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Journal articles on the topic 'Economic aspects of Acid rain'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Williams, M. C., N. T. Holcombe, and M. McMillian. "Environmental Aspects of Coal-Fueled Diesel Engines." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 111, no. 3 (July 1, 1989): 491–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.3240280.

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Conventional diesel engines are considered by some to be contributors to environmental problems since they emit NOx, a suspected acid rain precursor. Initial testing has shown that CWS-fueled diesels emit substantially reduced NOx emissions. While emissions of particulates and SOx may be potentially higher with coal fuels, assessment of the control technology indicates excellent potential for meeting existing and future standards for these emissions. As a result of activities managed by the Morgantown Energy Technology Center, the economic and technical feasibility of CWS-fueled diesel engines has been determined. Recently, both General Electric and A. D. Little/Cooper Bessemer were selected for 5-year contracts aimed at developing by 1993 the components and subsystems necessary for subsequent private sector demonstration and commercialization of coal-fueled diesel power systems. The development of these CWS-fueled systems will necessitate the application of hot gas cleanup contaminant control technology to ensure that the systems burn coal in an environmentally sound manner. The objective of this paper is to discuss the environmental concerns, emission goals, and the control methodologies, devices, and strategies that will be used to ensure CWS-fueled diesel engines will meet current and potential environmental standards.

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Marganingrum, Dyah, Nyoman Sumawijaya, and Arief Rachmat. "Studi Kelayakan Sumber Daya Air Baku Pulau Bintan – Tinjauan Aspek Kuantitas dan Kualitas." Jurnal Wilayah dan Lingkungan 8, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 15–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jwl.8.1.15-35.

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The raw water feasibility is based on three aspects, such as quantity, quality, and continuity. This study aims to assess the feasibility of raw water on Bintan Island in quantity and quality terms The method used is a comprehensive analysis of hydrological and hydrogeological functions and water quality. The result of study shows that rainwater abundance in study location is not optimally stored as ground water due to limited catchment area and storage capacity of aquifer media which are dominated by rock units with low to moderate graduation rates (80%). The hydrogeology of study site is also dominated by local low productivity aquifer areas (70%) which are indicated by shallow aquifer layers. Therefore, the existence of reservoirs or storage is very important. The calculations results in 2017 show that raw water production of PDAM Tirta Kepri is 3,521,855 m3/year. While the community needs on Bintan Island in the same year amounted to 7,957,803 m3/year. Quality aspect analysis shows that the quality of well is lightly polluted (WQI = 0.59), while surface water is moderately polluted (WQI = 1.01). The parameter that gives the difference from two sources is iron content. Gibbs diagram analysis results show the weathering process by rainwater which erodes the land surface of bauxite mine and dissolves iron and flows along with runoff and into reservoirs. The potential for high iron pollution will increase often as Bintan Island is designated as a Special Economic Zone. Industrial and service activities will trigger acid rain which will cause a decrease in the value of rain pH and the process of dissolving iron on rocks and soil surfaces will increase.

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3

Corbin, Jeffrey D., and Carla M. D'Antonio. "Gone but Not Forgotten? Invasive Plants' Legacies on Community and Ecosystem Properties." Invasive Plant Science and Management 5, no. 1 (March 2012): 117–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ipsm-d-11-00005.1.

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AbstractThe widespread recognition that nonnative plants can have significant biological and economic effects on the habitats they invade has led to a variety of strategies to remove them. Removal alone, however, is often not sufficient to allow the restoration of altered communities or ecosystems. The invasive plant's effects may persist after its removal thus exerting a “legacy” that influences community composition or the ecosystem properties or both over some ensuing period. Here, we review evidence of such legacy effects on plant and soil communities, soil chemistry, and soil physical structure. We discuss this evidence in the context of efforts to restore community composition and ecosystem function in invaded habitats. Legacies are especially likely to develop in cases where invasive species cause local extirpations of resident species, alter resource pools, and interact with other aspects of global change including land-use changes, atmospheric N deposition, acid rain, and climate change. In cases where legacies of invasive plants develop, the removal of the nonnative species must also be accompanied by strategies to overcome the legacies if restoration goals are to be achieved.

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Sun, Dong Mei. "Research and Analysis on Electrolytic Preparation of High Purity Potassium High-Speed Rail Technology." Applied Mechanics and Materials 160 (March 2012): 12–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.160.12.

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Ferrate refers to the highest state of iron for + 6 price of the corresponding oxygen acid salt, the oxygen acid salt inherently a performance is very superior strong oxidizer, in modern economic society construction in the process of development, has a good application prospect. Based on the actual situation, with electrolytic method for high purity high iron potassium process as the research object, the high purity high iron potassium structural properties, preparation method, electrochemical method for high purity acid potassium high iron the influence factors of these four aspects to discuss how to use electrolytic method for high purity high iron potassium process more detailed analysis and explained, and then demonstrates the power needed to prepare high purity in high iron potassium process preparation is more superior than other ways of performance.

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Matani, Behnoosh, Babak Shirazi, and Javad Soltanzadeh. "F-MaMcDm: Sustainable Green-Based Hydrogen Production Technology Roadmap Using Fuzzy Multi-Aspect Multi-Criteria Decision-Making." International Journal of Innovation and Technology Management 16, no. 08 (December 2019): 1950057. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219877019500573.

