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1
Ghosh, Arun. "Economic Adjustment: A Programme for the Medium Term." Social Scientist 20, no. 1/2 (January 1992): 89. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3517539.
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Ekpenyong, Stephen. "The Structural Adjustment Programme and the Elderly in Nigeria." International Journal of Aging and Human Development 41, no. 4 (December 1995): 267–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/78cu-0auh-3bgw-pthn.
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The article analyzes the impact of recent economic changes accompanying the introduction of the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) and ongoing cultural styles on the aged in Nigeria. It argues that during the one decade preceding the introduction of SAP in 1986, Nigeria experienced significant social and economic transformations made possible by the rise in oil prices in the 1970s. The introduction of SAP has also been accompanied by significant social, cultural, and economic changes. Here the effects of these changes on the situation of the elderly in Nigeria are examined using data pooled from observations and surveys in both the pre- and post-SAP years. Findings reveal that compared to the younger generations, the relative position of the elderly has not changed significantly, although the latter's position has deteriorated on dimensions such as access to economic and health resources. Regional and individual differentials in the situation of old people are significant during both the pre- and post-SAP era.
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Efthimiadis, T., S. Papaioannou, and P. Tsintzos. "Economic growth in Greece: the cost of a failed adjustment programme." Applied Economics Letters 20, no. 11 (July 2013): 1076–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13504851.2013.783679.
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Neves, Maria Elisabete, Zélia Serrasqueiro, António Dias, and Cristina Hermano. "Capital structure decisions in a period of economic intervention." International Journal of Accounting & Information Management 28, no. 3 (March 9, 2020): 465–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijaim-08-2019-0094.
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Purpose This paper aims to analyse the Portuguese companies’ determinants of capital structure. To reach this objective, the authors used data from 37 non-financial Portuguese large enterprises and from 4,233 non-financial small and medium enterprises for the period 2010-2016. Additionally, the authors selected a sub-period from 2010 to 2014 for a deeper understanding of the impact of the sovereign debt crisis and the Economic Adjustment Programme of Troika on the capital structure of those companies. Design/methodology/approach Three dependent variables were tested according to debt maturity, and a dynamic panel data model, namely, the generalised method of moments system estimator, was used to test the formulated research hypotheses following Arellano and Bover (1995) and Blundell and Bond (1998) to capture the dynamic nature of the firm’s capital structure decisions. Findings In general, the results point out that the capital structure decisions depend on a set of firm-specific factors, and that the effects of the determinants of the debt maturity ratios differ according to the type of firm, i.e. large/small firms, and the economic cycle. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study that has been carried out in Portugal by using two samples of large and small companies for analysing the effects of the Economic Adjustment Programme of Troika on the capital structure of companies. The authors seek to understand which type of companies suffered more because of the effects of the Economic Adjustment Programme of Troika during this period, and which are the capital structure determinants that present greater change. Contrary to what might be expected, large companies are the firms that suffer most from the Economic Adjustment Programme. Probably, because these companies are the most immediate, most scrutinised and those that must show abroad that the bank did not fund them in the long term, because of the imposition and limits to grant credit faced by the banks themselves.
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Kyriopoulos, Ilias, Zlatko Nikoloski, and Elias Mossialos. "The impact of the Greek economic adjustment programme on household health expenditure." Social Science & Medicine 222 (February 2019): 274–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.01.021.
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Bawumia, Mahamudu. "Understanding the rural–urban voting patterns in the 1992 Ghanaian presidential election. A closer look at the distributional impact of Ghana's Structural Adjustment Programme." Journal of Modern African Studies 36, no. 1 (March 1998): 47–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x97002632.
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This article attempts to explain the rural–urban voting patterns in the 1992 Ghanaian presidential election. In this election, rural voters voted overwhelmingly for the incumbent and urban voters did the opposite. It is argued that Ghana's Structural Adjustment Programme (1983–92) was distributionally favourable to rural households and unfavourable to urban households. A link is therefore drawn between the distributional impacts of the Structural Adjustment Programme and the voting patterns of rural and urban households.The relationship between the state of the economy and the fortunes of political parties at the polls is one which has generated a lot of debate. This debate has largely taken place within the confines of Western democracies, not least because of the absence of Western-style democracy in many developing countries. We are, however, seeing a movement towards ‘democracy’ in many developing countries, with pressures for economic liberalisation going hand in glove with those for political liberalisation. The increasing democratisation by many African countries undertaking Structural Adjustment Programmes provides us with an opportunity to investigate the relationships between the welfare implications of these programmes and the voting behaviour of the electorate. Is voting behaviour in Africa any different from that in Western democracies?
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Owusu, J. Henry. "Determinants of export-oriented industrial output in Ghana: the case of formal wood processing in an era of economic recovery." Journal of Modern African Studies 39, no. 1 (March 2001): 51–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x01003524.
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Like many other Sub-Saharan African countries, Ghana implemented an orthodox Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP), to resuscitate its ailing economy, in the early 1980s. Subsequently, there has been a dramatic expansion in the production and export of processed wood. Based on an empirical study of Ghana's formal wood processing industry, this paper discusses the various determinants that have combined to boost the export-oriented output in the industry, particularly in the first decade of the programme, and assesses the extent to which the SAP-based policy actions account for the change. The study concludes that adjustment played a major role in the change, and suggests that even though SAP supporters and critics disagree on the nature, dynamics and effects of the programme, government measures under the programme are an indicator of what real commitment on the part of African governments can do to engender production expansion in comparable African manufacturing industries.
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Igbedioh, S. O. "Sustaining Nutrition Security in Africa under Changing Socio-Economic." Nutrition and Health 10, no. 1 (July 1994): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026010609401000101.
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The adoption and implementation of the structural adjustment programme (SAP) in the 1980's by many African countries as a strategy for economic recovery has increased the magnitude of hunger and protein-energy malnutrition, vitamin A deficiency and anaemia. In addition population growth rate has continued to outstrip the food supply at a time when real income value has fallen, thereby diminishing further the access of the poor to nutritious food. Even though Africa's present food supply situation is inadequate and in some cases unsustainable it is reassuring to note that Africa can feed itself provided the potential of doing so is mobilized and sustained. This paper proposes and highlights strategies for the development of a nutrition strategy and nutrition education programmes with emphasis on nutrition programmes which benefit the vulnerables. The paper further proposes that specific policies should be targeted at the poor while instituting food subsidies schemes for those who are most at risk nutritionally.
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de Almeida, João Ramos, José Castro Caldas, and Ana Costa. "Fabricating consent for an ‘adjustment programme’: Crisis narratives of economic journalists in Portugal." Journal of Greek Media & Culture 4, no. 1 (April 1, 2018): 27–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/jgmc.4.1.27_1.
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Dall'Acqua, Fernando M. "Economic Adjustment and Nutrition Policies: Evaluation of a School-Lunch Programme in Brazil." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 13, no. 3 (September 1991): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/156482659101300315.
