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Mylostyvyi, R. V. "VETERINARY, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL ASPECTS OF CATTLE WELFARE: A REVIEW." One Health Journal 1, no. IV (December 21, 2023): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.31073/onehealthjournal2023-iv-03.
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The paper presents a review of the literature on cattle welfare. The objective of this review is to outline the veterinary, economic, and social aspects of cattle welfare and highlight the current problems, global trends, and solutions. The global major scientific reference databases (Web of Science, ScienceDirect, Scopus) were reviewed. The review brought the following findings: a change in scientific and practical approaches to the understanding and assessment of the welfare of productive animals that requires not only health maintenance, stress prevention, or the ability of animals to express natural behavior. Animal welfare gains more anthropometric traits, including such concepts as 'pleasure' or 'happiness'. The concept of 'positive welfare' has become a more popular trend in scientific research on animal welfare. The review identified positive trends of possible modification of production systems, to make them more diverse and animal welfare friendly. The research found livestock products consumers growing concerned about animal welfare and housing conditions. The concept of welfare is more commercialized, which encourages livestock producers to adhere to ethical production standards. However, the demand of consumers to meet high standards of animal welfare does not have sufficient economic leverage. Only a few are willing to pay more for the better welfare of the animals or to refuse to consume animal products from production systems with poor welfare conditions. This review was intended to draw the attention of scientists, farmers, and consumers to the problems of the humane treatment of productive animals. And to assist stakeholders in finding their place in the process of creating better conditions for animals that are used for food, helping people with their existence or with their lives.
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Carreira, Laura B. T., and Omar J. Sabbag. "Economic aspects of production of Caiman crocodilus yacare." Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências 87, no. 1 (March 2015): 495–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0001-3765201520130286.
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The breeding of crocodilians is still a recent activity in Brazil. Its peak was in the 1990's, but it has gaps in its production, as there are no norms for the commercial breeding of these animals in captivity. However, its economic potential is great, and the search for ecological balance and viability of commercial production has become a challenge among farmers of this activity. Therefor, the objective of the study was to economically analyze the production of Caiman crocodilus yacareon a farm located in Caceres, state of Mato Grosso, identifying relevant items of costs in the activity, as well as the parameters related to the profitability and viability of the activity. The economic results for the breeding of this animal were positive, with profitability ratios higher than 70%.
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McInerney, J. P. "An economic perspective on animal welfare." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1990 (March 1990): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600017918.
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There is a common misperception that economics is about money. People holding this view will expect a paper on the economic aspects of animal welfare to quote various financial figures representing the effects on the costs of production, or on the consumer prices of animal products, from adjustments in production methods designed to ‘improve’ the welfare of farm livestock. Under such a view it would seem that better animal welfare is a cost to people, but a benefit to animals.However, this is too simplistic a view of what economics is really about. Economic analysis is built up from a model that treats all economic activity as a series of resource-using processes undertaken to benefit people (considered collectively, not any particular subgroup) . Livestock production is one such economic process. It takes resources (land, feed, labour, animals, veterinary services, etc) and transforms them into commodities that people want - milk, meat, eggs, wool, etc. In economic terms, livestock production is simply the exploitation of animals for human benefit. Logically, any change in this process which is subject to decision (as opposed to factors outside human control) will only take place if people want it.
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Wray, C., and J. A. Morris. "Aspects of colibacillosis in farm animals." Journal of Hygiene 95, no. 3 (December 1985): 577–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002217240006068x.
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It has been known for a considerable time thatEscherichia coli, although a normal inhabitant of the intestinal tract, can also be associated with a variety of pathological conditions in man, farm animals and poultry.When Escherich (1885) isolated from the faeces of a newborn baby an organism which is now accepted asE. coli, he considered it to be a harmless saprophyte. Laruelle (1889) was the first to suggest the possible pathogenicity of this organism, while Jensen (1893) showed that it was the cause of white scour in calves. The development of reliable serological methods facilitated the differentiation of strains and numerous workers have demonstrated an association between certain serological types ofE. coliand various disease conditions in animals. Enteric diseases in young animals are an important cause of mortality and economic loss to the farming community.
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BENZERTIHA, ABDELBASSET, BARTOSZ KIEROŃCZYK, MATEUSZ RAWSKI, AGATA JÓZEFIAK, JAN MAZURKIEWICZ, DAMIAN JÓZEFIAK, MOHAMMED SALAH MESSIKH, and SYLWESTER ŚWIĄTKIEWICZ. "Cultural and practical aspects of halal slaughtering in food production." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 74, no. 1 (2018): 6023–2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6023.
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The rise in the Muslim population with the economic disability of Muslim countries have made the term halal common all around the world. The lack of information about halal in non-Muslim countries has made the status of imported halal products uncertain for Muslim countries. Halal meat is the most critical product due to the precise rules and requirements needed. In this review, we attempt to explain the types of halal and haram animals as well as the requirements needed for the allowed animals to be halal. Muslims must follow the halal rules mentioned in the Quran, Sunna and doctrines (scholars). The halal animals have been categorized with special and essential slaughtering requirements. However, the slaughtering should be performed in accordance with Islamic rules. The application of animal stunning has been allowed in some Islamic countries since the animal is still alive at the time of slaughtering with respect to animal welfare. Moreover, halal meat loses its halalness as soon as it becomes contaminated with najis (unclean). Indeed, it is important to understand the requirements of halal food, which cover religious aspects..
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Bainé Szabó, Bernadett. "Economic Aspects of Rural Tourism." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 12 (November 26, 2003): 55–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/12/3431.
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necessary to ensure the livelihoods of those leaving the agricultural sector and to supplement the incomes of those working in agriculture. I research rural development in four settlements in Hajdú-Bihar County, in Balmazújváros, Hortobágy, Tiszacsege and Egyek, all bordering Hortobágy National Park.There are many alternative income sources in settlements in the Hortobágy area, such as organic farming, production herbs, hungaricums, small animals and arts and crafts, as well as rural tourism. Rural tourism is not for subsistence, but a supplementary income source, mainly available during the summer time. I made a survey of rural hosts in the four examined settlements, and according to my results, I constructed a model reflecting the cost-benefit relation, as well as the payment period conditions of rural tourism. I am going to show whether it is worth dealing with rural tourism, and if yes, under what conditions. Rural tourism contributes to the maintenance of rural modes of living, in this way it has significant cultural, economic, ecological and social aspects, as well. It is crucial for settlements to create the appropriate conditions needed for joining rural tourism, if it is worth joining at all, and to realise investments for all these. Rural tourism has strict requirements for the levels of environment, infrastructure and services. Studying the Western-European practices, Hungary is lagged behind in the conditions of rural tourism and rural hosts have done their activities mainly out of necessity and not to maintain traditions. Rural tourism may result in success only by co-operation and over the long-run.
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Rahbari, S., and J. Ghasemi. "Study on economic aspects of goat grubs in Iran." Tropical Animal Health and Production 29, no. 4 (October 1997): 243–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02632313.
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Sushyk, Olha, and Daria Rosokhata. "Animals with Regard to Climate Changes - International and European Law Aspects." Przegląd Prawa Administracyjnego 1 (July 2, 2019): 41–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/ppa.2018.1.41-58.
