Relevant bibliographies by topics / Economic areas

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Economic areas'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 3 June 2025
Last updated: 31 July 2025

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Journal articles on the topic "Economic areas"

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Tvrdoň, J. "Economic aspects of rural areas sustainable development." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 51, No. 1 (2012): 12–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5070-agricecon.

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The articles deals with problems of different development of rural areas and their factors. In usual analysis of rural development, the position of agriculture is interpreted in broad range of opinions from the neglectable role to its non-substitutability in rural economics. The article follows strong sides of these concepts at simultaneous reduction of their weaknesses and is focused on problems of investigation of the mutual influence of endogenous as well as exogenous industries on rural regions. Applied approach leads to setting up model of economic base and deriving of multiplicators of r
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Остапенко, Ю. "Structuring areas economic relations as precondition systematization economic legislation." Problems of Legality, no. 130 (November 17, 2015): 113–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21564/2414-990x.130.53806.

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Heo, Bo-Young, and Won-Ho Heo. "Economic Analysis for Collapse Hazard Areas." Applied Sciences 7, no. 7 (2017): 693. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app7070693.

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Volokhova, Marina Aleksandrovna. "SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL AREAS." AIC: economics, management, no. 8 (August 1, 2022): 102–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.33305/228-102.

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Coomes, Paul A. "Economic performance measures for metropolitan areas." Journal of Economic and Social Measurement 24, no. 3-4 (1998): 157–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/jem-1998-0156.

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STRIJKER, DIRK, and FRANS SIJTSMA. "RURAL AREAS: DEFINITION AND ECONOMIC STRUCTURE." Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie 87, no. 1 (1996): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9663.1998.tb01539.x.

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Cochrane, D. "ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN UNDER-DEVELOPED AREAS." Economic Record 30, no. 1-2 (2008): 61–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4932.1954.tb03073.x.

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Friedmann, John. "REGIONAL ECONOMIC POLICY FOR DEVELOPING AREAS." Papers in Regional Science 11, no. 1 (2005): 41–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1435-5597.1963.tb01889.x.

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Constance, Douglas H. "Discussion: Economic Sustainability of Rural Areas." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 43, no. 3 (2011): 453–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800004442.

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The three articles in this invited paper session examine value-added strategies related to agriculture and food at the state and federal level designed to enhance rural development. Two of the papers dealt with the GO TEXAN program and the other with organic agriculture. All three papers were well written and interesting, but all three also shed light on the problem of using classical economic theory to interpret differentiated agriculture and food products as opposed to undifferentiated commodities.
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Kim, Junmo. "Economic Integration of Major Industrialized Areas." Technological Forecasting and Social Change 67, no. 2-3 (2001): 187–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0040-1625(00)00098-6.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Economic areas"

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Crandall, Kristine Birke 1964. "Measuring the economic benefits of riparian areas." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291524.

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In an attempt to identify the net benefits of different allocations of western water resources, resource economists have developed several techniques to value nonconsumptive water uses--uses which are not well-represented in the marketplace. The application of these techniques to sites with flowing streams and riparian ecosystems is the topic of this thesis. A survey incorporating the travel cost method, the contingent valuation method, and local economic impact analysis was used to assess the benefits of the Hassayampa River Preserve near Wickenburg, Arizona. Wildlife viewing is the primary v
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Nakamura, Daisuke. "An investigation of market areas and supply areas : an integrated framework." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2006. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/6898/.

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The concern of the thesis is to clarify the structural relevance between market areas and supply areas through the investigation of firm location under the given conditions of market demand, deposit of inputs and technologies for production. Conventional economic analysis studies a solid interaction between input and output, through the structure of the production function, by means of the duality theory in the input-output framework. This corresponds to the framework of market areas and supply areas in location theory. However, the existing market-area analysis and supply-area analysis focus
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Cato, Jamel H. "An Alternative Approach To Regional Economic Income: A Fuzzy Logic Model of BEA Economic Areas." Thesis, Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005, 2005. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-07282005-132241/.

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Thesis (M. S.)--Economics, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2006.<br>Wille J. Belton, Jr., Committee Chair ; Patrick McCarthy, Committee Member ; Usha Nair-Reichert, Committee Member. Includes bibliographical references.
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Vagionis, Nikolaos G. "Regional development in Greece : an evaluation of the effectiveness of the Industrial Areas Programme." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1994. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/1331/.

