Relevant bibliographies by topics / Economic aspects of Animals

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Economic aspects of Animals'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Economic aspects of Animals"

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Mylostyvyi, R. V. "VETERINARY, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL ASPECTS OF CATTLE WELFARE: A REVIEW." One Health Journal 1, no. IV (December 21, 2023): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/onehealthjournal2023-iv-03.

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The paper presents a review of the literature on cattle welfare. The objective of this review is to outline the veterinary, economic, and social aspects of cattle welfare and highlight the current problems, global trends, and solutions. The global major scientific reference databases (Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Scopus) were reviewed. The review brought the following findings: a change in scientific and practical approaches to the understanding and assessment of the welfare of productive animals that requires not only health maintenance, stress prevention, or the ability of animals to express natural behavior. Animal welfare gains more anthropometric traits, including such concepts as 'pleasure' or 'happiness'. The concept of 'positive welfare' has become a more popular trend in scientific research on animal welfare. The review identified positive trends of possible modification of production systems, to make them more diverse and animal welfare friendly. The research found livestock products consumers growing concerned about animal welfare and housing conditions. The concept of welfare is more commercialized, which encourages livestock producers to adhere to ethical production standards. However, the demand of consumers to meet high standards of animal welfare does not have sufficient economic leverage. Only a few are willing to pay more for the better welfare of the animals or to refuse to consume animal products from production systems with poor welfare conditions. This review was intended to draw the attention of scientists, farmers, and consumers to the problems of the humane treatment of productive animals. And to assist stakeholders in finding their place in the process of creating better conditions for animals that are used for food, helping people with their existence or with their lives.
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Carreira, Laura B. T., and Omar J. Sabbag. "Economic aspects of production of Caiman crocodilus yacare." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 87, no. 1 (March 2015): 495–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201520130286.

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The breeding of crocodilians is still a recent activity in Brazil. Its peak was in the 1990's, but it has gaps in its production, as there are no norms for the commercial breeding of these animals in captivity. However, its economic potential is great, and the search for ecological balance and viability of commercial production has become a challenge among farmers of this activity. Therefor, the objective of the study was to economically analyze the production of Caiman crocodilus yacareon a farm located in Caceres, state of Mato Grosso, identifying relevant items of costs in the activity, as well as the parameters related to the profitability and viability of the activity. The economic results for the breeding of this animal were positive, with profitability ratios higher than 70%.
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McInerney, J. P. "An economic perspective on animal welfare." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1990 (March 1990): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600017918.

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There is a common misperception that economics is about money. People holding this view will expect a paper on the economic aspects of animal welfare to quote various financial figures representing the effects on the costs of production, or on the consumer prices of animal products, from adjustments in production methods designed to ‘improve’ the welfare of farm livestock. Under such a view it would seem that better animal welfare is a cost to people, but a benefit to animals.However, this is too simplistic a view of what economics is really about. Economic analysis is built up from a model that treats all economic activity as a series of resource-using processes undertaken to benefit people (considered collectively, not any particular subgroup) . Livestock production is one such economic process. It takes resources (land, feed, labour, animals, veterinary services, etc) and transforms them into commodities that people want - milk, meat, eggs, wool, etc. In economic terms, livestock production is simply the exploitation of animals for human benefit. Logically, any change in this process which is subject to decision (as opposed to factors outside human control) will only take place if people want it.
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Wray, C., and J. A. Morris. "Aspects of colibacillosis in farm animals." Journal of Hygiene 95, no. 3 (December 1985): 577–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002217240006068x.

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It has been known for a considerable time thatEscherichia coli, although a normal inhabitant of the intestinal tract, can also be associated with a variety of pathological conditions in man, farm animals and poultry.When Escherich (1885) isolated from the faeces of a newborn baby an organism which is now accepted asE. coli, he considered it to be a harmless saprophyte. Laruelle (1889) was the first to suggest the possible pathogenicity of this organism, while Jensen (1893) showed that it was the cause of white scour in calves. The development of reliable serological methods facilitated the differentiation of strains and numerous workers have demonstrated an association between certain serological types ofE. coliand various disease conditions in animals. Enteric diseases in young animals are an important cause of mortality and economic loss to the farming community.
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BENZERTIHA, ABDELBASSET, BARTOSZ KIEROŃCZYK, MATEUSZ RAWSKI, AGATA JÓZEFIAK, JAN MAZURKIEWICZ, DAMIAN JÓZEFIAK, MOHAMMED SALAH MESSIKH, and SYLWESTER ŚWIĄTKIEWICZ. "Cultural and practical aspects of halal slaughtering in food production." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 74, no. 1 (2018): 6023–2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6023.

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The rise in the Muslim population with the economic disability of Muslim countries have made the term halal common all around the world. The lack of information about halal in non-Muslim countries has made the status of imported halal products uncertain for Muslim countries. Halal meat is the most critical product due to the precise rules and requirements needed. In this review, we attempt to explain the types of halal and haram animals as well as the requirements needed for the allowed animals to be halal. Muslims must follow the halal rules mentioned in the Quran, Sunna and doctrines (scholars). The halal animals have been categorized with special and essential slaughtering requirements. However, the slaughtering should be performed in accordance with Islamic rules. The application of animal stunning has been allowed in some Islamic countries since the animal is still alive at the time of slaughtering with respect to animal welfare. Moreover, halal meat loses its halalness as soon as it becomes contaminated with najis (unclean). Indeed, it is important to understand the requirements of halal food, which cover religious aspects..
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Bainé Szabó, Bernadett. "Economic Aspects of Rural Tourism." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 12 (November 26, 2003): 55–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/12/3431.

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necessary to ensure the livelihoods of those leaving the agricultural sector and to supplement the incomes of those working in agriculture. I research rural development in four settlements in Hajdú-Bihar County, in Balmazújváros, Hortobágy, Tiszacsege and Egyek, all bordering Hortobágy National Park.There are many alternative income sources in settlements in the Hortobágy area, such as organic farming, production herbs, hungaricums, small animals and arts and crafts, as well as rural tourism. Rural tourism is not for subsistence, but a supplementary income source, mainly available during the summer time. I made a survey of rural hosts in the four examined settlements, and according to my results, I constructed a model reflecting the cost-benefit relation, as well as the payment period conditions of rural tourism. I am going to show whether it is worth dealing with rural tourism, and if yes, under what conditions. Rural tourism contributes to the maintenance of rural modes of living, in this way it has significant cultural, economic, ecological and social aspects, as well. It is crucial for settlements to create the appropriate conditions needed for joining rural tourism, if it is worth joining at all, and to realise investments for all these. Rural tourism has strict requirements for the levels of environment, infrastructure and services. Studying the Western-European practices, Hungary is lagged behind in the conditions of rural tourism and rural hosts have done their activities mainly out of necessity and not to maintain traditions. Rural tourism may result in success only by co-operation and over the long-run.
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Rahbari, S., and J. Ghasemi. "Study on economic aspects of goat grubs in Iran." Tropical Animal Health and Production 29, no. 4 (October 1997): 243–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02632313.