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The article consists of three parts. Firstly, it introduces the connection between animal and climate change. On the one hand, the impact of agricultural emissions (livestock emissions) on climate change has been introduced. On the other hand, it has been presented that the climate change has a negative impact not only for the humankind, but also for the biodiversity (animals) which have an economic and socio-cultural significance. Th second part provides an analysis of relevant international legal frameworks (UN Climate Change regime) that stipulate specifically in relation to livestock emissions globally and existing legal and policy frameworks in the EU that address livestock emissions, namely the Effort Sharing Decision and the Common Agricultural Policy. Thirdly, the paper focuses on the problem of biodiversity conservation though the signifiant pace of climate change has been regulated by a number of international conventions. EU-wide ecological network is being created in Europe that ensures the preservation of the natural environment of animals and the ways of their migration, regardless of the existing borders of the countries. Climate change is already having adverse effcts on animal and those effects are likely to prove devastating in the future. Nonetheless, the relevant harms to animals have yet to become a serious part of the analysis of climate change policy.
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Blazheva, V. "ECONOMIC ASYMMETRIES OF PRODUCTION IN THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR." Trakia Journal of Sciences 18, Suppl.1 (2020): 570–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/tjs.2020.s.01.091.
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The development of efficient and sustainable agriculture requires its permanent transformation. In this aspect, various methods of growing plants and breeding animals are applied to optimize production. These methods are distinguished mainly as: traditional (conventional) production, organic production, production of genetically modified organisms. From this standpoint, attention is drawn to: covering the widest possible range of terms used to characterize the variety of plant growing and animal breeding methods; a brief overview of the established in theory and practice modern methods of plant growing and animal breeding; delimiting the notion of biological – as a vital process, regardless of the plants and animals production technology (including the use of organic fertilizers; preparations containing live bacteria; treated seeds with live bacteria, etc.).The methods of the present study are scientific research methods: induction and deduction method, retrospective analysis and others; illustrative methods - schemes, figures and others. Regarding the expected results, this article focuses on highlighting the social, economic and environmental aspects of production of plant and animal products. Production in the agricultural sector must be aimed at recovery of residues and waste from crop and livestock production in harmony with the environment.
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Nasir Hussain Shah, S., A. A. Dijkhuizen, A. H. Willemse, and D. F. M. van de Wiel. "Economic aspects of reproductive failure in dairy buffaloes of Pakistan." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 11, no. 2 (October 1991): 147–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0167-5877(05)80036-4.
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Soutelino, Maria Eduarda Marques, Matheus Dias Valle, Catharine Porto Feres, Luiz Filipe Cabral de Souza Ramos, Marina Galindo Chenard, Isabelle Magalhães da Cunha, Marcos Antônio Aguiar Júnior, and Michel Abdalla Helayel. "Economic and production aspects of milking management in dairy farming." Acta Veterinaria Brasilica 16, no. 2 (May 20, 2022): 161–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.21708/avb.2022.16.2.10822.
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The Brazilian dairy sector is important for the world agricultural production; however, it presents problems in production efficiency and milk quality, since the occurrence of mastitis in the herds can reach 47%. The present study analyzed data from a rural property with 100 lactating cows in a semi-intensive breeding system, which did not adopt adequate hygiene management for milking processes. Corrective measures were proposed, such as daily strip cup test, biweekly California Mastitis Test, formation of a new milking line, and daily pre dipping and post dipping and cleaning of teat cups. Milk samples from 10 animals with positive clinical mastitis, 10 animals with positive subclinical mastitis, and from the cooling tank were collected at one day before and 90 days after the implementation of the proposed measures and sent to a laboratory for analysis of somatic cell counting (SCC) and total bacteria counting (TBC). An increase of 17% in milk production and decreases of 64% and 40% in clinical and subclinical mastitis, respectively, were found after 90 days, with a consequent decrease in SCC and TBC. The milking duration after this period denoted an adaptation of the employees to the new procedures. The production financial yield was calculated based on the implementation costs of the adopted adequations and increases in milk production, representing a profitability increase of 10.4%. The implemented adequations were efficient for the control of mastitis and increase in milk yield and quality, resulting in a positive economic return.
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Kjosevski, Miroslav, Martin Nikolovski, Ksenija Ilievska, Lazo Pendovski, and Vlatko Ilieski. "The three pillars of applied farm animal welfare." Veterinarski glasnik 75, no. 2 (2021): 99–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/vetgl210629014k.
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There is an evident difference in the implementation level of animal welfare (AW) across the societies and countries worldwide. Although multiple factors contribute to these differences, we can summarize them into a three pillar concept, the three aspects of applied farm AW. The objective of this review is to analyse applied AW on farms from the ethical, economic and animal health aspects. Modern ethics emphasizes biocentrism against anthropocentrism, the modern ethical concept of bioethics. Additionally, beside the differences among the major ethical concepts, there is a consensus that AW deserves a respectful place. An animal?s economic value is not only limited by its material value determined by the inputs and outputs. Thus, rather than being simply considered as a ?stock-good? machine, animals are valued as a sentient beings with ?added value?, which has an impact on the final product price. Animal health and welfare are interconnected and are based on the impact of AW on health and vice versa. The implementation of higher welfare standards to farm animals is only possible if AW is accepted as part of the health of the animal. The applicability of this concept is presented through the European Union AW legislation, which is based on public opinion, economy and animal health. As a conclusion, applied AW is possible only at the level at which the three pillars are equally balanced, and the initiatives in this field should work and be focused on ethics, economics and health.
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Jankowski, Wojciech. "Prawna ochrona zwierząt w Chinach. Aspekty filozoficzne i prawne." Gdańskie Studia Azji Wschodniej, no. 20 (2021): 23–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/23538724gs.21.004.14836.
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Animal protection in China. Philosophical and legal aspects Organizations involved in the protection of animals have long indicated the need for changes in Chinese legislation, which, in their opinion, insufficiently protects the welfare of animals (both wild and farmed). This matter has recently been a subject of debate in China itself. Some Chinese scholars point out the negative aspects of the Chinese economic miracle, including the environmental degradation and bad situation and living conditions of livestock and wild animals. Postulates to improve the situation of animals, however, also have their opponents, and one of the more often cited critical arguments is the one about the “extraneousness” of the concept of animal rights and animal welfare in Chinese intellectual culture, and the imposing of “western values” on China. In the article, I verify the above statement by analyzing the most important Chinese philosophical systems: Taoism, Confucianism and the Chinese type of Buddhism, as well as the Chinese communist thought, in terms of their positions regarding the obligation of humans towards animals. I also analyze changes in the contemporary approach to animal protection and animal welfare, based on the example of the amendment to the Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Protection of Wildlife.
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Souza, Bruna Crislane da Silva, Renata de Moraes Peixoto Araújo, Daniel Maia Noguiera, João Ricardo Ferreira de Lima, Mateus Matiuzzi da Costa, and Rodolfo de Moraes Peixoto. "Economic impact and epidemiological aspects of subclinical mastitis and caprine arthritis-encephalitis in the semiarid northeastern region of Brazil." Acta Veterinaria Brasilica 15, no. 4 (October 5, 2021): 310–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21708/avb.2021.15.4.10025.