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This Thesis is concerned with the broad area of the evaluation of regional development policy. The Thesis provides the theoretical context and contributes to evaluation of policies based on provision of organised industrial infrastructure and support systems to national peripheries. It mainly focuses on the Industrial Areas Programme in Greece. The purpose of the research is to measure the effectiveness of the Programme as a lever for regional economic development. Specific interest is paid to the effects of the policy on the regional productivity and the necessity for technological advancemen
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Dasheka, Xolile Elson. "Local economic development in former homeland areas since 1994." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/3275.

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This study seeks to focus on the extent to which the newly formed Mangaung Metropolitan Municipality (MMM) in the Free State Province of South Africa has been able to close the socio-economic gap between the former homelands’ socio economic status and the current MMM such that the local development in former homeland areas post 1994 is scruitinised with the MMM serving as a unit of study for the scrutiny. A brief history of the three towns that form the Mangaung Metro Police such as Bloemfontein, Botshabelo and Thaba Nchu, the population statistics and economic sectors contributing to its econ
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Taiwo, Olumide Olusola. "Family networks and economic behavior in low income areas." View abstract/electronic edition; access limited to Brown University users, 2008. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:3318362.

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Blomé, Gunnar. "Organizational and economic aspects of housing management in deprived areas." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Bygg- och fastighetsekonomi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-48616.

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This dissertation consists of five papers with different objectives. The overall objective is to improve knowledge of effective policies regarding socially deprived large housing estates. All studies deal with the real estate context from a housing company decision-making perspective. The first two papers focus on organisational issues and the following three papers deal with economic issues related to the development of a specific housing area. The research is based on case studies which involve specific methodologies such as interviews, direct observation and collecting data from company acc
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Groves-Phillips, Sarah-Jayne. "In-migration and economic activity in rural areas of Wales." Thesis, University of the West of England, Bristol, 2013. http://eprints.uwe.ac.uk/20050/.

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Rural areas are changing – a population turnaround was first identified in the 1970’s (Beale 1975). Since that time more and more research has uncovered the numbers and types of people moving into rural areas (Boyle 1995, Boyle and Halfacree 1998, Bolton and Chalkley 1998) and the impact of this migration (Bell 1994 Cloke and Goodwin 1992). Keeble and Tyler (1995) began to address the economic capacity of in-migrants highlighting that many rural businesses are owned by in-migrants. Stockdale, Short and Findlay (1999) identified that on average for each self-employed in-migrant 2.4 jobs are cre
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Dynka, O. "Ecological - economic classification of areas of forest resources energy use." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2012. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/26540.

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Кобушко, Ігор Миколайович, Игорь Николаевич Кобушко, Ihor Mykolaiovych Kobushko, and Sergiy Panchenko. "Preconditions and economic expediency of offshore areas implementation in Ukraine." Thesis, Вид-во СумДУ, 2010. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/8143.

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Books on the topic "Economic areas"

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Phillips, Adrian, ed. Economic Values of Protected Areas. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland and Cambridge, UK, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/iucn.ch.1998.pag.2.en.

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Orlov, Sergey, and Gennadiy Ivanov. Special economic areas of Russia. INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/995644.

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In this tutorial, one of the first in the Russian Federation on the topic, discusses the major theoretical and practical aspects of the model of spatial development of Russia as the fundamental basis of the modern system of strategic planning. Close attention is paid to development of special (free) economic zones, territories of priority socio-economic development of the system of free ports and innovative scientific and technology centres. Important factors to attract investors, the process of progressive economic development of individual territories are a free customs area, tax and some ot
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Hatta, Tatsuo, ed. Economic Challenges Facing Japan’s Regional Areas. Springer Singapore, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-7110-2.

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Smith, Russell L. Economic development strategies for nonmetropolitan areas. Governmental Research Bureau, University of South Dakota, 1985.

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United States. Bureau of the Census., ed. 1997 economic census of outlying areas. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, U.S. Census Bureau, 2001.

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United States. Bureau of the Census., ed. 1982 economic censuses of outlying areas. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1985.

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United States. Bureau of the Census., ed. 1982 economic censuses of outlying areas. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1985.

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United States. Bureau of the Census., ed. 1982 economic censuses of outlying areas. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, 1985.

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United States. Bureau of the Census, ed. 1992 economic censuses of outlying areas. U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Economics and Statistics Administration, Bureau of the Census, 1995.

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Ervast, Mtota, Namibia. Directorate of Rural Development., and Household Food Security Programme (Namibia), eds. Socio-economic survey: Southern communal areas. Directorate of Rural Development, Ministry of Agriculture, Water, and Rural Development, 1992.