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Iqbal, Zafar, and Rizwana Siddiqui. "The Impact of Structural Adjustment on Income Distribution in Pakistan A SAM-based Analysis." Pakistan Development Review 37, no. 4II (December 1, 1998): 377–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v37i4iipp.377-397.
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Domestic poverty and income distribution are closely related to the state of the economy, which is linked with internal and external economic policies. Since 1988, under the rubric of structural adjustment programme (SAP), Pakistan has made use of fiscal, monetary and trade policies to correct her macro economic imbalances. It is hard to substantiate with proof that these programmes protect the poor. A number of studies have found that income distribution has been getting worse during the adjustment period in Pakistan.1 For example, Kemal (1994); Jaffery and Khattak (1995) and Anwar (1996) found that SAP accompanied with rising income inequality and poverty in Pakistan. But these studies are restricted as they did not employ an adequate methodology to assess the impact of structural adjustment reforms on income distribution.2 This paper, however, uses a simple static fixed-price SAM-based framework to analyse distributional outcome of incomes for rural and urban households. This methodology is useful because social accounting matrix (SAM) represents the whole economy and it does not need a large data set.
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Kydd, Jonathan. "Coffee After Copper? Structural Adjustment, Liberalisation, and Agriculture in Zambia." Journal of Modern African Studies 26, no. 2 (June 1988): 227–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00010454.
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In contrast to its policies in the economic sphere, Zambia has one of Africa's most liberal approaches to press freedom. To convey the flavour of public debate during, or immediately after, the 19-month experiment with a market-determined exchange rate, 10 quotations are presented below:Large scale mining will continue for 12 to 20 years, but small-working may go on for 50–60 years.– Francis Kaunda, Chairman, Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines, June 1987.Coffe after copper.– Campaign slogan of the Coffee Growers Committee of the Commercial Farmers' Bureau.Even real socialist countries have to find and use foreign exchange.– Kebby Musokotwane, Prime Minister, replying to a question in the National Assembly, August 1986.Zambia's cardinal mistake was to subsidise consumption for a long time, thereby delaying diversification.– Kenneth Kaunda, President of Zambia, May 1986.The economic reform programme has begun to succeed: devaluation has stimulated exports.– Kenneth Kaunda, August 1936, Opening the 21st U.N.I.P. National Council Meeting.It was not socialist principles which ruined the Zambian economy, but unfavourable economic terms which the North has imposed on the South…I have no power…we agreed to the IMF reform programme much against out better judgement.– Kenneth Kaunda, August 1986, interviewed by Swedish, West German, and Cuban journalists.
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Bonnecase, Vincent. "Democracy and Adjustment in Niger: A Conflict of Rationales." International Review of Social History 66, S29 (March 12, 2021): 181–214. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859021000183.
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AbstractIn the early 1990s, Niger saw growing anger towards the military regime in power, not only because of police violence, but also due to its economic and social policies, particularly its first structural adjustment programme. After several months of revolts, the regime fell, giving way to a democratic government in 1991. Under pressure from international financial institutions, the new government quickly embarked on the same economic and social path as the previous one and adopted an adjustment policy, resistance to which had played a fundamental role in its accession to power. The government faced increasing street protests, and was overthrown by the army in January 1996, with most of the population not mobilizing to protect the democratic institutions. This article examines the conflicts of rationales that marked these few years, and shows how, by whom, and to what extent these rationales were opposed in practical terms. It also offers a social history of the adjustments by looking at how they were received by the people. By so doing, it looks back at a moment that has profoundly marked Niger's recent history: in this country, as in others, the adjustments have reconfigured rivalries, produced violence, and left an indelible mark on the political imaginary up to the present day.
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Bhatt, Ela R. "Economic Reforms and the People Sector." Vikalpa: The Journal for Decision Makers 23, no. 1 (January 1998): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0256090919980109.
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In recent years⁄ there has been considerable discussion in India on Structural Adjustment Programme and its impact on the economy. However⁄ the moot question is whether restructuring efforts have benefited the ‘people sector’ that includes the workers who are informal⁄ unorganized, and selfemployed. Based on years of experience with SEWA, Ela Bhatt argues that most economic policies including the recent economic reforms have largely benefited the large corporate bodies and have completely ignored the poor and the women. According to her⁄ it is possible to benefit from the reforms if the focus of economic reforms is shifted to the micro level.
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Steel, William F. "Recent Policy Reform and Industrial Adjustment in Zambia and Ghana." Journal of Modern African Studies 26, no. 1 (March 1988): 157–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00010387.
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It has been argued recently that implementing a laissez-faire approach to economic development faces serious difficulties in Africa.1 This article provides some empirical evidence on the question by comparing the recent efforts of two countries to move towards less interventionist policies. Both Zambia and Ghana attempted to reverse their deteriorating economic performance by introducing major reform measures during the mid-1980s. Their different experiences illustrate both the positive effects that laissez-faire policies can have when resource allocation has been constrained by extensive controls, and the difficulties of sustaining and financing a reform programme.
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Veiga, Francisco José. "Forecast errors in prices and wages: the experience with three programme countries." Notas Económicas, no. 44 (February 28, 2018): 7–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/2183-203x_44_1.
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This paper evaluates the accuracy of price and wage forecasts made under the scope of the Greek, Portuguese and Irish Economic Adjustment Programmes (EAPs). Besides comparing the quality of forecasts for the three EAPs, it checks if they were less accurate than forecasts for other euro area countries, and compares the European Commission’s forecasts with those of the IMF and OECD. Programme forecasts for Greece were, overall, the least accurate, but those made under the second Greek EAP seem to have gotten closer to actual values. The results also suggest that EC forecasts were not less accurate than those produced by the IMF or the OECD.
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Alves, José Ricardo Borges, and Rita Maria Henriques Pereira. "The indebtedness of households up until the economic adjustment programme for Portugal: an empirical assessment." Public Sector Economics 44, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 529–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3326/pse.44.4.5.
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Akhtar, Naeem. "C. H. Hanumantha Rao and Hans Linnemann (eds). Economic Reforms and Poverty Alleviation in India. New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1996. 271 pages. Hardbound, Indian Rs 350.00; paperback, Indian Rs 195.00." Pakistan Development Review 36, no. 3 (September 1, 1997): 300–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v36i3pp.300-303.
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The book under review is an edited collection of eight papers presented at a seminar on “Structural Adjustment and Poverty in India: Policy and Research Issues”, and is Volume 17 in the Indo-Dutch studies on Development Alternatives. The book evaluates the impact of economic reforms on poverty alleviation in India. In the “Introduction”, the editors describe the main theme of the book and propose some policy measures for poverty alleviation in the light of the findings of the papers included in the book. The paper, “Structural Adjustment in India—What about Poverty Alleviation?”, by Pieter A. van Stuijvenberg, evaluates the impact of India’s Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) on the poor and suggests some policy corrections to mitigate the adverse effects of this adjustment on the poor. He observes an improvement in the balance-of-payments position and foreign exchange reserves without a simultaneous fall in gross domestic product under the SAP. His major concerns are the large size and composition of fiscal deficits (dominated by revenue deficits). The large size of fiscal deficits, according to van Stuijvenberg, drive up real interest rates and endanger investment-led growth. He observes that social indicators of the social safety net, employment, and rural development programmes have not improved much due to expenditure cuts on rural infrastructural investments. He suggests a reduction in the size and composition of the public sector, elimination of all explicit and implicit subsidies, and discouraging rent-seeking behaviour for a successful implementation of economic reforms.
