Academic literature on the topic 'Economic aspects of Carbon fibers'
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Journal articles on the topic "Economic aspects of Carbon fibers"
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Neves, Rui, and Diogo Felicíssimo. "Control of Cracking in Textile Reinforced Concrete with Unresin Carbon Fibers." Materials 13, no. 14 (July 18, 2020): 3209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13143209.
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Textile reinforced concrete (TRC) is an emerging construction material with interesting potential concerning sustainability, providing corrosion-free and lightweight solutions. Ordinarily, fiber bundles, impregnated with resin, are used. In this research the performance of reinforcement with unresin fibers is investigated. Control of cracking is considered the key performance factor and is assessed through tensile testing. However, economic and environmental aspects are addressed as well. Then, four different mixes/matrices were considered, without the addition of special/expensive admixtures. TRC ties were subject to direct tension tests, with load and deformation monitoring to assess the influence of mechanical reinforcement ratio on the cracking, failure and toughness of these composites, as well as of the matrix properties on the maximum load. It was observed that at a macro-level TRC behaves like conventional reinforced concrete, concerning crack control. Based on the maximum loads attained at the different composites, it was found that this particular TRC is economically viable. It is suggested that matrix workability may influence the maximum load.
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David, Francesco, Vincenzo Tagliaferri, and Federica Trovalusci. "CFRP Laminates with Recycled Carbon Fiber: Resin Infusion and Mechanical Characterisation." Materials Science Forum 1046 (September 22, 2021): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1046.111.
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The possibility to produce new components using reclaimed non-woven carbon fabric has been investigated. Being composite waste production increased, different strategies and technologies for recycling are developing to face criticalities and economic aspects related to their disposal. In this scenario, CFRP laminates with recycled carbon fiber and epoxy vinyl ester resin have been fabricated by Resin Infusion under Flexible Tooling (RIFT) and mechanical characterization has been performed to investigate their behavior under tensile, flexural and macro-indentation loads.
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Arnold, Uwe, Thomas Brück, Andreas De Palmenaer, and Kolja Kuse. "Carbon Capture and Sustainable Utilization by Algal Polyacrylonitrile Fiber Production: Process Design, Techno-Economic Analysis, and Climate Related Aspects." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 57, no. 23 (May 4, 2018): 7922–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.7b04828.
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Wimmer, Alexander, and Bernhard Schwarz. "Production Routes for Impact Extruded Aluminum Parts for the Automotive Industry." Key Engineering Materials 710 (September 2016): 222–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.710.222.
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In the past months due to decreasing fuel prices the brisance of light weight design got lost, however climate change is still continuing and there is an increasing demand for aluminum parts for mobile applications. There is a strong rivalry between well-known materials such as aluminum, steel and plastic, however technical progress features new materials such as carbon fiber laminates (CFK). New competitors in North America and China are increasing the cost pressure, which requires further process optimizations. In this work different fabrication methods for impact extruded parts are analyzed and economical and technological aspects are compared. A comparison between traditional and state-of-the-art production routes is done. Based on an input-output analysis the alternatives are compared by economic and ecologic aspects, allowing a substantiated examination. Through the comprehensive analysis, options for technological optimizations are revealed to attenuate disadvantages of alternatives with economic advantages, ensuring technological leadership.
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Agus, Cahyono, Pita Asih Bekti Cahyanti, Bambang Suhartanto, and Pipit Noviyani. "Organic Waste Management and Integrated Bio-Cycle Farming System for Sustainable Development in Tropical Ecosystem." Applied Mechanics and Materials 898 (May 2020): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.898.45.
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The tropical ecosystem had high biomass productivity but still less in economic values. Integrated Bio-cycle Farming System (IBFS) was an alternative system that harmoniously combines agricultural sectors (agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery, plantation estate, horticulture) and non-agricultural aspects (industry, household, infrastructure, the marketplace) on integrated ecological management. The key characteristics of IBFS developed in UGM University Farm were (i) an integration of agriculture and non-agriculture sector, (ii) value of environment, esthetics and economics, (iii) rotation and diversity of plants, (iv) artificial and functional biotechnology, (v) management of closed organic cycle, (vi) ecosystem health management, (vii) agropolitan concept, (viii) specific management of plant and (ix) holistic and integrated system. The management of cycle of energy, organic matter and carbon, water, nutrient, production, crop, money conducted through 9R (reuse, reduce, recycle, refill, replace, repair, replant, rebuild, reward) to obtain optimal benefits for global environment and livelihood. The system had a sustainable multifunction and multi-product (food, feed, fuel, fiber, fertilizer, biopharma, water, energy, oxygen, edutainment, eco-tourism). They would meet the expected basic need for daily-, monthly-, yearly- and decade’s income at short-, medium- and long- term periods. IBFS was a good prospect for sustainable economic, environmental, and socio-culture aspects.