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In recent years, with increasing demand for fossil fuels, greenhouse gas emissions, acid rains, and air pollution have increased. These issues have encouraged industries to replace the existing fossil fuel system by the hydrogen energy system which is a clean energy carrier. Replacing hydrogen in the future energy systems needs a dynamic and flexible strategic tool for planning and management. Roadmapping tool is a strategic choice for supporting technology management in long-term planning and under the fast-changing environment in manufacturing technologies. This study tackles a novel methodology that considers the uncertainties and linguistic assessments for developing a green-based hydrogen production technology roadmap considering concurrent multi-layered aspects. The aim of this paper is to develop a dynamic and flexible technology roadmap using a combination of the classical roadmapping method with a novel fuzzy multi-aspect multi-criteria decision-making approach (F-MaMcDm). This study represents a quantitative paradigm to roadmapping instead of conventional descriptive “when and how” paradigm. The F-MaMcDm classifies sustainable green-based hydrogen production technologies considering four comprehensive aspects (technical, socio-political, environmental and economic) and criteria relevant to the aspects. The results show that biomass gasification is the first technology to be prioritized followed by other green-based hydrogen production technologies in a long time.

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6

Meidinger, Errol, and Paulette Mandelbaum. "Acid Rain: Economic Assessment." Contemporary Sociology 16, no. 3 (May 1987): 366. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2070310.

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7

EDMUNDS, W. M., and K. COE. "Geochemical aspects of acid rain." Journal of the Geological Society 143, no. 4 (July 1986): 619–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.143.4.0619.

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8

Benarie, Michel. "Meteorological aspects of acid rain." Science of The Total Environment 44, no. 3 (September 1985): 301–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0048-9697(85)90103-2.

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9

Heinen, Joel T., and Roberta (‘Bobbi’) S. Low. "Human Behavioural Ecology and Environmental Conservation." Environmental Conservation 19, no. 2 (1992): 105–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892900030575.

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We contend that humans, as living organisms, evolved to sequester resources to maximize reproductive success, and that many basic aspects of human behaviour reflect this evolutionary history. Much of the environment with which we currently deal is evolutionarily novel, and much behaviour which is ultimately not in our own interests, persists in this novel environment. Environmentalists frequently stress the need for ‘sustainable development’, however it is defined (seeRedclift, 1987), and we contend that a knowledge of how humans are likely to behave with regard to resource use, and therefore a knowledge of what kinds of programmes are likely to work in any particular situation, is necessary to achieve sustainability. Specifically, we predict that issues which are short-term, local, and/or acute, such as an immediate health-risk, will be much easier to solve than issues which are broad, and which affect individuals other than ourselves, our relatives, and our friends. The bigger the issue is, the less effective is likely to be the response. Hence, the biggest and most troublesome ecological issues will be the most difficult to solve —inter aliabecause of our evolutionary history as outlined above.This may not appear to bode well for the future of the world; for example, Molte (1988) contends that there are several hundred international environmental agreements in place, but Carroll (1988) contends that, in general, none of them is particularly effective if the criterion for effectiveness is a real solution to the problem. There are countless examples of ‘aggressors’ (those nations causing the problem) not complying with an agreement, slowing its ratification, or reducing its effectiveness (e.g.the USversusCanada, or Great BritainversusSweden, with regard to acid rain legislation: Fig. 1,cf.Bjorkbom, 1988). The main problem in these cases is that the costs are externalized and hence discounted by those receiving the benefits of being able to pollute. Any proposed change is bound to conflict with existing social structures, and negotiations necessarily involve compromise in aquid pro quofashion (Brewer, 1980). We contend, along with Caldwell (1988) and Putnam (1988), that nations are much too large to think of as individual actors in these spheres. Interest groups within nations can affect ratification of international environmental treaties; for example, automobile industry interestsversusthose of environmental NGOs in the USA on the acid rain issue. It may even be that our evolutionary history is inimical to the entire concept of the modern nation state.Barring major, global, socio-political upheaval, we suggest that a knowledge of the evolution of resource use by humans can be used to solve at least some resource-related problems in modern industrial societies. In some cases, these can probably be solved with information alone, and in other cases, the problems can probably be solved by playing on our evolutionary history as social reciprocators; environmental problems which tend to be relatively local and short-term may be solvable in these ways. Economic incentives can provide solutions to many other types of problems by manipulating the cost and benefits to individuals. We suggest that broader, large-scale environmental problems are much more difficult to solve than narrower, small-scale ones, precisely because humans have evolved to discount such themes; stringent regulations and the formation of coalitions, combined with economic incentives to use alternatives and economic disincentives (fines) not to do so, may be the only potential solutions to some major, transboundary environmental issues.In preparing this argument, we have reviewed literature from many scholarly fields well outside the narrow scope of our expertise in behavioural ecology and wildlife conservation. Our reading of many works from anthropology, economics, political science, public policy, and international development, will doubtless seem naïve and simplistic to practitioners of those fields, and solving all environmental problems will ultimately take expertise from all of these fields and more. In general, however, we have found agreement for many of our ideas from these disparate disciplines, but much of their literature does not allow for a rigorous, quantitative hypothesis-testing approach to analysing the main thesis presented here — an approach that we, as scientists, would encourage. We hope to challenge people interested in environmental issues from many perspectives, to consider our arguments and find evidence,proorcon, so that we (collectively) may come closer to a better analysis of, and ultimately to solutions for, our most pressing environmental problems.

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10

Segerson, Kathleen. "Economic Impacts of Ozone and Acid Rain: Discussion." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 69, no. 5 (December 1987): 970–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1242242.

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11

Amann, Markus, Leen Hordijk, Ger Klaassen, Wolfgang Schöpp, and Lene Sørensen. "Economic restructuring in Eastern Europe and acid rain abatement strategies." Energy Policy 20, no. 12 (December 1992): 1186–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0301-4215(92)90097-l.

