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Wong, Chi-kwong Patrick, and 黃志光. "Economic changes in rural China." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1995. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31954509.
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Berger, Joshua F. "Sugar ethanol in Florida : economic, agricultural,and environmental aspects." [Tampa, Fla] : University of South Florida, 2009. http://purl.fcla.edu/usf/dc/et/SFE0003140.
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van, Zyl Johan, Bach Helmke Sartorius von, and Johann Kirsten. "Internal environment: the agricultural sector in Region E." University of Pretoria, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/68792.
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The main purpose of this report is to conduct an analysis with a view to determine the potential role and contribution of agriculture in region E. This report emphasises the agricultural impact in determining an economic development strategy for region E. It is therefore the aim of this report to provide a brief situation analysis and an interpretation of existing problems affecting development. The importance of the sector, implications of the spacial distribution, the structure, potential growth and the policy environment will be addressed. From the above, constraints, bottlenecks, the likely future demand, etc will be pointed out. The interpretation of the above and its implications for development is necessary to determine objectives for the aimed strategy. The strategy for region E is necessary in determining policies stressing economic growth and fair distribution of resources to enable the mass of the population to share in increased wealth and economic opportunities.Region E economic development study
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Kennedy, Daniel Richard 1962. "The impacts of rental-market legislation on agriculture in northwest Portugal." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/277140.
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In January, 1986, Portugal became a part of the European Community. Although this will have many beneficial effects on Portugal's industrial sector, the agricultural sector will be negatively impacted by the regulations under the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) due to take affect in 1996. The Entre Douro e Minho (EDM) region, in particular, will be hard hit by the CAP regulations. Modeling of the EDM suggests that farm operators can offset many of the negative impacts through increases in farm investment and farm size. However, legislation in both the credit and land markets hinder this process. This study analyzes the rental-market legislation in light of tenancy theory. The analysis suggests that changes in the method of calculating maximum rent along with changes in the security of tenure provisions will stimulate the rental markets and lead to the desired increases in farm investment and farm size.
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Greyling, Jan C. "The role of the agricultural sector in the South African economy." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/71713.
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Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The importance of the agricultural sector in the South African economy is often stressed by farmers and agricultural industry organisations. The reality, however, is that the sector has constituted less than 3% of the economy since 2005 (DAS, 2012). It is therefore important that the current role of the agricultural sector in the South African economy is investigated. This has been the subject of a number of studies. The most comprehensive study to date was undertaken by Brand (1969) within the well-known framework of Johnston and Mellor (1961). A number of less comprehensive studies have followed. This is the second comprehensive analysis of the role of the agricultural sector in the South African economy. This study reapplies Brand’s (1969) framework to the data currently available. The results are contrasted with those obtained by Brand (1969) and other authors, in order to establish whether, and if so how, the role of the sector has changed in the last 50 years. The results obtained are then incorporated into policy suggestions. The findings of this thesis are, firstly, that the agricultural sector has been unable to meet the demand for the main food items consumed domestically since 2000. This, however, did not result in the predicted rapid increase in food and general inflation. Secondly, agricultural exports have not played a growth-leading, but rather a balancing role in economic development, because the sector maintained a positive trade balance during the full period of analysis. Thirdly, the sector has released labour to the rest of the economy since 1962, thereby fulfilling what is seen as a requirement by the economic development literature. Fourthly, the sector has probably made a net transfer of capital to the rest of the economy since the mid-2000s. Lastly, the agricultural sector plus the sectors with which it has the strongest linkages represented around 7% of the economy in 2010. This study concurs with Brand’s (1969) main conclusion that the South African agricultural sector does not play a growth-leading or initiating role in the economy, but rather a growth-permissive role. This is due to the sector’s relatively small quantitative significance in the economy, which limits the growth impact of agricultural exports, capital transfers from the sector and linkages with the rest of the economy. The sector plays a growth-enabling role, however, by supplying food to consumers at the lowest possible price - either by producing it domestically, or by affording food imports with the exchange earned through the export of agricultural produce. In addition, the sector has an important role in providing employment, especially in rural areas. It is recommended that the current agricultural marketing and international trade policy framework, which is conducive to international trade and limits market distortions, is retained. The sector has the potential, given the adoption of the required policy, to create employment by virtue of its relatively high labour intensity and the existence of some complementarities between capital and labour in the sector. Also, the competiveness of the sector should be increased by means of an investment in infrastructure.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die belangrikheid van die landbousektor in die Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie word dikwels deur boere en bedryfsorganisasies benadruk. Die realiteit is egter dat die sektor sedert 2005 minder as 3% van die ekonomie uitmaak (DAS, 2012). In die lig hiervan is dit belangrik dat die huidige rol van die landbousektor in die Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie ondersoek word. Dít was al die tema van verskeie studies, waarvan die mees omvattende tot op hede deur Brand (1969) binne die bekende raamwerk van Johnston en Mellor (1961) aangepak is. Verskeie minder omvattende studies het sedertdien gevolg. Hierdie tesis is dan die tweede omvattende analise van die rol van die landbousektor in die Suid-Afrikaanse ekonomie. Brand (1969) se raamwerk word op die huidige data toegepas. Die resultate word dan met dié van Brand (1969) en ander navorsers vergelyk om vas te stel of, en indien wel hoe, die rol van die sektor verander het oor die afgelope 50 jaar. Hierna word die resultate in beleidsvoorstelle geïnkorporeer. Daar word eerstens bevind dat die landbousektor sedert 2000 nie in staat is om in die binnelande vraag na die hoof-voedselsoorte wat plaaslik verbruik word, te voorsien nie. Dit het egter nie tot die voorspelde sterk toename in voedsel- en algemene inflasie gelei nie. Tweedens het landbou-uitvoere nie ’n leidende rol in ekonomiese groei gespeel nie, maar eerder ’n balanserende rol vervul aangesien die sektor gedurende die volle periode van analise ’n positiewe handelsbalans gehandhaaf het. Derdens het die sektor arbeid aan die res van die ekonomie beskikbaar gestel, soos vereis in die ekonomiese ontwikkelings literatuur. Vierdens het die sektor waarskynlik sedert die middel-2000’s ’n netto-bydrae kapitaal aan die res van die ekonomie gemaak. Laastens het die sektor, tesame met die sektore waarmee dit die sterkste skakels het, in 2010 sowat 7% van die ekonomie uitgemaak. Hierdie studie stem met Brand (1969) se hoofbevinding saam, naamlik dat die Suid-Afrikaanse landbousektor nie ’n groei-inisiërende rol in ekonomiese groei speel nie, maar eerder ’n groei-vergunnende een. Dít is ’n gevolg van die sektor se klein kwantitatiewe omvang in die ekonomie, wat die impak wat landbou-uitvoere, kapitaaloordragte en die sektor se skakels met die res van die ekonomie op makro-ekonomiese groei het, beperk. Die sektor stel egter ekonomiese groei in staat deur voedsel teen die laagste moontlike prys aan verbruikers te verskaf - óf deur dit plaaslik te produseer, óf deur die invoer daarvan te bekostig met die buitelandse valuta wat deur middel van landbou-uitvoere verdien word. Verder het die sektor ook ’n belangrike rol as werkverskaffer, veral in plattelandse gebiede. Daar word voorgestel dat die huidige landboubemarkings- en internasionale handelsbeleid, wat internasionale handel bevorder en markverwringing beperk, behou word. Gegewe dat die vereiste beleid ingestel word, het die sektor die potensiaal om werk te skep weens die betreklik hoë arbiedsintensiteit, en die moontlikheid om arbeid en kapitaal in sommige gevalle op ’n komplementêre wyse aan te wend, wat in die sektor bestaan. Die mededingendheid van die sektor moet ook verskerp word deur middel van staatsinvestering in infrastruktuur.
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Petersen, Emelda. "A theoretical framework for the labour relations between the farmer and farm workers during industrial strike actions." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2671.
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Thesis (MTech (Public Management))--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017.The purpose of this study was to analyse the labour relations of the workers in the agricultural sector, with reference to the De Doors area in the Western Cape. Despite the political, social and economic changes to better the lives of the farm workers that have been implemented to rectify the inequalities of the past, the labour conditions on farms stayed unchanged. It is evident that there is a gap in the labour relations in the agricultural sector, due to the 2012/13 strike actions that took place. Qualitative research methodology was employed in the study; it provided the researcher with the opportunity to personally interact with the farm workers. It further allowed the researcher to gain a holistic understanding of the daily lives of the farm workers which would foster a better understanding of their daily struggles. Interviews were used as method of data collection. This methodology also enables the researcher to interpret and describe the actions of participants. Good labour relations play a vital role in any industry or organisation. Farm workers are generally classified as vulnerable and the most exploited group of the South African society. They often work irregular hours throughout the year in various weather settings. Regardless of the physical strain that their jobs entail, farm workers earn a low wage and are often deprived of the basic benefits that an employee should be entitled to. This was the reason the farm workers embarked on a strike in 2012/13. The researcher proposed recommendations to the Agricultural department on how to improve the labour relations on the farms in the De Doorns area by suggesting that more labour inspectors are being employed to oversee that legislation are implemented. Skills Development needs to be become compulsory for all farm workers as farming is becoming more technological. Skills Development unlocks talents and creative energy for the farm workers which have a positive impact on production.
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Theora, Benard Nganga 1956. "MARKET SHARE DETERMINANTS FOR COMMERCIAL BANKS LENDING TO AGRICULTURE." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276385.
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Petersen, Hans-Georg. "Economic aspects of agricultural areas mangement and land/water ecotones conservation." Universität Potsdam, 1995. http://opus.kobv.de/ubp/volltexte/2007/1586/.
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Part of the intorduction:
The task of writing a reliable and convincing paper on this topic is a very uneasy one because it is threefold: one has to know at least a bit about the agricultural sector, biology (or more precisely ecology), and about the sometimes beneficial but often distorting consequences of human activities. And all that has to be judged from the perspective of an economist who is aware of the steadily increasing uncertainties which are closely connected with post-modem sciences. Especially with regard to global, but also regional environmental issues, neither the conventional applied sciences nor the traditional professional consultancy deliver promising results. Today
scientists have to tackle problems which are created by political necessities overwhelmingly caused by short-term human behavior, due in part to a serious lack of information on the longterm behavioral consequences. In these issues, typically, information stacks are high, scientific facts uncertain, individual as well as collective values disputed, and political decisions very urgent. "In general, the post-normal situation is one where the traditional opposition of 'hard'facts and 'soft' values is inverted. Here we find decisions that are 'hard' in every sense, for which the scientific inputs are irremediably 'soft'" (FUNTOWICZ/RAVETZ, 1991, p. 138).