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Ravenhill, John. "Adjustment with Growth: a Fragile Consensus." Journal of Modern African Studies 26, no. 2 (June 1988): 179–210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00010430.
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Six years of intense debate have produced a measure of agreement on a solution for Africa's malaise. This is captured by the latest catchphrase of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank, ‘Adjustment with Growth’, which implicitly acknowledge past errors by African governments – or, minimally, that a continuation of previous policies is no longer tenable in a changed external environment. An emphasis on ‘growth’ recognises that ‘adjustment’ must encompass more than ‘stabilisation’, that the continent needs additional externally-provided financial resources on concessional terms if import strangulation is not to exacerbate the downward economic spiral in which many countries are currently trapped. This fragile consensus is facing its first serious practical test as the World Bank attempts to extend its Structural Adjustment Lending programme in Africa. Clearly, significant differences remain between the attitudes of African governments and external donors, and within the academic community, on the sources of the continent's problems and on the policy measures that are needed to counteract them.
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Rico, Paz, Bernardí Cabrer-Borrás, and Francisco Morillas-Jurado. "Seasonality in Tourism: Do Senior Programs Mitigate It?" Mathematics 9, no. 16 (August 21, 2021): 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/math9162003.
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Seasonality is a widely recognised and accredited phenomenon known to cause an imbalance in tourism activity throughout the year, prompting tourist destinations, both public and private, to consider how best to plan the use of their resources. One way of mitigating the economic imbalances that seasonality can cause is to find strategies for seasonal adjustment, such as travel programmes aimed at the elderly. This paper analyses the seasonality of tourism activity in some EU countries, and in particular in Spain. Different indicators are used to compare the results and carry out a sensitivity analysis. The study then focuses on tourism programmes for the elderly in Spain to see whether this type of programme helps to alleviate the seasonality of tourism activity. To corroborate this, an econometric model is specified and estimated, which enables the scope of these programmes to be compared.
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Igbedioh, S. O. "Undernutrition in Nigeria: Dimension, Causes and Remedies for Alleviation in a Changing Socio-Economic Environment." Nutrition and Health 9, no. 1 (January 1993): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026010609300900101.
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Undernutrition in Nigeria is a long standing problem which has persisted since the 1960s and whose magnitude is on the increase. This is because food consumption, both in quality and quantity, has decreased appreciably, especially with the commencement of the structural adjustment programme (SAP) in 1986. Available studies from limited data have indicated that the introduction of economic reforms more than anything else has contributed to reduced food intake and the near collapse of nutrition oriented health delivery services. Since the economic reforms may continue into the next decade and beyond, sustainable remedies for alleviation of the problem are urgently needed. Suggested remedial programmes include increased support for the rural farmers, strengthening of the rural credit schemes that are specifically targeted at the poor, distribution of vitamin A and iron supplements in rural health centres, encouraging production of low cost weaning diets and integrating nutrition education in primary health care schemes and in educational curricula.
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Nwokedi, Emeka. "Le mythe d'un leadership nigérian dans les relations inter-africaines." Études internationales 22, no. 2 (April 12, 2005): 357–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/702844ar.
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Nigeria's leadership role in inter-African relations remains a myth despite the country's assertiveness in the areas of liberation, conflict mediation and regional economic integration. Rhetoric and posturing in inter-African diplomacy have become a substitute for reality. Furthermore, the weakness of the Nigerian domestic structure and the effects of the structural adjustment programme negate Nigerians capabilities to exert a leadership in inter-African diplomacy.
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Gibbon, Peter. "The World Bank and African Poverty, 1973–91." Journal of Modern African Studies 30, no. 2 (June 1992): 193–220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x00010685.
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Since 1987–8 the World Bank, together with other donors, has been engaged in a programme of activities known as ‘Social Dimensions of Adjustment’ (S.D.A.). This is the latest in a line of ‘pro-poor’ initiatives which the organisation has sponsored over the last two decades. This article analyses the Bank's succession of policies against the background of the changing political and economic world situation, as well as alternative policy agendas.
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Bengali, Kaiser, and Qazi Masood Ahmed. "Stabilisation Policy vs. Growth-oriented Policy: Implication for the Pakistan Economy." Pakistan Development Review 40, no. 4II (December 1, 2001): 453–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v40i4iipp.453-466.
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Pakistan has initiated a comprehensive reforms efforts aiming at tracking the economy on a higher and sustainable economic growth, reduce level of poverty, reducing unemployment, raising their level of standard of living. These objective were to be achieved through a programme that would build on the macro-economic stability which encompasses structural reforms, trade liberalisation, privatisation, fiscal reforms and financial sector. This paper makes one of the early attempt to analyse the Pakistan stabilisation experiences. In Pakistan the stabilisation programme was started in 1988-89. In this paper we mainly examine the fiscal and monetary policy package since 1988 when the Pakistan committed to a set of conditionalities under the Structural Adjustment Programme of the IMF. The fundamental question that has risen was the relative efficacy of stabilisation oriented versus growth oriented policies on development and welfare. Admittedly, stabilisation and growth are not mutually exclusive and any policy package has to incorporate both the elements. However, the manner in which the policy has been implemented in Pakistan has tended to pursue stabilisation at the expense of growth.
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Shahbaz, Muhammad, Naveed Aamir, and Muhammad Sabihuddin Butt. "Rural-Urban Income Inequality under Financial Development and Trade Openness in Pakistan: The Econometric Evidence." Pakistan Development Review 46, no. 4II (December 1, 2007): 657–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v46i4iipp.657-672.
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Pakistan is a developing economy, which has adopted Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) in the form of economic reforms initiated in early 1990s. Economic reforms related to privatisation of state-owned assets, deregulation, confiscation of price controls, trade liberalisation generally and financial reforms (especially to improve quality of financial institutions) particularly. The objective of such reforms was to improve the welfare of society but these reforms never fruited to every livelihood in the country. Perhaps, fruits of economic reforms are eaten up by poor governance, lack of transparency in economic policies, high level of corruption, high burden of internal and external debts and interest rate payments on these debts, weak situation of law and order, and improper implementation of economic policies.
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Olowofela, Enitan O., Edward Adedoyin Adebowale, and Ayoola Quadri Adejonwo. "Financial Sector Reforms and Economic Growth: Evidence from Nigeria." Binus Business Review 9, no. 2 (July 31, 2018): 171–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/bbr.v9i2.4359.