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Sushyk, Olha, and Daria Rosokhata. "Animals with Regard to Climate Changes - International and European Law Aspects." Przegląd Prawa Administracyjnego 1 (July 2, 2019): 41–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/ppa.2018.1.41-58.

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The article consists of three parts. Firstly, it introduces the connection between animal and climate change. On the one hand, the impact of agricultural emissions (livestock emissions) on climate change has been introduced. On the other hand, it has been presented that the climate change has a negative impact not only for the humankind, but also for the biodiversity (animals) which have an economic and socio-cultural significance. Th second part provides an analysis of relevant international legal frameworks (UN Climate Change regime) that stipulate specifically in relation to livestock emissions globally and existing legal and policy frameworks in the EU that address livestock emissions, namely the Effort Sharing Decision and the Common Agricultural Policy. Thirdly, the paper focuses on the problem of biodiversity conservation though the signifiant pace of climate change has been regulated by a number of international conventions. EU-wide ecological network is being created in Europe that ensures the preservation of the natural environment of animals and the ways of their migration, regardless of the existing borders of the countries. Climate change is already having adverse effcts on animal and those effects are likely to prove devastating in the future. Nonetheless, the relevant harms to animals have yet to become a serious part of the analysis of climate change policy.
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Blazheva, V. "ECONOMIC ASYMMETRIES OF PRODUCTION IN THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR." Trakia Journal of Sciences 18, Suppl.1 (2020): 570–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/tjs.2020.s.01.091.

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The development of efficient and sustainable agriculture requires its permanent transformation. In this aspect, various methods of growing plants and breeding animals are applied to optimize production. These methods are distinguished mainly as: traditional (conventional) production, organic production, production of genetically modified organisms. From this standpoint, attention is drawn to: covering the widest possible range of terms used to characterize the variety of plant growing and animal breeding methods; a brief overview of the established in theory and practice modern methods of plant growing and animal breeding; delimiting the notion of biological – as a vital process, regardless of the plants and animals production technology (including the use of organic fertilizers; preparations containing live bacteria; treated seeds with live bacteria, etc.).The methods of the present study are scientific research methods: induction and deduction method, retrospective analysis and others; illustrative methods - schemes, figures and others. Regarding the expected results, this article focuses on highlighting the social, economic and environmental aspects of production of plant and animal products. Production in the agricultural sector must be aimed at recovery of residues and waste from crop and livestock production in harmony with the environment.
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Nasir Hussain Shah, S., A. A. Dijkhuizen, A. H. Willemse, and D. F. M. van de Wiel. "Economic aspects of reproductive failure in dairy buffaloes of Pakistan." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 11, no. 2 (October 1991): 147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-5877(05)80036-4.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Economic aspects of Animals"

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Htike, Thaung. "Some aspects of the cattle economy of Burma : 1948 to 1984." Thesis, Canberra, ACT : The Australian National University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/1885/131911.

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Agriculture is still the main stay of the Burmese economy and the livestock sub-sector is an integral part of the agricultural sector. Use of draught cattle , which is the main source of power , is significantly related to the intensity of cultivation. Livestock are maintained by small farmers as part of mixed farming , in this way these two sectors are complementary and inter-dependent. The main objective of this study is to examine the aspects of the cattle economy of Burma since independence and the consequences of State policy in this field. Much has been done in the agricultural sector since independence, especially beginning from the early 1960s and effects have started to become noticeable since the late 1970s. The livestock sector is targeted to increase at an average annual growth rate of 5.34 percent in net value of output (at constant 1969-70 prices) during the Twenty - Year Plan (1974-75 to 1993-94). However, actual growth rate during the first decade (1974 - 75 to 1983 - 84 ) was 4.49 percent , less than the desired rate . Growth of agriculture has been substantial and growth in numbes of draught cattle though higher in recent decades than in the past is still not sufficient , because of the dispersion of land among the peasants. During the past decade, as the rate of expansion draught cattle was faster than that of total sown area, average sown area per yoke has been declining. Percapita consumption of meat is fairly low and percapita consumption of milk is very low, in fact lowest in the Asian region. To improve the situation, the State has been encouraging individuals and organizations to take up and or improve animal rearing for milk production. A milk processing plant is being established with Australian aid. Recent policy initiatives (since the late 1970s) and establishment of a separate Ministry of Livestock Breeding and Fisheries (in 1983) including initiatives like livestock insurance and loan schemes, the milk processing plant and improved breeding programmes should help to improve performance of the sector. Due to constraints of data availability this study has been restricted to an overall view of the sector°s performance . Periodic indepth studies of the sector (with appropriate data base) will help in identification of bottlenecks and formulation of appropriate corrective policy.
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Adam, Katherine. "The future of farm animal practice in a changing veterinary business landscape." Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.669189.

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Henderson, Marilyn. "Some aspects of the production of cashmere fibre from nonselected Australian feral goats." Title page, contents and forward only, 1990. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phh497.pdf.

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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 246-280) and index. Deals with the domestication of the goat and the history of the cashmere industry; investigates fibre physiology and production in general; and gives a detailed account of skin histology and fibre production of goats with particular reference to the cashmere-bearing animal; followed by research related to cashmere fibre production
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Marufu, Madure. "Socio-economic importance, health and welfare aspects of donkeys (Equus asinus) used for carting in a peri-urban area of South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1019781.