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Book chapters on the topic "Economic areas"

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Vijayan, k. pillai. "The Process of Economic Development." In Developing Areas. Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003575276-7.

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Cynthia, Taft Morris, and Adelman Irma. "The Religious Factor in Economic Development." In Developing Areas. Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003575276-11.

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Schäfer, Wolf. "Overlapping Integration Areas." In International Economic Integration. Physica-Verlag HD, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-48421-6_3.

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Julian, L. Simon. "Population Growth, Economic Growth, and Foreign Aid." In Developing Areas. Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003575276-18.

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Sinn, Hans-Werner. "Areas of Application." In Economic Decisions Under Uncertainty. Physica-Verlag HD, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61547-4_5.

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Vijayan, k. pillai. "Economic Development and Finance Problems in D eveloping Areas." In Developing Areas. Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003575276-30.

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Erich, Weede. "Price Distortion, Democracy or Regime Repressiveness and Economic Growth Rates among LDCs, 1973-1983." In Developing Areas. Routledge, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003575276-6.

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Zhang, Zhengwang, and Yang Liu. "Land Indicator: Terrestrial Protected Areas of Total Land Area." In Current Chinese Economic Report Series. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-43591-5_16.

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Goss, Ernest, and Taylr Bahr. "Economic Contributions of Hospitals to Rural Areas." In Rural Areas in Transition. Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003280620-5.

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Deller, Steven C., and Tessa Conroy. "Regional Economic Trends Across the Rural-Urban Divide." In Rural Areas in Transition. Routledge, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003280620-2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Economic areas"

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Chahine, Sandra, Adham Ossama Elwardany, Thomas Heiligenmann, Yasmine Abdalla Zaghloul, Nada Sharaf, and Ansgar Meroth. "Economic Network Solution for Smart Agriculture in Remote Areas." In 2024 22nd International Conference on Research and Education in Mechatronics (REM). IEEE, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rem63063.2024.10735639.

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Netshilonwe, Pfesesani, Fhulufhelo Nemangwele, and Mukovhe Ratshitanga. "An Economic Performance Overview of Microgrids for Limpopo Province Rural Areas." In 2024 IEEE PES/IAS PowerAfrica. IEEE, 2024. https://doi.org/10.1109/powerafrica61624.2024.10759448.

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Szymanska, Joanna, and Pavel Jedlička. "The Importance of High Nature Value Areas in the Development of the Rural Areas of Lower Silesia." In Hradec Economic Days 2020, edited by Petra Maresova, Pavel Jedlicka, Krzysztof Firlej, and Ivan Soukal. University of Hradec Kralove, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36689/uhk/hed/2020-01-089.

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Nedelcheva, Nataliya. "HEALTH AND REGIONAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT." In AGRIBUSINESS AND RURAL AREAS - ECONOMY, INNOVATION AND GROWTH 2021. University publishing house "Science and Economics", University of Economics - Varna, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36997/ara2021.238.

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Maintaining a level of health services and creating conditions for sustainable development is a mandatory societal and ethical imperative, given the multifaceted and multi-layered influence. The thesis of the study is that the quality of health services and the resource potential of the regions can be used as an opportunity to bring the economy of the regions to life and improve the quality of life in them. The aim of the report is to reflect the link between the level of health and the development of the economy of the regions. To this end, the report draws attention to how improving the qual
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Kramar, Iryna, Nataliia Marynenko, Oksana Mischuk, Viktoria Bukhta, and Roman Sherstiuk. "Economic dimension of digitization in rural areas." In 19th International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Engineering, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/erdev.2020.19.tf188.

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OPREA, Iulia Alexandra, ;. Nicoleta (MARIN) ILIE, and Vlad Constantin TURCEA. "SOCIO-ECONOMIC STRUCTURE CONSOLIDATION OF RURAL AREAS." In Competitiveness of Agro-Food and Environmental Economy. Editura ASE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24818/cafee/2020/9/17.

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Rural Romania and the agricultural sector development had recorded notable progress as direct results of previous rural development programs’ implementation, programs financed from both Europeans and national sources. Challenges are still to be tackled in the following financing periods as increased numbers of small scale farms, low level of technological upscale in the agricultural sector, rural degradation, farmers and rural population aging, undersupply of qualified workforce, environmental aspects that threat productivity, insufficient infrastructural development, low access at essential s
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Istomin, Evgeniy, Evgeniy Istomin, Alexander Sokolov, et al. "THE MANAGEMENT OF HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL RISKS IN SOCIO-ECONOMIC SYSTEMS OF COASTAL AREAS." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31519/conferencearticle_5b1b948ec361a9.97964921.