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12

Shannon, Jack D. "Review of Meteorological Aspects of Acid Rain (Volume 1 of the Acid Precipitation Series)." Journal of Environmental Quality 14, no. 3 (July 1985): 458. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq1985.00472425001400030034x.

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13

Niu, Jian Gang, Bing Zhang, and Di Tao Niu. "Study on Neutralization Model for Fly Ash Concrete Subjected to Acid Rain." Advanced Materials Research 163-167 (December 2010): 3401–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.163-167.3401.

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Based on the theory of diffusion and mass transfer, a theoretical neutralization model for fly ash concrete eroded by acid rain was proposed. The values of the model parameters were studied, and the calculation formula of effective diffusion coefficient DA was established considering both material and environmental aspects. The model was verified by acid rain erosion test results, and the results calculated by the model agree well with test results. The model proposed in this paper can be used to predict neutralization depth of fly ash concrete subjected to acid rain attack.

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14

Nduka, J. K. C., O. E. Orisakwe, L. O. Ezenweke, T. E. Ezenwa, M. N. Chendo, and N. G. Ezeabasili. "Acid Rain Phenomenon in Niger Delta Region of Nigeria: Economic, Biodiversity, and Public Health Concern." Scientific World JOURNAL 8 (2008): 811–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/tsw.2008.47.

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Rain samples were collected from Warri and Port Harcourt, two major oil-producing cities of Nigeria in April-June, July-August, and September-October 2005 and 2006. Awka, a “non-oil” city was used as control. Samples were collected from three points, using clean plastic basins fastened to a table, 2 m above ground level and 115 m away from tall buildings and trees. Water samples were filtered and acidity determined using digital pHmeter. The results show that the rain samples were acidic. The pH values for the 2 years under study show that the rainfall in Warri was more acidic than that of Port Harcourt. Oil exploration and other anthropogenic sources may be responsible for the acid rain in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria.

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15

Khadka, Yagyarath. "CARBON COMPOUNDS: Pollution Aspects." Patan Pragya 6, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 127–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/pragya.v6i1.34408.

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Carbon is one of the major elements by which organic compounds cannot be imagined. Its compounds are very useful in human life as well as for nature. For example, carbon dioxide is used during photosynthesis in plants and CFCs is used in manufacturing of aerosol sprays and as refrigerants. In contrast, serious harmful effects are seen with over exposure or with increasing in level of its compounds. Use of carbon compounds awareness is necessary for its use in different purposes. Carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide released by the complete combustion of fossils and by automobile exhaust causes carbon pollution along with other various causes. Reuse and recycling of carbon compounds minimizes its pollution. Carboxy hemoglobin formed by combination of carbon monoxide with red blood cell is also more fatal. As we know, different gases formed due to the combination of carbon with other elements causes various changes like climate change, destruction of heritage goods (acid rain), different human risk, flooding etc. So, pollution of carbon should be managed before it causes any huge harmful effects. Finally, carbon related pollution leads to global warming, greenhouse effects, ozone layer depletion, ocean acidification, acid rain, climate change and also fatal to human beings.

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16

Brydges, T. G., and R. B. Wilson. "Acid rain since 1985 – times are changing." Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. Section B. Biological Sciences 97 (1990): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0269727000005261.

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SynopsisAcid rain has been one of the first and longest running of the multi-national environmental issues. The phenomenon was described in the 1950s and 60s by noted scientists such as Dr Eville Gorham, Dr Svante Odén and Dr Harold Harvey. Scientific and public reaction to their work was generally negative.Over the past two decades, the scientific understanding of the problem has dramatically improved. As this information became understood by the public, support for the control of atmospheric pollution increased to the point where virtually all industrialised countries are now implementing sulphur dioxide control programmes.The industrial reaction to environmental control has become much more positive over the past few years with many industrial sectors now being equal partners in discussions of solutions to environmental problems. While pollution control programmes cost considerable amounts of money, it has been shown that these costs are manageable and that clean environments are conducive to economic development.Opinion polls have shown that the public in Canada and the U.K., for example, places high priority on the need for environmental protection.The positive industrial attitude, the increased public concern and the need to understand the science of complex environmental issues, in order to design the best possible control programme, together necessitate the involvement of environmental scientists in public debates if rational decisions are to be taken.

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17

Junghans, R. "Acid rain control II: The promise of new technology." International Journal of Coal Geology 9, no. 4 (June 1988): 398. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-5162(88)90035-3.

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18

de Luca, S. J., L. B. Milano, and C. N. Ide. "Rain and Urban Stormwater Quality." Water Science and Technology 23, no. 1-3 (January 1, 1991): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1991.0409.

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Aspects of the quality of rain and urban stormwater in the Metropolitan Area of Porto Alegre, Brazil, are presented. The results obtained in the survey show a significant occurrence of chemical and acid rain in the area. The data on urban drainage quality show that, besides contamined rain, other sources of pollution such as poor garbage collection, car exhaust, crankcase leakage, and badly done street cleaning, contribute to increase the pollution of the receiving body of water, the Guaiba river.

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19

Lu, Kun, Da Wei Chen, and Zhuang Li. "Discussion and Analysis on Effect of Hot Secondary Air Governance Gypsum Rain on the Power Plant Unit." Advanced Materials Research 864-867 (December 2013): 1798–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.864-867.1798.

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For gypsum rain phenomenon in limestone-gypsum wet desulfurization system. This article made programme that has used unit existing equipment allowance. Extracted hot secondary air to heat purified flue gas to eliminate "gypsum rain". This programme is implemented which makes temperature of purified flue gas rising to 70 °C. That almost eliminate "gypsum rain" phenomenon. While temperature of boiler exhaust gas declined, and temperature of hot air reduced, and boiler thermal efficiency declined, unit of power coal consumption rosed. Comparing to other programmes, this programme has a larger advantage in technology, economic, and security aspects.