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The broad objective of the study was to determine the socio-economic importance, health and welfare aspects of donkeys used for carting in a peri-urban area. A survey was conducted among 71 donkey owners in Joza, a peri-urban area near Grahamstown in the Eastern Cape Province (ECP) of South Africa to investigate their perceptions on socio-economic importance, health and welfare aspects of donkeys used for transport. Two hundred and seventy-one donkeys used for carting were assessed through direct observation of health and behaviour parameters to determine their welfare status. Results revealed that donkeys are indeed of immense value to people, being used daily (54.93%) for income generation activities and at least once per month (7.08%) for domestic chores. Most of the respondents (32%) earned R 600.00 per week while 11% earned at least R 200.00 per week from carting using donkeys. Donkeys were used for carting of goods (90.14%) more than for manure (16.9%). Gender and age of owners significantly (P < 0.05) influence perceptions on source of income while education level influenced their perceptions on carting firewood, goods and water. Results on management practices and health problems encountered by working donkeys showed that most of the owners managed their animals poorly. Most donkeys were being beaten (74.65%) during work, made to travel long distances (43.66%), worked long hours (52.11%) without adequate water (59.10%) and feed supplements (83.10%). Wounds (95.97%), coughing (75.65%) and lameness (64.79%) were some of the health problems encountered by donkeys. Significant relationships (P ˂ 0.05) were observed between owners’ perceptions on management practices and health problems encountered by donkeys. Among the observed animals, 61% were thin and mostly apathetic (26.2%) than medium and fat animals. Responses to observer approaches were significantly associated with sex and body condition score (BCS), with stallions in good body condition being more aggressive. Donkeys having a BCS of 3-5 avoided chin contact either by kicking out or moving away. Results further showed that most of the donkeys were suffering from external injuries, with the hindquarters (39.85%), shoulder (32.10%) and spine (21.77%) being the mostly affected areas. The prevalence of wounds on tail-base, belly, flank and neck were seen in less than 13% of the animals. The prevalence of wounds was influenced by age and BCS of the animals. Young donkeys with good BCS were less affected than old donkeys. Lameness, poor coat condition, external parasites, abnormal mucous membrane and dental problems were observed in less than 30% of the animals. It was concluded that donkeys play a pivotal role economically and socially to the livelihoods of people in a peri-urban area (Joza) in terms of income generation and transportation. However, these animals are experiencing multiple health and welfare problems. Therefore, more access to veterinary services, training on donkey use and management, health and welfare promotion programs are of paramount importance in solving the problem of poor health and welfare in donkeys.
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Silbert, Michele Sue 1960. "Mesquite pod utilization for livestock feed: An economic development alternative in central Mexico." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291526.

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In central Mexico's semi-arid highlands, mesquite (Prosopis spp.) pods are utilized for food and livestock feed. In 1975, a union of 53 rural communities opened a storage and processing facility for mesquite pods. A study of the operation and the regional collection, sales, and use of mesquite was conducted to evaluate the industry's potential. Twenty-six communities were visited, and formal interviews were held with 35 subsistence farmers, 12 mesquite feed dealers, eight large-scale ranchers, and members of the mesquite union. The effect of climatic factors on mesquite pod harvests was analyzed. The study examined opportunity costs for land and labor and the costs and returns of improvements to the operation. The mesquite facility has increased income production for rural farmers and provided a local source of nutritious livestock feed. Potential improvements to the industry include pest control, production of mixed feeds, improved management, and marketing. Similar operations could succeed in areas with dense mesquite woodlands, a history of pod collection and use, and a need for seasonal income production.
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Alarcón, Pablo López. "Optimizing post-weaning multi-systemic wasting syndrome control taking into account economics aspects and management of information in decision making by farmers." Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 2012. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.572446.

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Manjengwa, George Munyaradzi. "Animal traction and small-scale farming : a Stellenbosch case study." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/6542.

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Thesis (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The main aim of this case study was to research the impact of the introduction of oxen for draught power on Eric Swarts’ Stellenbosch farm. The research objectives were designed to find out if the oxen helped to improve the quality of the soil, to determine their cost-effectiveness (compared to a tractor) and other social and managerial constraints and benefits associated with using them and also to make recommendations for small-scale farmers in developing countries. The literature review revealed that human society faces many serious sustainability challenges from ecosystem degradation and global warming, to massive poverty and social inequality. The global population is growing against a background of decreasing agricultural productivity due to degraded soils and the increased costs of farming. The adoption of farming methods that enhance ecosystem services and depend less on external inputs is therefore essential. Animal traction is still widely used among small-scale farmers in developing countries, but lacks policy and investment support to make it more efficient. There are currently widespread negative opinions about animal traction which regard it as a backward or old-fashioned technology. This research investigated the possibility of animal traction emerging as an affordable, environmentallyfriendly and appropriate technology for small-scale farming. The research is a case study with a qualitative, ethnographic research design in which participant observation was key in gathering research data. A cost-benefit analysis (CBA) was carried out to compare the cost-effectiveness of using oxen to either hiring or buying a tractor. The findings showed that oxen were a more cost-effective means of draught power than a tractor, not only in terms of capital costs but also maintenance and operational costs. The manure from the oxen was both an effective way of supplying crops with essential nutrients and improving soil biodiversity. The introduction of the oxen presented some challenges to the farmer concerning knowledge about how animals work and other managerial challenges, but these were overcome by learning through practice. It was found that the farmer will be able to make significant savings in soil-amendment costs and he can control the quality of the manure to suit his needs. It was concluded that small-scale farmers who choose animal traction over tractors as a means of draught power will realise many advantages in return.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die hoof doelwit van dié gevallestudie was om die impak van die ingebruikneming van osse as trekkrag op Eric Swarts se plaas te Stellenbosch na te vors. Die navorsingsteikens was ontwerp om uit te vind of die beeste gehelp het om die kwaliteit van die grond te verbeter, om hul lonendheid vas te stel (in vergelyking met ’n trekker) asook ander sosiale en bestuursbeperkings en -voordele wat met hul gebruik geassosieer word en ook met voorstelle vir kleinskaalboere in ontwikkelende lande voorendag te kom. Die literatuuroorsig navorsing het ontbloot dat die menslike samelewing met vele volhoubaarheidsuitdagings vanaf ekosistemiese agteruitgang en aardverhitting, tot swaar armoedigheid en sosiale ongelykhede gekonfronteer word. Die wêreld bevolking groei steeds ten spyte van die afname in landboukundige produktiwiteit as gevolg van verlaagde grondkwaliteit en die toenemende landboukoste. Die ingebruikneming van landboumetodes wat ekosistemiese dienste verhoog en minder staatmaak op eksterne insette is dus noodsaaklik. Dieretrekking word steeds algemeen in ontwikkelende landebenut, maar dit ontbreek beleids- en beggingsondersteuning om dit meer doeltreffend te maak. Daar is tans algemeen verbreide negatiewe sienswyse oor dieretrekksag wat dit as agterlike en oudmodiese tegnologie beskou. Dié navorsing het ondersoek ingestel om die moontlikheid van dieretrekking as ’n bekostigbare, omgewingsvriendelike en passende tegnologie vir kleinskaalboerdery vas te stel. Die navorsing is’n gevallestudie met kwalitatiwe, etnografiese navorsingsontwerp waarin deelnemerwaarneming kern is tot die insameling van data. ’n Kostewinsteanalise (KWA) was uitgevoer om die lonenheid van beeste te vergelyk met dié van of die huur of die koop van ’n trekker. Die bevindings het getoon dat beeste ’n lonender wyse van trekkrag as trekkers is, nie net in terme van kapitale koste nie, maar ook onderhouds en bedryfskoste. Die beesmis was beide ’n doeltreffende manier om die gevasse van nodige voedingstowwe te voorsien asook om grondbiodiversiteit te verbeter. Die ingebruikneming van beeste het sekere uitdagings vir die boere ingehou in verband met die kennis van hoe diere werk en ander bestuursuitdagings, maar dié was oorkom deur onderrig uit ondervinding. Daar was bevind dat die boer beduidende besparings kan maak aan grondaanvullingskoste hierdie jaar en dat hy die kwaliteit van die beesmis kan beheer om sy behoeftes dien. Die slotsom is dat kleinskaalboere wat kies om dieretrekking eerder as trekkers as trekkrag te gebruik, sal vele voordele hê.
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Gilbert, James Burkhart. "Animals and morality." Thesis, McGill University, 1992. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=56924.