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Carpentier, Line Chantal. "Agriculture and the environment : an economic-ecologic input-output model of the Canadian economy." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=55482.
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The current environmental movement calls for a re-evaluation of many economic-ecologic relationships. The objective of this study is to identify industrial sectors and final demands most responsible for particular types of residual discharge and resource use. An economic-ecologic model was constructed for the Canadian economy from the Statistics Canada I-O as modified by Thomassin et al. (1992). This modified version with its 12 agricultural sectors and 16 food processing sectors is best suited for agricultural policy analysis. The model estimates national erosion, pesticide and fertilizer use as well as air and water pollutants, solid waste, and water use associated with specified economic activities.Two different scenarios were analyzed. In the first, the impact on both the economy and the environment from changes in the final demand for agricultural and food commodities was simulated. Each commodity's final demand was increased by $1 million and its impact compared to the other simulated results. The ten commodities studied yielded similar economic impacts, while their environmental impacts differed considerably. Changes in the demand for wheat and oilseeds had the largest environmental impacts.
In the second scenario, the effects of a $1 million increase in each final demand category were compared. This scenario focussed on markets rather than products. The construction, exports and personal expenditures categories were the greatest generator of wastes and the largest user of free resources. The exports category yielded twice as much erosion than personal expenditures and twenty times more than the next highest value (construction).
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Bosley, Hugh Patrick. "Levels of Burnout and Job Satisfaction in Large-Scale Agribusiness." TopSCHOLAR®, 2004. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/1106.
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LEVELS OF BURNOUT AND JOB SATISFACTION IN LARGE-SCALE AGRIBUSINESS Hugh Patrick Bosley August, 2004 39 pages Directed by: Richard Miller, Reagan Brown, and Steve Haggbloom Department of Psychology Western Kentucky University Abstract This research examined organizational sources and levels of Burnout and Job Satisfaction of a large scale agribusiness (n=300) by administering the Maslach Burnout Inventory – General Survey, the Hoppock Job Satisfaction Blank, the Areas of Work Life Survey, and demographic questions. This study provided normative sample data for the agribusiness sector, found a good degree of fit between the agribusiness sample data and existing industry norms, and determined the relationships between burnout and job satisfaction for the agribusiness sector followed known patterns of other industries. Recommendations are made for future normative research to be conducted on a larger and more diverse sample size, in order to better draw conclusions for the industry as a whole.
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Cunha, Flavio Luiz Silva Jorge da. "Valoração dos serviços ecossistemicos em bacias hidrograficas." [s.n.], 2008. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/285793.
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Orientador: João Fernando MarquesTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia
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Resumo: Este trabalho objetiva apresentar e discutir a valoração de serviços ecossistêmicos, a partir do conceito de funções e serviços ecossistêmicos e da aplicação dos métodos de valoração econômica em uma bacia hidrográfica devido a ocupação pela agricultura. Mostra que a valoração é um dentre outros importantes instrumentos a serem mobilizados para a preservação ambiental e para o reconhecimento e aceitação social da necessidade da gestão dos ambientes naturais, tendo como orientação a utilização sustentável dos recursos. Assim, o trabalho pautou-se por apresentar as possibilidades teóricas a partir das visões tradicionais e da economia ecológica, apresentou-se um ambiente antropizado e suas características sempre procurando destacar as questões da ocupação e dos impactos ambientais. Além da caracterização da ocupação do espaço e das determinantes sócio-econômicas foi realizado um estudo na bacia hidrográfica dos rios Mogi-Guaçu, Pardo e Baixo Grande, doravante denominada bacia do Mogi - Pardo, no Estado de São Paulo, com o objetivo de determinar a Disposição a Pagar por água limpa junto à população dos municípios que fazem parte da bacia. A partir das recomendações do Relatório da National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrations (NOAA), o estudo mostra que mesmo com suas limitações, o método de valoração contingente (MVC) pode contribuir com uma medida de valor para auxiliar no processo de tomada de decisão.
Abstract: This study aims to present and discuss the valuation of ecosystem services, from the concept of ecosystem functions and services and the application of methods of economic valuation in a watershed because the occupation by agriculture. To show that the valuation is one among other important tools being mobilized for environmental preservation and recognition and social acceptance of the need for management of natural environments, with a guide to sustainable resource use. Thus, the work is guided by presenting the theoretical possibilities from the visions of traditional and ecological economy, proved to be an anthropic environment and its features always looking to highlight the issues of occupation and environmental impacts. In addition to the characterization of the occupation of space and determinants of socio-economic study was conducted in the watershed of rivers Mogi-Guaçu, Pardo and Grande, in the state of Sao Paulo, aiming to determine Willingness to pay for the clean water from the population of municipalities that are part of the basin. Based on the recommendations of the Report of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administrations (NOAA), the study shows that even with its limitations, the contingent valuation method (MVC) can provide a measure of value to assist in the decision-making process.
Doutorado
Desenvolvimento Economico, Espaço e Meio Ambiente
Doutor em Desenvolvimento Economico
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DuBose, Jennifer Robin. "Sustainability as an inherently contextual concept : some lessons from agricultural development." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/29567.
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Mayom, Chol Permina. "Impact of Climate Change and Weather Variability on North Dakota Agriculture." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2008. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/29717.
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This study used county-level yields and panel data (1950-2006) to explain the Impact of climate change and weather variability on North Dakota agriculture by estimating the effect of variation in temperature and precipitation on the yields of four major crops: com, durum, soybeans and wheat. In addition to yields, the study examined Impacts of climate change on crop gross revenues per acre for all 53 counties in North Dakota. An econometric model was developed to infer statistical relationships between weather variability and crop yields. Fixed and random effects models were employed to estimate the impacts of climate variables (temperature and precipitation) on crop yields. The Hausman test statistics was applied to test the preferred panel estimation approach: fixed versus random effects. Using mean values of precipitation and degree days for all counties, we calculated percentage changes in estimated crop yields for six climate change scenarios. The historical price data for the four crops (com, soybeans, spring wheat and durum) were used to generate per acre gross returns under the six weather-change scenarios in order to provide preliminary evidence about the effects of precipitation and temperature changes on farmer returns for the four crops.
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Radja, Rajni. "The economic sequestration potential of agricultural soils in Canada in response to a carbon market /." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=100202.
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The Canadian greenhouse gas offset system was proposed and developed with the objective of assisting Canada in achieving its Kyoto target by means of low cost emission reduction. This study estimates the potential of agricultural soils in Canada to provide carbon credits. Carbon sequestration practices such as moderate till, no-till and perennial crop activities were considered in the analysis. Crops under different tillage regimes, hay and alfalfa were also included in the study. Simulation analysis was undertaken using the Canadian Regional Agricultural Model (CRAM) for carbon prices ranging from $5 to $100/t of CO2e. Carbon credits generated as a result of the sequestration activities were estimated by endogenizing a carbon price for the sequestration activity into the CRAM model. The analysis was done regionally, provincially, and nationally. Two scenarios were investigated; one that included tillage practices and perennial crops (Policy All) and the other that only included tillage practices (Policy Till). Cropping pattern changes, carbon sequestration levels, carbon revenues, and adoption rates were estimated in the simulation. In addition, the role of transaction costs in the offset system was also examined.The results of the simulation indicated that crop shifts towards hay and alfalfa occurred in the Policy All scenario, while practice shifts towards moderate and no-till occurred in the Policy Till scenario. Simulation analysis indicated that carbon sequestration levels vary by province and region. Among the provinces, the Prairie provinces had the highest carbon sequestration levels ranging from 50 percent under the Policy Till scenario, while under the Policy All scenario it was close to 97 percent. Nationally at a medium price of $15/t of CO2 approximately 1.08 Mt of CO2 and 0.11 Mt of CO2 were sequestered under Policy All and Policy Till scenario. When transaction costs were included in the analysis, approximately 30 to 40 percent less sequestration from the baseline was estimated. The results varied by province and region.
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Flagg, Ian Marshall. "The Valuation of Agricultural Biotechnology: The Real Options Approach." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2008. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/29761.
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This study develops a real options model of agbiotechnology and is applied to three genetically modified (GM) traits. Each trait is evaluated as growth options where technical or marketing milestones must be completed before management can exercise the option to invest further in trait development. The real options values are evaluated by employing a binomial tree which is simulated using distributions for random elements within stages of the growth option. Mean option values were negative for the discovery stage for fusarium-resistant wheat and for all but the regulatory submission stage for Roundup Ready wheat. The length of the regulatory submission stage had the greatest negative impact on the value of the option while the ability of the firm to maximize technology-use-fees had the greatest positive impact. Additionally, traits adapted to crops with larger potential market size are more likely to be in the money than traits developed for smaller market segments.
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Gurung, Ananda Bahadur. "Impact of Agricultural Productivity Changes on Agricultural Exports." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2008. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/29760.
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This study uses linear programming and econometric tools to determine the impact of agricultural productivity (technology) on agricultural exports. The study determines total factor productivity (TFP) using the Malmquist index method for a panel of 64 countries. Productivity impact on exports is determined by a two-stage estimation procedure. The results show agricultural productivity affects agricultural exports. This has important implications for developing countries. A 1 unit change in cumulative TFP increases agricultural output by .79% and a 1% increase in estimated agricultural output increases exports by .37%. Therefore, the total effect of technology on exports of primary and processed commodities is .29%. Developed countries generally have higher TFP rates, leading to higher export earnings; meanwhile, developing countries are not getting the benefits from agricultural exports because they have a relatively lower level of agricultural productivity. Investing in research and development for agriculture can improve technology, which, in turn, can Increase agricultural exports.
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Carter, Jonathan Edward David. "Estimating the economic rate of return to research in the South African deciduous fruit industry." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/70205.