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Dairy activity in the semi-arid region has gained prominence due to its profit potential; however, there are still sanitary problems that result in significant economic impact. Thus, this study aimed to assess the economic impact and to conduct an epidemiological study of caprine arthritis-encephalitis (CAE) and subclinical mastitis in dairy goat herds of the semi-arid northeastern region of Brazil. The study proceeded with the collection of blood (n = 351) and milk samples (n = 321) from 15 rural properties with up to 50 animals, risk factor assessment, economic profile analysis, and georeferencing of the properties. The blood serum obtained was subjected to the AGID test. The milk samples were cultured on blood agar, and the reading was performed 24 hours after incubation. Overall, 3.4% of the animals were seropositive for CAE, and 15.8% were diagnosed with subclinical mastitis. 71.95% of the positive animals belonged to properties with a semi-intensive rearing system, weekly cleaning of the facilities, and no pre- or post-dipping. Subclinical mastitis caused by the main agent Staphylococcus spp. was associated with the breed type of the animals, highlighting two risk factors: purebred animals (OR = 12.52) and the milking performed close the soil (OR = 18.07). A reduction of up to 35.34% was observed in the income of dairy properties, constituting a considerable economic impact. Due to these sanitary problems, the economic impact demonstrates the need for a sanitary management program focused on these infirmities.
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Souza, Bruna Crislane da Silva, Renata de Moraes Peixoto Araújo, Daniel Maia Noguiera, João Ricardo Ferreira de Lima, Mateus Matiuzzi da Costa, and Rodolfo de Moraes Peixoto. "Economic impact and epidemiological aspects of subclinical mastitis and caprine arthritis-encephalitis in the semiarid northeastern region of Brazil." Acta Veterinaria Brasilica 15, no. 4 (October 5, 2021): 310–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21708/avb.2021.15.4.10025.
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Dairy activity in the semi-arid region has gained prominence due to its profit potential; however, there are still sanitary problems that result in significant economic impact. Thus, this study aimed to assess the economic impact and to conduct an epidemiological study of caprine arthritis-encephalitis (CAE) and subclinical mastitis in dairy goat herds of the semi-arid northeastern region of Brazil. The study proceeded with the collection of blood (n = 351) and milk samples (n = 321) from 15 rural properties with up to 50 animals, risk factor assessment, economic profile analysis, and georeferencing of the properties. The blood serum obtained was subjected to the AGID test. The milk samples were cultured on blood agar, and the reading was performed 24 hours after incubation. Overall, 3.4% of the animals were seropositive for CAE, and 15.8% were diagnosed with subclinical mastitis. 71.95% of the positive animals belonged to properties with a semi-intensive rearing system, weekly cleaning of the facilities, and no pre- or post-dipping. Subclinical mastitis caused by the main agent Staphylococcus spp. was associated with the breed type of the animals, highlighting two risk factors: purebred animals (OR = 12.52) and the milking performed close the soil (OR = 18.07). A reduction of up to 35.34% was observed in the income of dairy properties, constituting a considerable economic impact. Due to these sanitary problems, the economic impact demonstrates the need for a sanitary management program focused on these infirmities.
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Ahmady, Ebrahim B. "Some Aspects about the Bovine Tuberculosis." Journal of Zoo Biology 1, no. 1 (December 30, 2018): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.33687/zoobiol.001.01.1004.
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Tuberculosis is a contagious infectious disease, which is produced by different species of bacilli of the genus Mycobacterium. It has been characterized by the presence in different species of animals, including very important, its impact on the man who, in the same time he has chronic and has been affected in different organs or systems of species. The lesion has classically described the formation of tuber in different sizes; in general, the most affected organ is the respiratory apparatus and particularly the lungs. The existence of the disease is global and its impact on social and economic life is extremely important. Tuberculosis has taken its toll on most of the animals and humans.
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Radko, V. "Economic aspects of energy efficiency in Ukrainian agricultural enterprises` dairy farming." Ekonomìka ta upravlìnnâ APK, no. 1 (148) (May 30, 2019): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9262-2019-148-1-65-75.
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It was established that material and technical support of milk production process in agricultural enterprises is an important reserve for increasing economic stability on the basis of creation of high-tech and energy-efficient production management system. The directions of innovative provision of technological processes in dairy farming are outlined: forage conservation; keeping and feeding animals; creation of farms with waste heat utilization, mechanized feeding, milking, waste management (robotic farms); computerization of milk production accounting processes and the prediction of the genetic value of animals; milk quality control by means of electronic means for testing of fat and protein content in milk; systems of cooling and milk storage. It has been proved that energy expenditure in dairy farming depends on a large number of factors, in particular the methods of keeping farm animals and their productivity, the level of mechanization and automation of technological processes on the farm, etc. It is established that in determining the energy costs, energy expenditure is taken into account only for individual, often final, technological operations, resulting in an assessment of the efficiency of milk production that is incomplete, which does not allow to objectively determine the efficiency of technological solutions. Summarizing the aforementioned, it will be grounded that the reduction of energy consumption in the milk production is possible not only on the basis of technical re-equipment of equipment, reconstruction and replacement on the new, but also due to the formation of rational consumer behavior and the development of a sound management policy for the use of energy resources at all stages of production dairy products. It is proposed to create at the agricultural enterprises an appropriate unit for ensuring energy efficiency and the appointment of a manager. Moreover, the responsibility of the manager should be clearly regulated and controlled by the business owners to fulfill all the requirements of energy saving, which should result in the reduction of energy consumption. It is proved that the reduction of energy consumption for milk production is achieved on the basis of providing the microclimate by utilizing the heat that is in the air and is removed from the premises. Key words: dairy farming, agricultural enterprise, energy efficiency, energy resources, energy management.
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Ítavo, Luis Carlos Vinhas, Alexandre Menezes Dias, Camila Celeste Brandão Ferreira Ítavo, Gumercindo Loriano Franco, Maria da Graça Morais, Andréa Roberto Duarte Lopes Souza, Ériklis Nogueira, et al. "Mineral-nitrogen supplementation to finishing Nellore steers in deferred pasture." Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal 18, no. 4 (December 2017): 576–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-99402017000400008.
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SUMMARY The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of two protein levels in mineral-protein-energy supplements on the productivity and economic performance of Nellore steers. Ninety animals weighing 382.35±32.95 kg on average, were treated with mineral-nitrogen supplements containing 30% crude proteins (CP; 75% ground maize, 8.91 % urea and 16.09% mineral) and 40% CP (66.67 % ground maize, 11.90% urea, and 21.43% mineral). The animals were housed in two paddocks of Uruchloa brizantha ‘MG-5’ (syn. Brachiaria brizantha) and were weighed at the beginning, at 45 days, and at 94 days of the experiment, when they were slaughtered at an average weight of 451±35.38 kg. We evaluated supplement intake, weight gain and economic aspects. The 40 and 30% CP treatments significantly affected supplement intake (P<0.05), with averages of 0.69 and 2.26 kg/day, respectively. The average total weight gain was higher (P<0.01) in animals receiving the supplement containing 30 % CP (71.46 kg / animal) than in animals receiving 40% CP (64.33 kg/animal). Greater slaughter weight was attained in the animals treated with 30% CP (456.66 vs. 443.84 kg). The mineral-nitrogen supplementation in both CP levels provided satisfactory animal performance and carcass characteristics. Owing to economic considerations, it is recommended to use 40% CP mineral-nitrogen supplements on finishing steers on pasture, although success in reducing production costs of livestock ultimately depends on the variations in prices between the different regions of the country and market opportunities.