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This thesis examines questions concerning the place of animals within our moral thought. In particular it is an investigation of the rationale behind extending our ethical systems to encompass the inclusion of animals. The thesis begins with a presentation of a general framework defining rights and their relationship to obligations. It then includes an assessment of whether or not animals, according to the general framework, can properly be called rights bearers. In order to do this, the questions of whether or not animals have value independent of their value to human beings and whether or not animals have interests are examined.
Though the thesis concerns itself with animals it is not merely an examination of animal rights. In order to investigate fully the place of animals within our moral thought, many concepts which are central to ethics such as "rights", "equality", "value", and "affinity" are examined. The thesis concludes with the implications its findings have on human actions.
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Suutari, T. (Tero). "Economic aspects in education." Master's thesis, University of Oulu, 2015. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-201504021231.

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Leading theme in this master’s thesis is adaptation and preparation to ever changing requirements of skills and knowledge in the working life. These changes of requirements in the working life are implied by the changes in the occupational structure in Finland that is presented in the thesis. The data used in thesis to show the changes in the occupational structure in Finland Finnish Longitudinal Employer-Employee Data, FLEED, which is gathered by Statistics Finland and it shows changes in occupational structure of Finland between years 1995 and 2007. Education is considered in this thesis so that its object is to prepare children and future generations for working life with suitable skills and knowledge. The variety of other, equally important, objects that education has and possibly contradictions as well as problems that might arise in the course of achieving all the objects is beyond of this study. Changing occupational structure arises a question that how education prepares itself to the unknown changes? To answer the question asked, I will introduce Economics of education and Educational planning and how these two relate to each other, especially how economics of education has affected education and educational planning. Therefore I will first take historical review of the economics of education and introduce two main theories; human capital theory and screening theory. The main difference of these two will be explained and also what kind of difference it would make to education if either one could be proved right. It would also have an effect on how education should be arranged in the society. Educational planning has had, in its course, different approaches to analyze and predict future. I will review those approaches; also these approaches have been influenced by economics of education. In the last part of the thesis I bring up studies in Finland has tried to prepare and project changing work life. Also I discuss about can education bring something new to economics of education
Tämän Pro gradu-tutkielman johtava teema on mukautuminen ja valmistautuminen muuttuviin vaatimuksiin tiedoista ja taidoista työelämässä. Ammattirakenteen muutos Suomessa viittaa siihen että vaatimukset erilaisille tiedoille ja taidoille työelämässä on tapahtumassa. Aineisto ammattirakenteen muutoksesta on Tilastokeskuksen yhdistetty työntekijä-työnantaja-aineisto (Finnish Longitudinal Employer-Employee Data FLEED). Ammattirakenteen muutos ajoittuu vuosien 1995 ja 2007 välille. Koulutus mielletään tässä Pro gradu-tutkielmassa sellaiseksi toiminnaksi jonka tavoite on valmistaa lapsia sekä tulevia sukupolvia työelämään oikeanlaisilla taidoilla ja tiedoilla. Yhtälailla tärkeät muut tavoitteet, mitä koulutukselle ja kasvatukselle on annettu, sekä mahdollisesti syntyviä ristiriitoja tavoitteita saavuttamisessa ovat tämän tutkielman ulkopuolella. Muutokset ammattirakenteessa luo kysymyksen, että miten koulutus on valmistautunut tällaisiin tuntemattomiin muutoksiin? Vastatakseni kysymykseen esittelen koulutusekonomian ja koulutussuunnittelun, sekä erityisesti miten koulutusekonomia on vaikuttanut koulutussuunnitteluun. Aluksi käyn läpi koulutusekonomian ja esittelen sen kaksi pääteoriaa: inhimillisen pääoman teorian ja siiviläteorian. Selitän millä tavoin nämä teoriat eroavat toisistaan ja mikäli jompikumpi voidaan todistaa oikeaksi millainen vaikutus sillä olisi koulutukseen. Koulutussuunnittelussa on käytetty monenlaisia analysointivälineitä tulevaisuuden ennakoimiseksi. Esittelen nämä eri tavat ja työkalut, sekä miten koulutussuunnittelu on historiansa aikana muuttunut ja miten taloudellinen ajattelu on muuttanut koulutussuunnittelua. Viimeisessä osassa tuon esille tutkimuksia siitä miten Suomessa pyritään ennakoimaan ja valmistautumaan muutoksiin työelämässä. Käyn myös keskustelua siitä voiko kasvatustiede tuoda jotain uutta koulutusekonomiaan
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Troshchenkov, S. "ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF COMMUTING." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/465740.