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Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 1999.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Historically, commercial agricultural research in South Africa has been state supported, but due to recent political changes in South Africa this is changing. The political transition has been accompanied by changing economic policies, causing a tightening of public funds allocated to agricultural research. In 1992 the Agricultural Research Council was formed, primarily to enable greater industry involvement in research as a result of the expected long term budget cuts in publicly funded research. As a result there has been an increased recognition of the need to evaluate research in terms of the economic returns to investment so that decision makers have hard evidence on which to prioritize their investments. This study employs the well known production function approach to evaluate the economic benefits of publicly funded research in the South African deciduous fruit industry. In reporting the results of the research the study proceeds from an overview of the deciduous fruit industry, as well as an analysis of the structure of deciduous fruit research in South Africa. This is followed by a description of the economics of research expenditure, a description of ex post methods of evaluating the economic benefits of research, and the manner in which the data for the analysis was collected. The analysis suggests there is a statistically significant relationship between research and development and industry output as well as industry prices and output. However the results should be interpreted with care, and more effort should be made to ensure that required data are gathered. Nevertheless, the results show that increased research expenditure m the industry is justified.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Histories gesien is kommersiele landbou-navorsing in Suid Afrika deur die owerheid ondersteun, maar as gevolg van die onlangse politieke veranderinge in Suid Afrika is hierdie toedrag van sake besig om te verander. Die politieke oorgang in die land het gepaard gegaan met 'n verandering in ekonomiese beleid, wat 'n inkorting van owerheidsbefondsing aan die Landbounavorsingsraad meegebring het. Hierdie Raad is in 1992 gestig, met die primere doe! om grater privaatsektor betrokkenheid in navorsing vanuit die betrokke sektor te verseker, as gevolg van die verwagte onttrekking van owerheidsteun. As gevolg hiervan, is daar nou 'n toenemende erkenning aan die behoefte om navorsingsprojekte te evalueer in terme van die ekonomiese opbrengs op sulke investering, sodat besluitnemers geldige bewyse het waarvolgens bestedingsprioriteite gemaak kan word. Hierdie studie gebruik die bekende produksie-funksie benadering om die ekonomiese voordele van navorsing in die Suid-Afrikaanse sagtevrugte bedryf te evalueer. Die studie begin met 'n oorsig oor die sagtevrugtebedryf, insluitend 'n analise van die navorsingstruktuur wat tans heers. Bogenoemde word gevolg deur 'n beskrywing van die bestaande ex post metodes om ekonomiese voordele van navorsing te evalueer, sowel as die wyse waarop die data vir die analiese ingesamel is. Die resultate wys dat daar 'n beduidende statiese verhouding is tussen besteding op navorsing en pryse en die opbrengs behaal deur produsente in die bedryf Hierdie resultate moet egter met sorg gelnterpreteer word, en meer moeite moet gedoen word om te verseker dat die nodige data ingesamel word. Nietemin toon die resultate dat verhoogde navorsingsbesteding in die bedryf geregverdig is
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Firmiano, Frederico Daia [UNESP]. "O padrão de desenvolvimento dos agronegócios no Brasil e a atualidade histórica da reforma agrária." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/115624.
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Desde o final da década de 1980, o Brasil passou por um intenso processo de reestruturação política e produtiva, ingressando na nova divisão internacional do trabalho que resultou da crise estrutural do capital deflagrada a partir da década de 1970. Mais recentemente, com o crescimento exponencial da demanda internacional por commodities agropecuárias e produtos de baixa densidade tecnológica, o País encontrou na especialização produtiva uma “nova” via para seu “desenvolvimento”, convertendo-se, simultaneamente, em importante “plataforma de valorização financeira”. No plano político interno, a captulação e (conseqüente) ascensão do principal (e único) partido político de massas surgido no pós-ditadura civil-militar ao mais alto posto de comando do Estado – o Partido dos Trabalhadores - levou o país a experimentar um extraordinário surto de expansão capitalista - que, a partir de meados dos anos 2000, foi denominado por intelectuais progressistas de toda sorte de neodesenvolvimentismo. Neste contexto, os agronegócios, que vinham se expandindo desde as décadas anteriores, tornaramse elementos estratégicos da nova economia política brasileira do novo século. Com o PT, o setor experimentou sua belle époque, modificando, de modo decisivo, a questão agrária nacional e, ao mesmo tempo, conferindo um novo significado histórico para a (luta pela) reforma agrária. Com isto, o padrão historicamente “truncado” de acumulação capitalista brasileira evoluiu para um padrão destrutivo de desenvolvimento das forças produtivas do capital, especialmente no campo, intensificando a degradação social do trabalho e dos recursos naturais e ecológicos. Neste trabalho, analiso o padrão econômico e social de desenvolvimento dos agronegócios no Brasil nas últimas décadas e o projeto político que lhe dá forma, sobretudo a partir do impulso recebido pelo Estado, por meio do programa neodesenvolvimentista ...
Since the end of 80's decade, Brazil has been through an intensive process of political and productive restructure, beginning with a new international division of work which had the capital structure crises deflagrated as a result, starting from 70's decade. Recently, with exponential growing of international demand by agricultural commodities and low density technology's products, the country found itself in a productive specialization a new way for its development, converting simultaneously into an important financial value platform. On the political intern plan the capitulation and (consequently) rising of the principal (and the only) political party of mass arisen from civil and military post-dictatorship to the most highest level command of the State - The Worker's Party (PT) - took the country to experience an extraordinary capitalism burst of expansion - from mid 20?? century was named by progressive intellectuals for all lucky new-developmentalism. In these types of agricultures which started to expand in the last decades, turned into strategic elements of the new Brazilian economical politics for new century. With Worker's Party (PT), the sector experienced its belle époque, changing in a decisive way the agrarian national question and at the same time giving a new historical meaning to (struggle for land and for) agrarian reform. Therefore, the historical obstacles in the development structures pattern of Brazilian capitalist accumulation evolved to a destructive way of capital's productive forces's development, specially in the field, intensifying the social work and the natural and ecological resources's degradation. This essay analyzes the economic and social pattern of agricultural development in Brazil in the last decades and the political project which gives its shape, mainly from the boost got by State, by the new-developmentalism program from PT's government. At the same time I discuss the Historical present of ...
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Chikafa, Kondwani Watson. "The efficacy of agricultural subsidies as social protection measures in rural Malawi." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1021173.
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Social protection measures are poverty reduction interventions implemented to assist in reducing poverty shocks of communities. This study considered the Farm Input Subsidy Programme (FISP) that has been implemented in Malawi with the aim of reducing poverty amongst subsistence farmers by providing them with subsidized farm inputs. The study was conducted in the rural area of Lilongwe District, under Traditional Authority Kabudula. The study mainly focussed on the outcomes of implementing the FISP and it entails whether or not the poverty reduction intervention is really achieving its goals. Thus, the study greatly evaluates the effectiveness of subsidizing farm inputs in reducing poverty amongst households in rural communities characterised by subsistence farming. This study was mainly qualitative in nature and data was collected through interviews and Focus Group Discussions. Some quantitative data for specific trends of national indicators was collected through document. Mainly, content analysis was used to analyse the qualitative data and descriptive statistical analysis with the aid of Microsoft Excel was engaged to analyse the quantitative data. The study found that that FISP assist in household food security only in the short term. Among the reasons cited, the package size received by households has become smaller with sharing tendencies that have been devised to help households that do not receive the inputs or qualify to receive them. This practice is compromising the agricultural productivity in terms of quantities as it lasts only in the short-term before the next harvest. When households’ food reserves are depleted, households become food insecure and poverty sets in again. The study thus reveals that FISP implementation is not operating as a sustainable programme as its intended goal is not being achieved in the long-term. The study also found that coupled with the fact that there is no clear policy guidelines on graduation and that there is continued benefitting of the same beneficiaries, FISP is nowhere close to its phasing-out stage in social protection perspective.
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Dupuis, Raymond 1957. "Economic efficiency in agriculture : an intercountry analysis for the developing countries." Thesis, McGill University, 1986. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=65369.
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Mayorga, Maria Irles 1943. "Economic impacts of salinization in irrigated agricultural land : an Arizona case study." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/191135.
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The dynamics of salt accumulation in the soil over time is one of major important information input needed for decision-making in regard to irrigate with saline water. As all waters contain some dissolved salts, during the irrigation these salts tend to concentrate in the soil causing depressed plant growth. Saline irrigation water, low soil permeability, inadequate drainage conditions, low rainfall and poor irrigation management all contribute to the tendency of salt accumulation in the soil. The principal salt accumulation problem of economic importance arises when non-saline soils become saline as result of irrigation. The dynamics of salt accumulation in this study, is based on the model for tracing salt distribution in the soil affected by the quantity and quality of irrigation water, amount of nitrogen and initial soil salinity. To verify the model for tracing salt distribution in the soil and to statistically estimate a crop-production function and soil salinity relation, agronomic data were used from field experiment conducted at the University of Arizona, Maricopa Agricultural Center (MAC), during the 1985 growing season and that utilized cotton variety Delta Pine 61. From the point of view of the response functions and salt accumulation in the soil, many assumptions were made before formulating the models. Results show that (1) no conclusions could be drawn with respect to the model of salt accumulation in the soil, (2) in the case of yield production function and soil salinity relation, the water quantity coeffient had an absolute value greater than one, (3) water quality and nitrogen coefficients had an absolute value less than one, (4) initial soil salinity coefficient had negative value, (5) looking for the best combination amoung the variables inputs, the marginal rate of substitution was greater than the ratio of prices, (6) the time path for soil salinity converge to a steady state conditions, and (7) the profitability of cotton irrigated with drip system is sensitive to yield increases and increases in the price of cotton.
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Bell, Paul Kevin Thomas. "The estimation of economic depreciation for Canadian farm machinery." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/24475.
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The objective of this thesis was to estimate the rate at which four types of farm machinery lose value in Canada. Specifically, Canadian data on used machinery prices was utilized to produce estimates of economic depreciation for two-wheel-drive tractors, combines, square balers and large round balers.
The data used in this thesis to make these estimates are special for two reasons. First of all, they represent the only extensive record of Canadian used farm equipment prices available. Most previous studies have based their estimates on American data, assuming that they apply equally well to the Canadian situation.
Secondly, these data record actual transactions in the used market and these transactions have been reported in an unaveraged format. This is valuable because information on options, horsepower, condition, and, most importantly, hours of use was retained for each machine. The availability of this information permitted richer and more specific estimates of depreciation. In particular, the inclusion of hours of use in the models enabled a distinction to be made in this thesis between the component of depreciation which is directly attributable to age and that component which is directly attributable to accumulated hours of use. It is felt that this distinction provides a beginning point for the study of depreciation due to simple "wear and tear", and that depreciation which is due to obsolescence and technological change.