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András Halász and Géza Nagy. "Some methodological aspects of animal behaviour during beef cattle grazing." Acta Agraria Debreceniensis, no. 48 (July 31, 2012): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.34101/actaagrar/48/2449.
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Ethology, the research field of animal behaviour, during the past half century developed into an independent science and became more important in recent years as the farming industry has turned toward quality production. Farm animals respond for every environmental factor. Essential to know the answers to avoid unpleasant economic consequences. Based on the shepherds’ experience, this science has merged with modern technology, constantly expanding and searching new methods. According to the literature the article summarizes the observation methods in cattle grazing. This paper introduces the beginnings and shows the future trends. Finally we share personal experiences as the Hungarian Grey cattle grazing behaviour at conditions of Hortobágy, Hungary.
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Kydyshov, Kalysbek, Nurbolot Usenbaev, Almaz Sharshenbekov, Narynbek Aitkuluev, Murat Abdyraev, Salamat Chegirov, Jarkynay Kazybaeva, et al. "Brucellosis in Humans and Animals in Kyrgyzstan." Microorganisms 10, no. 7 (June 25, 2022): 1293. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/microorganisms10071293.
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Brucellosis is a globally reemerging and neglected zoonosis causing serious public health problems as well as considerable economic losses due to infection of livestock. Although the epidemiology of brucellosis has been well studied and its various aspects in humans and animals are well understood, it is still one of the most challenging health problems in many developing countries such as Kyrgyzstan. This review describes epidemiological characteristics of brucellosis in humans and animals, its impact on animal production and the role of implemented infection control measures in Kyrgyzstan. Particularly, introduction of mass vaccination in small ruminants evidently contributed to control of brucellosis in Kyrgyzstan, reducing the number of infections in animals as well as humans.
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Dijkhuizen, A. A., J. A. Renkema, and J. Stelwagen. "Economic aspects of reproductive failure in dairy cattle. II. The decision to replace animals." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 3, no. 3 (February 1985): 265–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-5877(85)90021-2.
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Yotov, Stanimir, Ivan Fasulkov, Anatoli Atanasov, and Boyana Ivanova. "Main aspects in use of sexed semen in cattle breeding." Journal of Intelligent Animal Husbandry 2, no. 1 (2023): 40–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/joiah.2023.01.004.
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The use of sexed semen in cattle breeding becomes increasingly important in worldwide. Up to date sexing technologies provide an ability to sort spermatozoa with acceptable sperm quality and ensure production of animals of the desired sex. Motivation for use of sexed semen can be the need for rapid renewal of the herd, the desire to increase the genetic level, the requirements for animal welfare and the reduction of costs for maintaining ecological sustainability. Many factors at different levels such as selection of female animals for insemination and type of sexed semen, technological features of the farm and reproductive management affect the conception rate. The current literature analysis shows that the introduction of artificial insemination with sexed semen is an effective tool to accelerate genetic progress. An additional benefit is improvement of the animal welfare by reducing difficult births and low production of the undesired male offspring. Optimization of the animal number in the herds leads to reduction of the greenhouse gases and the waste products from animal husbandry. The pregnancy rate after artificial insemination with sex-sorted sperm is variable and different reasons can lead to unsatisfactory results. This requires a preliminary analysis of their effects and taking measures to minimize their negative impact on the reproductive process. Achievement of economic profitability is related to choosing an appropriate strategy for use of sexed semen, taking into account the specific conditions in the farm. The presented information can be useful in the preparation of various policies for optimization of the reproductive process and development of sustainable cattle breeding in Bulgaria.
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Guiry, Eric, Paul Szpak, and Michael P. Richards. "ISOTOPIC ANALYSES REVEAL GEOGRAPHICAL AND SOCIOECONOMIC PATTERNS IN HISTORICAL DOMESTIC ANIMAL TRADE BETWEEN PREDOMINANTLY WHEAT- AND MAIZE-GROWING AGRICULTURAL REGIONS IN EASTERN NORTH AMERICA." American Antiquity 82, no. 2 (March 29, 2017): 341–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aaq.2016.34.
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Historical zooarchaeologists have made significant contributions to key questions about the social, economic, and nutritional dimensions of domestic animal use in North American colonial contexts; however, techniques commonly employed in faunal analyses do not offer a means of assessing many important aspects of how animals were husbanded and traded. We apply isotopic analyses to faunal remains from archaeological sites to assess the social and economic importance of meat trade and consumption of local and foreign animal products in northeastern North America. Stable carbon and nitrogen isotope analyses of 310 cattle and pigs from 18 rural and urban archaeological sites in Upper Canada (present-day southern Ontario, Canada; ca. A.D. 1790–1890) are compared with livestock from contemporary American sources to quantify the importance of meat from different origins at rural and higher- and lower-status urban contexts. Results show significant differences between urban and rural households in the consumption of local animals and meat products acquired through long-distance trade. A striking pattern in urban contexts provides new evidence for the social significance of meat origins in historical Upper Canada and highlights the potential for isotopic approaches to reveal otherwise-hidden evidence for social and economic roles of animals in North American archaeology.
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ADAM, K. E., and G. J. GUNN. "Social and economic aspects of aquatic animal health." Revue Scientifique et Technique de l'OIE 36, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 323–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.20506/rst.36.1.2632.
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Atekyereza, Peter Rwagara, Justin Ayebare, and Paul Bukuluki. "The Economic Aspects of Human and Child Sacrifice." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 41 (September 2014): 53–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.41.53.
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The understanding of child sacrifice requires the broader understanding of the history, context of and rationale for the concept of sacrifice in all its forms including human sacrifice. Historically, sacrifices were made to atone for sins or wrong-doing and to ask for blessings. The forgiveness was for or blessings included but were not limited to material wealth (particularly land, domestic animals and other tangible possessions), children, health, and prosperity. In spite of the variations in understanding sacrifice, common to all is the underlying guiding principle of the value for value. It means the higher the value of the blessings to be sought or wrongs to be atoned, the higher the value of the sacrificial item. Overtime, this principle has been expressed in varied forms including human sacrifice, in general, and child sacrifice, in particular. These practices are closely associated with dominant cultural value systems that people hold in relation to what is important in life and how to get it. Despite economic progress of economies characterised by sophisticated wealth computations, predictions and protection through insurance, sacrifices remain part of the social fabric for solicitation, utilisation, maintenance and protection of wealth. This chapter, therefore, broadly analyses and explains the role of economic structures and institutions on society and the influence of society on the nature of economic structures and institutions. Though there is no established scientific basis for a correlation between human sacrifice and wealth acquisition, the sacrificial items are goods of high economic value and they bring economic returns to those involved in their exchange. It is important to explain how economic wealth creates and is further re-created by sacrifices, particularly, human sacrifice. Human sacrifice is strongly dominated by child sacrifices which are believed to be without blemish and of higher atoning value. Any attempt to destroy the practice of human and child sacrifice for wealth acquisition must first destroy the dominant cultural mentalities or values systems on which they are based.
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Cabral, Grasiele Coelho, Afonso Aurélio de Carvalho Peres, Ana Carla Chaves Dias, Wagner de Souza Tassinari, Maria Izabel Vieira de Almeida, and Fernando Queiroz de Almeida. "Horse Agribusiness in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: trade and economic aspects of Mangalarga Marchador farm production." Research, Society and Development 9, no. 11 (November 20, 2020): e4319119938. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v9i11.9938.