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This research analyzed the impact of financial reforms on economic growth in Nigeria. The scope of this research covered the period between1986– 2016.This period was chosen because liberalization of Nigeria financial sector began in 1986 with the introduction of Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP), which policy thrust included deregulation of interest rates. Secondary data were collected from Central Bank of Nigeria statistical bulletin and National Bureau of Statistics publications. This research used econometrics analysis. Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) technique and Cochrane Orcutt iterative method were used to analyze the data. The results show that implemented financial reforms during the period has positive impact on economic growth. This research recommends that government should enhance financial reforms and macroeconomic stability and be sensitive to the behavior of interest rates especially, lending rates for overall economic growth in the country.
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Anwar, Tilat. "Structural Adjustment and Poverty: The Case of Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 35, no. 4II (December 1, 1996): 911–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v35i4iipp.911-926.
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Despite the external shocks in the 1980s, the economy continued to grow at a respectable rate. However, increasing internal and external imbalances caused an economic crisis in 1988 and lead to an implementation of a medium term structural adjustment programme within the framework of the IMF and the World Bank. Neither theory nor existing evidence gives a conclusive verdict about the effects of adjustment policies on poverty. Hence, the paper examines the actual changes in absolute poverty during the period of adjustment. The actual changes in the distribution have been examined from two comparable household income and expenditure surveys (HIES) for 1987-88 and 1990-91, spanning the period of adjustment. Evidence suggests that the stylised facts of structural adjustment policies are consistent with actual changes in the absolute poverty. The first order stochastic dominance test suggests that not only the absolute poverty incidence but also the intensity and severity of poverty increased significantly by all poverty lines and poverty measures over the period of adjustment. Structural adjustment created new poor in urban areas amongst the low income groups (mainly Clerical and Sales workers) whose real wages were eroded over the period. Poverty also increased unambiguously among self-employed (smallholders in the informal sector) and unemployed who seems to have been affected adversely by the overall economic contraction. Though, the government has the priority to achieve the fiscal balance, it should seek to ameliorate the most distressing cost arising in the short run. Excessive reliance on demand management in scale or speed is counter-productive for adjustment. Adjustment strategies need to account for the trade-off between shortterm gains and long-term benefits foregone.
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Michinaka, Tetsuya, Ei Hlaing, Thaung Oo, Myat Mon, and Tamotsu Sato. "Forecasting Forest Areas in Myanmar Based on Socioeconomic Factors." Forests 11, no. 1 (January 13, 2020): 100. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/f11010100.
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National circumstances should be considered in establishing and adjusting forest reference emission levels (FRELs/FRLs) under the United Nations Programme on Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (UN-REDD+ Programme). Myanmar, one of the world’s least developed countries may face accelerating deforestation under an open and democratic political system that desires rapid economic development. This research analyzes the impacts of population growth and economic development on forest areas in Myanmar by using panel data analysis, an econometrics approach based on panel data of forest areas, population, and gross domestic product (GDP) by states and regions in 2005, 2010, and 2015. This research revealed that per capita GDP and population density gave statistically significant negative impacts on forest areas. Using the regression model obtained above, medium population growth projections, and three GDP development scenarios, annual forest areas from 2016 to 2020 were forecast. The forecasting results showed possible higher deforestation under higher economic development. Finally, this research showed the necessity of adjusting the current average deforestation for RELs in the REDD+ scheme in Myanmar and the direction in which the adjustment should go.
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Schomann, Carsten, Wolfgang Stapel, Peter Nickel, Jens Eden, and Friedhelm Nachreiner. "BASS 4: a software system for ergonomic design and evaluation of working hours." Revista de Saúde Pública 38, suppl (December 2004): 56–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0034-89102004000700009.
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OBJECTIVE: To extend an existing computer programme for the evaluation and design of shift schedules (BASS 3) by integrating workload as well as economic aspects. METHODS: The redesigned prototype BASS 4 includes a new module with a suitable and easily applicable screening method (EBA) for the assessment of the intensity of physical, emotional and cognitive workload components and their temporal patterns. Specified criterion functions based on these ratings allow for an adjustment of shift and rest duration according to the intensity of physical and mental workload. Furthermore, with regard to interactive effects both workload and temporal conditions, e.g. time of day, are taken into account. In a second new module, important economic aspects and criteria have been implemented. Different ergonomic solutions for scheduling problems can now also be evaluated with regard to their economic costs. RESULTS: The new version of the computer programme (BASS 4) can now simultaneously take into account numerous ergonomic, legal, agreed and economic criteria for the design and evaluation of working hours. CONCLUSIONS: BASS 4 can now be used as an instrument for the design and the evaluation of working hours with regard to legal, ergonomic and economic aspects at the shop floor as well as in administrative (e.g. health and safety inspection) and research problems.
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Carriere, Caroline, Coralie Langevin, Eduoard Kossi Déti, Pascale Barberger-Gateau, Sylvie Maurice, and Hélène Thibault. "Stabilization of overweight prevalence and improvement of dietary habits in French children between 2004 and 2008." Public Health Nutrition 18, no. 10 (October 13, 2014): 1883–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980014002195.
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AbstractObjectiveThe objective of the present study was to describe changes in overweight and obesity prevalence and eating habits among 7·5–10·5-year-old children in Aquitaine (France) between 2004 and 2008, and to assess how the programme ‘Nutrition, Prevention and Health of children and teenagers in Aquitaine’ implemented in 2004 may have impacted these changes.DesignTwo cross-sectional studies were conducted in two samples of children: the ‘before programme’ sample during the school year 2004/2005 and the ‘after programme’ sample during the school year 2008/2009.SettingsData were collected on gender, age, weight, height, area of residence (rural/urban) and socio-economic status of the school (non-low socio-economic/low socio-economic). Multivariate analyses were used to assess the effect of the regional programme intervention on the evolution of overweight and obesity prevalence and eating habits independently.SubjectsThe ‘before programme’ sample included 1836 children from 163 schools during the school year 2004/2005 and the ‘after programme’ sample included 3483 children from 210 schools during the school year 2008/2009.ResultsAfter adjustment of the model for age, residential area and socio-economic status of the area of residence, the prevalence of overweight including obesity (OR=1·05; 95 % CI 0·89, 1·23, P=0·56) and of obesity (OR=0·99; 95 % CI 0·71, 1·39, P=0·96) was found to have stabilized and eating habits had improved: intake of light afternoon meals had increased (OR=1·38; 95 % CI 1·13, 1·69, P=0·002) while snacking in the morning (OR=0·50; 95 % CI 0·45, 0·57, P<0·001) and nibbling (OR=0·81; 95 % CI 0·70, 0·93, P<0·001) had decreased.ConclusionsThese results encourage the promotion and implementation of regional and national interventions among children regarding their eating habits in order to stabilize or decrease the prevalence of overweight.
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Amjad, Rashid, and A. R. Kemal. "Macroeconomic Policies and their Impact on Poverty Alleviation in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 36, no. 1 (March 1, 1997): 39–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v36i1pp.39-68.