As well, this thesis extensively reviewed the literature on depreciation in an effort to determine the best approach to follow. The method finally adopted was the "remaining value approach"; however, the thesis went further than the typical remaining value approach because an attempt was made to estimate the pattern as well as the rate of depreciation. This was done by initially adopting a functional form which was flexible enough to let the data "choose for themselves" between the commonly used depreciation rules of thumb (declining balance, straight-line and one-hoss-shay patterns). This was possible by using the Box-Tidwell procedure. This Box-Tidwell procedure when applied to the extensive tractor data indicated that tractors in Canada follow a declining balance (geometric) pattern of depreciation. This was taken as support for the adoption of semi-log models to estimate depreciation. The main findings of this thesis are, first, that depreciation rates vary among assets (from approximately 9% for tractors to nearly 16% for large round balers), and, secondly, that these rates are less than those allowed by the government for tax purposes. It was concluded that this generosity on the part of the government would be acceptable if it applied equally to all depreciable assets, but the divergence in depreciation rates found in this thesis indicate that generous blanket depreciation charges give more advantage to some than to others.Land and Food Systems, Faculty of
Graduate
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Wearaduwa, Vidana Kankanamge Thilani Kaushalya. "Economic Efficiency of Occupational Health and Safety Investments at Agricultural Cooperatives." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2018. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/28861.
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Industries related to agricultural cooperatives record some of the highest injury rates in the U.S. Therefore, agricultural cooperatives are highly motivated to invest in occupational health and safety (OHS). This thesis examines the economic efficiency of OHS investments at agricultural cooperatives and identifies cooperative characteristics leading to greater economic efficiency of OHS investments. A multiple input-output data envelopment analysis (DEA) is used to estimate technical efficiency. The effects of cooperative characteristics on the efficiency of OHS investments are estimated using ordinary least squares, censored regression, truncated regression, and the Simar and Wilson (2007) bootstrap procedure. Results show that the mean technical efficiency score was 0.833. Furthermore, a cooperative?s annual insurance premia has a significant, negative relationship with technical efficiency. In contrast, the experience levels of a cooperative?s top safety person and top managerial person and a location?s total workers employed have significant, positive relationships with efficiency in all estimated models.North Dakota State University. Department of College of Agriculture, Food Systems and Natural Resources
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Firmiano, Frederico Daia. "O padrão de desenvolvimento dos agronegócios no Brasil e a atualidade histórica da reforma agrária /." Araraquara, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/115624.
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Orientador: Augusto Caccia-Bava JuniorBanca: Silvia Beatriz Adoue
Banca: Adilson Marques Gennari
Banca: Rosemeire Aparecida Scopinho
Banca: Marcos Cassin
Resumo: Desde o final da década de 1980, o Brasil passou por um intenso processo de reestruturação política e produtiva, ingressando na nova divisão internacional do trabalho que resultou da crise estrutural do capital deflagrada a partir da década de 1970. Mais recentemente, com o crescimento exponencial da demanda internacional por commodities agropecuárias e produtos de baixa densidade tecnológica, o País encontrou na especialização produtiva uma "nova" via para seu "desenvolvimento", convertendo-se, simultaneamente, em importante "plataforma de valorização financeira". No plano político interno, a captulação e (conseqüente) ascensão do principal (e único) partido político de massas surgido no pós-ditadura civil-militar ao mais alto posto de comando do Estado - o Partido dos Trabalhadores - levou o país a experimentar um extraordinário surto de expansão capitalista - que, a partir de meados dos anos 2000, foi denominado por intelectuais progressistas de toda sorte de neodesenvolvimentismo. Neste contexto, os agronegócios, que vinham se expandindo desde as décadas anteriores, tornaramse elementos estratégicos da nova economia política brasileira do novo século. Com o PT, o setor experimentou sua belle époque, modificando, de modo decisivo, a questão agrária nacional e, ao mesmo tempo, conferindo um novo significado histórico para a (luta pela) reforma agrária. Com isto, o padrão historicamente "truncado" de acumulação capitalista brasileira evoluiu para um padrão destrutivo de desenvolvimento das forças produtivas do capital, especialmente no campo, intensificando a degradação social do trabalho e dos recursos naturais e ecológicos. Neste trabalho, analiso o padrão econômico e social de desenvolvimento dos agronegócios no Brasil nas últimas décadas e o projeto político que lhe dá forma, sobretudo a partir do impulso recebido pelo Estado, por meio do programa neodesenvolvimentista ...
Abstract: Since the end of 80's decade, Brazil has been through an intensive process of political and productive restructure, beginning with a new international division of work which had the capital structure crises deflagrated as a result, starting from 70's decade. Recently, with exponential growing of international demand by agricultural commodities and low density technology's products, the country found itself in a productive specialization a "new" way for its development, converting simultaneously into an important "financial value platform". On the political intern plan the capitulation and (consequently) rising of the principal (and the only) political party of mass arisen from civil and military post-dictatorship to the most highest level command of the State - The Worker's Party (PT) - took the country to experience an extraordinary capitalism burst of expansion - from mid 20ᵀᴴ century was named by progressive intellectuals for all lucky new-developmentalism. In these types of agricultures which started to expand in the last decades, turned into strategic elements of the new Brazilian economical politics for new century. With Worker's Party (PT), the sector experienced its belle époque, changing in a decisive way the agrarian national question and at the same time giving a new historical meaning to (struggle for land and for) agrarian reform. Therefore, the historical obstacles in the development structures pattern of Brazilian capitalist accumulation evolved to a destructive way of capital's productive forces's development, specially in the field, intensifying the social work and the natural and ecological resources's degradation. This essay analyzes the economic and social pattern of agricultural development in Brazil in the last decades and the political project which gives its shape, mainly from the boost got by State, by the new-developmentalism program from PT's government. At the same time I discuss the Historical present of ...
Doutor
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Morand, Hugues. "The economic potential of the Quebec cropping sector to sequester carbon in agricultural soils /." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=80335.
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This research simulates the response of the Quebec cropping sector to the introduction of carbon credit revenue which could be made available through the implementation of a greenhouse gas emissions trading and offset system in Canada. Eligible carbon sequestering practices investigated in the simulations include adoption of moderate tillage and no-till as well as the conversion to a permanent cover crop. Monetary demand for greenhouse gas emissions offsets from the cropping sector is endogenized in the objective function of the Canadian Regional Agriculture Model (CRAM) which has been modified to account for the simulations and for the disaggregation of the single crop region of Quebec into eleven sub-regions. Changes in the cropping sector induced by the introduction of seven different carbon price levels, ranging from $1/t CO2 to $100/t CO2, are compared to a baseline. Variables covered in the simulation results include: relative profitability of carbon sequestering crops/technology; adoption rates of moderate tillage and no-till; carbon sequestration levels; carbon credit revenue; cropping pattern, crop production and livestock.Results indicate that carbon sequestration in agricultural soils could only contribute a minor share of the total emission reduction in Quebec, even with very high carbon price levels. At a carbon price of $15/t CO2, it is estimated that changes in tillage practices and permanent cover would result in an additional 12,328 t CO2 per year sequestered by the cropping sector in Quebec. However, some regions display higher adoption rates of carbon sequestering practices than other regions and appear to be more responsive to the price incentive. The introduction of a monetary demand for GHGE offsets from the cropping sector induces some changes in terms of cropping pattern and crop production level, while it has almost no impact on the livestock sector.
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Lipai, Monica. "Socioeconomic comparisons of organic and conventional farms in Canada : results from the 2001 Census." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=101864.
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This thesis examines differences between organic and conventional farm and operators' characteristics, and identifies which characteristics explain whether a farm is organic or conventional. The data comes from the 2001 Canadian Census of Agriculture, which makes this study the first that is national in scope and includes detailed analysis of the differences between organic and conventional agriculture using a large sample size.Farms were divided into three groups: conventional, primarily organic, and mixed production (some organic production). Parametric and nonparametric tests were used to analyze farm and operator characteristics. Logistic regression was used to determine which variables explain whether a farm is organic, conventional or mixed. Results indicate that organic farmers are more likely to be younger, female, work less off farm and more on farm, when compared to conventional. Organic farms tend to be smaller, more profitable, more diversified, and have a higher dependency on hired labour. There were no differences in capital intensity. Mixed farms manifested the same patterns as organic when compared to conventional.
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Sentery, Kabengele. "Prospects for market diversification in SADC for selected South African agricultural and food products." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86226.