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This study aimed to assess the economic and commercial performance of the Mangalarga Marchador horse breeding, and production costs in the Rio de Janeiro. Data was collected from the ABCCMM archives and from associated breeders, selected through stratified sampling by the mesoregions of the State of Rio de Janeiro. The main means of marketing the animals is selling on the farm. The average of horse’s sale per stud farm in the Rio de Janeiro is 14.92/year with the average of R$16,628.46/horse, generating an estimated sale at the farms of around R$192,026,783.88/year. The sale of mating (8.77 mating/year) and weaned foals (5.44 foals/year) contributed to the largest volume of sales at the stud farms. Donor mares (R$57,318,908.50) and mares (R$42,958,357.20) represented the highest in terms of market value throughout the Rio de Janeiro. The Coastal Lowlands mesoregion had the highest average of animals sold per stud farm/year (40.57 animals) and the Central Fluminense mesoregion had the lowest average (25.39 animals). The average commercialization per farm/year corresponds to R$385,667.90 and the average total value traded in the Rio de Janeiro is R$465,880,252.32/year. The average is 6.52 hired employees, which is equivalent to an average monthly labor gross cost of R$11,286.00. Rio de Janeiro employs around 5,584 people directly, the greatest numbers in the Metropolitan mesoregion (1,833 employees), and the lowest concentration in the Northern Fluminense mesoregion (530 employees). Together with the production costs, Mangalarga Marchador horse’s business turns over more than R$650 million per year in the Rio de Janeiro.
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Yavorska, Tetiana, and Olha Sobolevska. "ECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF EXPENDITURE OF HUNTING FARMS IN ZAPORIZHZHIA REGION." Green, Blue & Digital Economy Journal 3, no. 1 (May 31, 2022): 54–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.30525/2661-5169/2022-1-9.
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The purpose of the article is to study the composition and cost structure of hunting farms in the Zaporizhzhia region and consider the economic and environmental aspects of their formation. The method of analysis and synthesis revealed the dynamics of changes in the costs of hunting farms over five years (2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, 2019). Using the method of comparison, the main trends in the change of individual loss items are identified. Methodology. The classification of costs, their dynamics and structure on 37 hunting farms of Zaporizhzhia region are given. The studied farms differ in different forms of use of hunting grounds. Thus, as of January 1, 2020, 6 farms were part of the Ukrainian Society of Hunters and Fishermen, 20 - belonged to the enterprises of the State Forestry Agency of Ukraine, the remaining 11 - were part of other private and public hunting organizations. A vertical and horizontal analysis of costs was conducted, which revealed an increase in their volume throughout the structure, without significant changes in the structure itself. There is a tendency to reduce the share of costs for the protection, reproduction and accounting of wild animals and the management of hunting grounds. Instead, the costs of maintaining the current activities of hunting farms are increasing. The results of the study showed that the main part of the costs of hunting farms in Zaporizhzhia region (almost 80%) consists of the cost of wages and a single social contribution, operation and maintenance of vehicles, hunting buildings and structures and costs associated with the purchase of weapons, ammunition and other costs. The costs of environmental activities are decreasing, among which the costs of biotechnical measures play an important role. The share of expenditures on biotechnical measures for the conservation and reproduction of wild animals in total expenditures decreased from 14.5% in 2015 to 11.8% in 2019. Practical consequences. The study found that the current costly model of hunting in the Zaporizhzhia region, and in Ukraine as a whole, does not meet market relations and inhibits the development of effective economic and environmental hunting. Its formation was influenced by the following factors: imperfection of hunting legislation; non-compliance with European standards; excessive number of hunting grounds in use and lack of a clear mechanism for payment for their use; poaching; lack of programs for breeding wild animals, control of predators and clear requirements for the hunting service; low level of hunting culture and ethics. The current hostilities in the Zaporizhzhia region further complicate the environmental situation. Value/originality. Economic evaluation of hunting farms should take into account, in addition to estimating the direct costs and revenues of hunting farms, their total environmental, economic and social role. This is confirmed by foreign experience. For its implementation there is a need to develop a new methodology.
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Dijkhuizen, A. A., J. Stelwagen, and J. A. Renkema. "Economic aspects of reproductive failure in dairy cattle. I. Financial loss at farm level." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 3, no. 3 (February 1985): 251–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-5877(85)90020-0.
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Lind, Vibeke. "Effects of Feeding Limited Roughage to Sheep on Ewe Performance, Economic Aspects and Behaviour." Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, Section A - Animal Science 52, no. 2 (January 2002): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09064700212075.
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Lind, Vibeke. "Effects of Feeding Limited Roughage to Sheep on Ewe Performance, Economic Aspects and Behaviour." Acta Agriculturae Scandinavica, A 52, no. 2 (May 1, 2002): 65–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09064700252927719.
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Nikolaev, S. V. "Veterinary aspects of the economic and useful qualities of the Kholmogorsky cattle." Proceedings of the Komi Science Centre of the Ural Division of the Russian Academy of Sciences 1 (2021): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.19110/1994-5655-2021-1-37-44.
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The paper reflects the current state of the Kholmogorsky cattle of the Komi Republic and its economic and useful fea-tures. Based on re¬search conducted in 2018-2019, it was found that purebred Kholmogorsky cattle have a longer period of economic use (by 1.0...2.5 calving) compared to Holstein genotypes, are less likely to be removed from the herd due to diseases, and have a high lifetime productivity. Morphological and detoxification parameters of blood in these animals are characterized by a pronounced compensatory reaction. Purebred Kholmogorsky cattle require less veterinary care, are not demanding to fodder and are a more promising breed for breeding in small and individual farms in the North of Russia.
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Janik, Edyta, Marcin Niemcewicz, Michal Ceremuga, Maksymilian Stela, Joanna Saluk-Bijak, Adrian Siadkowski, and Michal Bijak. "Molecular Aspects of Mycotoxins—A Serious Problem for Human Health." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 21 (October 31, 2020): 8187. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21218187.
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Mycotoxins are toxic fungal secondary metabolities formed by a variety of fungi (moulds) species. Hundreds of potentially toxic mycotoxins have been already identified and are considered a serious problem in agriculture, animal husbandry, and public health. A large number of food-related products and beverages are yearly contaminated by mycotoxins, resulting in economic welfare losses. Mycotoxin indoor environment contamination is a global problem especially in less technologically developed countries. There is an ongoing effort in prevention of mould growth in the field and decontamination of contaminated food and feed in order to protect human and animal health. It should be emphasized that the mycotoxins production by fungi (moulds) species is unavoidable and that they are more toxic than pesticides. Human and animals are exposed to mycotoxin via food, inhalation, or contact which can result in many building-related illnesses including kidney and neurological diseases and cancer. In this review, we described in detail the molecular aspects of main representatives of mycotoxins, which are serious problems for global health, such as aflatoxins, ochratoxin A, T-2 toxin, deoxynivalenol, patulin, and zearalenone.
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Schulz, Patrycja, Joanna Pajdak-Czaus, and Andrzej Krzysztof Siwicki. "In Vivo Bacteriophages’ Application for the Prevention and Therapy of Aquaculture Animals–Chosen Aspects." Animals 12, no. 10 (May 10, 2022): 1233. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12101233.