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The paper provides a consistent time-series of poverty estimates for the period 1963- 64 to 1992-93 for both the rural as well as the urban areas, examines the influence of macroeconomic policies on the poverty levels, analyses the impact of Structural Adjustment Programmes on the levels of poverty, and suggests a strategy for poverty alleviation in Pakistan. The paper explores in particular the influence on poverty of such factors as economic growth, agricultural growth, terms of trade for the agriculture sector, industrial production, rate of inflation, employment, wages, remittances, and the tax structure. While the paper cautions that on account of the limited number of observations the results of the study should be interpreted cautiously, the study does suggest that the growth above a threshold level of about 5 percent, increase in employment, and remittances are the most important variables explaining the change in poverty over time. The paper also comes to the conclusion that the policies pursued under the Structural Adjustment Programme have tended to increase the poverty levels mainly because of decline in growth rates, withdrawal of subsidies on agricultural inputs and consumption, decline in employment, increase in indirect taxes, and decline in public expenditure on social services. The paper also outlines a strategy for poverty eradication and argues that besides the safety nets, the employment programmes, as well as promotion of informal sector enterprises, are essential.
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Lewis, Peter. "From Prebendalism to Predation: the Political Economy of Decline in Nigeria." Journal of Modern African Studies 34, no. 1 (March 1996): 79–103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x0005521x.
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Upon taking power in August 1985, General Ibrahim Babangida promised a decisive course of economic and political change for Nigeria. Alongside a phased transition to democratic rule, the new President outlined far-reaching reforms intended to alleviate major distortions in the economy, to resolve a lingering impasse with external creditors, and to reduce a mounting burden of debt. Within a year, a comprehensive structural adjustment programme (SAP) was launched, incorporating key policies advocated by the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund (IMF), and yielding significant early results in stabilising the economy and arresting decline.
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Okafor, Victoria, Ebenezer Bowale, Ademola Onabote, Adedeji Afolab, and Jeremiah Ejemeyovwi. "Financial Deepening and Economic Growth in Nigeria: A Johannsen and Error Correction Model Techniques." International Journal of Financial Research 12, no. 2 (January 11, 2021): 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijfr.v12n2p263.
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The desire to ascertain the kind of relationship between finance and growth is not new among scholars. This study attempted to give a better understanding of the type of relationship by analysing post-SAP (Structural Adjustment Programme) time-series data since the notable financial reforms began with SAP in Nigeria. The study employed the Johannsen Cointegration, error correction and granger causality as estimation techniques to determine the nexus between financial deepening and economic growth. The variables contained in the model include the ratio of credit to the private sector to gross domestic product (CPS) which proxy bank-based financial deepening, the proportion of market capitalisation to gross domestic product (MCAP) which proxy for stock market development. The result of the analysis revealed that the Nigerian economic growth is influenced by financial deepening positively and significantly, especially the bank-based financial depth.
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Baillot, Hélène. "A Well-Adjusted Debt: How the International Anti-Debt Movement Failed to Delink Debt Relief and Structural Adjustment." International Review of Social History 66, S29 (March 9, 2021): 215–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020859021000146.
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AbstractThis article analyses the process by which the issues of debt and structural adjustment were redefined by a plurality of actors, from institutional experts to activists, during the 1980s and 1990s. Although it mainly focuses on the 1990s, when the Jubilee 2000 campaign emerged, blossomed, and died, it takes into account the institutional mobilization preceding it. It then points to the need to think about the dynamics of competition and the division of labour among international players. While the leading Jubilee 2000 coalition in the Global North opposed debt on economic and religious grounds, African anti-structural adjustment programme (SAP) activists who joined the Jubilee Afrika campaign promoted an alternative framework: according to them, debt was not just economically “unsustainable”; it was first and foremost “illegitimate”, as were any conditions attached to its reduction, beginning with the implementation of SAPs. The story of the anti-debt campaign is the story of their failure.
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Ijieh, Sunday Okubor. "Entrepreneurship, Skill Acquisition and Economic Growth." UJAH: Unizik Journal of Arts and Humanities 21, no. 3 (May 19, 2021): 102–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ujah.v21i3.6.
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Scientifically, the relationship between knowledge and growth in economic growth has been enhanced by technical breakthroughs and developments over the years, so that economic growth is no longer focused solely on the exploitation of raw materials, energy sources andphysical goods, but on the intangible development of values in the form of essential skills, services, innovative technologies and inventions. Considering the high level of youth unemployment and the high incidence of poverty in Nigeria, this requires a re-adjustment of the traditional methods of human capital growth. The main goal of this paper is to shed light on recent developments in our understanding of the forces that border on information formation, distribution and innovation through the growth phase of the entrepreneur. This paper explored the tertiary institutions' entrepreneurship development programme and the capacity of graduates and future graduates to build jobs. Therefore, at Issele-Uku Delta State NYSC orientation camp, forty youth corps members were surveyed to evaluate their entrepreneurial dispositions. Similarly, surveys were also performed at four Delta State Tertiary Institutions. The sample of institutions consisted of 20 students from the selected schools each. One hundred polled 20 respondents. It was found that thirty-two percent of those who admitted to have taken entrepreneurship education, showed interest in setting up personal businesses using X2 analytical technique, while twenty-two percent preferred to work in private agencies, and the remaining forty-six percent preferred to work in either of the government weapons. In the design of regulations affecting the development of knowledge for the efficient diffusion of knowledge into socially useful needs, the policy implications of this study are significant
Keywords: Entrepreneurs, Knowledge, Innovation, Growth
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Cramer, Christopher, and Nicola Pontara. "Rural poverty and poverty alleviation in Mozambique: what's missing from the debate?" Journal of Modern African Studies 36, no. 1 (March 1998): 101–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x97002668.
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The peace accord signed in October 1992 and multiparty elections held in October 1994 brought to Mozambique fresh hopes and opportunities. Post-war reconstruction has been underway for some years, through an array of projects ranging from hand-outs for demobilised soldiers to the World Bank supported Roads and Coastal Shipping (ROCS) rehabilitation project running from 1994 to 2000. Although there is political tension between the two main parties and former contestants in the civil war, Frelimo and Renamo, and a combination of rising urban crime and sporadic banditry on roads in rural areas, generally there has been a strong improvement in political stability and physical security for the majority of the population. Economic reforms, broadly typical of World Bank/IMF stabilisation and structural adjustment programmes, have accelerated during the 1990s and have been underwritten by substantial external financial support. The end of war together with deregulating policy reforms and a sweeping privatisation programme have provoked a surge in foreign investor interest in the country. In aggregate terms and in spite of data caveats, the evidence suggests that Mozambique has become one of the fastest growing economies in Sub-Saharan Africa during the 1990s.
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YOSHIDA, KENZO. "The Stability of Social Security in the United States: The Need for a Durable Institutional Design." Journal of Social Policy 47, no. 2 (August 29, 2017): 397–415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279417000599.