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Thesis (MAgricAdmin)--Stellenbosch University, 2014.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This research provides South Africa's producers and exporters with information on new market opportunities for South Africa's selected agricultural and food products in the Southern African Development Community (SADC). There is increasing global competition and countries in Africa are increasingly targeted as export markets due to its population growth and its increasing per capita income. Both developed countries and developing countries such as the United States of America, China, Brazil, India, etc. are gradually increasing their exports to Africa. In Sub-Saharan Africa, this is also taking place in SADC. In this region, there has been a significant increase in total imports from the mentioned countries from 2001 to 2013. The International Trade Centre market selection method was used for product selection (using the Export Potential Index) and country selection (using the Market Attractiveness Index). Fourteen products were selected and Angola is the most attractive market in the region (SADC) and is ranked first in the Market Attractiveness Index for seven of the fourteen selected products. The top ranking markets for the 14 selected products were identified as: Mauritius for maize, sweetened milk powder, raw cane sugar and wheat or meslin flour; Angola for fresh apples, fresh or dried oranges, sparkling wine, bulk wine, refined cane or beet sugar, frozen bovine cuts, and frozen bovine carcasses and half carcasses; Mozambique for bottled wine; and Zambia for fresh grapes and soya beans. In most cases the countries with the second and third highest rankings in the Market Attractiveness Index also offer opportunities for market diversification. South Africa exports certain products to non-African countries, whereas these non-African countries export the same products to SADC. There are therefore opportunities geographically nearer to South Africa, because South Africa could export these products to SADC. Exporters should not necessarily abandon non-African markets in order to export to SADC; however they should be aware of opportunities close by and develop strategies to maximize profit and maintain sustainable markets.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie navorsing bied aan Suid-Afrika se produsente en uitvoerders inligting oor nuwe markgeleenthede vir Suid-Afrika se geselekteerde landbou-en voedselprodukte in die Suider Afrikaanse Ontwikkelingsgemeenskap (SAOG). Daar is toenemende globale mededinging en lande in Afrika word toenemend geteiken as uitvoermarkte as gevolg van bevolkingsgroei en die stygende per capita inkomste. Beide ontwikkelde en ontwikkelende lande soos die Verenigde State van Amerika, China, Brasilië, Indië, ens. verhoog geleidelik hulle uitvoere na Afrika. In Sub-Sahara Afrika, gebeur dit ook in SAOG. In hierdie streek, was daar „n betekenisvolle toename in invoere vanaf die genoemde lande van 2001 tot 2013. Die Internasionale Handelsentrum markseleksie metode is gebruik om produkte te kies (met die Uitvoer Potensiaal Indeks) en om lande te kies (met die Mark Aantreklikheidsindeks). Veertien produkte is gekies en Angola is die mees aantreklike mark in die streek (SAOG) en is bo-aan die lys in die Mark Aantreklikheidsindeks vir sewe van die veertien geselekteerde produkte. Die top markte vir die 14 geselekteerde produkte is geïdentifiseer as: Mauritius vir mielies, versoete melkpoeier, ruwe rietsuiker en mengkoringmeelblom; Angola vir vars appels, vars of gedroogde lemoene, vonkelwyn, grootmaat wyn, verwerkte riet- of beetsuiker, bevrore beessnitte, en bevrore bees karkasse en half karkasse; Mosambiek vir gebottelde wyn; en Zambië vir vars druiwe en vir sojabone. In meeste gevalle bied lande met die tweede en derde hoogste punte in die Mark Aantreklikheidsindeks ook geleenthede vir markdiversifikasie. Suid-Afrika voer sekere produkte uit na nie-Afrika lande, terwyl hierdie nie-Afrika lande weer dieselfde produkte na die SAOG uitvoer. Daar is dus geleenthede geografiese nader aan Suid-Afrika, want Suid-Afrika kan hierdie produkte na die SAOG uitvoer. Uivoerders moet nie noodwendig oorsese markte laat vaar om na die SAOG uit te voer nie, maar hulle moet bewus wees van nader geleenthede en strategieë ontwikkel om wins te maksimeer en volhoubare markte te handhaaf.
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Morgan, John (John Idwal). "Evaluating the returns to research on a project level : cover crops in the South African wine industry." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51261.
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Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 1999.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The purpose of the study is to determine the rate of return to cover crop research in the wine industry. The method followed will prove an invaluable contribution toward the need to determine a suitable approach for evaluation studies. The importance behind such a study is the development of appropriate ex ante evaluation approaches, which will assist in the allocation of public research resources in both a social and economical manner. The wine industry is currently enjoying healthy international demand, but will need to remain competitive to reap the full benefit of international exposure. The need therefore exists for a continuation of research at the institutional level, in order to maintain the progressive nature of research knowledge that was available in the past. The evaluation of ex post and ex ante research will assist in maintaining government funding for research and help with campaigning for private investment of research in the wine industry. The use of two evaluation approaches was used for the analysis. Firstly, the production function approach achieved a rate of return of 44 percent, using weather and research expenditure as a means to explain the variations in wine grape yield. Secondly, a cost benefit approach was devised in order to make a direct comparison between the cost and benefits related to the cover crop research. The rate of return achieved for this mode of analysis is 37 percent, using trial plot data as a source of information on potential benefits. In addition to this the cost benefit approach was used to show the difference in rate of return that is achievable between two growing regions. The variable that exists between the two regions, is the higher rate of irrigation in one of the regions. The high rate of return achieved for the investment, provides suitable motivation for the increase in state funding for research in the wine industry, and provides valuable information for the enticement of support by private investors. The two methods used in the study will both draw a certain amount of criticism, largely as a result of the lack of available data. The empirical nature of the approaches is however simple and applicable down to the project level.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie is om die opbrengs op navorsing oor dekgewasse in die Suid- Afrikaanse wynbedryf te bepaal. Hierbenewens het die studie dit ook ten doel om gepaste metodieke vir die evaluering van navorsingsprojekte daar te stel. In hierdie opsig maak hierdie studie ' n bydrae tot besluitneming oor die allokering van openbare fondse vir landbounavorsing op 'n ekonomies en sosiale optimale wyse. Die Suid- Afrikaanse wynbedryf beleef tans ' n bloeifase, hoofsaaklik as gevolg van sterk internasionale vraag na sy produkte, maar salop sy internasionale mededingendheid moet let indien die volle voordele hiervan benut kan word. Daarom is dit noodsaaklik dat die bedryf op tegnologiese gebied moet kan meeding, en dus dat navorsingsbesteding nie onoordeelkundig ingekort word rue. Inligting oor die opbrengs op navorsingsbesteding is dus noodsaaklik om die volgehoue betrokkenheid van die staat te kan regverdig, hetsy as finansier of as katalisator vir privaatsektor betrokkenheid. In hierdie studie is die opbrengs op navorsing gemeet deur beide die bekende produksiefunksie benadering sowel as deur koste-voordeel ontleding. In die eerste geval is 'n opbrengskoers van 44% gemeet, en in die tweede geval is dit 37%. By die kostevoordeel ontleding is ook 'n verdere onderskeid gemaak tussen twee wynbou-streke om die invloed van meer besproeiing te bepaal. Ten spyte van dataprobleme, veral wat betref die koste van navorsing, kan beweer word dat die inligting so verkry van nut sal wees vir besluitnemers by die toekenning van skaars navorsingsfondse, asook by bedinging om privaatsektor fondse.
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Zhu, Minkang. "A multiple objective approach to evaluate economic and environmental impacts of agricultural management systems from a sustainable development perspective." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/38786.
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Diebel, Penelope L. "An economic analysis of low-input agriculture as a groundwater protection strategy." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/40014.
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Silva, Luciana Ferreira da. "A construção de um Indice de Sustentabilidade Ambiental Agricola (ISA) : uma proposta metodologica." [s.n.], 2007. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/285550.
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Orientador: Ademar Ribeiro RomeiroTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia
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Resumo: Esse trabalho apresenta a metodologia de construção do Índice de Sustentabilidade Ambiental Agrícola ISAGRI e realiza aplicação teste do mesmo para as microbacias dos rios Oriçanga e Araras, ambas pertencentes à Bacia dos rios Mogi Guaçu-Pardo ¿ SP. Esta é uma área representativa de diferentes situações encontradas no Estado de São Paulo. A região apresenta praticamente todas as grandes províncias geomorfológicas do Estado, com grande variação de solos, topografia e vegetação. Apresenta também uma diversidade de sistemas agrícolas, com os mais variados usos de solo e diferentes tipos de agricultores. Metodologicamente o ISAGRI foi construído utilizando-se do escopo teórico de indicadores de estado, pressão e resposta (PER) proposto pela OCDE. Trata-se de um índice sintético composto por 8 indicadores divididos em 3 dimensões: estado, pressão e resposta. Esses indicadores foram transformados em índices, e então, agregados as dimensões a que pertencem, gerando assim três novos índices ¿ IEA (Índice de estado do ecossistema agrícola; IDEG (Índice de vetores de degradação) e ICOR (Índice de medidas de prevenção e correção). O ISAGRI é, assim, o resultado da média simples dos índices dessas dimensões. O teste permitiu a comparação dos níveis de sustentabilidade ambiental agrícola entre as duas microbacias, sendo que a microbacia do rio de Araras apresentou os melhores resultados e, portanto, melhor sustentabilidade ambiental. Ao final, propõem-se critérios de categorização de níveis de sustentabilidade
Abstract: This study presents the methodology of construction of the Agricultural Environmental Sustainability Index (ISAGRI). This Index was evaluated in the watersheds of the rivers Oriçanga and Araras, both belonging to the Mogi Guaçu river basin. This is a representative area of different situations found in the State of São Paulo. The region presents practically all the great geomorphic provinces of the State, with great variation of ground, topography and vegetation. It also presents a diversity of agricultural systems, with the most varied uses of the ground and different types of agriculturists. The methodology of the ISAGRI was constructed using the theoretical target of indicators of state, pressure and response (PER) considered by the OCDE. The ISAGRI is synthetic index composed of 8 indicators divided in 3 dimensions: state, pressure and response. These indicators have been transformed into indices, and then, added to the dimensions to which they belong, thus generating three new indices - IEA (Index of state of the agricultural ecosystem; IDEG (Index of degradation vectors) and ICOR (Index of measures of prevention and correction). The ISAGRI is thus, the result of the simple average of the indices of these dimensions. The test allowed the comparison of the levels of agricultural environmental sustainability between the two watersheds, being that the Araras¿s watershed presented the best results and, therefore, better environmental sustainability. At the end, the different levels of sustainability were categorized in criteria of sustainability
Doutorado
Desenvolvimento Economico, Espaço e Meio Ambiente
Doutor em Economia Aplicada
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Villwock, Ana Paula Schervinski. "As estratégias de renda dos agricultores familiares de Itapejara d’Oeste nos anos 2005 e 2010." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2015. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1219.
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CAPESO processo de mercantilização, isso é, a crescente orientação das atividades para o mercado, transformou as características da reprodução social dos agricultores familiares, principalmente na sua forma de produzir e obter renda. Sabendo-se que o mercado pode agravar a pobreza rural como, de outro lado, criar novas oportunidades, a reprodução social da agricultura familiar moderna muito decorre pela sua capacidade de adaptação que permite diversificar as suas fontes de renda agrícola e não agrícola. Assim, pergunta-se: quais são as combinações de atividades dos agricultores familiares de Itapejara d’Oeste nos anos 2005 e 2010 que resultaram em maior renda? Para tanto, o objetivo geral da dissertação é analisar as estratégias de renda dos agricultores familiares de Itapejara d’Oeste que lhe permitiram superar a pobreza nos anos 2005 e 2010. Como resultado se identificou nas famílias que pertencem a categoria de alta renda: (1) o aprofundamento do processo de mercantilização; (2) investimentos em tecnologia das unidades de produção familiar, principalmente, naqueles que compuseram a renda no binômio de produção grãos e leite (3) a maior disponibilidade de força de trabalho total e de área de terra; (4) a diversificação da renda total com renda não agrícola na unidade de produção familiar.