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This dissertation studies economic aspects of commuting. It explores, on one hand the mechanism of self-selection into long-distance commuting, return to commuting and, on the other hand, the factors that determine exits from commuting. After investigation of the main bulk of literature about commuting, the research addresses the selectivity of commuters from ex-ante earnings and ability distributions (Chapter 1), monetary return to the commuting distance (Chapter 2) and factors that affects the probability of various exits from commuting spells (Chapter 3) with particular focus on the role of commuting distance and earnings. The analysis uses extensive longitudinal dataset with the precise geocoded information on the individuals’ places of work and residence which is based on the administrative registers of Statistics Sweden. The first research paper, titled “Self-selection into long-distance commuting on earnings and latent characteristics”, focuses on understanding the nature of selectivity, as it is important factor in interpretation the results of empirical research. In our study we consider two potential dimensions of self-selection: the selection based on latent characteristics and the selection based on the measured earnings before starting long distance commuting. Both dimensions are captured using single model allowing identification of testable hypothesis about the simultaneous selection based on the previous earnings and latent characteristics. In order to conduct our analysis, we apply extensive administrative geocoded dataset with precise individual information including the coordinates of the places of residence and work. We demonstrate the negative selection of commuters from the ex-ante earning distribution. In the same time, our results indicate that the individuals with unobserved traits associated with higher earnings are also more likely engage into the long distance commuting. The second research paper, titled “Return to commuting distance in Sweden”, aims to estimate the magnitude of the economic return to commuting and compare the relative returns received by men and women. We apply fixed effect models to deal with individual unobserved heterogeneity that could potentially generate an endogeneity issue. We use a large dataset based on Administrative Registers for Sweden, which gathers detailed information on residential and job location, and indirectly on commuting. Results indicate that individuals receive relatively small compensations for commuting, with higher returns in agglomerations. Moreover, the relative return as a fraction of hourly wage is approximately similar across genders. This last finding provides evidence of similar bargaining powers for both men and women. In our third paper, titles “Hazard from commuting: the role of earnings and distance. The case of Sweden”, we estimate the effect of earnings and commuting distance on the probability of exiting from a duration spell of commuting using a discrete time competing risk model. The data set, used in analysis, is based on the Swedish administrative registers from Statistics Sweden and the Swedish Tax Board and covers the period between 2000 and 2009. The problem of endogeneity of individual earnings and commuting distance in determining the length of work-related commuting spells is addressed using two-stage residual inclusion (2SRI). The estimates reveal that the earnings paid by firms have a positive impact on the probability of migration and a negative impact on the probability of job separation. At the same time, greater distance increases the probabilities of migrating closer to the place of work, re-employment closer to the place of residence and separation to non-employment while decreasing the probabilities of migration further away from the place of work and re-employment further away from the place of residence. The results are revealed to be robust in the samples of married and unmarried individuals.
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Books on the topic "Economic aspects of Animals"

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Lesser, William. Commercial applications and economic impact of patented animals. [Washington, D.C.?]: Congress of the U.S., Office of Technology Assessment, 1988.

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Weller, Joel Ira. Economic aspects of animal breeding. London: Chapman & Hall, 1994.

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Tullock, Gordon. The economics of nonhuman societies. Tucson, Ariz: Pallas Press, 1994.

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Winter, Michael. Farm animal welfare and the Common Agricultural Policy in Europe: A report to Compassion in World Farming Trust & World Society for the Protection of Animals. Petersfield: Compassion in World Farming Trust, 1997.

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Tulachan, Pradeep Man. Livestock in mixed farming systems of the Hindu Kush-Himalayas: Trends and sustainability. Kathmandu: International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, 1999.

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Wolfe, Cary. Before the law: Humans and other animals in a biopolitical frame. Chicago: The University of Chicago Press, 2013.

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European Association for Animal Production., Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations., and Research Centre for Animal Breeding and Nutrition., eds. The livestock production sector in Eastern Europe as affected by current changes: Proceedings of the round-table. Wageningen: Pudoc, 1991.

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National Seminar on Status of Animal Energy Utilisation (1987 Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering). Utilisation and economics of draught animal power: Proceedings of the National Seminar on Status of Animal Energy Utilisation held at Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal, Jan. 24-25, 1987. Bhopal, India: The Institute, 1987.

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Jacquemot, A. The importance of wildlife to Canadians: The recreational economic significance of wildlife. [Ottowa, Ont.]: Canadian Wildife Service, Environment Canada, 1986.

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Martin, Bent, ed. Livestock productivity enhancers: An economic assessment. Wallingford, Oxon, UK: CAB International, 1993.

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Book chapters on the topic "Economic aspects of Animals"

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Martins, Sara Babo, Barbara Häsler, and Jonathan Rushton. "Economic Aspects of Zoonoses: Impact of Zoonoses on the Food Industry." In Zoonoses - Infections Affecting Humans and Animals, 1107–26. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9457-2_45.

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Wijnands, J. H. M., W. F. Ausems, and J. M. A. Nijssen. "Economic aspects of the use of animal manures." In Animal Manure on Grassland and Fodder Crops. Fertilizer or Waste?, 247–57. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-3659-1_15.

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Hofmann, Frieder K. "Strategies for Economic Gmp Production of Mammalian Cell Expressed Proteins." In Animal Cell Technology: Basic & Applied Aspects, 135–41. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2844-5_19.

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Nzioka, Jacinta. "Managing the migration – Maasai Mara National Reserve and Serengeti World Heritage Site connectivity." In Managing Transnational UNESCO World Heritage sites in Africa, 1–9. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-80910-2_1.

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AbstractThe greatest natural mass wildlife migration on the planet, involving one ecosystem, two different nations and millions of animals, brings together the Serengeti World Heritage Site (WHS) in Tanzania and the Maasai Mara National Reserve in Kenya. In terms of natural heritage, the border is crossed by the Mara River and represents a fluid boundary. On the scale of Indigenous local communities, the borderlands area is also shared on both sides by the Maasai peoples, long associated with a pastoral and herding tradition of domesticated animals, but more recently through transformed engagement in conservation and tourism activities. But with regard to the more substantive conservation, tourism and other economic or political aspects, the boundary between Kenya and Tanzania forms a more challenging frontier which, to be truly effective, demands a greater degree of cooperation and joined-up management of the ecosystem.
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Broom, Donald M. "EU regulations and the current position of animal welfare." In The economics of farm animal welfare: theory, evidence and policy, 147–55. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781786392312.0147.

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Abstract In most countries of the world, sustainability issues are viewed by the public as of increasing importance and animal welfare is perceived to be both a public good and a key aspect of these issues. European Union animal welfare policy and legislation on animal welfare has helped animals, has had much positive influence in the world and has improved the public image of the EU. Health is a key part of welfare and the one-health and one-welfare approaches emphasize that these terms mean the same for humans and non-humans. The animals that humans use are described as sentient beings in EU legislation. Scientific information about animal welfare, like that produced by EFSA, is used in the formulation of the wide range of EU animal welfare laws. The European Commission has an animal welfare strategy including the Animal Welfare Platform. However, most kinds of animals kept in the EU are not covered by legislation, and they are subject to some of the worst animal welfare problems, so a general animal welfare law and specific laws on several species are needed. Animal sentience and welfare should be mentioned, using accurate scientific terminology, in many trade-related laws as well as in animal-specific laws.
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Masters, William A., and Amelia B. Finaret. "International Development: Systemic Change Over Time." In Food Economics, 329–97. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-53840-7_10.