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20

Ellerbrock, Michael J., and Ann M. Regn. "Toward Integrating Environmental and Economic Education: Lessons from the U.S. Acid Rain Program." Applied Environmental Education & Communication 3, no. 2 (April 2004): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15330150490444223.

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21

Zhang, Yuanzhu, Luoyi Gu, Weiguang Li, and Qianlu Zhang. "Effect of acid rain on economic loss of concrete structures in Hangzhou, China." International Journal of Low-Carbon Technologies 14, no. 2 (January 31, 2019): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ijlct/cty056.

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22

Phillips, Truman P., and Bruce A. Forster. "Economic Impacts of Acid Rain on Forest, Aquatic, and Agricultural Ecosystems in Canada." American Journal of Agricultural Economics 69, no. 5 (December 1987): 963–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1242241.

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23

Liu, Mingxu, Xin Huang, Yu Song, Jie Tang, Junji Cao, Xiaoye Zhang, Qiang Zhang, et al. "Ammonia emission control in China would mitigate haze pollution and nitrogen deposition, but worsen acid rain." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 16 (April 1, 2019): 7760–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1814880116.

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China has been experiencing fine particle (i.e., aerodynamic diameters ≤ 2.5 µm; PM2.5) pollution and acid rain in recent decades, which exert adverse impacts on human health and the ecosystem. Recently, ammonia (i.e., NH3) emission reduction has been proposed as a strategic option to mitigate haze pollution. However, atmospheric NH3 is also closely bound to nitrogen deposition and acid rain, and comprehensive impacts of NH3 emission control are still poorly understood in China. In this study, by integrating a chemical transport model with a high-resolution NH3 emission inventory, we find that NH3 emission abatement can mitigate PM2.5 pollution and nitrogen deposition but would worsen acid rain in China. Quantitatively, a 50% reduction in NH3 emissions achievable by improving agricultural management, along with a targeted emission reduction (15%) for sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, can alleviate PM2.5 pollution by 11−17% primarily by suppressing ammonium nitrate formation. Meanwhile, nitrogen deposition is estimated to decrease by 34%, with the area exceeding the critical load shrinking from 17% to 9% of China’s terrestrial land. Nevertheless, this NH3 reduction would significantly aggravate precipitation acidification, with a decrease of as much as 1.0 unit in rainfall pH and a corresponding substantial increase in areas with heavy acid rain. An economic evaluation demonstrates that the worsened acid rain would partly offset the total economic benefit from improved air quality and less nitrogen deposition. After considering the costs of abatement options, we propose a region-specific strategy for multipollutant controls that will benefit human and ecosystem health.

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Bierbaum, Rosina. "The Acid Rain Debate: Scientific, Economic, and Political Dimensions.Ernest J. Yanarella , Randal H. Ihara." Quarterly Review of Biology 62, no. 1 (March 1987): 116–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/415370.

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Wei, Hui, Yalan Liu, Huimin Xiang, Jiaen Zhang, Saifei Li, and Jiayue Yang. "Soil pH Responses to Simulated Acid Rain Leaching in Three Agricultural Soils." Sustainability 12, no. 1 (December 30, 2019): 280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12010280.

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Soil has the nature of acidity and alkalinity, mostly indicated by soil pH that could greatly affect soil ecological processes and functions. With exogenous inputs of acidic materials (such as acid rain), soils may more or less resist to maintain their pH levels within specific thresholds by various buffering processes. It has been well established that soil properties such as cation exchange capacity (CEC), soil organic matter (SOM), and clay content play important roles in mitigating the effects of acid inputs, but the factors varied across soils. This microcosm experiment was conducted to investigate changes in the soil pH and quantitatively estimate the critical pH threshold of simulated acid rain for three highly weathered soils (red soil, lateritic red soil, and latosol) that are typical soil types widely distributed across the world’s subtropical and tropical climatic zones, as well as important influential factors, after continuously adding different levels of simulated acid rain on the surface of soil cores. The results showed that the change in the soil pH was not significantly different among the three soils, although it was exponentially related to soil CEC and clay content. Resultantly, the latosol that had high soil CEC and clay content was more resistant to simulated acid rain, especially when relatively weak simulated acid rain treatments were applied. The lateritic red soil that contained the lowest soil CEC and clay content showed the greatest decline in the soil pH under the strongest simulated acid rain treatment of pH being 2.5. Furthermore, we estimated the critical pH threshold of simulated acid rain for the three soils and observed that it was considerably different among the soils. Surprisingly, the pH threshold of simulated acid rain was also positively related to the soil CEC and clay content, therefore making the highest pH threshold in the latosol. Our results imply that soil CEC and clay content may play critical roles in the soil acid-buffering processes from two aspects; it could not only contribute to the soil acid-buffering capacity, but also affect the threshold of acidity of acid rain below which abrupt soil acidification may occur.

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Albin, Cecilia. "Rethinking justice and fairness: the case of acid rain emission reductions." Review of International Studies 21, no. 2 (April 1995): 119–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210500117589.

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A major problem in managing and ultimately resolving many environmental issues, transboundary and global in particular, is how to tackle the fundamental questions of distributive justice and fairness involved. Little systematic reflection and research have been devoted to these issues. The problem of acid rain is a prime example. Strategies to abate acid rain must, among other requirements, be viewed as fair and just if they are to be politically accepted, implemented and honoured in the long term. Research and actual negotiations in this area to date have, by contrast, focused almost exclusively on the generation and analysis of emission reduction strategies which are effective in economic and, more recently, environmental terms.