The process of commodification, that is, the growing direction of activities for the market, turned the characteristics of social reproduction of family farmers, especially in the way we produce and earn income. Knowing that the market may aggravate rural poverty as, on the other hand, create new opportunities, social reproduction of modern family farming very apparent by its adaptability that allows diversify its sources of farm and non-farm income. So we ask: what are the combinations of activities of family farmers of Itapejara d'Oeste in the years 2005 and 2010 which resulted in higher income? Therefore, the general purpose of this work is to analyze the income strategies of family farmers of Itapejara d'Oeste which enabled it to overcome poverty in the years 2005 and 2010. As a result identified in families that belong to the high income category: (1 ) deepening the commercialization process; (2) investments in technology in family production units, especially in those who composed the income in the production of grains and milk binomial (3) the increased availability of total labor force and land area; (4) the diversification of the total income from non-agricultural income in family production unit.
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Bradshaw, Girard W. "Detecting macroeconomic impacts on agricultural prices and export sales : a time series forecasting approach /." Thesis, This resource online, 1988. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-04122010-083628/.
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Agho, Njenyuei Gideon. "Urban agriculture for sustainable livelihood : a case study of migrants' women in Johannesburg." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020980.
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This research examines how urban agriculture contributes to the sustainable livelihood of migrants’ women living in the inner city of Johannesburg. The study focuses on the Cameroonian women community living in Turffontein. It explores the significant process of migration into the Republic of South Africa and the inspiration behind the choice of urban agriculture in the inner city of Johannesburg by women. The research report assesses the impact of urban agriculture on sustainable livelihood in the life of Cameroonian women living in Turffontein. It also examines the constraints encountered by these Cameroonians women in Turffontein in the practice of urban agriculture for sustainable livelihood. The findings of this study reveal that urban agriculture is used as a strategy for sustainable livelihood to a lot of Cameroonian migrants’ women living in Turffontein. The study has also shown how through urban agriculture these migrants’ women have been able to raise substantial income to support their respective families both in South Africa and in Cameroon. The study is based on a purposeful sample of Cameroonian migrants’ women living in the inner city of Johannesburg practicing urban agriculture. It uses a mixed method of approach with a transect walk to the area where this women practice the urban agriculture. It also included an in-depth face to face interactive interview and written sources such as journals, books and research reports where combined to gather relevant data. Thematic content analysis was used to analyse the data.
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Covas, António. "Les enjeux socio-politiques de l'intégration agricole du Portugal dans le système communautaire." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/213426.
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Nxumalo, Nosikhumbuzo. "Value chain financing : the case of the Komati Downstream Development Project." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/97441.
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Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The research examines agriculture value chain finance as it has been applied in the Komati Downstream Development Project. It seeks to assess whether the Komati Downstream Development Project has addressed the challenges of access to finance, markets and support services and enabled smallholder farmers in the project area to operate commercially. The Swaziland National Development Strategy of 1999 committed to increase investment in agriculture. The Komati Downstream Development Project was in line with this strategy. However, for smallholder farmers to commercialise they needed to first overcome the constraints they faced, which included access to finance, access to markets and access to both business and technical support. This research will contribute to future developments and decisions involving the increase of financial flows and investment to the agriculture sector in Swaziland and in other developing countries. This is an empirical research study primarily using a qualitative method to answer the research question. The research design included a review of documentary evidence from a desktop study to collect secondary data and a field study through face-to-face interviews to collect primary data. The primary data was gathered through semi-structured interviews. The organisations interviewed included ten farmers’ associations, the outgrower development department, Swaziland Industrial Development Company and Swaziland Water and Agriculture Development Enterprise. Content analysis was used to analyse the results identifying similar themes and patterns from the interview transcripts. Secondary data on the performance of the KDDP farmers with respect to production volumes and quality of produce was collected and analysed to answer the question whether the smallholder farmers had moved from operating at a subsistence level to a commercial one. The research findings show that the agriculture value chain finance approach as applied in KDDP has improved access to markets, access to finance and access to support and services, and, in the process, the smallholder farmers are now operating commercially. The farmers are able to engage with bigger markets for both inputs and outputs in large-scale sugarcane farming. However, notable findings were made with respect to access to finance and support. Most of the farmers reported the need for continued support by Swaziland Water and Agriculture Development Enterprise and training despite the need to wean them off. Regarding access to finance, farmers reported improved access with more financial institutions selling financial products to the farmers and wanting to finance them. However, none of the farmers’ associations interviewed had accessed additional funding from any of the financial institutions following the initial funding they had acquired. The farmers’ associations have instead turned to internal sources of funds. Though these challenges do not change the conclusion, they are of concern and need to be addressed.
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Buyambo, Ntombentsha. "An enabling environment for women agri-entrepreneurs in the Tsitsikama area." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1013755.
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Agriculture plays an important role in the economy of every nation. Most countries depend on agriculture and other industries to survive. Economies around the world experience difficulties. There are many countries that have the potential to stimulate their economic growth through agriculture. The untapped resources have the potential of providing food, jobs and increased financial stability. Many countries utilise their agricultural sector to grow their economy. The growth of unemployment in South Africa has a big impact on our economy. This has caused an increase in poverty and unemployment (Ukpere & Slabbert, 2009). Women’s role in agriculture and food security is critical, but there is still lack of visibility regarding their participation and contribution in agriculture and development in general. This has led to two forms of agriculture in South Africa; so-called subsistence farming in the communal areas and white commercial farming (Kwa, 2001). Most emerging farmers are on communal land where they share decisions and ownership is unsecured, which discourages investment and limits productivity (Farmer's weekly, 2012). The main objective of the research was to determine if the women in the Tsitsikamma (Eastern Cape, South Africa), area have knowledge and strategies to manage their agribusiness in order to create an enabling environment and be competitive in their farming businesses. The qualitative method was used to answer questions in order to understand people’s perceptions, perspectives and understanding of particular situations. It is based on the belief that the researcher’s ability to interpret and make sense of what he or she sees is critical for an understanding of any social phenomenon. In seeking to create an enabling environment, a qualitative analysis investigated this particular situation. The sample consisted of 25 out of a possible 30 women in the agriculture industry. A structured questionnaire was used and interviews were conducted with women involved in agriculture regardless of owning a farm. This study was based in the farming industry, particular farm women who are interested or involved in agribusiness in the Tsitsikamma region. The results of the questionnaire revealed key findings, which enabled the researcher to draw meaningful conclusions and recommendations. The findings have suggested that the women farmers can overcome the identified constraints affecting the opportunities to grow their farming businesses. Further empirical results indicated that they do not have any strategies in running their farming businesses. The study also highlights areas in agribusiness that should be improved.
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Sartorius, Kurt. "Linking small-scale farmers to agribusiness the economics of contracting /." Thesis, Pretoria : [s.n.], 2003. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-02122007-171339.
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Wilson, Paul, Roger Coupal, and William Hart. "An Economic Evaluation of Linear-Move Irrigation Technology." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/602128.
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al-Heeti, Abd al-Majeed N. Mahmod. "State capitalism and the agricultural sector : aspects of political and economic development of Algeria, 1962-1982." Thesis, Durham University, 1987. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/6771/.
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This thesis aims to examine some aspects of Algerian state capitalism and to situate it within a theoretical context derived from similar experiences in the Third World. The main emphasis has been placed on the state's policies towards agriculture, the most socially, economically, and politically important sector in Algerian society. The thesis looks at state capitalism in general as a transitional phase which, although involving approaches identified by some writers as 'socialist', leads ultimately to the development of 'conventional' capitalism. Algeria is viewed as a country which, despite having had the opportunity to erase much of its past and to reconstruct its economy on entirely new lines, has ended up developing according to capitalist laws. This development is traced to the nature of the socio-political forces that took over the leadership of the anti-colonial struggle and subsequently of the Algerian state. The analysis extends to include various aspects of the National Liberation Movement under colonialism and its development after independence. The thesis then describes the main characteristics of the economy immediately before and after independence and the major steps taken towards social and economic reconstruction. The state's agrarian policies are considered in the context of the social and political objectives of the ruling strata. These include attitudes to the self-management movement as a whole and in agriculture in particular, and the various measures of agrarian reform applied in the private sector. The reform is viewed as an essential precondition of the full incorporation of the agricultural sector into the state capitalist economy.
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Mkwela, Gcobani. "The role of agriculture in the Ncora area." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1021107.
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Despite 19 years of democracy and public action by civil society, policy makers continue to neglect the role of agriculture in improving the quality of life in rural areas such as Ncora in the Eastern Cape. The communities in the Ncora area still experience poverty despite the fact people receive state grants. Agriculture is declining in this area without basic infrastructure. The study argues that communities in the Ncora area need assistance from government in order to increase agricultural activities. These activities are an important route through which these communities can reduce poverty. The primary objective of this study was to obtain a better understanding of the role of agriculture in reducing poverty in the Ncora rural areas. The conditions necessary to sustain agriculture in the rural areas were identified. This was mainly done to help alleviate the plight of rural areas in the Ncora area and to improve the quality of life of the rural population. The study was based on three research objectives. The first objective was to investigate the constraints to agricultural production in Ncora. The second objective was to ascertain what has been done by the Eastern Cape government in increasing agricultural activities. The third objective was to investigate the contribution of agriculture in reducing poverty in Ncora. The main finding in terms of the first research objective is that constraints to agricultural production in Ncora are structural constraints. These include inadequate infrastructure such as poor roads, lack of transport and equipment, lack of farming skills, poor quality seed, no access to markets, inadequate and unaffordable services. In terms of the second research objective, the main finding is that the government has encouraged investment in infrastructure using labour-intensive methods will eliminate service backlogs in underserviced areas such as Ncora. Secondly, it has encouraged the revival of irrigation schemes such as the Ncora irrigation scheme and is investing in human capital through the empowerment of people in order to improve the quality of life of the Ncora community. Empowerment involves skills and training, education and access to basic services, expertise regarding credit, land and the growing of vegetables. The development of human capital is an important determinant of the pace of economic development. Human, social, natural, financial and physical capital are essential elements of reducing poverty. In fact, the Ncora community has lobbied Intsika Yethu Municipality for community development Community development through education and community participation in development programmes. Efforts have to be made to increase the skills that will enable them to complete development projects. These include technical skills in areas such as vegetable and crop production during the year. A key component of the success of development projects is to involve communities in the planning and decision-making processes. Community development is linked to empowerment, in other words, empowered people are able to contribute to the development of their community because they have knowledge of the economic, social and political goals of development. Therefore, empowerment enables people to participate in and have an influence on the decisions that affect their lives. The main finding in terms of the third research objective is that people in the Ncora community are using their own labour to improve food production to reduce poverty. The Ncora community has been shown when and how to make, grow and plant seeds, and look after the vegetables of their choice. The community of Ncora has learnt about cropping practices that are appropriate to their situation. The intention is to sell vegetables and crops to local communities and markets in order to generate income. The community has to do it for themselves or else they will wait forever.