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To meet the nutritional requirements of our growing population, animal production must double by 2050, and due to the exhaustion of environmental capacity, any growth will have to come from aquaculture. Aquaculture is currently undergoing a dynamic development, but the intensification of production increases the risk of bacterial diseases. In recent years, there has been a drastic development in the resistance of pathogenic bacteria to antibiotics and chemotherapeutic agents approved for use, which has also taken place in aquaculture. Consequently, animal mortality and economic losses in livestock have increased. The use of drugs in closed systems is an additional challenge as it can damage biological filters. For this reason, there has been a growing interest in natural methods of combating pathogens. One of the methods is the use of bacteriophages both for prophylactic purposes and therapy. This work summarizes the diverse results of the in vivo application of bacteriophages for the prevention and control of bacterial pathogens in aquatic animals to provide a reference for further research on bacteriophages in aquaculture and to compare major achievements in the field.
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Lima, Laís Gabrielly Freitas, Cláudia Peixoto Bueno, Lucas Matheus Rodrigues, Lídia Mendes de Aquino Gontijo, Diogo Alves da Costa Ferro, Karyne Oliveira Coelho, Nikoly Maria Pereira, Eliane Sayuri Miyagi, Clarisse Carolina dos Santos Silva, and Raiany Soares de Paula. "Losses caused by carcass bruising in a packing plant in Goiás State." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 40, no. 6Supl3 (October 16, 2019): 3729. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n6supl3p3729.
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The quality of meat is influenced by several aspects, among which post-vaccination abscesses and bruises stand out as primary factors for the condemnation of carcasses. However, economic losses resulting from improper handling practices can severely compromise the profitability of both the packing plant and the producer. The objective of this study was to estimate the frequency of occurrence of abscesses and bruises in carcasses of animals slaughtered in a packing plant and analyze the economic losses generated by them. The number of animals examined was determined according to the slaughter flow in the packing plant (10-20% of animals/day). Data pertaining to region and number of bruises, abscess location, weight of excised portions and distance from the municipalities of origin of the animals were collected and evaluated by descriptive statistical analysis. The occurrence of lesions was 78% trauma- and 45% abscess-derived. The presence of these lesions resulted in economic losses, representing a depreciation of BRL 2.99/animal in the profit obtained by the cattle farmer. A comparison between the “sex classes” and “bruising” factors revealed that the females had higher occurrence and distribution of bruises and abscesses than uncastrated and castrated males. Bruises were more frequent in the hindquarter region, regardless of the distance, while abscesses were restricted to the forequarter. The weight of discarded tissues was higher on farms less than 200 km away from the packing plant; however, these results were influenced by the number of animals evaluated in the group.
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Bukhari, Syed S. U. H., Rebecca S. V. Parkes, Lynne U. Sneddon, and Alan G. McElligott. "The behavior and welfare of neglected species: some examples from fish and mammals." PeerJ 12 (March 28, 2024): e17149. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.17149.
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Animal welfare is the state of an animal’s body and mind and the level to which its requirements are satisfied. Animal welfare is affected by human decisions and actions. Numerous decisions concerning animals are driven by human desires to enhance their own lives, and some of these decisions may be influenced by self-interest or a strong emphasis on economic factors. How to assess the welfare state of animals is a central issue in animal welfare science. Two critical questions can be used to address animal welfare: first, is the animal healthy, and second, does the animal have what it needs? Both of these questions can potentially be answered using the study of animal behavior. The development of behavioral methodologies is crucial for evaluating welfare in contexts where concern for animal welfare is often highest, such as on intensive modern farms and sites where working animals are used. Herein, we discuss animal welfare by focusing on some of its major concepts and explanations. Later, to illustrate key aspects of animal welfare, we chose to examine the information that is available for some ‘neglected’ livestock species, which are commercially important on a global basis and found in large numbers: buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis), camels (Camelus dromedarius), donkeys (Equus asinus), mules (Equus asinus × Equus caballus), and lumpfish (Cyclopterus lumpus). We chose these species because there are major ongoing concerns about their welfare, and more research is required to help solve the various problems. Overall, there are strong imbalances in terms of the species that are usually studied in terms of animal welfare research, and we call for greater attention to those that have traditionally been neglected.
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Neethirajan, Suresh. "The Significance and Ethics of Digital Livestock Farming." AgriEngineering 5, no. 1 (February 26, 2023): 488–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/agriengineering5010032.
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The emergence of precision and digital livestock farming presents an opportunity for sustainable animal farming practices that enhance animal welfare and health. However, this transformation of modern animal farming through digital technology has several implications for the technological, social, economic, and environmental aspects of farming. It is crucial to analyze the ethical considerations associated with the digitalization of modern animal farming, particularly in the context of human–animal relationships and potential objectification. This analysis can help develop frameworks for improving animal welfare and promoting sustainability in animal farming. One of the primary ethical concerns of digital livestock farming is the potential for a digital divide between farmers who have access to advanced technologies and those who do not. This could lead to a disparity in animal welfare and health outcomes for different groups of animals. Additionally, the use of artificial intelligence in digital livestock farming may lead to a loss of personal connection between farmers and animals, which could impact the animal’s well-being. Another ethical concern of digital livestock farming is the potential for the objectification of animals as mere data points. The use of sensors and other monitoring technologies can provide valuable data on animal health and behavior, but it is important to remember that animals are sentient beings with complex emotional and social needs. The use of digital technologies should not lead to neglect of animal welfare or a lack of human responsibility toward animals. Furthermore, social context becomes essential while integrating technologies in livestock farming to overcome ethics. By considering the cultural and societal norms of different communities, we can ensure that the use of digital technologies does not undermine these values. To address these ethical challenges, the development of standards and codes of conduct for the adoption and implementation of digital livestock farming tools and platforms can help ensure that animal welfare and sustainability are prioritized. This can help alleviate the privacy concerns of stakeholders and improve sustainability in animal farming practices. Additionally, the use of virtual and augmented reality technologies can provide a way to enhance human–animal interactions and provide more personalized care to animals, further promoting animal welfare.
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Guthiga, P. M., J. T. Karugia, and R. A. Nyikal. "Does use of draft animal power increase economic efficiency of smallholder farms in Kenya?" Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 22, no. 4 (December 2007): 290–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s174217050700186x.
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AbstractDraft animal power (DAP) has been identified as an environmentally friendly technology that is based on renewable energy and encompasses integration of livestock and crop production systems. Draft animal technology provides farmers with a possibility to cheaply access and use manure from the draft animals and farm power needed to apply renewable practices for land intensification. Compared to motorized mechanization, DAP is viewed as an appropriate and affordable technology especially for small-scale farmers in developing countries who cannot afford the expensive fuel-powered tractor mechanization. However, it is apparent that there is no consensus among researchers on how it affects crop yields, profit and production efficiency when applied in farm operations. This study addressed the question of whether using DAP increases economic efficiency of smallholder maize producers in central Kenya. Results of the study are derived from a sample of 80 farmers, 57% of whom used draft animals while 43% used hand hoes in carrying farm operations. In the study area, draft animals are almost exclusively used for land preparation and planting, with very few farmers applying them in the consecutive operations such as weeding. A profit function was estimated to test the hypothesis of equal economic efficiency between ‘DAP’ and ‘hoe’ farms. The results showed that farmers who used DAP obtained higher yields and operated at a higher economic efficiency compared to those who used hand hoes. The analysis underscores the viability of DAP in increasing profitability of small-scale farms; however, other aspects of the technology, such as affordability of the whole DAP package, availability of appropriate implements and skills of using the technology, must be taken into account when promoting adoption of DAP technology.