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Gao, Yu-Fu, Li-Ping Rong, Dong-Hui Zhao, Jia-Qi Zhang, and Jia-Shuo Chen. "Effects of simulated acid rain on the photosynthetic physiology of Acer ginnala seedlings." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 51, no. 1 (January 2021): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfr-2020-0091.

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Extensive areas in China have been receiving high levels of acid rain. Acid rain affects plant growth by reducing the chlorophyll content, destroying leaf structure, and hindering photosynthesis. Acer ginnala Maxim. has a high economic, ornamental, and medicinal value. To clarify the acid rain resistance mechanism of maple trees, the chlorophyll content, gas exchange parameters, and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters were measured in the leaves of 2-year-old Acer ginnala seedlings 0, 15, and 30 days after simulated acid rain at pH 5.6, 5.0, 4.5, 4.0, 3.5, and 2.5. The results showed that the relative content of chlorophyll gradually decreased with the increasing acidity. The net photosynthetic rate (Pn) decreased with the increasing acidity, and the difference among the treatments was significant except for between pH 5.0 and the control. The stomatal conductance at pH < 5.0 was significantly lower than that of the control, and the intercellular carbon dioxide (CO2) concentration of the leaves with the pH < 4.5 treatments was significantly lower than that of the control. As the acidity increased, both Fv/Fm and Fv/F0 (Fv, variable fluorescence; Fm, maximum fluorescence; F0, initial fluorescence) decreased. The difference in the photosynthetic performance index based on the absorbed light energy (PIabs) between the pH 5.0 treatment and the control was not significant during the three periods after the simulated acid rain stress, whereas in the other treatments, this index was significantly lower than that of the control. Our results indicated that under mild acid rain (pH > 4.0) stress, the chlorophyll content, gas exchange parameters, and chlorophyll fluorescence parameters of Acer ginnala changed little, whereas in the other treatments, especially the severe acid rain (pH < 3.0) treatment, these indices showed significant changes that had a severe impact on plant growth and development.

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Hill, Malcolm R. "Technological Options for the Reduction of Russian Acid Rain and Greenhouse Gas Emissions." Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design 27, no. 3 (June 2000): 393–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/b2660.

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The first part of this paper consists of a summary of previous studies on Russian emissions of oxides of sulphur (SO x) and nitrogen (NO x), followed by a summary of reports of Russian carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. This range of estimates is then compared with reports of emissions from other major industrial Western countries, in order to provide information on the comparative magnitudes of acid rain and greenhouse gas emissions from the former Soviet region. The next section of the paper provides information on technological options for the reduction of acid rain and CO2 emissions within a framework of available fuels and combustion processes utilised in power generation within the former USSR, paying particular attention to those technologies which are applicable to the reduction of acid rain or greenhouse gases either separately or simultaneously. I conclude the paper with a discussion of the Russian economic, political, and commercial factors which will influence the practical implementation of those technologies in that region, paying particular attention to the potentials for the development of indigenous Russian technologies and the assimilation of Western know-how.

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Debnath, Biswojit, Ashim Sikdar, Shahidul Islam, Kamrul Hasan, Min Li, and Dongliang Qiu. "Physiological and Molecular Responses to Acid Rain Stress in Plants and the Impact of Melatonin, Glutathione and Silicon in the Amendment of Plant Acid Rain Stress." Molecules 26, no. 4 (February 6, 2021): 862. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26040862.

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Air pollution has been a long-term problem, especially in urban areas, that eventually accelerates the formation of acid rain (AR), but recently it has emerged as a serious environmental issue worldwide owing to industrial and economic growth, and it is also considered a major abiotic stress to agriculture. Evidence showed that AR exerts harmful effects in plants, especially on growth, photosynthetic activities, antioxidant activities and molecular changes. Effectiveness of several bio-regulators has been tested so far to arbitrate various physiological, biochemical and molecular processes in plants under different diverse sorts of environmental stresses. In the current review, we showed that silicon (tetravalent metalloid and semi-conductor), glutathione (free thiol tripeptide) and melatonin (an indoleamine low molecular weight molecule) act as influential growth regulators, bio-stimulators and antioxidants, which improve plant growth potential, photosynthesis spontaneity, redox-balance and the antioxidant defense system through quenching of reactive oxygen species (ROS) directly and/or indirectly under AR stress conditions. However, earlier research findings, together with current progresses, would facilitate the future research advancements as well as the adoption of new approaches in attenuating the consequence of AR stress on crops, and might have prospective repercussions in escalating crop farming where AR is a restraining factor.

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Chestnut, Lauraine G., and Robin L. Dennis. "Economic Benefits of Improvements in Visibility: Acid Rain Provisions of the 1990 Clean Air Act Amendments." Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association 47, no. 3 (March 1997): 395–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10473289.1997.10464437.

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Tietenberg, Tom. "Cap-and-Trade: The Evolution of an Economic Idea." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 39, no. 3 (October 2010): 359–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s106828050000736x.

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Over the past three decades or so, emissions trading has evolved from an idea that was little more than an academic curiosity to its current role as the centerpiece of the U.S. program to control acid rain and international programs to control greenhouse gases. This essay identifies some of the key milestones of this evolution, describes how that evolution was shaped by economic analysis, elicits some of the lessons about the design and effectiveness of emissions trading that have emerged from analysis of that evolution, and points out a few of the barriers that lie in the path of achieving a truly global carbon market.

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Alves de Oliveira, Regiane, Andrea Komesu, Carlos Eduardo Vaz Rossell, and Rubens Maciel Filho. "Challenges and opportunities in lactic acid bioprocess design—From economic to production aspects." Biochemical Engineering Journal 133 (May 2018): 219–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bej.2018.03.003.