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The article considers the problems of functioning and development of complex socio-economic systems of coastal areas in unstable weather-climatic conditions. It is known that the characteristics of the spatial organization of economy of coastal zones are defined industrial and trade specialization and tourism potential of the area It is shown that socio-economic systems are subject to a number of factors, including weather and climatic conditions, which can have both positive and negative effects on economic potential. development of the coastal areas. The density distribution and the economic
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Istomin, Evgeniy, Evgeniy Istomin, Alexander Sokolov, et al. "THE MANAGEMENT OF HYDROMETEOROLOGICAL RISKS IN SOCIO-ECONOMIC SYSTEMS OF COASTAL AREAS." In Managing risks to coastal regions and communities in a changing world. Academus Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21610/conferencearticle_58b43152a7479.

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The article considers the problems of functioning and development of complex socio-economic systems of coastal areas in unstable weather-climatic conditions. It is known that the characteristics of the spatial organization of economy of coastal zones are defined industrial and trade specialization and tourism potential of the area It is shown that socio-economic systems are subject to a number of factors, including weather and climatic conditions, which can have both positive and negative effects on economic potential. development of the coastal areas. The density distribution and the economic
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Atanasov, Dimo, Rositsa Beluhova-Uzunova, and Krum Hristov. "SOCIO-ECONOMIC DIMENSIONS OF REGIONAL DIFFERENCES IN BULGARIA." In AGRIBUSINESS AND RURAL AREAS - ECONOMY, INNOVATION AND GROWTH 2021. University publishing house "Science and Economics", University of Economics - Varna, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36997/ara2021.213.

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Regional disparities are the subject of various discussions in the EU Member - States. The aim of this study is, on the basis of analysis of main socio-economic indicators, to observe trends in the regional development of Bulgaria and to draw conclusions and recommendations associated with overcoming regional imbalances. The study indicates serious regional differences that affect the quality of life and do not correspond with the European Union approach of convergence and balanced and sustainable economic growth. In order to overcome these challenges, it is necessary to optimize the implement
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Todorut, Amalia Venera. "MARINE PROTECTED AREAS � AN ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC TOOL FOR SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN COASTAL AREAS." In 13th SGEM GeoConference on ECOLOGY, ECONOMICS, EDUCATION AND LEGISLATION. Stef92 Technology, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2013/be5.v2/s21.026.

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Reports on the topic "Economic areas"

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Bürgi, Constantin, and Nisan Gorgulu. Spatial Closeness of Population and Economic Growth. Copenhagen School of Energy Infrastructure, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.22439/csei.pb.014.

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We look at the spatial angle of economic growth. Specifically, we assess whether areas where people live closer together experience faster growth. Traditional measures like population density or urbanization are not optimal, as they are affected by large uninhabited areas or capped, respectively. We thus introduce a new measure Spatial Population Concentration (SPC) that captures how many people live on average within a given radius of every person within a geographic area. This measure allows for a more accurate measurement of the population concentration than traditional measures, as it does
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Maré, David C., Richard Fabling, and Dean R. Hyslop. Motu Economic Public Policy and Research. Motu Economic and Public Policy Research, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.29310/wp.2023.12.

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Past research finds evidence that workers’ labour market outcomes are enhanced if they live in areas with greater job opportunities and employment density. Using two alternative measures of the employment density and job opportunities faced by workers in the local labour market in which they were displaced, this paper analyses their effects on the subsequent migration decisions and labour market outcomes of workers who involuntarily lose their jobs as part of a firm closure or mass layoff event. Our analysis finds only limited support for the spatial mismatch hypothesis. The results imply that
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Stansel, Dean, José Torra, Fred McMahon, and Ángel Carrión-Tavárez. Economic Freedom of North America 2022. Fraser Institute, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53095/88975004.

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Economic Freedom of North America measures the extent to which the policies of individual provinces and states are supportive of economic freedom—the ability of individuals to act in the economic sphere free of undue restrictions. It includes a subnational index for comparison of individual jurisdictions (provincial/state and municipal/local governments) within the same country, and an all-government index for comparison of jurisdictions (federal governments) in different countries. For the subnational index, Economic Freedom of North America employs 10 variables for the 92 provincial/state go
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Stansel, Dean, José Torra, Fred McMahon, and Angel Carrion-Tavarez. Economic Freedom of North America 2023. Fraser Institute, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53095/88975015.