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AbstractStability is one of the most crucial elements of social security systems. Although the United States is famous – some might say notorious – for drastic changes to its socio-economic structure (including its welfare programmes), its Social Security is the most secure and unchanged public pension programme among major Western countries. In the restructuring age of welfare states, public pensions have been reformed several times in Japan and various European countries, with an overhaul of benefits and taxes. However, Social Security in the US has not undergone such reforms in the three decades since the Social Security Act was amended in 1983, but has experienced relatively better financial conditions. This paper investigates the extent to which Social Security has remained stable during a time when welfare states are going through a crisis. The comparative analysis for stability consists of three steps: (1) a simple evaluation of the frequency of reforms among six countries; (2) a comparison of the scales of parametric adjustment and components of structural reform; and (3) confirming current financial sustainability to check for ‘false stability’ using individual government reports. This paper also studies stability factors, including an institutional design that is durable in this changing environment.
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Natraj, V. K. "India’s Development Policy: Highlighting Landmarks." Journal of Interdisciplinary Economics 21, no. 1 (May 2009): 3–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/02601079x09002100102.
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India’s development policy shows at one and the same time many important continuities and some significant changes. Perhaps the most noticed break from the past is the adoption of the Structural Adjustment Programme in 1991 which opened up the economy to global influence and also made economic policy much more market-friendly than at any earlier point of time. However, as we shall attempt to show even this epochal event has roots in the past. It would not be altogether correct to assert that the adoption of SAP referred to generally as the commencement of economic reforms was a sudden event which was almost wholly caused by a crisis in the economy, in particular on the foreign exchange front. The aim of the discussion here is to situate India’s development strategy in a historical perspective with a view to identifying the principal landmarks and also that it has followed an evolutionary trajectory.
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Saha, Sanjib, Johan Jarl, Ulf-G. Gerdtham, Kristina Sundquist, and Jan Sundquist. "Economic evaluation of mindfulness group therapy for patients with depression, anxiety, stress and adjustment disorders compared with treatment as usual." British Journal of Psychiatry 216, no. 4 (November 23, 2018): 197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2018.247.
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BackgroundA randomised controlled trial found that a structured mindfulness group therapy (MGT) programme was as effective as treatment as usual (mostly cognitive–behavioural therapy) for patients with a diagnosis of depression, anxiety or stress and adjustment disorders in Sweden (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT01476371).AimsTo perform a cost-effectiveness analysis of MGT compared with treatment as usual from both a healthcare and a societal perspective for the trial duration (8 weeks).MethodThe costs from a healthcare perspective included treatment as usual, medication and costs for providing MGT. The societal perspective included costs from the healthcare perspective plus savings from productivity gains for the trial duration. The effectiveness was measured as quality-adjusted life-years (QALY) using the EQ-5D-5L questionnaire and the UK value set. Uncertainty surrounding the incremental costs and effects were estimated using non-parametric bootstrapping with 5000 replications and presented with 95% confidence intervals and cost-effectiveness acceptability curves.ResultsThe MGT group had significantly lower healthcare and societal costs (mean differences –€115 (95% CI −193 to −36) and –€112 (95% CI −207 to −17), respectively) compared with the control group. In terms of effectiveness, there was no significant difference in QALY gain (mean difference −0.003, 95% CI −0.0076 to 0.0012) between the two groups.ConclusionsMGT is a cost-saving alternative to treatment as usual over the trial duration from both a healthcare and a societal perspective for patients with a diagnosis of depression, anxiety or stress and adjustment disorders in Sweden.
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Nkowani, Kenneth, Murray Mcgregor, and Barry Dent. "The Stagnation of Smallholder Agriculture in the Northern Region of Zambia: Problems, Conflicts and Production Systems." Outlook on Agriculture 24, no. 2 (June 1995): 103–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/003072709502400207.
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Food security is seriously threatened by the low productivity of smallholder farmers, endemic poverty and widespread land degradation in the Northern Region of Zambia, The challenge is how to raise smallholder productivity at farm level in the face of developmental conflicts caused by demographic change, economic growth, strife and insecurity. The government is caught between the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) drawn up to enable it to pay off its huge foreign debt on the one hand, and the need to cushion the vulnerable sections of society (mostly smallholder farmers) from the worst aspects of the monetary squeeze on the other, Current evidence points to a dangerous imbalance, with the poor being hit hardest, but there are further steps which could be taken to support smallholders.
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Heller, Simon, Julia Lawton, Stephanie Amiel, Debbie Cooke, Peter Mansell, Alan Brennan, Jackie Elliott, et al. "Improving management of type 1 diabetes in the UK: the Dose Adjustment For Normal Eating (DAFNE) programme as a research test-bed. A mixed-method analysis of the barriers to and facilitators of successful diabetes self-management, a health economic analysis, a cluster randomised controlled trial of different models of delivery of an educational intervention and the potential of insulin pumps and additional educator input to improve outcomes." Programme Grants for Applied Research 2, no. 5 (December 2014): 1–188. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/pgfar02050.
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BackgroundMany adults with type 1 diabetes cannot self-manage their diabetes effectively and die prematurely with diabetic complications as a result of poor glucose control. Following the positive results obtained from a randomised controlled trial (RCT) by the Dose Adjustment For Normal Eating (DAFNE) group, published in 2002, structured training is recommended for all adults with type 1 diabetes in the UK.AimWith evidence that blood glucose control is not always improved or sustained, we sought to determine factors explaining why some patients benefit from training more than other patients, identifying barriers to successful self-management, while developing other models to make skills training more accessible and effective.FindingsWe confirmed that glycaemic outcomes are not always improved or sustained when the DAFNE programme is delivered routinely, although improvements in psychosocial outcomes are maintained. DAFNE courses and follow-up support is needed to help participants instil and habituate key self-management practices such as regular diary/record keeping. DAFNE graduates need structured professional support following training. This is currently either unavailable or provided ad hoc without a supporting evidence base. Demographic and psychosocial characteristics had minimal explanatory power in predicting glycaemic control but good explanatory power in predicting diabetes-specific quality of life over the following year. We developed a DAFNE course delivered for 1 day per week over 5 weeks. There were no major differences in outcomes between this and a standard 1-week DAFNE course; in both arms of a RCT, glycaemic control improved by less than in the original DAFNE trial. We piloted a course delivering both the DAFNE programme and pump training. The pilot demonstrated the feasibility of a full multicentre RCT and resulted in us obtaining subsequent Health Technology Assessment programme funding. In collaboration with the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR) Diabetes Research Programme at King’s College Hospital (RG-PG-0606-1142), London, an intervention for patients with hypoglycaemic problems, DAFNE HART (Dose Adjustment for Normal Eating Hypoglycaemia Awareness Restoration Training), improved impaired hypoglycaemia awareness and is worthy of a formal trial. The health economic work developed a new type 1 diabetes model and confirmed that the DAFNE programme is cost-effective compared with no structured education; indeed, it is cost-saving in the majority of our analyses despite limited glycated haemoglobin benefit. Users made important contributions but this could have been maximised by involving them with grant writing, delaying training until the group was established and funding users’ time off work to maximise attendance. Collecting routine clinical data to conduct continuing evaluated roll-out is possible but to do this effectively requires additional administrator support and/or routine electronic data capture.ConclusionsWe propose that, in future work, we should modify the current DAFNE curricula to incorporate emerging understanding of behaviour change principles to instil and habituate key self-management behaviours that include key DAFNE competencies. An assessment of numeracy, critical for insulin dose adjustment, may help to determine whether or not additional input/support is required both before and after training. Models of structured support involving professionals should be developed and evaluated, incorporating technological interventions to help overcome the barriers identified above and enable participants to build effective self-management behaviours into their everyday lives.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT01069393.FundingThe NIHR Programme Grants for Applied Research programme.