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Boot, R. G. A. "Extraction of non-timber forest products from tropical rain forests. Does diversity come at a price?" Netherlands Journal of Agricultural Science 45, no. 4 (December 1, 1997): 439–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.18174/njas.v45i4.504.

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Tropical rain forests are rich in plant and animal species. The sustainable extraction of non-timber forest products has been advocated as a strategy to best conserve this diversity. However, the development and implementation of such exploitation systems, which aim to reconcile conservation and economic development, are still hampered by the lack of information on the biological sustainability of these systems, the impact of these exploitation systems on the biological diversity and the insufficient knowledge of the role of forest products in the household economy of forest dependent people and hence their prospects for economic development. Whether the exploitation of non-timber forest products from tropical rain forests is sustainable or not is still open to question, but data presently available on the biological, social and economic aspects of these extraction systems point at an interesting question: does diversity come at a price? Namely, low density of conspecifics, and thus products, and hence low productivity for those involved in the collection of forest resources. The paper will further discuss whether domestication of forest species provides an alternative for some of these species. Species are part of a complex ecosystem and their functioning is partly depended on the presence of other species in the system. The attributes of the species which have to be taken into account in order to make domestication of forest species successful are considered. Finally, the paper returns to the question of how to reconcile conservation and use of tropical rain forests. It will present a case for domesticating the forest instead of the species or, in other words, changing the forest composition without changing its structure and functioning, and maintaining acceptable levels of biodiversity.

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Reinert, R. A., S. R. Shafer, G. Eason, S. J. Horton, and M. M. Schoeneberger. "Responses of loblolly pine to ozone and simulated acidic rain." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 26, no. 10 (October 1, 1996): 1715–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x26-195.

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Acidic rain and ozone (O3) may have serious consequences on the growth and development of loblolly pine (Pinustaeda L.), a tree species of major economic importance in the southeastern United States. In two independent studies, seedlings of open-pollinated families of loblolly pine were exposed to five concentrations of O3 (0, 80, 160, 240, or 320 nL•L−1) and three simulated rain acidities (pH 5.3, 4.3, or 3.3). Following 23 weeks of growth (12 weeks in charcoal-filtered air and 11 weeks of O3 and simulated acidic rain exposures), stem height, secondary needle dry weight, top and total seedling dry weight, and root/shoot dry weight ratio all were related negatively and linearly with O3 concentration. Stem diameter and root dry weight were also suppressed by O3. Suppression of the growth parameters ranged from 14 to 35% for the greatest O3 concentration. Acidity of simulated rain did not affect seedlings, nor did it affect seedling responses to O3. Results indicate that acid rain probably has little effect on growth of loblolly pine seedlings, but O3 can suppress growth to varying degrees depending on family.

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Dreveton, Alain. "Economic Aspects of Utilizing Fluosilicic Acid as Raw Material for the Manufacture of Hydrofluoric Acid and Aluminium Fluoride." Procedia Engineering 83 (2014): 279–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2014.09.006.

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Reis, Beatriz Gasparini, Ana Lívia B. Araújo, Camila C. Vieira, Miriam Cristina Santos Amaral, and Helen Conceição Ferraz. "Assessing potential of nanofiltration for sulfuric acid plant effluent reclamation: Operational and economic aspects." Separation and Purification Technology 222 (September 2019): 369–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.seppur.2019.04.048.

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Guernsey, Julia. "Water, Maize, Salt, and Canoes: An Iconography of Economics at Late Preclassic Izapa, Chiapas, Mexico." Latin American Antiquity 27, no. 3 (September 2016): 340–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.7183/1045-6635.27.3.340.

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Images on Late Preclassic (300 B.C.–A.D. 250) monuments from Izapa, Chiapas, Mexico, featuring canoe scenes, maize deities, and water gods, have long been interpreted as representing mythic passages. While significant, such interpretations neglect other aspects of the scenes, including environmental and socioeconomic concerns that revolve around rain, subsistence, and water transport. By contextualizing these images and linking them to recent archaeological investigations that illuminate aspects of the Late Preclassic economy of Izapa, I argue that the scenes strategically situated economic activities— maize agriculture, the trade and transport of goods in canoes, even salt production—within a mythic framework. The images constitute an artistic program that entwined mythic tales, industries of salt production, and traditions of water navigation and that phrased them as part of a system of social order during a period of incipient state formation.

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DIOP, Lamine. "TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY OF SOLAR IRRIGATION PUMPING SYSTEM: A REVIEW." Knowledge-Based Engineering and Sciences 1, no. 01 (December 31, 2020): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.51526/kbes.2020.1.01.1-22.

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Climate change has become a major constraint to the development of rain-fed agriculture due to the decline of rainfall. Therefore, irrigated agriculture is an alternative allowing farmers to have more access to water in order to meet crop water requirements. However, irrigated agriculture faces a major constraint related to the accessibility of energy sources used in pumping water. In general, the most common energy sources used in pumping water for irrigation are fuel and electricity. Nevertheless, they are very expensive, are not always accessible particularly in rural areas in Africa and have a negative impact on the environment; hence the need to find alternatives to solve this problem. This review focuses on the technical and economic feasibility of solar irrigation pumps and the impact of their use on the environment. Several aspects related to solar pumping have been discussed, namely the components of the solar pumping system, the energy source used, the principle of operation of the system, the technical, economic, and environmental feasibility. Reviews show that the use of solar irrigation pumps is a technically and economically feasible alternative in several areas with less environmental impact.