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Hiz, Meliha Merve, and Cüneyt Aki. "The Nightmare: Genetically Modified Organisms as Alien Species." Transylvanian Review of Systematical and Ecological Research 16, no. 1 (May 1, 2015): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/trser-2015-0008.
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AbstractBiotechnological applications in medicine, industry and agriculture allow the economic production of important products, thus influencing national economy and revenue. Genetic modifications on microorganisms, plants and animals are major techniques to produce a desirable trait or product in biotechnological applications. However, GMOs also give rise to severe debate on aspects such as safety and environmental impact of transgenic products. In general these controversies arise as a result of misinformation. Ethical, legal and socially acceptable aspects of GMOs are strongly influenced by social, economic and political conditions, owing to the strong economic impact of high incomes for biotechnology companies
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Flis, Marian. "Ecological, legal and economic aspects of evaluating the damages caused by wild animals / Ekologiczne, prawne i ekonomiczne aspekty oceny szkód wyrządzanych przez dzikie zwierzęta." Ochrona Srodowiska i Zasobów Naturalnych 24, no. 3 (September 1, 2013): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/oszn-2013-0029.
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Abstract This paper presents the ecological grounds of interaction between animals and their living habitats, which in economic terms is referred to as damages. In addition, an analysis of the legal and economic aspects of the liability for damages caused by wild animals in different types of natural habitats was carried out. Liability for damages is a special law in relation to the general principles of civil law in this area. At the same time, it is also limited, both objectively and subjectively. The increase in the interaction of animals with environments, which results directly in the size of compensation amounts paid, is closely associated with the dynamics in the number of damaging species, whereas the specificity of the damage results from the behavior of perpetrator animals. Multidirectional preventive measures using different methods generally produce short-term effects and their use is not always economically justified.
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Schlecht, E., M. Sangaré, and K. Becker. "Supplementation of Zebu cattle grazing Sahelian pasture- nutritional and economic aspects." Annales de Zootechnie 45, Suppl. 1 (1996): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/animres:19960632.
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Mackie, G. O. "What's new in cnidarian biology?" Canadian Journal of Zoology 80, no. 10 (October 1, 2002): 1649–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/z02-138.
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This introduction to the following collection of eight review articles on aspects of cnidarian biology looks at reasons why people study these animals, their economic importance, and their conceptual interest as highlighted in the reviews.
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Elad, Daniel. "Therapy of Non-Dermatophytic Mycoses in Animals." Journal of Fungi 4, no. 4 (October 30, 2018): 120. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof4040120.
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This review focuses on aspects of antimycotic therapy specific to veterinary medicine. In the first part, drug availability, limited mostly by economic consideration but also by clinical applicability and specific adverse effects, is described for polyenes, 5 fluorocytosine, azoles, echinocandins and terbinafine. In the second part, current knowledge and experience in the treatment of selected fungal infections are overviewed. These mycoses include disseminated mold infections in small animals (dogs and cats) and avian species, upper respiratory tract infections of small animals (sino-nasal and sino-orbital aspergillosis) and horses (guttural pouch mycosis), eumycetoma, infections caused by dimorphic fungi, (blastomycosis, histoplasmosis, coccidioidomycosis, paracoccidioidomycosis and sporothrichosis) and by yeasts and yeast-like microorganism (Cryptococcus spp. and Malassezia pachydermatis).
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Borodulina, Natalia Yu, and Marina N. Makeeva. "Animal world vs human world: through cultural codes to archetypical characteristic of animalistic metaphor." Vestnik slavianskikh kul’tur [Bulletin of Slavic Cultures] 64 (2022): 239–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.37816/2073-9567-2022-64-239-254.
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The study provides archetypal characteristics analysis of animalistic metaphors in synchronic and diachronic aspects. The analysis involves the works of I. A. Krylov and modern examples from the National Corpus of the Russian Language, which enables to identify the archetypal characteristics of the animal world when representing various aspects of the life of a modern person. The latter are understood as stable in historical changes and determining the structure of the worldview of both an individual and a nation. The paper displays a classification of the characteristics of animals presented in animalistic metaphors, received through the fable, which are recognizable in modern socio-political and economic contexts. Analysis of the target area, namely the “human world”, demonstrated the presence in the content of metaphorical concepts of both personal characteristics (strength, cunning, stupidity, ignorance, arrogance) and social characteristics (hard work, unprofessionalism and incompetence, fidelity to friendship, hypocrisy, respect for experience and the collision of the new and old). At the same time, the repertoire of animalistic metaphors that verbalize the world around a person includes individual animals, groups of animals, as well as artifacts associated with animals. The conducted research testifies to the undeniable archetypal status of the metaphorical model “the world of animals → the world of man”, which made a centuries-long way to get into the Russian language and culture starting with the fables of the Russian writer I. A. Krylov.
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Kunene, Nokuthula Winfred, Carlos C. Bezuidenhout, Ignatius V. Nsahlai, and Edward A. Nesamvuni. "A review of some characteristics, socio-economic aspects and utilization of Zulu sheep: implications for conservation." Tropical Animal Health and Production 43, no. 6 (April 21, 2011): 1075–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11250-011-9823-3.
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Svynous, I., D. Mykytyuk, and A. Semysal. "Economic aspects of efficient milk production in Ukraine." Ekonomìka ta upravlìnnâ APK, no. 2(159) (November 24, 2020): 83–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9262-2020-159-2-83-94.
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The article considers the issues of increasing the efficiency of dairy production in agricultural enterprises and households. The main stages and their features in dairy farming development of the country and their impact on the efficiency of milk production in agricultural enterprises and households were highlighted. The reasons which cause decrease of cow livestock in both agricultural enterprises and households were identified. The inhibitory factors in the development of dairy cattle breeding were identified and the directions of its revival were outlined. It was substantiated that considering the current state and trends of dairy farming in Ukraine, its efficiency, government support measures should be aimed at increasing production mainly in farms of the corporate sector of the agricultural economy, which in the nearest future will become major producers of raw milk. It was determined that without the introduction of an effective system of government support for milk producers, which firstly will include the restoration of the special VAT regime, financing of dairy breeding revival at the state and regional level, it is impossible to have positive changes in increasing cows amount and increasing production efficiency, in addition the population of cows will continue to fall in the households. It is proved that today the system of breeding service, which was previously in Ukraine and allowed to conduct breeding at the appropriate level, is destroyed and does not work. It was concluded that further productivity growth and reproduction of animal’s livestock is extremely problematic due to the lack of a modern selection system in animal husbandry. It was established that the current level of profitability allows to ensure only simple reproduction in independent agricultural enterprises, mostly small and medium.It is true that in this situation, most farms in the corporate sector of the agricultural economy are trying to become part of vertically integrated structures of preserving and expanding their production activities on a qualitatively new material and technical base in the future.It was proved that the innovative type of dairy cattle breeding development will ensure the profitability of production and, accordingly, the growth of the income level of rural residents who are the employees of an agricultural enterprise. Measures of state and regional support of milk production in Ukraine were offered. Key words: dairy cattle breeding, agricultural enterprises, households, government support, milk processing plant.
