes the controversial road project in the Isiboro-Sécure Indigenous Territory and National Park (TIPNIS) and similar state efforts to erode legal protections for native lands in the interests of extractivism. Analyzing the academic and public debates over indigenous politics in the Amazon, this study explores the struggle between the state and lowland indigenous groups over popular hegemony and the ability to shape international perception over indigeneity, socialism, and resource exploitation. The findings support lowland indigenous social movement claims of state repression but situate this criticism within a path dependent world system dominated by global capital.
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Ortiz, Hissa Ruth Gabriela. "Análisis socio-económico de la economía de Bolivia en el marco de la actual oleada de globalización." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Ramon Llull, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/9313.
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A partir de 1985, després d'un procés agut d'inflació i recessió, Bolívia assoleix estabilitzar l'economia i aconsegueix taxes de creixement promig de 3% anual, la disciplina fiscal i l'estabilitat constitueixen la base de les polítiques macroeconòmiques de l'Estat. No obstant això, no s'ha assolit arribar a taxes de creixement econòmic i mecanismes de distribució suficients per a revertir les condicions de pobresa i desigualtat subsistents en el país.Des dels anys 90, l'Estat ve realitzant accions per a alleujar la pobresa establint un marc de polítiques que reconeixen la importància dels factors polític-institucionals i socials en el desenvolupament de Bolívia. Es van iniciar reformes socials en les àrees d'educació, salut i sanejament bàsic emmarcades en els processos de participació popular i descentralització administrativa. El resultat d'aquestes accions va ser l'increment de la inversió social, que entre altres aspectes, va permetre ampliar la infraestructura social bàsica.
Després de més de 20 anys de democràcia i reformes estructurals, Bolívia ha assolit importants avanços per a consolidar la institucionalitat i estabilitat econòmica. No obstant això, el procés de canvi no ha finalitzat i es requereix aprofundir les accions a favor d'una major equitat que permeti reduir els elevats nivells de pobresa que prevalen especialment en l'àrea rural.
D'igual manera, el baix perfil de les exportacions bolivianes configura al país com un dels més endarrerits d'Amèrica Llatina, degut al fet que la indústria extractiva participa amb més del 70% en el PIB. Així, l'oferta exportable de Bolívia s'encasella en provisions de matèria primera i productes de baix valor afegit. El baix grau tecnològic assolit, l'escàs desenvolupament de la infraestructura física, el progressiu deteriorament de les bases productives, entre altres factors, configuren un escenari en el qual Bolívia no arriba a produir béns i serveis que satisfacin els mercats internacionals, d'una banda, ni els seus ciutadans gaudeixin d'un nivell de vida que mostri un creixement sostenible. En altres paraules, Bolívia no assoleix ser competitiva.
A més a més, el 90% dels nous llocs de treball en les ciutats capitals ha estat absorbit per la microempresa amb menys de 10 treballadors i prop del 95% dels empleats en l'àrea rural. Aquest patró d'ocupació mostra que un important sector econòmic del país és caracteritzat per condicions precàries de treball, baixa productivitat i ocupacions informals. Avui, prop del 83% de la població ocupada treballa en microempreses però contribueix només amb un 24% del PIB.
Per això, és urgent ampliar la base econòmica, per a això es necessita multiplicar nous actors competitius i diversificar els tipus de producte dintre d'un nou escenari d'inserció internacional, que articuli la plataforma exportadora amb l'economia popular i redistribueixi l'excedent, la producció i la riquesa de manera més equitativa.
Aquest treball d'investigació parteix de les insuficiències econòmiques, però acaba parlant de la transformació social, cultural i política que pot acompanyar la transformació econòmica, més enllà de les riqueses i promeses que comporta l'explotació dels recursos naturals.
A partir de 1985, después de un proceso agudo de inflación y recesión, Bolivia logra estabilizar la economía y consigue tasas de crecimiento promedio de 3% anual, la disciplina fiscal y la estabilidad se constituyen en la base de las políticas macroeconómicas del Estado. Sin embargo, no se ha logrado alcanzar tasas de crecimiento económico y mecanismos de distribución suficientes para revertir las condiciones de pobreza y desigualdad subsistentes en el país.