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Fromm, O., and B. Hansjürgens. "Emission Trading in Theory and Practice: An Analysis of RECLAIM in Southern California." Environment and Planning C: Government and Policy 14, no. 3 (September 1996): 367–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/c140367.

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After the national Acid Rain Program, Southern California's tradeable permit system RECLAIM is the second comprehensive attempt in US environmental policy to create a workable system of tradeable permits. In this paper analyses of the most important regulations, of the environmental, legal, and economic background, and of the first results of this program are provided. The focus is on the conditions under which this instrument of environmental policy can be effective in practice.

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Kuglarz, Mariusz, Ingólfur B. Gunnarsson, Sven-Erik Svensson, Thomas Prade, Eva Johansson, and Irini Angelidaki. "Ethanol production from industrial hemp: Effect of combined dilute acid/steam pretreatment and economic aspects." Bioresource Technology 163 (July 2014): 236–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.biortech.2014.04.049.

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Kahl, Jonathan D. W., and Julia G. Cerón. "Faculty-Led Study Abroad in Atmospheric Science Education." Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society 95, no. 2 (February 1, 2014): 283–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/bams-d-13-00051.1.

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For several years the University of Wisconsin–Milwaukee's Atmospheric Science group has offered the faculty-led study abroad program Mexico: Air Pollution and Ancient Cultures. In this course, open to both atmospheric science majors and nonmajors as well as to students attending other colleges and universities, participating students learn about the corrosive effects of acid deposition on the limestone surfaces of Mesoamerican archaeological sites. The course content includes not only the science aspects of acid rain and environmental corrosion, but also aspects of Mesoamerican history and anthropology, as well as personal reflection on a variety of social science topics via journaling. The academic content is delivered via lectures and laboratories, guided tours of museums and archaeological sites, visits to Mexican universities, and hands-on measurements and analysis. Postprogram surveys indicate that participating students consider the program to be quite valuable in terms of both academic and personal growth.

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Priambodo, Sebastianus, Suhardjono, Lily Montarcih, and Ery Suhartanto. "Hourly rainfall distribution patterns in Java island." MATEC Web of Conferences 276 (2019): 04012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201927604012.

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Nowadays, water resources management development not only sees from the side of excess or lack of water in quantity, but already includes aspects of quality, health, aesthetics, comfort and environmental sustainability. The problems faced by urban areas are the disruption of activities due to flood events. The opportunities for flooding depend on climate and global weather behaviour. The magnitude of the flood depends on the rain with certain characteristic that is generally seen from the intensity and duration of rain events. While the magnitude of losses due to floods depends on the magnitude of the flood and the level of economic development of the region concerned. This paper discusses the importance of understanding the short duration of rain characteristics as well as its response to flood discharge plans in both micro and macro-depleting systems in urban areas. With this understanding, it is expected that handling actions at various levels of the disaster cycle can be well anticipated so that the negative impacts that may arise can be minimized. Characteristic analysis of short duration rainfall is done by looking at the pattern of hourly rainfall distribution occurring in several rainfall observation stations in Java Island. The Mononobe equation is used to see the level of compatibility of the rainfall distribution pattern with RMSE, NMSE and MAE score indicators. The analysis results show the reliability level of Mononobe equation for the hydrology analysis in the location which has no short duration rainfall data.

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Nihayatu Aslamatis Solekah and Ulfi Kartika Oktaviana. "Penguatan Pengelolaan Ternak Wakaf Hibah Produktif melalui Fermentasi Pakan Ternak sebagai Alternatif Pemberdayaan Santri menuju Pesantren Yatim yang Mandiri." Engagement : Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat 1, no. 2 (November 30, 2017): 170–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.29062/engagement.v1i2.13.

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Strengthening of productive wakaf livestock management on Himmatun ayat foundation in the form of goat farming which originally amounted to 31 tail to 80 tails and 2 cattle, given the geographical condition of the cracked city that the land is limestone, the main problem is the availability of feed. Because the managers are orphaned students themselves then the initial get goat grant, a lot of goats are dead. The problem is quite serious is during the rainy season lack of supply of animal feed. In the dry season orphaned santri living herding goats in rain-fed rice fields that are not cultivated because it is a rain-fed rice field. Goat and cattle feed in the rainy season is a fermentation of mixed kale leaves, bran and yeast. So there is a symbiosis of mutualism in which the survival of orphaned santri is dependent on the productive grant of goats as well as vice versa. Some potentials that can be empowered to benefit from the social, economic and environmental aspects (1) It is necessary to analyze the feasibility level of goat farm management, especially the fulfillment of animal feed for productive grants, so that the farm will continue to grow so that the boarding school can be independent from the aspect of fulfilling the needs of the orphans living in the pesantren. (2) The need for fermented animal wakaf fermentation training for orphan students so as to create the fulfillment of animal wakaf feed throughout the year. (3) The need for assistance in the management of endowment grants productive goat farming, especially aspects of marketing and human resources aspects so that it will form the spirit of entrepreneurship orphan students to independently manage wakaf productive grant goat and cattle farms.

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Tyszka, Rafał, Anna Pietranik, Anna Potysz, Jakub Kierczak, and Bernhard Schulz. "Experimental simulations of Zn Pb slag weathering and its impact on the environment: Effects of acid rain, soil solution, and microbial activity." Journal of Geochemical Exploration 228 (September 2021): 106808. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gexplo.2021.106808.

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45

Woltersdorf, L., A. Jokisch, and T. Kluge. "Benefits of rainwater harvesting for gardening and implications for future policy in Namibia." Water Policy 16, no. 1 (October 14, 2013): 124–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2013.061.