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Fatima Ezzahra, Lahkak, Raggadi Hicham, Mannani Nyssrine, Guennouni Morad, and Abdennebi El Hassan. "HYDRO-TELLURIC FLUOROSIS IN MOROCCO: TOXICITY, FLUOROPATHY AND CURRENT STATE OF PREVENTIVE ASPECTS." International Journal of Advanced Research 12, no. 01 (January 31, 2024): 361–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/18129.
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Prolonged exposure to fluorides causes chronic fluoride intoxication in humans and animals, which the main manifestation is, osteodental fluorosis. In Morocco, fluorosis affects a large number of animals, particularly ruminants, and constitutes a serious handicap in contaminated regions, both economically and in terms of health. It is identified by a change in the color, structure and orientation of the teeth, and by a change in the structure and texture of the bones. Regardless of the animal species affected, fluorosis appears after a relatively long period of exposure, from several months to several years, by disorders of phosphocalcic metabolism resulting in osteodental changes associated with various general symptoms. These lesions compromise the grip, chewing and movement of the animals, and thus cause malnutrition, a drop in productivity and sometimes may lead to death. These disturbances have the characteristic of being irreversible, since once installed, no treatment allows to eliminate them in a definitive way, prevention is therefore the only way to alleviate. In order to face this fluoride intoxication, farmers use mainly empirical methods, such as transhumance, the purchase of animals from fluoride free zones or their sale at a young age before the appearance of dental lesions. The reduction of ingestion by using water sources and feed with low fluoride content as well as the supplementation of minerals (Al, Mg, B, Ca) and vitamins (the case of vitamin C) to limit absorption, are also practiced. However, aluminum-based licking salt blocks and supplemented feed enriched with minerals and vitamins are no longer used due to the lack of financial means of some breeders and state financial support. While the preventive effects of calcium, magnesium and boron, have still not been the subject of clinical studies in ruminants. Decidedly, the lack of vulgarization and the socio-economic level of the population, as well as the lack of financial support, constitute the main obstacles in the ultimate goal of counteracting hydrotelluric fluorosis.
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Lawrence, AB, J. Conington, and G. Simm. "Breeding and animal welfare: practical and theoretical advantages of multi-trait selection." Animal Welfare 13, S1 (February 2004): S191—S196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0962728600014585.
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AbstractThe traditional concerns about farm animal welfare have centred around the impact of intensive environments and management practices on the animal. This emphasis on the physical environment is changing, however, with greater consideration being given to animal factors and in particular to the selective breeding of farm animals. In this paper we use examples from our own research on dairy cattle and sheep breeding that have made positive and practical contributions towards reducing welfare problems by creating more balanced breeding programmes. In both examples, inclusion of health and fitness traits into breeding indexes can be shown to be more profitable than selecting on production traits alone. In addition, we propose that in principle animal breeding combined with economics research can make a more general contribution towards resolving animal welfare issues, by providing a framework for the quantitative evaluation of the costs and benefits of an animal production system. The advantage of the approaches currently used in multi-trait selection is that they transform all traits (production-based or welfare-based) to a common currency allowing direct comparisons of costs and benefits. Currently the weights applied to traits reflect their economic value to the producer. This approach is likely to underestimate non-economic welfare aspects such as the pain or discomfort associated with lameness, and new approaches are needed to more fully account for these non-economic welfare costs. We therefore propose that consideration is given to the use of approaches such as contingent valuation, which has been widely used in economics to derive values for non-economic activities. The question of who would pay for the addition of these welfare costs to a breeding index remains open, but it would seem most reasonable to treat these as a public good and pay for them as such through appropriate mechanisms.
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Danielak-Czech, Barbara, Anna Kozubska-Sobocińska, Grzegorz Smołucha, and Marek Babicz. "Breeding and Economic Aspects of Cytogenetic Screening Studies of Pigs Qualified for Reproduction." Animals 10, no. 7 (July 15, 2020): 1200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10071200.
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Cytogenetic monitoring allows the identification and early removal of pigs affected by inherited karyotype defects from breeding herds. These abnormalities cause developmental anomalies, considerably reducing the fertility (by several dozen to 100%) and performance parameters of breeding herds, resulting in substantial financial losses. This mainly concerns reciprocal translocations, typical of pigs, which are highly prevalent (about 0.46%), generally occur de novo, and normally result in low breeding soundness of the carriers. Due to the potential spontaneous occurrence of chromosomal aberrations and the rapid spread of these genetic defects in the population, especially under artificial insemination conditions, it is necessary to perform routine karyotype screening of animals qualified for reproduction. The cytogenetic screening program for young boars, carried out using continually refined diagnostic techniques, permits a precise and reliable karyotype assessment, identification of chromosomal abnormalities, and formulation of specific selection guidelines.
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Brown-Brandl, Tami M. "1 Creating Sensor Systems for Real Time Animal Management." Journal of Animal Science 101, Supplement_3 (November 6, 2023): 72–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skad281.088.
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Abstract Sustainable animal production needs to consider all aspects of sustainability: economic, environmental, and social. Important aspects include 1) waste and odor management, greenhouse gas emissions; 2) animal care and well-being, labor needs, worker safety, and satisfaction; 3) careful use of antibiotics, food safety, and foreign animal disease; and 4) all while the producer needs to make the business show a profit. New technological approaches for building management, animal monitoring, and care should be carefully considered to help satisfy these pressures and concerns. Increases in computing power, sensor systems, and modeling techniques lend themselves to technological advancements in animal agriculture. Research has shown promising results for implementing multiple sensor systems. Precision animal management systems use a variety of sensors to capture real-time data on individual animals and new modeling techniques to process the data into valuable information to aid management decisions. However, data streams from different sources can be problematic. This presentation aims to provide an understanding of current and future technologies and the advantages, difficulties, and pitfalls of processing and combining different types of real-time data. Current technologies used in precision animal management systems include sound, images, and radio frequency identification (RFID) systems. Steps to a successful system include 1) evaluating the needs of the producers and the animals, 2) selecting appropriate sensors, and 3) understanding both the value and the limitation of the captured data and the data processing.
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De Petrillo, Francesca, and Alexandra G. Rosati. "Variation in primate decision-making under uncertainty and the roots of human economic behaviour." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 376, no. 1819 (January 11, 2021): 20190671. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2019.0671.
Full textAbstract:
Uncertainty is a ubiquitous component of human economic behaviour, yet people can vary in their preferences for risk across populations, individuals and different points in time. As uncertainty also characterizes many aspects of animal decision-making, comparative research can help evaluate different potential mechanisms that generate this variation, including the role of biological differences or maturational change versus cultural learning, as well as identify human-unique components of economic decision-making. Here, we examine decision-making under risk across non-human primates, our closest relatives. We first review theoretical approaches and current methods for understanding decision-making in animals. We then assess the current evidence for variation in animal preferences between species and populations, between individuals based on personality, sex and age, and finally, between different contexts and individual states. We then use these primate data to evaluate the processes that can shape human decision-making strategies and identify the primate foundations of human economic behaviour. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Existence and prevalence of economic behaviours among non-human primates’.