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Ellis, Ciaran R. "Valuing wild pollinators for sustainable crop production." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/22327.
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This thesis looks at the role of wild pollinators in providing services to crops. Two data chapters (2 and 3) are accompanied by a modelling chapter (4) which build on the findings of the field studies. The thesis ends with an overview of the trends in pollinator populations and how these relate to the needs of farmers in the UK (chap-ter 5). It is often assumed that commercial pollinators are appropriate substitutes of wild pollinators on farms; however this view neglects the differing roles that particular pollinator taxa might play in providing pollination services. For example, crops with a long growing system may require multiple pollinators to ensure pollination throughout the season. Strawberries in Scotland have an extremely long growing season, flowering from April to August. Chapter 2 presents a study showing season-al complementarity between different pollinating taxa across strawberry farms in Scotland. Pollinators of strawberries also differed in their responses to weather pa-rameters indicating that preserving multiple pollinator taxa could ensure yields un-der different weather scenarios. The requirements of a long-growing season and ad-verse weather may be specific to strawberry production in Scotland, but the valua-tion of multiple taxa can be generalised to systems with differing needs, and also to different ecosystem services. Wild bees are not only valuable for providing complementary services to commercial pollinators, but are also valuable in the longer term as it is unknown whether com-mercial pollinators will be available in the future. There are threats to the supply of honeybees which have already triggered price rises; such supply shocks could force farmers to leave production or to seek other ways of providing pollination, including supporting wild pollinators. However farm management pressures, in particular pes-ticide use, could threaten the ability of wild pollinators to continue to support crop production. The interplay of pesticides and pollination is discussed in chapter 3 and 4. Chapter 3 presents an experiment undertaken on soft-fruit farms which had and had not used the neonicotinoid, thiacloprid, and shows that nests exposed to thia-cloprid had higher worker mortality, and lower male production than those at con-trol farms. This has implications both for pollination services now, as worker mor-tality will reduce the number of bees visiting farms, and also for the maintenance of future pollination services through decreased reproductive capacity of exposed nests. Chapter 4 uses a theoretical model to link pesticide use and habitat use to pollina-tion services, and shows that the use of commercial pollinators could mask the de-cline in wild populations, making local extinctions more likely. Chapter 5 sets out the status and extent of pollinators in the UK, along with popu-lation trends, trends in habitat and trends in pesticide use to provide an overview of how well pollination services are likely to meet the ongoing needs of crop farmers.
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Hitayezu, Felix. "Farm income effects of regional crop specilization in Rwanda." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69532.
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In consideration of the chronic poverty of farmers in Rwanda as well as in other developing countries where self-sufficient agriculture is practiced, this study examines what the well studied theory of specialization and trade, if implemented, could bring to Rwandan farmers in terms of production and profits.To attain this objective, a spatial optimization model with linear programming was built and used to maximize the potential production and net returns which were compared to those from the traditional system. The model was built in a way that it also shows the pattern of trade and quantities traded.
The results show that a regional specialization system would allow, on the national level, more production, higher net returns, and more trade than the traditional system (self-sufficient agriculture) as expected according to the theory of specialization and trade. Nevertheless, the net return in some regions decreases in the new system, which necessitates a compensation plan for those regions.
However, it has to be noted that despite these gains, the adoption of the new plans requires a consideration of many other factors that are not covered in this study. Of those factors, the most obvious are the need to improve the transportation and marketing infrastructure, changing farmers' attitudes and objectives towards commercial agriculture, and securing equity, security, and sustainability in the system.
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Simonetti, Danieli. "Mudanças institucionais na produção de soja orgânica em Capanema, PR." Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná, 2015. http://repositorio.utfpr.edu.br/jspui/handle/1/1499.
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A região de Capanema já foi polo nacional de produção orgânica, entretanto, enquanto a produção orgânica mantém uma elevada procura, a oferta está em crise hoje em dia. A partir da abordagem da Velha Economia Institucional esta dissertação procura perceber quais são as instituições presentes na produção orgânica de soja, quais mudanças ocorreram e levaram os produtores a uma mudança de comportamento, neste caso,o de abandonar a produção orgânica. Para tanto, procura-se neste trabalho: (1) identificar as diversas etapas históricas
da produção de soja orgânica na microrregião de Capanema; (2) diagnosticar as escolhas dos agricultores e os elementos que caracterizam a diminuição da produção de soja orgânica na região; e (3) analisar o papel da associação de produtores na mudança institucional dos produtores orgânicos. Para todos os agricultores dessa região, o reconhecimento como produtores orgânicos foi a reinterpretação de um comportamento técnico que habitualmente manifestavam no não uso que faziam de defensivos e adubos químicos na década de1980. As entrevistas revelam que foram requeridos poucos esforços para se adaptar aos primeiros selos orgânicos, pois, pesava mais na decisão o fator da remuneração. Nesta fase a agricultura orgânica era muito próxima da convencional e trabalhar mais de oito horas na lavoura sob o sol era atividade comum. Entretanto, o desenvolvimento tecnológico da agricultura convencional fez esse comportamento mudar. Os novos pacotes tecnológicos possibilitaram diminuir a penosidade do
trabalho agrícola, tornando-o mais fácil e ágil. O que antes era normal passou a ser considerado muito penoso. E a produção orgânica passou a se distanciar do habitual. Essa alteração levou muitos agricultores a abandonar a produção orgânica pela nova convenção tecnológica. Essa mudança de comportamento também se refletiu por uma mudança de percepção de gerações, pois, os agricultores se mantiveram orgânicos enquanto tinham força de trabalho suficiente para manter o hábito. Assim, no momento atual, percebe-se que o principal entrave à produção orgânica é sua menor praticidade e seu maior e inconveniente trabalho.The region of Capanema-PR was a national reference of organic production. Despite it keeps maintaining a high demand, supply is in crisis today. From the Old Institutional Economics approach, this dissertation seeks to understand what the institutions represent in organic soybean production, which changes occurred, and How they led producers to change their behavior, in this case, leaving the organic production. The aim of this work is: (1) Identify organic soybean production historical stages in the micro region of Capanema; (2) Identify farmers choices and the elements that characterize organic soybean production decrease,and; (3) Analyze the role of farmers associations in the institutional change of soybean organic production. For all farmers assessed, recognition as organic producers was a technical performance reinterpretation, that habitually was manifested in avoid pesticides and chemical fertilizers of the1980s.The interviews revealed that little effort was required to adapt to the 1st organic certification labels, once the remuneration factor was the major influence in the decision. In late agriculture, farmers needed to hard work more than eight hours in the fields, however, conventional agriculture technological development allowed this situation to change: new technological packages decreased conventional agriculture hardship, making it easier and faster. What once was considered normal, now is taken as very painful, and the organic production conditions started to distance from the common concept. This change led many farmers to leave organic production looking for the new technological convention. This habit change also reflected in a generation perception change, in which farmers just remained organic while they had sufficient manpower to maintain the production system. Thus, nowadays the major obstacle to organic production is lower practicality and its bigger and inconvenient work.
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Kirk, Dylan James. "Select aspects of economic activity related to the Oklahoma 4-H youth development shooting sports project." Thesis, Oklahoma State University, 2014. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1567348.
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The economic turmoil of the past decade has reinvigorated the debate over the use of public funds to support local Extension efforts. State Extension groups across the country have begun to demonstrate their worth in a variety of ways, including attempting to show both the behavioral and economic outcomes of Extension initiatives. However, showing the value of the 4-H Youth Development Program has proved challenging. The benefits of joining youth programs tend to be latent, not fully manifesting for years or even decades until participants mature into adults. Studies are starting to provide insights into the social, physical and mental rewards of joining youth development organizations such as 4-H, but these behavioral outcomes are disproportionally reported when compared to economic studies. From 2012-2013 families enrolled in Oklahoma's 4-H Youth Development Shooting Sports Project were surveyed about their recreational spending habits. Economic contributions for the state of Oklahoma, and impacts on local economies are estimated using primary data and an IMPLAN model. These economic analyses provide estimates of the economic worth of one youth project overseen by the Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service. Subsequently, policy makers are provided justification of the project not only from a social, physical, and mental perspective, but are additionally provided economic indicators of the project's immediate worth.
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Hoffmann, W. H. (Willem Hendrik). "n Finansiële evaluasie van wisselboustelsels vir die Swartland." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52356.