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Wang, Jing. "Analysis of Technology and Economy for Steel Structure Reinforced with Carbon Fiber Sheets." Applied Mechanics and Materials 351-352 (August 2013): 1432–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.351-352.1432.
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Fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) can be used to restore the stiffness and bearing capacity of the damaged steel structures and improve their fatigue resistance. The reinforcement technology has the advantages of fast construction, short cycle, environmental protection and can greatly reduce the cost of the projects. Because there is a large number of steel structure need reinforced in our country, the market potential is tremendous. With localization of FRP and technology advancement of material production, the reinforcement technology will have a stronger competitiveness. Combined with material properties, comprehensive cost, construction method, maintenance and other aspects of FRP, a comprehensive technical and economic analysis has been done for FRP reinforcement and repair technology of steel structure. It could be provided a theory basis and application reference for existing steel repair reinforcement technology.
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Kumar, Santosh, and KK Singh. "Tribological behaviour of fibre-reinforced thermoset polymer composites: A review." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 234, no. 11 (July 21, 2020): 1439–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464420720941554.
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Application of fibre-reinforced polymer composites has increased over the last two decades as compared to conventional materials. This improvement in the application of fibre-reinforced polymer composites is attributed to their unique material properties, such as high strength and stiffness-to-weight ratio, specific modulus and internal vibration damping. However, in most of the industrial applications, composite materials encounter tribological complications. Economic indicators and market dynamics suggested that the market for composite materials is booming and the dominant materials are carbon fibres, glass fibres and thermoset polymer (polyester resin) in resin segments. That is why tribological characteristics are crucial in designing carbon and glass-based fibre-reinforced polymer components. Owing to this importance, the study of tribological behaviour of fibre-reinforced polymer composite materials has expanded significantly. The present study has made an attempt to review the fundamental tribological applications and critical aspects of fibre-reinforced polymers, based on research work, which has been carried out over the past couple of decades. This work has primarily focused on the fibre-reinforced polymer composites, based on carbon and glass fibres with thermosets as the matrix material for probing into tribological behaviours. In the process, the focus has largely been on the most commonly occurring erosive and abrasive mode of wear process.
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Schindler, Stefan, Hans-Jürgen Bauder, Jürgen Wolfrum, Jürgen Seibold, Nemanja Stipic, Larissa von Wascinski, Meike Tilebein, and Götz Theodor Gresser. "Engineering of three-dimensional near-net-shape weave structures for high technical performance in carbon fibre–reinforced plastics." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 14 (January 2019): 155892501986123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558925019861239.
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To tap the full potential of reinforcing fibres for lightweight construction of sustainable carbon fibre–reinforced plastic components, woven three-dimensional reinforcement structures open up innovative approaches by integrating functional features. In this work, a novel three-dimensional shuttle weaving technology was taken advantage of to study carbon reinforcement structures with uninterrupted load trajectories from three points of view. Mechanical principals, economic and environmental issues were focused to provide an overall picture. Near-net-shape reinforcement fabrics with load trajectory–compliant yarn paths and interconnected layers that are interwoven in thickness direction were objects of investigation. The effects of a closed fabric selvedge, only producible by shuttle weaving, were investigated too. The here presented novel technology enables complex woven reinforcement structures that otherwise would demand several fabric layers leading to limited properties and lower performance of the carbon fibre–reinforced plastics due to missing interconnections between the layers. The studies on exemplary rods revealed a close relationship between different three-dimensional weave structures and the carbon fibre–reinforced plastic’s mechanical properties. The three-dimensional structures were woven in a single-step process and subsequently infiltrated with epoxy resin in the Vacuum Assisted Process (VAP®) and mechanically tested. Rounding off, universal guidelines for the layout of three-dimensional fabrics for rods were derived therefrom. The economic and environmental aspects of the complete process line were compared to the conventional manufacturing procedures for carbon fibre–reinforced plastic by material flow cost accounting. Looking at sustainability, material flow cost accounting showed that lightweight three-dimensional components with integrated features can be produced cost-effectively with less environmental impact by the novel weaving technology. Its capability for high-quality serial production of three-dimensional reinforcement structures is evident, which was one major result of the work.
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del Río, José C. "Editorial- Valorization of Agroforest Crops for Biomass Utilization." Open Agriculture Journal 4, no. 1 (December 31, 2010): 85–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874331501004010085.