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AbstractSustained economic growth is both cause and consequence of many different changes in society. This chapter introduces how a country’s national income and total expenditure relates to other aspects of social and economic development. We begin by introducing the role of capital accumulation, as public and private investment drives a growing stock of physical and technological resources as well as education and health. We then trace four main shifts associated with these developments over time: a demographic transition in population growth and longevity; a structural transformation of the economy towards urbanization and fewer farmers with more land per farmer; a food system transformation to more input use and more animal source foods; and a nutrition transition in dietary patterns including more packaged food and meals away from home. Each community, country and region experience these transitions in different ways and at different times, creating opportunities for people to guide the pace and direction of change through their own private and public choices.
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Drieling, Axel, Jörg Müssig, Nina Graupner, Jörg Müssig, Stephan Piotrowski, and Michael Carus. "Economic Aspects." In Industrial Applications of Natural Fibres, 49–86. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9780470660324.ch3.

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Chillemi, Claudio, Alessandro Castagna, and Marcello Osimani. "Economic Aspects." In Arthroscopic Transosseous Rotator Cuff Repair, 133–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76153-4_13.

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Jakobi, G., P. Krings, and E. Schmadel. "Economic Aspects." In Surfactants in Consumer Products, 504–16. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71545-7_10.

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Beissel, Stefan. "Economic Aspects." In Cybersecurity Investments, 79–141. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30460-1_4.

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Conference papers on the topic "Economic aspects of Animals"

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Silva, Isabela Gonçalves da, Lara Ellen Correa Nogueira Silva, Renata Vieira Chaves Gabriel, Alexandra Cristina Silva, and Sérgio Eustáquio Lemos da Silva. "Aspects of the epidemiological chain of bovine neosporosis and applications as a prophylaxis tool." In III SEVEN INTERNATIONAL MULTIDISCIPLINARY CONGRESS. Seven Congress, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.56238/seveniiimulti2023-183.

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Systemic parasitic infections are responsible for serious losses in agriculture. In the reproductive sphere of cattle farming, bovine neosporosis is described as one of the main diseases that causes abortions in cattle herds, generating considerable reproductive and, consequently, economic impacts on the Brazilian livestock sector. This disease is caused by the protozoan Neospora caninum, a coccid found in the form of tissue cysts and intracellular tachyzoites. This condition gives the parasite an efficient capacity for dissemination and transmission within cattle herds and can infect up to 90% of animals in confinement with dairy or beef aptitude (DUBEY et al. 2006).
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Agaselimova, S. S. "AUTOMATION OF FEEDING AND WATERING CATTLE." In STATE AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF AGRIBUSINESS. ООО «ДГТУ-Принт» Адрес полиграфического предприятия: 344003, г. Ростов-на-Дону, пл. Гагарина,1., 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/interagro.2024.229-231.

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Automation of cattle feeding and watering is an important aspect in modern livestock farming, which improves animal productivity and welfare. Automation of this process involves the use of specialized devices and technologies to ensure accurate and timely feeding and watering of animals. The article presents the economic characteristics of the use of automated watering and feeding systems, the equipment used, as well as the criteria for their use.
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BOBOC, Dan, Maria Claudia DIACONEASA, Valentin PĂUNA, and Marilena POTÂRNICHE. "THE IMAGE OF THE ROMANIAN TRADE BALANCE EVOLUTION BETWEEN 2009 AND 2019." In Competitiveness of Agro-Food and Environmental Economy. Editura ASE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24818/cafee/2020/9/09.

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The objectives of sustainable development in agriculture are emphasizing the worries related to the possibility of ensuring food security at national levels caused by the climate change and agricultural productivity. These worries reflect directly on the international trading partnerships and affect the trading especially with agricultural and food supplies. The current research aims at providing a clear image of the modifications in the trade balance of Romania, recognised mostly as an exporter of raw agricultural products, such as cereals or live animals, at low prices. Romanian agricultural productivity is characterized by an acute weather dependency, due to the low levels of irrigation systems and extensive agricultural systems, combined with extreme heat during summers and low precipitation in winters and springs. Even so, the exports and imports of a country are a key factor in its economic development so they cannot be reduced only to food security and sustainability aspects. In this context, a clear image of Romania’s trade balance offers some insight for the designing of future policy related both to the possibilities of economic and sustainable development.
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BRAN, Mariana, Simona Roxana PĂTĂRLĂGEANU, Mihai DINU, and Silviu Ionut BEIA. "SUPPORTING A HEALTHY ENVIRONMENT THROUGH LIVESTOCK." In Competitiveness of Agro-Food and Environmental Economy. Editura ASE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24818/cafee/2019/8/04.

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The importance of animal husbandry reaches all aspects (social, economic and environmental) of sustainable development in rural areas. People produce for sale, but also for consumption. At the same time, considering the location of this economic activity and the practice of farm technology, it is necessary to observe certain norms in order to ensure good environmental conditions. Of course, the future points to the mistakes of the past. Today, modern animal technology is coordinated through IT programs, which anticipate not only the production but also the risks. Specialized literature indicates the environmental risks arising from cattle breeding at planetary level: accumulation of methane as a specificity of digestion, but also through accumulated manure. In this sense, however, the bibliographic studies and the statistical analyses are in favour of maintaining the herds of cattle, on condition there is genetic improvement in the nutritional aspect, as well as judicious waste management. These considerations are appreciated by Romanian farmers in the economic activity of cattle breeding, promoting measures to reduce greenhouse gases in this field.
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Lisina, N., V. Erin, and E. Trezubov. "Legal aspects of the turnover of rare and endangered animal species listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation." In Proceedings of the International Conference on Sustainable Development of Cross-Border Regions: Economic, Social and Security Challenges (ICSDCBR 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icsdcbr-19.2019.99.

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Durau, Carmen Claudia, Adalbert Okros, Andreea Urlica, and Vlad Dragoslav Mircov. "SCREENING ON SOME PERMANENT GRASSLANDS IN TIMIS COUNTY (WESTERN ROMANIA). CASE STUDY." In 22nd SGEM International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference 2022. STEF92 Technology, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2022/5.1/s20.050.