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Economic Freedom of North America 2023 measures the extent to which the policies of individual provinces and states are supportive of economic freedom—the ability of individuals to act in the economic sphere free of undue restrictions. It includes an all-government index for comparison of jurisdictions (federal governments) in different countries and a subnational index for comparison of individual jurisdictions (provincial/state and municipal/local governments) within the same country. For the subnational index, Economic Freedom of North America 2023 employs 10 variables for 92 provincial and
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Stansel, Dean, José Torra, Fred McMahon, and Ángel Carrión-Tavárez. Economic Freedom of North America 2022 Dataset-All Government. Fraser Institute, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53095/88975007.

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Dataset of the all-government index of the Economic Freedom of North America for comparison of jurisdictions (federal governments) in different countries. The Economic Freedom of North America measures the extent to which the policies of individual provinces and states are supportive of economic freedom—the ability of individuals to act in the economic sphere free of undue restrictions. The all-government index employs 10 variables for the 92 provincial/state governments in Canada, the United States, and Mexico in three areas: (1) Government Spending, (2) Taxes, and (3) Regulation. Also, we in
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Stansel, Dean, José Torra, Fred McMahon, and Angel Carrion-Tavarez. Economic Freedom of North America 2023 U.S. Edition. Fraser Institute, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53095/88975016.

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Economic Freedom of North America 2023 U.S. Edition measures the extent to which the policies of individual provinces and states are supportive of economic freedom—the ability of individuals to act in the economic sphere free of undue restrictions. It includes an all-government index for comparison of jurisdictions (federal governments) in different countries and a subnational index for comparison of individual jurisdictions (provincial/state and municipal/local governments) within the same country. For the subnational index, Economic Freedom of North America 2023 employs 10 variables for 92 p
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Stansel, Dean, José Torra, Fred McMahon, and Ángel Carrión-Tavárez. Economic Freedom of North America 2022 Full Dataset. Fraser Institute, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53095/88975008.

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Full dataset of the Economic Freedom of North America that measures the extent to which the policies of individual provinces and states are supportive of economic freedom—the ability of individuals to act in the economic sphere free of undue restrictions. It includes a subnational index for comparison of individual jurisdictions (provincial/state and municipal/local governments) within the same country, and an all-government index for comparison of jurisdictions (federal governments) in different countries. For the subnational index, Economic Freedom of North America employs 10 variables for t
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Stansel, Dean, José Torra, Fred McMahon, and Ángel Carrión-Tavárez. Economic Freedom of North America 2022-U.S. Edition. Fraser Institute, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.53095/88975005.

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Economic Freedom of North America-U.S. Edition measures the extent to which the policies of individual provinces and states are supportive of economic freedom—the ability of individuals to act in the economic sphere free of undue restrictions. It includes a subnational index for comparison of individual jurisdictions (provincial/state and municipal/local governments) within the same country, and an all-government index for comparison of jurisdictions (federal governments) in different countries. For the subnational index, Economic Freedom of North America employs 10 variables for the 92 provin
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Stansel, Dean, José Torra, Fred McMahon, and Angel Carrion-Tavarez. Economic Freedom of North America 2023 Dataset-All Government. Fraser Institute, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53095/88975018.

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Dataset of the all-government index of the Economic Freedom of North America 2023 report for comparison of federal governments in different countries. Economic Freedom of North America 2023 measures the extent to which the policies of individual provinces and states are supportive of economic freedom—the ability of individuals to act in the economic sphere free of undue restrictions. The all-government index employs 10 variables for 92 provincial and state governments in Canada, the United States, and Mexico, and for the US territory of Puerto Rico in three areas: (1) Government Spending, (2)
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Stansel, Dean, José Torra, Fred McMahon, and Angel Carrion-Tavarez. Economic Freedom of North America 2023 Full Dataset. Fraser Institute, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.53095/88975019.

Full text
Abstract:
Full dataset of the Economic Freedom of North America 2023 report that measures the extent to which the policies of individual provinces and states are supportive of economic freedom—the ability of individuals to act in the economic sphere free of undue restrictions. It includes an all-government index for comparison of jurisdictions (federal governments) in different countries and a subnational index for comparison of individual jurisdictions (provincial/state and municipal/local governments) within the same country. For the subnational index, Economic Freedom of North America 2023 employs 10
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