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There is a growing need to consider alternative agricultural strategies that move an agricultural industry focused on food production to one that also supplies the needs of other industrial sectors, such as paper, textiles, biofuels or added-value chemicals, in the context of the so-called lignocellulose biorefinery. Biorefineries use renewable raw materials to produce energy together with a wide range of everyday commodities in an economic manner. Decreasing our dependency on fossil fuel reserves and boosting rural development are important goals of modern society. Biorefineries are therefore seen as a very promising route to meeting our aims for sustained prosperity and preserving the environment. Renewable sources of energy and products are required for sustainable development of our society in the near future. Plant biomass is the main source of renewable materials in Earth and represents a potential source of renewable energy and biobased products. Biomass is available in high amounts at very low cost (as forest, agricultural or industrial lignocellulosic wastes and cultures) and could be a widely available and inexpensive source for biofuels and bioproducts in the near future. This special issue of The Open Agriculture Journal is devoted to the “Valorization of agroforest crops for biomass utilization” and provides a comprehensive description of the current state-of-the-art in the whole fields of lignocellulose biorefineries, including studies on different feedstocks (plant biomass, agro-industrial residues, energy crops or new industrial crops), technologies for biomass deconstruction and fractionation (i.e. alkaline pulping, organosolv fractionation), and products (i.e. biofuels, composite building materials, lignin, paper pulp and other industrial products). Different papers by internationally recognized experts have been collected for this special issue and report various aspects of biomass utilization and valorization. Among them, the paper by Díaz et al. evaluates different fast-growing species (paulownia, tagasaste, giant reed, leucaena and sesbania) according to their biomass productivity, chemical composition and the chemical characteristics of the liquids obtained after an autohydrolysis treatment. The study confirms the feasibility of the nonisothermal autohydrolysis treatment process for the selected species to yield sugar oligomers and hemicellulosic sugar. The paper by Marques et al., on the other hand, reported the detailed chemical composition of several non-woody plant fibers (bast fibers from flax, hemp, kenaf, jute; leaf fibers from sisal, abaca and curaua; and giant reed), which are used as raw materials for pulp and papermaking, with especial emphasis in the chemistry of lipids and lignin and their fate during alkaline pulping. This study offers valuable information that will lead to a better industrial utilization of these non-woody plant species of high socioeconomic interest. Likewise, the paper by Villaverde et al. provided a review of the chemistry of another interesting crop, Miscanthus x giganteus, as a source of biobased products (i.e. paper pulp) through organosolv fractionation. Organosolv processes have demonstrated their effectiveness as fractionation treatments, therefore special emphasis was placed by the authors on these systems and, in particular, in those using carboxylic acids, such as the Acetosolv, Formosolv and Milox processes. Similarly, the paper by Gullón et al. provided an excellent review of selected process alternatives for biomass refining. Special attention was devoted to biorefinery schemes dealing with the fractionation of lignocellulosic raw materials by chemical treatments. The potential of hydrothermal treatments as the first stage of future biorefineries is discussed. Special attention was also paid to the low-volume, high-added value products that can be solubilized by this type of technology. In the same way, the paper by da Silva and Curvelo reported the acetone-water delignification of Eucalyptus urograndis, a process that also fits perfectly with the biomass biorefinery approach, and obtained high selectivity at the beginning of the pulping process. On the other hand, agricultural residues, which are usually disposed, have major components (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) that can also be exploited for production of bioenergy or bioproducts. In this sense, the paper by Jiménez and Rodríguez studied the valorization of agricultural residues by fractionation of their components. The authors review the different possibilities of biomass fractionation by hydrothermal treatments as well as by organosolv delignification. Alternative and novel uses of biomass products are also reported in this special issue. Although an excellent bio-fuel, however, new uses of lignin in more high-value-added products might be more attractive and profitable. Thus, the paper by Gellerstedt et al. focused on the production of carbon fibers from lignin into the wood-based biorefinery concept. Lignin-based carbon fiber is the most value-added product from a wood-based biorefinery. The replacement of construction steel in cars and trucks with a much lighter carbon fiber-based composite will ultimately result in more fuel-efficient vehicles. Various attempts to make carbon fiber from lignins are discussed in this interesting paper. Finally, the paper by Tiilikkala et al. also reports a novel use of another biomass product, wood pyrolysis liquids (so-called wood vinegar), as biocide and plant protection product. Wood vinegar and other slow pyrolysis liquids are produced as a by-product of charcoal production. The aim of this review was to clarify the potential of slow pyrolysis liquids in agricultural use, in particular, in pesticide applications. The main challenges in developing novel bio control technologies are discussed in this paper and the barriers in the commercialization of biological control agents are revealed. In conclusion, all the studies reported in the papers presented in this special issue are intended to get a wider and more rational use of agro-forest resources as is the cultivated plant biomass used as raw material for the manufacturing of bio-fuels and bio-products in the context of the biorefinery approach. As the Guest Editor of this special issue, I wish to thank all the contributing authors and reviewers for their efforts to put forth this collection of papers, that I am sure will be of high interest for the readers of The Open Agriculture Journal.