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Taylor, Carl E. "Community Surveillance of Child Nutrition." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 11, no. 1 (March 1989): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/156482658901100115.
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A new approach to community-based nutritional surveillance has potential for improving programmes for growth promotion by focusing on the children at greatest risk and increasing the capacity for appropriate action. First, cross-sectional surveys can help to identify where malnutrition is distributed in the community so that high-risk groups can be targeted for intensive monitoring. Second, field studies can be conducted in parallel with general implementation to help define causal factors influencing local patterns of growth faltering and guide selection of an appropriate mix of interventions and methods to suit local conditions. This information can provide a better basis for training mothers, volunteers, and service personnel. Cultural, ecological, and economic constraints need to be identified as part of stimulating self-reliant community action. Demonstration of locally relevant and simplified procedures by a field research unit in each region should be linked with systematic extension to all parts of that region. These field research units should themselves be linked in a mutually supportive national and international network. Feedback of information from community-based surveillance can assist policy and administrative decisions for programme correction. These methods may provide our most direct means of introducing and measuring “adjustment with a human face.”
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OMOTOR, DOUGLASON GODWIN, CHRISTOPHER O. ORUBU, and EMMANUEL INONI. "POLICY REFORMS AND AGRICULTURAL EXPORTS IN NIGERIA: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS." Singapore Economic Review 54, no. 04 (December 2009): 589–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217590809003501.
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The role of agriculture in the process of growth and development arises mainly from its linkages with other sectors of an economy. The agricultural sector in developing countries in recent times has recorded secular declines in terms of its contribution to export earning and domestic consumption. This observation is associated with policy inertia among other factors. The Structural Adjustment Programme adopted in Nigeria in the 1980s, is one policy shift aimed at boosting agricultural production. This article aims at empirically verifying the effects of policy reform on agricultural exports in Nigeria by estimating a simple impact assessment model using a slope-dummy method. The estimates among others indicate that agricultural export is significantly influenced by domestic consumption and economic liberalization. The findings suggest that policy reforms on agricultural productivity should go beyond liberalization of the economy.
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Arvanitopoulos, Constantine. "Populism and the Greek crisis: A modern tragedy." European View 17, no. 1 (March 20, 2018): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1781685818765093.
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Greece’s economic crisis is a by-product of a deeper institutional, political and societal crisis. The crisis brought about a bailout programme conditional on fiscal and structural reform, as set forth in three successive memoranda of understanding between Greece and its creditors. The domestic political class accepted these memoranda, albeit reluctantly. After the initial response with its populist overtones and the subsequent long and tortuous process of adjustment, the country now seems close to a consensus on a minimum reform agenda. However, Greece needs a change of paradigm: a shift away from deep-rooted attitudes that have impaired the country’s tremendous potential, to a culture of reform and growth. Its political leadership has to come up with a plan, one embraced by the people, that will push the country out of the current catastrophic interlude and lead it into a new virtuous cycle.
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Adams, Nicola, Dawn Skelton, Cathy Bailey, Denise Howel, Dorothy Coe, Rosy Lampitt, Jennifer Wilkinson, et al. "Visually Impaired OLder people’s Exercise programme for falls prevenTion (VIOLET): a feasibility study." Public Health Research 7, no. 4 (February 2019): 1–148. http://dx.doi.org/10.3310/phr07040.
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Background The visually impaired have a higher risk of falling and are likely to avoid activity. Objectives To adapt the existing Falls Management Exercise (FaME) programme, which is delivered in the community, for visually impaired older people (VIOP) and to investigate the feasibility of conducting a definitive randomised controlled trial of this adapted intervention. Design Phase I – consultation with stakeholders to adapt the existing programme. Two focus groups were conducted, each with 10 VIOP across the study sites. Phase II – two-centre randomised pilot trial and economic evaluation of the adapted programme for VIOP versus usual care. Phases III and IV – qualitative interviews with VIOP and Postural Stability Instructors regarding their views and experiences of the research process, undertaking the intervention and its acceptability. Intervention This was adapted from the group-based FaME programme. A 1-hour exercise programme ran weekly over 12 weeks at the study sites (Newcastle upon Tyne and Glasgow) and was delivered by third-sector organisations. Participants were advised to also exercise at home for 2 hours per week. Those randomised to the usual activities group received no intervention. Outcome measures These were completed at baseline, week 12 and week 24. The primary potential outcome measure used was the Short Form Falls Efficacy Scale – International. Secondary outcome assessment measures were activity avoidance, current activity, balance/falls risk, physical activity, loneliness, anxiety and depression, work and social adjustment, quality of life and economic costs. Participants’ compliance was assessed by reviewing attendance records and self-reported compliance with the home exercises. Instructors’ compliance with the course content (fidelity) was assessed by a researcher attending a sample of exercise sessions. Adverse events were collected in a weekly telephone call for all participants in both the intervention and control arm. Findings An adapted exercise programme was devised with stakeholders. In the pilot trial, 82 participants drawn from community-living VIOP were screened, 68 met the inclusion criteria and 64 were randomised, with 33 allocated to the intervention and 31 to the usual activities arm. A total of 94% of participants provided data at week 12 and 92% at week 24. Adherence to the study was high. The intervention was found to be both safe and acceptable to participants, with 76% attending nine or more classes. Median time for home exercise was 50 minutes per week. There was little or no evidence that fear of falling, exercise, attitudinal or quality-of-life outcomes differed between trial arms at follow-up. Thematic analysis of the interviews with VIOP participants identified facilitators of and barriers to exercise, including perceived relevance to health, well-being and lifestyle, social interaction, self-perception and practical assistance. Instructors identified issues regarding level of challenge and assistance from a second person. Limitations The small sample size and low falls risk of the study sample are study limitations. Conclusion Although adaptation, recruitment and delivery were successful, the findings (particularly from qualitative research with instructors and participants) indicated that VIOP with low to moderate falls risk could be integrated into mainstream programmes with some adaptations. A future definitive trial should consider graduated exercises appropriate to ability and falls risk within mainstream provision. Other outcome measures may additionally be considered. Trial registration Current Controlled Trials ISRCTN16949845. Funding This project was funded by the NIHR Public Health Research programme and will be published in full in Public Health Research; Vol. 7, No. 4. See the NIHR Journals Library website for further project information.