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Thesis (MAgricAdmin)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Crop rotation present a possible alternative to wheat mono culture production in the Middle Swartland region where farming circumstances became increasingly more difficult since 1996 due to decreasing profit margins. Crop rotation as such presents a number of advantages like higher yield for wheat within the system and reduced inputs costs mainly due to cuts in fertilizers, herbicides and pesticides. Crop rotation trials are currently undertaken at the Langgewens experimental farm in which canola and lupines are used in rotation with wheat while medics and medic/clover mixtures are used as pasture crops in rotation with wheat. The trials is scheduled to run over a period of 20 years, a study of the possible financial effect crop rotation might have on the typical farm can be of some importance to decision makers in the wheat industry. Due to a lack in reliable information the knowledge of a multi disciplinary panel of experts were use to obtain information concerning certain aspects of crop rotation. The expected profitability could thus be determined. To be able to determine the expected financial implications on farm level a typical farm model was developed with the help of the panel of experts. The typical farm of 630 ha was used for the model. The expected profitability and financial implications of the implementation of the eight different crop rotation systems on such a typical farm were estimated making use of long term budgets. The dispersion of rainfall over time was identified as the single most influential factor on the yields of the different crops in the region and was taken into account determining the profitability of the systems over time. The period used for the calculations were thus divided into good, average or poor rainfall years. The IRR (internal rate of return) was used as financial criteria in calculating the expected profitability of the different
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Wisselbou bied 'n moontlike alternatief vir koringmonokultuurverbouing in die Middel Swartland waar boerdery omstandighede sedert 1996 toenemend moeiliker word weens dalende winsmarges. Wisselbou as sulks bied verskeie voordele ten opsigte van verhoogde opbrengste vir veral koring wat in die wisselboustelsel voorkom, sowel as insetbesparings ten opsigte van hoofsaaklik bemesting en spuitprogramme. Wisselbouproewe word tans op Langgewens Proefplaas onderneem om wisselboustelsels waarin kanola en lupien as wisselbougraangewasse en medies en medics/klawer kombinasies as wisselbouweidingsgewasse saam met koring ondersoek word. Die proef is geskeduleer om oor 'n 20 jaar tydperk uitgevoer te word, maar 'n voortydige finansiële ontleding van die verwagte effek wat wisselbou vir die tipiese plaas kan inhou, kan waardevol wees vir besluitnemers in die betrokke bedryf Weens 'n tekort aan toepaslike betroubare inligting is van 'n multidissiplinêre span van kundiges gebruik gemaak om inligting ten opsigte van sekere aspekte van wisselbou te genereer. So kan die verwagte winsgewendheid van die geïdentifiseerde wisselboustelsels bepaal word. Ten einde die finansiële implikasies van gewaswisselbou relatief tot koringmonokultuurverbouing op plaasvlak te ondersoek, is van 'n tipiese plaasmodel gebruik gemaak wat met behulp van die paneel kundiges ontwikkel is. 'n Tipiese plaas van 630 ha is gebruik as ontledingsmodel. Die verwagte winsgewendheid en finansiële implikasies van die implementering van eik van agt verskillende wisselboustelsels is beraam deur middel van langtermyn begrotings. Reënval en reënvalverspreiding is geïdentifiseer as die faktore wat die grootste invloed op die opbrengs prestasie van gewasse in die betrokke omgewing uitoefen en is in ag geneem met die beraming van die finansiële prestasie van die stelsels oor die langtermyn. Die berekeningstermyn is gevolglik ingedeel in goeie, gemiddelde en swak reënvaljare ten einde die invloed van reënval op die opbrengste van die verskillende gewasse in ag te neem. Die lOK (interne opbrengskoers van kapitaal) is gebruik as finansiële maatstaf vir die meet van die winsgewendheid van eike wisselboustelsel, soos geïmplementeer op die tipiese plaas. Wisselboustelsels met kanola en lupien saam met koring toon goeie finansiële resultate, terwyl stelsels met weidingsgewasse en koring oor die algemeen meer winsgewend vertoon as koringmonokultuur.Na verwagting behoort die stelsel waar koring en medics/klawennengsel afgewissel word, die beste te vaar ten opsigte van winsgewendheid.
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Van, der Spuy Albertus Louw. "Winsgewendheid van suiwelboerdery in die Swartland." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/53223.
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Thesis (MSc)--Stellenbosch University, 2002.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Profit margins of typical farming systems in the Swartland have come under pressure because of international market forces decreasing milk and wheat prices as well as the deregulation of the agricultural marketing boards in South Africa after 1994. The profit margins of small grain production systems are specifically under pressure. It has therefore become necessary to evaluate different combinations of farming enterprises continuously. The profitability of changing farming enterprises can be examined by means of budgeting techniques. In this study the profitability of the inclusion of more home grown feed stuffs in the fodder flow program of dairies, currently run according to a zero feed lot grazing system, was investigated. The technique of Linear Programming (LP) was used in this regard. Grain production per hectare can vary to a large extent in the Swartland because of the large variation in soil forms and soil types. To accommodate these differences, a case study was conducted in each of the identified sub regions of the Swartland. The information gained from each case study was presented to a panel of producers and other experts during group discussions. Technical experts ensured that the latest available technology is applied, while the producers evaluated the practical implications of this. A further outcome of this method was that specialised subject related matters could be evaluated in group discussions focussing on the implications for the farming system as a whole. Thus, aspects related to the multidisciplinary nature of farming systems could be evaluated simultaneously. It is concluded that farm profitability can, under described circumstances be improved by including more home grown feed stuffs in the fodder flow program of the dairy production system.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Dalende melk- en koringpryse weens nasionale sowel as internasionale markkragte, asook die deregulering van landboubemarkingsrade in Suid-Afrika na 1994, het die winsgrense van boerderystelsels in die Swartland onder druk geplaas. Die winsgewendheid van kleingraanproduksiestelsels is veralonder druk. Dit is gevolglik nodig om kombinasies van boerderyvertakkings deurlopend te evalueer. Die winsgewendheid van veranderinge in boerderybedryfstakkombinasies kan met behulp van begrotingstegnieke bepaal word. In hierdie studie is die winsgewendheid van die inskakeling van geproduseerde voere teen 'n hoër peil in die voervloeiprogram van die melkbedryfstak, wat volgens 'n voerkraal- of nulbeweidingstelsel bedryf word, by die kleingraanproduksiestelsel ondersoek. Die tegniek van Lineêre Progammering (LP) is hiervoor gebruik. Weens groot variasies in grondvorm en grondtipe in die Swartland kan graanproduksie baie varieer. Ten einde hierdie verskille te kan akkommodeer, is 'n gevallestudie winsgewendheidsontleding in elk van die geïdentifiseerde substreke van die Swartland gedoen. Die inligting verkry uit hierdie gevallestudies is aan 'n paneel van produsente en ander kundiges tydens groepbesprekings in debat geplaas. Tegniese kundiges het verseker dat die nuutste tegnologie toegepas word, terwyl produsente die praktiese implikasies hiervan kon evalueer. 'n Verdere uitvloeisel van hierdie werkswyse is dat vakspesifieke gespesialiseerde aangeleenthede in die groepbespreking beoordeel word tesame met die implikasies wat dit vir die boerderystelsel in sy geheel inhou. Sodoende word aspekte wat verband hou met die multidissiplinêre geaardheid van boerderystelsels gelyktydig ondersoek. Daar word tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat die winsgewendheid van boerderye met kombinasies van kleingraan en melk in die Swartland, onder bepaalde omstandighede, deur die gebruik van selfgeproduseerde voergrondstowwe vir die melkproduksiestelsel, aansienlik verhoog kan word.
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Rali, Jongikhaya. "Agriculture as a contributor to local economic development (LED) in Nkonkobe Local Municipality." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1020402.
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Africa while being underdeveloped in terms of industry and infrastructure has much rural land and therefore has significant potential to provide global food security. This study investigates agriculture as a contributor to economic development of Nkonkobe Local Municipality, Eastern Cape, South Africa. While the potential of agriculture, in Nkonkobe Local Municipality is high, this sector has not been fully developed to the benefit of the community and the municipality at large. The results of this study have pointed out that the Eastern Cape, Nkonkobe Local Municipality in particular is where communal farming is practiced on the largest scale and where further growth can take place. This study is informed by the goals of reconstruction and development, as expressed in the Government’s Reconstruction and Development Programme (1995) tabled to meet the basic needs of the people, develop its human resources and to build the local economy. This study aims to transform Nkonkobe Local Municipality into an economically developed area of Amathole District Municipality, by improving the area’s agricultural contribution to the Local Economic Development (LED) of the area. This study supports entrepreneurship and innovation, job creation, raising the quality of basic services to the poorest citizens of Nkonkobe Local Municipality, and increasing the distribution of agricultural land to small holders. This study promotes the development of agricultural sector, which will enable it to absorb more low skilled labour which will assist in poverty alleviation, and promote LED initiatives. This study also develops and promotes the sustainable contribution of agriculture to LED programmes, and improves the participation of local communities in these programmes. The study was conducted using qualitative research methodology. The findings of the study reveal that agricultural infrastructure in support of LED in Nkonkobe Local Municipality must be established and improved. Such infrastructure should include the reticulation of services, such as irrigation schemes, big dams, farming equipment, tractors, laboratories, cold storages and communication links. These services are currently inadequate in the area, and hamper development and progress that the area clearly has great potential to add in terms of global food security and poverty alleviation.
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N'DIAYE, WALY ABOUBACAR. "MILK SUPPLY ADJUSTMENTS AND INVESTMENT BEHAVIOR IN ARIZONA AND NEW MEXICO." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/188007.
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Government involvement in the production and marketing of milk and dairy products is more pronounced than in any other agricultural product. The U.S. government administers two major programs that affect significantly the production and marketing of milk throughout the United States. These are the Federal Milk Marketing Order Program and the Dairy Price Support Program. In Arizona, in addition to these two major programs, the United Dairymen of Arizona Cooperative operates a base system that determines how cooperative milk revenues are allocated among producer members. This dissertation discusses some theoretical models that provide some insights into the following questions: (1) How would the dairy industry perform without the historically administered prices? (2) What are the benefits and costs associated with the order program and the base system? Then, this inquiry focuses on the Arizona and New Mexico dairy sectors. The two production sectors are quite similar, as are the marketing institutions, except for the existence of the base system in Arizona. Milk supply response in Arizona and New Mexico is investigated. Two ways in which supply adjustments can be achieved are identified and empirically investigated. (1) Creation of new dairy facilities or relocation of dairy facilities from other markets. If the decision to invest in Arizona or New Mexico is assumed as given, it is found that the existence of base system is a significant factor in explaining the location choice of new producers. (2) Expansion in output of existing dairy farms. It is found that dairy farmers in Arizona and New Mexico respond to changes in the farm level price of milk. The last effort of the empirical investigation is on the consumers' welfare losses due to the regulations of the Arizona and New Mexico dairy markets. It is found that the milk marketing orders and the policies of the UDA Cooperative in Arizona and AMPI in New Mexico, on the average, enforce a tax on Arizona's consumers of fluid milk in the amount of 10 million dollars per year, or 13.5 percent of producers' total revenue, and a tax on New Mexico's consumers of fluid milk in the amount of 5.6 million dollars per year, or 12.6 percent of producers' total revenue. (Abstract shortened with permission of author.)
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Forest, Jean-François. "The economics of conversion to organic agriculture : a rotational plan." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=60655.
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This thesis focused on the conversion period from conventional to organic agriculture for a Quebec dairy farm. The crucial problem resided in developing an economic framework to evaluate alternative crop rotations that would provide farmers in transition an optimal rotation plan compatible with organic farming practices.Two multi-period linear programming models were developed for that purpose, both models having different assumptions concerning effects that the transition might have on crop yield.
In both transitional models, two crop rotations were selected in the optimal solution. In addition, the establishment of crop rotations was comparable for both models, and this showed that the assumed drop in yield did not have a large impact on the selection of crop rotation. Also, the results support the notion that conversion to organic agriculture had a relatively less negative effect on farm profit if the transition was done gradually.