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Rainwater harvesting to irrigate small-scale gardens enhances food self-sufficiency to overcome rural poverty. So far rainwater harvesting is not encouraged by the Namibian National Water Supply and Sanitation Policy nor supported financially by the Namibian government. This study proposes two rainwater harvesting facilities to irrigate gardens; one collects rain from household roofs with tank storage, the second collects rain on a pond roof with pond storage. The aim of this paper is to assess the benefits of rainwater harvesting-based gardening and to propose policy and financing implications for the Namibian government. We investigate the benefits of rainwater harvesting through a literature review, a cost–benefit analysis, monitoring of project pilot plants and a comparison with the existing irrigation and drinking water infrastructure. The results indicate that rainwater harvesting offers numerous benefits in technological, economic, environmental and social terms. The facilities have a positive net present value under favourable circumstances. However, material investment costs pose a financing problem. We recommend that government fund the rainwater harvesting infrastructure and finance privately garden and operation and maintenance costs. Integrating these aspects into a national rainwater harvesting policy would create the conditions to achieve the benefits of an up-scale of rainwater harvesting based gardening in Namibia.

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Vasiliev, Dmitriy Sergeevich, Sergey Petrovich Moskalenko, Irina Vasilievna Poddubnaya, and Olga Evgenievna Vilutis. "Efficiency of using flour from hydrobionts of different cooking technologies in the diet of rain-bow trout." Agrarian Scientific Journal, no. 5 (May 26, 2021): 50–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.28983/asj.y2021i5pp50-53.

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The introduction of high-protein feed from crustacean processing products in the form of flour into the composition of the rainbow trout compound feed has a positive effect on the growth of fish live weight, reduces feed costs, does not change the biochemical composition of the blood, changes the chemical composition of muscle tissue, improves the amino acid rate in the 1st experimental group. Due to the relatively low cost in comparison with fish meal, the use of crayfish meal makes the cost of compound feed cheaper and increases the economic effect of growing rainbow trout.

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Al Ani, Zainab, Ashish M. Gujarathi, G. Reza Vakili-Nezhaad, and Talal Al Wahaibi. "Evolutionary multi-criteria optimization aspects for sulfuric acid plant toward more economic, environmentally friendly and efficient process." Chemical Papers 75, no. 7 (March 29, 2021): 3649–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11696-021-01591-1.

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Yang, Lin-Tong, Yi-Ping Qi, Huan-Xin Jiang, and Li-Song Chen. "Roles of Organic Acid Anion Secretion in Aluminium Tolerance of Higher Plants." BioMed Research International 2013 (2013): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/173682.

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Approximately 30% of the world’s total land area and over 50% of the world’s potential arable lands are acidic. Furthermore, the acidity of the soils is gradually increasing as a result of the environmental problems including some farming practices and acid rain. At mildly acidic or neutral soils, aluminium(Al) occurs primarily as insoluble deposits and is essentially biologically inactive. However, in many acidic soils throughout the tropics and subtropics, Al toxicity is a major factor limiting crop productivity. The Al-induced secretion of organic acid (OA) anions, mainly citrate, oxalate, and malate, from roots is the best documented mechanism of Al tolerance in higher plants. Increasing evidence shows that the Al-induced secretion of OA anions may be related to the following several factors, including (a) anion channels or transporters, (b) internal concentrations of OA anions in plant tissues, (d) temperature, (e) root plasma membrane (PM) H+-ATPase, (f) magnesium (Mg), and (e) phosphorus (P). Genetically modified plants and cells with higher Al tolerance by overexpressing genes for the secretion and the biosynthesis of OA anions have been obtained. In addition, some aspects needed to be further studied are also discussed.

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KYTOVIITA, M. M., and P. D. CRITTENDEN. "Effects of simulated acid rain on nitrogenase activity (acetylene reduction) in the lichen Stereocaulon paschale (L.) Hoffm., with special reference to nutritional aspects." New Phytologist 128, no. 2 (October 1994): 263–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1994.tb04010.x.

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Kyselovа, G. V., V. N. Kyselov, and M. O. Kramarenko. "INFLUENCE OF RAIN GARDENS ON THE QUALITY OF THE URBAN ENVIRONMENT (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE CITY OF ODESSA)." Regional problems of architecture and urban planning, no. 14 (December 29, 2020): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.31650/2707-403x-2020-14-60-67.

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The article deals with the problems of sustainable development of the urban environment, which in addition to urban and architectural aspects include the problems of urban ecology. One of the important issues that needs to be addressed is the management of urban wastewater. In the long run, it is necessary to invest in sustainable infrastructure, upgrade urban systems and plant green spaces. Stormwater management allows you to apply a comprehensive approach to solving this problem, and to increase economic efficiency city. However, investments in this problem are of a long-term nature, and alternative solution of the problem could be the arrangement of rain gardens in urban space. The main purpose of this study is to comprehensively analyze rain gardens as part of a sustainable urban development strategy. The methodological basis of the study was a number of scientific works related to the study of issues related to the improvement of urban planning, ecology of urban areas, as well as the study of the theory of cultural landscape and the theory of the ecological frame of the city. The article deals with the world examples of gardens, the main task of which is rainwater harvesting. Based on the analysis of world experience, we can conclude that rain gardens can be designed as a separate object of landscape architecture or as an element of urban space. Modern research has shown that bio-drainage structures (consisting of large gardens and parks) can be effective for improving water quality and maintaining hydrological function, even when the air temperature drops below zero. Studies show that, with proper site analysis, careful design and responsible plant selection, bio-drainage systems can work well even in regions with cold climates. In addition to performing their basic functions, rain gardens have an aesthetic component - they are beautiful elements of decoration, walkings paths in the park, city streets, roads and public buildings.

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