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The grass of the grasslands is the most accessible source of food for herbivores during a significant period of a year. The knowledge of the floristic composition of grasslands reflects the current state and is an essential element in determining the load of animals. This paper is a case study and aims to inventory the species participating in the grass cover near some localities in Western Romania. Vegetation surveys were made in March, June and the first quarter of October. The study method by which the vegetation was determined is the linear method on the basis of which different indices could be calculated such as: specific frequency, biodiversity index, pastoral value. The obtained results led to the conclusion that the analyzed permanent meadows are classified as mediocre in terms of forage, the pastoral value expressing these aspects. Regarding the biodiversity of the analyzed grasslands, it is classified as medium and high in one of the cases. Based on the analysis of these results, respectively their correlation with the mode of intervention on these permanent grasslands, the possible evolutionary trends of the vegetation and its direction can be outlined in order to improve the economic value and the species richness.
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Vasiliev, Y. S., P. B. Fedorov, A. A. Rufov, and M. V. Makhatyrov. "USE AND EVALUATION OF THE SMAXTEC INTERNAL MONITORING SYSTEM FOR SCIENTIFIC AND INDUSTRIAL FATTENING OF KALMYK CATTLE IN YAKUTIA AND SOME ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF FATTENING." In STATE AND DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS OF AGRIBUSINESS Volume 2. DSTU-Print, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.23947/interagro.2020.2.521-524.

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The article presents the results of using the SmaXtec internal monitoring system for fattening calmyk calves up to 18 months with the inclusion of local natural feed additives in the diet. For 60 days of fattening, an absolute increase in live weight was obtained from 45 to 55 kg with an average daily increase of 800-900 grams. We studied the monitoring data – the pH level and temperature of the rumen, the activity of the animal during the fattening period when changing the feeding diet. Calculated the costs and cost of feed during fattening.
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Marins, Thiago Augusto Costa, Tainá Pereira de Souza Rocha Santos, and Karyne Oliveira Coelho. "Good production practices on dairy farms." In V Seven International Multidisciplinary Congress. Seven Congress, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.56238/sevenvmulti2024-170.

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Maintaining milk quality is a challenge, especially in controlling the microbiological load, measured by the Standard Plate Count (CPP). It is crucial to adopt measures throughout the entire production chain, focusing on obtaining milk, since after processing, quality improvement becomes limited. Studies show that water quality and equipment hygiene are key points for reducing CPP and ensuring safe milk consumption. Good Agricultural Practices (BPA) cover economic, social and environmental aspects, promoting general improvements in the production system. Despite resistance from some producers, national and international regulations offer important guidelines to ensure milk quality. To increase competitiveness, Embrapa launched a biosafety certification seal in 2022, guaranteeing compliance with BPA and animal welfare.
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Kruglova, M. I. "Modern aspects of clamydial infection of animals." In Научные основы производства и обеспечения качества биологических препаратов. Армавир: ФГБНУ Всероссийский научно-исследовательский и технологический институт биологической промышленности, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.47804/978-5-89904-0290_2021_234.

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Al-Khalaifah, Hanan, Mohammad Al-Otaibi, and Abdulaziz Al-Ateeqi. "SARS-COV-2 CORONAVIRUS: NOMENCLATURE, CLASSIFICATION, STRUCTURE, HISTORY, SYMPTOMS EPIDEMIOLOGY, PATHOGENESIS, ETIOLOGY, DIAGNOSES, TREATMENT, AND PREVENTION." In GEOLINKS Conference Proceedings. Saima Consult Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2021/b1/v3/22.

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With the onset of the coronavirus pandemic in December 2019 in China, and the alarming rate at which it has spread across the world has unleashed not only fear, but has taken a toll on social, economic, health, and governing capabilities of the various countries infected with the virus. The pandemic is affecting all aspects of life, including industries such as the animal production industry all over the world. This includes plant, livestock and poultry production. Food security is accordingly impacted, as these industries are vital elements that are contributing to securing food to populations worldwide. In this review, light is shed on the origin of coronaviruses with special emphasis on COVID-19. It also includes introduction of symptoms, epidemiology and pathogenesis, etiology, and prevention. As the disease progresses, scientists are working around the clock in the hope of an effective vaccine, and they managed to introduce some to the worldwide populations. The world faces challenges on a day-to-day basis until most people are vaccinated.
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Reports on the topic "Economic aspects of Animals"

1

J.A. Schmidt. Socio-economic Aspects of Fusion. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/835924.

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Shpigel, Nahum, Raul Barletta, Ilan Rosenshine, and Marcelo Chaffer. Identification and characterization of Mycobacterium paratuberculosis virulence genes expressed in vivo by negative selection. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2004.7696510.bard.

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Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the etiological agent of a severe inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in ruminants, known as Johne’s disease or paratuberculosis. Johne’s disease is considered to be one of the most serious diseases affecting dairy cattle both in Israel and worldwide. Heavy economic losses are incurred by dairy farmers due to the severe effect of subclinical infection on milk production, fertility, lower disease resistance and early culling. Its influence in the United States alone is staggering, causing an estimated loss of $1.5 billion to the agriculture industry every year. Isolation of MAP from intestinal tissue and blood of Crohn's patients has lead to concern that it plays a potential pathogenic role in promoting human IDB including Crohn’s disease. There is great concern following the identification of the organism in animal products and shedding of the organism to the environment by subclinically infected animals. Little is known about the molecular basis for MAP virulence. The goal of the original proposed research was to identify MAP genes that are required for the critical stage of initial infection and colonization of ruminants’ intestine by MAP. We proposed to develop and use signature tag mutagenesis (STM) screen to find MAP genes that are specifically required for survival in ruminants upon experimental infection. This research projected was approved as one-year feasibility study to prove the ability of the research team to establish the animal model for mutant screening and alternative in-vitro cell systems. In Israel, neonatal goat kids were repeatedly inoculated with either one of the following organisms; MAP K-10 strain and three transposon mutants of K-10 which were produced and screened by the US PI. Six months after the commencement of inoculation we have necropsied the goats and taken multiple tissue samples from the jejunum, ileum and mesenteric lymph nodes. Both PCR and histopathology analysis indicated on efficient MAP colonization of all the inoculated animals. We have established several systems in the Israeli PI’s laboratory; these include using IS900 PCR for the identification of MAP and using HSP65-based PCR for the differentiation between MAV and MAP. We used Southern blot analysis for the differentiation among transposon mutants of K-10. In addition the Israeli PI has set up a panel of in-vitro screening systems for MAP mutants. These include assays to test adhesion, phagocytosis and survival of MAP to/within macrophages, assays that determine the rate of MAPinduced apoptosis of macrophages and MAP-induced NO production by macrophages, and assays testing the interference with T cell ã Interferon production and T cell proliferation by MAP infected macrophages (macrophage studies were done in BoMac and RAW cell lines, mouse peritoneal macrophages and bovine peripheral blood monocytes derived macrophages, respectively). All partners involved in this project feel that we are currently on track with this novel, highly challenging and ambitious research project. We have managed to establish the above described research systems that will clearly enable us to achieve the original proposed scientific objectives. We have proven ourselves as excellent collaborative groups with very high levels of complementary expertise. The Israeli groups were very fortunate to work with the US group and in a very short time period to master numerous techniques in the field of Mycobacterium research. The Israeli group has proven its ability to run this complicated animal model. This research, if continued, may elucidate new and basic aspects related to the pathogenesis MAP. In addition the work may identify new targets for vaccine and drug development. Considering the possibility that MAP might be a cause of human Crohn’s disease, better understanding of virulence mechanisms of this organism might also be of public health interest as well.
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Heal, Geoffrey. Economic Aspects of the Energy Transition. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w27766.