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Zotor, F. B., and P. Amuna. "The food multimix concept: new innovative approach to meeting nutritional challenges in Sub-Saharan Africa." Proceedings of the Nutrition Society 67, no. 1 (January 30, 2008): 98–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0029665108006071.
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Food insecurity, chronic hunger, starvation and malnutrition continue to affect millions of individuals throughout the developing world, especially Sub-Saharan Africa. Various initiatives by African governments and International Agencies such as the UN, the industrial nations, the International Monetary Fund, the World Bank and the World Trade Organisation to boost economic development, have failed to provide the much-needed solution to these challenges. The impact of these economic shifts and the failures of structural adjustment programmes on the nutritional well-being and health of the most vulnerable members of poor communities cannot be over-emphasised. The use of ad hoc measures as an adjunct to community-based rural integrated projects have provided little success and will be unsustainable unless they are linked to harnessing available local resources. The present paper therefore focuses on exploring alternative ways of harnessing the scant agricultural resources by employing a scientific approach to food-related problem-solving. The food multimix (FMM) concept offers a scientific contribution alongside other attempts currently in use by the World Food Programme, WHO and FAO to meet the food insecurity challenges that confront most of the developing world in the twenty-first century. It is an innovative approach that makes better use of traditional food sources as a tool for meeting community nutritional needs. The FMM concept employs a food-based approach using traditional methods of food preparation and locally-available, cheap and affordable staples (fruits, pulses, vegetables and legumes) in the formulation of nutrient-enriched multimixes. Developed recipes can provide ≥40% of the daily nutritional requirements of vulnerable groups, including patients with HIV/AIDS and children undergoing nutrition rehabilitation. The FMM approach can also be used as a medium- to long-term adjunct to community-based rural integration projects aimed at health improvement and economic empowerment in Sub-Saharan Africa.
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Ejembi, C. L., E. P. Renne, and H. A. Adamu. "The politics of the 1996 cerebrospinal meningitis epidemic in Nigeria." Africa 68, no. 1 (January 1998): 118–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1161150.
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The 1996 cerebrospinal meningitis epidemic in Nigeria exemplified a medical situation that was linked with political concerns at the local, national, and international levels. It is argued that these political aspects must be understood, as they have implications for the treatment of future outbreaks. This article examines local attempts to stem the epidemic, on the basis of participant observation and epidemiological data collected from the north of Kaduna State. The epidemic is then considered in the national context: general deterioration of the health care system associated with economic decline, a national structural adjustment programme and crisis of political leadership. The local and national contexts of the 1996 epidemic are related to the view, held by many Nigerians, that reports of the epidemic's severity and the subsequent Saudi ban on Nigerians making the pilgrimage to Mecca reflected international politics, particularly the uneasy relations between the Nigerian, Saudi Arabian, and US governments, as well as health concerns. The article concludes with some recommendations for a national policy and for community health initiatives that take the politics and economics of cerebrospinal meningitis immunisation and treatment into account.
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Baruah, Bipasha. "NGOs as Intermediaries for Pro-Poor Electrification in India." Asian Journal of Social Science 43, no. 1-2 (2015): 178–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685314-04301009.
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Neoliberalism is generally associated with certain paradigmatic regulatory experiments, such as privatisation, deregulation, trade liberalisation, financialisation, structural adjustment, welfare cutbacks and monetarist shock therapy. Prominent observers of the global economy swiftly proclaimed the “end of neoliberalism” after the global economic crisis of 2008. This paper shares the experiences of two Indian NGOs participating in a multiple-stakeholder pro-poor urban electrification programme that was designed to demonstrate a viable alternative to neoliberal models of basic service provision. By 2008, close to 100,000 homes had been electrified in the city of Ahmedabad and the programme is currently being replicated in smaller cities in Gujarat and in the neighbouring state of Rajasthan. The broader findings from this research suggest that the news of neoliberalism’s demise may be greatly exaggerated. The “alternative” practices and strategies that have emerged more recently, such as the ones documented in this article, may challenge certain aspects of neoliberal thinking even as they reconfigure and recalibrate others. Although this case study cannot in any way enable us to gauge if India is moving toward “post-neoliberalism”, it does highlight the importance of documenting and understanding sub-national scales and actors in experimenting with and testing alternatives to market-based solutions.
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Attua, Emmanuel M., and Joshua B. Fisher. "Historical and Future Land-Cover Change in a Municipality of Ghana." Earth Interactions 15, no. 9 (February 1, 2011): 1–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/2010ei304.1.
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Abstract Urban land-cover change is increasing dramatically in most developing nations. In Africa and in the New Juaben municipality of Ghana in particular, political stability and active socioeconomic progress has pushed the urban frontier into the countryside at the expense of the natural ecosystems at ever-increasing rates. Using Landsat satellite imagery from 1985 to 2003, the study found that the urban core expanded by 10% and the peri-urban areas expanded by 25% over the period. Projecting forward to 2015, it is expected that urban infrastructure will constitute 70% of the total land area in the municipality. Giving way to urban expansion were losses in open woodlands (19%), tree fallow (9%), croplands (4%), and grass fallow (3%), with further declines expected for 2015. Major drivers of land-cover changes are attributed to demographic changes and past microeconomic policies, particularly the Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP); the Economic Recovery Programme (ERP); and, more recently, the Ghana Poverty Reduction Strategy (GPRS). Pluralistic land administration, complications in the land tenure systems, institutional inefficiencies, and lack of capacity in land administration were also key drivers of land-cover changes in the New Juaben municipality. Policy recommendations are presented to address the associated challenges.
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Rai, Sheila. "Fragmented Responses towards Global Governance: The Indian Context." Indian Journal of Public Administration 63, no. 1 (March 2017): 63–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019556117689849.
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The liberalisation dice of the globalisation game has been loaded in favour of developed countries. The recipe of Structural Adjustment Programme (SAP) prescribed by the World Trade Organization (WTO), International Monetary Fund (IMF) and other international economic institutions has proved detrimental to developing countries like India where poverty is pervasive and scarcity of basic amenities crippling. 1 The SAP syndrome has manifested in lockouts, industrial takeovers, closures, massive retrenchments and weakening/diluting of labour laws, etc. Service sectors such as hospitals and schools have also been adversely affected under pressures from international donor agencies. The unsavoury social and economic consequences on the marginal sections have therefore led to a series of protests and demonstrations. The struggle in all its complexities is both ideological and practical. Pressure to alter the pace and intensity of liberalisation, and change ‘scorecards’ of growth, security and redistribution have gained momentum. The propensity of the elite to coalesce with the predominant forces of globalisation and ignore the basic urges of the masses further adds to the complexities. Evidently, the cataclysmic change augured by global governance on the society, politics and economics is multifaceted. The response of the southern states, namely, India, to this crossfire between the dictates of the global institutions vis-à-vis the complexities of the protests and demands of the classes and masses has been critically analysed in this article. The ongoing attempts to assuage the brutal edges of poverty and provide security and protection are also scrutinised.