Desde los años 90, el Estado viene realizando acciones para aliviar la pobreza estableciendo un marco de políticas que reconocen la importancia de los factores político-institucionales y sociales en el desarrollo de Bolivia. Se iniciaron reformas sociales en las áreas de educación, salud y saneamiento básico enmarcadas en los procesos de participación popular y descentralización administrativa. El resultado de estas acciones fue el incremento de la inversión social, que entre otros aspectos, permitió ampliar la infraestructura social básica.
Después de más de 20 años de democracia y reformas estructurales, Bolivia ha logrado importantes avances para consolidar la institucionalidad y estabilidad económica. Sin embargo, el proceso de cambio no ha finalizado y se requiere profundizar las acciones a favor de una mayor equidad que permita reducir los elevados niveles de pobreza que prevalecen especialmente en el área rural.
De igual manera, el bajo perfil de las exportaciones bolivianas configura al país como uno de los más atrasados de América Latina, debido a que la industria extractiva participa con más del 70% en el PIB. Así, la oferta exportable de Bolivia se encasilla en provisiones de materia prima y productos de bajo valor añadido. El bajo grado tecnológico alcanzado, el escaso desarrollo de la infraestructura física, el progresivo deterioro de las bases productivas, entre otros factores, configuran un escenario en el que Bolivia no alcanza a producir bienes y servicios que satisfagan los mercados internacionales, por un lado, ni sus ciudadanos disfruten de un nivel de vida que muestre un crecimiento sostenible. En otras palabras, Bolivia no logra ser competitiva.
A su vez, el 90% de los nuevos puestos de trabajo en las ciudades capitales ha sido absorbido por la microempresa con menos de 10 trabajadores y cerca del 95% de los empleados en el área rural. Este patrón de empleo muestra que un importante sector económico del país es caracterizado por condiciones precarias de trabajo, baja productividad y empleos informales. Hoy, cerca del 83% de la población ocupada trabaja en microempresas pero contribuye sólo con un 24% del PIB.
Por ello, es urgente ampliar la base económica, para lo cual se necesita multiplicar nuevos actores competitivos y diversificar rubros productivos dentro de un nuevo escenario de inserción internacional, que articule la plataforma exportadora con la economía popular y redistribuya el excedente, la producción y la riqueza de manera más equitativa.
Este trabajo de investigación parte de las insuficiencias económicas, pero termina hablando de la transformación social, cultural y política que debe y puede acompañar la transformación económica, más allá de las riquezas y promesas que encierra la explotación de los recursos naturales.
After an acute process of inflation and recession in the previous years of 1985, Bolivia managed a political economy in order to stabilize the economy and to obtain a rate of 3% annual average GDP growth. The fiscal discipline and the stability constituted two major goals of the macroeconomic policies. However, these policies have not allow for enough rates of growth in order to reduce rates of poverty and inequality in the country.
From the 90's, Bolivia has been striving battles to alleviate the poverty by establishing a frame of policies that recognize the importance of the political-institutional and social factors in the development of Bolivia. Social reforms in the education areas, and health started within the framework of popular participation as well as administrative decentralization. The result of these actions was the increase of the social investment, which among other aspects allowed to extent some basic social services.
After more than 20 years of structural democracy and reforms, Bolivia has managed important advances to consolidate institutionalism and economic stability. Nevertheless, the change process has not finalised and it is required to deepen the actions in favour of a greater fairness than it allows, reducing the high levels of poverty that prevail especially in the rural area.
The low profile of the Bolivian exports is one of the lowest in Latin America, because the extractive industry participates with more than 70% in total exports. Thus the exportable supply of Bolivia is focused mainly in raw materials and basic products of low added value. The low technological level, the low development of the physical infrastructure, the progressive deterioration of the productive bases, among other factors, explain why Bolivia does not produce goods and services that satisfy the international markets. On the other hand, its citizens can not enjoy a standard of life according to a sustainable growth.
The 90% of the new jobs in the capital cities have been absorbed by micro-companies with less than 10 employees and nearly 95% of the country's workforce is in the rural area. This tendency is characterized by precarious conditions of work, low productivity and informal employment. Today, almost 83% of the occupied population works in micro-companies but only contribute to 24% of the GDP.
For this reason, it is urgent to extend the economic base, for which it is needed to multiply new competitive performers and diversify the economic structure oriented to be more competitive in international markets and allow to reach a reduction of poverty
This research work leaves from the economic insufficiencies, but it ends up speaking of the social, cultural and political transformation that must and can accompany the economic transformation, beyond the wealth and promises from natural resources.