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Ahammad, Ronju, and Francisco X. Aguilar. Socio-economic indicators for the assessment of sustainability in the Swedish forest sector, and linkages with the national environmental quality objectives. SLU Future forests, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.54612/a.6cbejge10k.

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Sweden’s Environmental Quality Objectives (EQOs) have been adopted to help describe the environment the country wishes to achieve, and are a promise to future generations of clean air, a healthy living environment, and rich opportunities to enjoy nature. Here, we assessed selected socio-economic indicators adapted from the Montréal Process for the Conservation and Sustainable Management of Temperate and Boreal Forests (MP) to examine trends in the Swedish forest sector of direct relevance to the EQOs. We did this with the aim of raising awareness about important socio-economic dimensions related to the EQOs, and to explore the linkages between the EQOs and the forest bioeconomy. We focused on the forest sector because of its central importance to meeting the EQOs, and fundamental social and economic roles it plays in Swedish society. The MP was chosen as our guiding framework because it was developed to assess national-level sustainable forest conservation and management, thus, incorporating critical economic, environmental and social dimensions. We applied a mixed methods approach based on a literature review, analyses of national and multilateral databases, and consultation with experts to identify and interpret selected indicators. We identified forest sector socio-economic indicators relevant to the EQOs related to forest property and ownership, economic value and consumption of wood and wood products, employment, wood energy, access to greenery, per capita forest availability, and cultural values. Interpretation of national-level indicators estimated for the 2000-2020 period point to overall progress toward maintaining forest conservation and production areas and a sector that has added substantial economic value through the processing of wood and wood products. Forests are an importance source of renewable energy and increasingly support the location of non-wood energy sources through the placement of wind power mills across forested lands. Downward trends were observed in fewer forest owners, a shrinking workforce, and per capita forest area which might be explained by processes of bequeathing, higher industry efficiencies and continued population growth. Selected indicators related to production forests, wood energy, per capita protected forests and cultural importance suggest these can directly support relevant EQOs including living forests, limited climate impact, rich plant and animal life. Through exports and hiring foreign workers, the Swedish forest sector has kept a direct linkage with the consumption of wood products abroad and in supporting economic wellbeing in lesser-developed nations through wages from forestry and non-wood seasonal employment, respectively. There is limited current information on cultural aspects such as heritage values and reindeer herding. Available data suggest a declining trend in damages to cultural remains within forest felling areas. We recommend regular and periodic assessment of the cultural and conservation values for Swedish forests to strengthen the ability to assess social and ecological sustainability relevant to the EQOs.
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Feldstein, Martin. Aspects of Global Economic Intergration: Outlook for the Future. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w7899.

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Vaughan, William J., and Sergio Ardila. Economic Analysis of the Environmental Aspects of Investment Projects. Inter-American Development Bank, December 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0011617.

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This working paper develops upon the idea that economic analysis has a definite role to play in informing decision makers about the desirability of going ahead with an investment project designed to improve environmental quality and also that the role of precision in this matter is not trivial. The authors focus mainly on the costs and benefits of projects directly aimed at natural resource or environmental quality improvement, and the costs implied by the mandatory environmental assessment of investment projects whose primary purpose is not environmental. Also included is a review of IDB environmental procedures and the IDB's experience with mitigating measures and costs.
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MORELLI, D. Long-distance transport of live animals: WOAH’s standards and best practices including societal perception and communication aspects. O.I.E (World Organisation for Animal Health), October 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/tt.3334.

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During the 88th General Session held virtually in May 2021, the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH: founded as OIE) Regional Commission for Europe agreed “Long-distance transport of live animals: WOAH’s standards and best practices including societal perception and communication aspects” as the Technical Item I to be presented during the 30th Conference of the Regional Commission in Catania (Italy), from 3 to 7 October 2022. An online questionnaire was designed and distributed to WOAH Members of the Regional Commission for Europe from 21 June to 8 July 2022 (with minor finalisations by 2 August 2022). The persons responsible for completing the questionnaire (of 47 Members in total) were mainly WOAH Delegates, National Focal Points for animal welfare or National Contact Points for long-distance transportation. The qualitative analysis of the information provided was carried out by grouping similar answers and, when proper, the United Nations geoscheme was applied to highlight any spatial clustering of the results. The wide majority of the Members (46 out of 47) declared to have in place specific legislation on animal welfare during transport, and most of them stated to be “generally aligned” with WOAH standards, there are still many countries in the Region where certain crucial requirements are not mandatory. Journey and contingency plans are commonly part of the specific legislation on animal welfare during transport, as well as monitoring and evaluation of the implementation of the legal requirements concerning animal transport by the Competent Authority or other certification bodies. The presence of major gaps in budget and/or available resources and trained personnel was declared by almost half of the responding Members (21 out of 47). Concerning the awareness of the civil society regarding animal welfare issues during transport, 11 Members reported a “low” level of awareness, and they were mostly included in the areas of Southern Europe, Western and Central Asia. The greatest part of Members responding “high awareness” clustered in the Northern and Western Europe geographical areas. Members were also asked to indicate possible WOAH initiatives that could improve the implementation of the standards, and most of them suggested to develop training activities and provide additional guidance through revised and/or new standards in the Terrestrial Animal Health Code and/or through other WOAH documents.
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8

Evans, David, and Richard Schmalensee. Some Economic Aspects of Antitrust Analysis in Dynamically Competitive Industries. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w8268.

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9

Gorbach, Danielle M., Bin Fan, Suneel K. Onteru, Xia Zhao, Zhi-Qiang Du, Dorian J. Garrick, Jack C. M. Dekkers, and Max F. Rothschild. Genome-Wide Association Studies for Important Economic Traits in Domestic Animals Using High Density SNP Genotyping. Ames (Iowa): Iowa State University, January 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/ans_air-180814-980.

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10

Shestakova, N. N. ASSESSMENT OF DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS THE SILVER ECONOMY IN ST. PETERSBURG: SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS. Institute for Regional Economic Studies Russian Academy of Science, January 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.52897/tms-2024-22-01.

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One of the global challenges of the last decades is demographic, which is the aging of the population. The latter is reflected in an increase in the proportion of the population of older age groups in the total population.
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