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Ruan, Yong-Ling. "Recent advances in understanding cotton fibre and seed development." Seed Science Research 15, no. 4 (December 2005): 269–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ssr2005217.
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The unique feature of the seed of tetraploid cotton (Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium barbadense) is that about 30% of the seed coat epidermal cells develop into cellulose-enriched fibres, while the embryos synthesize oils and proteins. Hence, both the maternal and filial tissues of the cotton seed are of significant economic value. After initiation from the ovule epidermis at or just before anthesis, the single-celled fibres elongate to 2.5–6.0 cm long in the tetraploid species before they switch to intensive secondary cell wall cellulose synthesis. Thus, apart from its agronomic importance, the cotton fibre represents a model single-cell system to study the control of cell differentiation and elongation, carbon partitioning to cellulose synthesis and also the interaction between maternal (fibre) and embryonic tissues in seeds. Over the past decade or so, significant effort has been made to understand the cellular and molecular basis of cotton fibre development and oil biosynthesis in the embryo. Metabolic engineering of the oil biosynthetic pathway in cotton seed has successfully produced healthier and stable oils. A number of candidate genes and cellular processes that potentially regulate various aspects of fibre development have been identified. Further elucidation of the in vivo functions of those candidate genes could significantly deepen our understanding of fibre development and offer potential for improvement of fibre quality through genetic engineering or marker-assisted breeding approaches.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Economic aspects of Carbon fibers"
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Radja, Rajni. "The economic sequestration potential of agricultural soils in Canada in response to a carbon market /." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=100202.
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The Canadian greenhouse gas offset system was proposed and developed with the objective of assisting Canada in achieving its Kyoto target by means of low cost emission reduction. This study estimates the potential of agricultural soils in Canada to provide carbon credits. Carbon sequestration practices such as moderate till, no-till and perennial crop activities were considered in the analysis. Crops under different tillage regimes, hay and alfalfa were also included in the study. Simulation analysis was undertaken using the Canadian Regional Agricultural Model (CRAM) for carbon prices ranging from $5 to $100/t of CO2e. Carbon credits generated as a result of the sequestration activities were estimated by endogenizing a carbon price for the sequestration activity into the CRAM model. The analysis was done regionally, provincially, and nationally. Two scenarios were investigated; one that included tillage practices and perennial crops (Policy All) and the other that only included tillage practices (Policy Till). Cropping pattern changes, carbon sequestration levels, carbon revenues, and adoption rates were estimated in the simulation. In addition, the role of transaction costs in the offset system was also examined.The results of the simulation indicated that crop shifts towards hay and alfalfa occurred in the Policy All scenario, while practice shifts towards moderate and no-till occurred in the Policy Till scenario. Simulation analysis indicated that carbon sequestration levels vary by province and region. Among the provinces, the Prairie provinces had the highest carbon sequestration levels ranging from 50 percent under the Policy Till scenario, while under the Policy All scenario it was close to 97 percent. Nationally at a medium price of $15/t of CO2 approximately 1.08 Mt of CO2 and 0.11 Mt of CO2 were sequestered under Policy All and Policy Till scenario. When transaction costs were included in the analysis, approximately 30 to 40 percent less sequestration from the baseline was estimated. The results varied by province and region.
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Jetté-Nantel, Simon. "Impact of a carbon market on afforestation incentives : a real option approach." Thesis, McGill University, 2006. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=98735.
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The study investigates farmers' decision to afforest marginal agricultural land to create carbon sinks in western Canada. A real option model, which incorporates price risks related to carbon and timber revenues as well as opportunity cost uncertainty, is used to assess the impact of a carbon market on farmers' afforestation decision. Irreversibility of the decision is also modeled by including sunk cost of forest establishment and the cost of reversing the afforestation process. In addition, the non-permanence impact on the profitability of afforestation was analyzed by assessing the effect of two non-permanence carbon accounting schemes.Results indicate that both, actual non-permanence policies and the presence of real options, have a significant negative impact on afforestation incentives. However, the carbon market has a positive effect as it increases the expected revenues to afforestation and also represents a diversification opportunity. Yet, even in the presence of a carbon market the investment barrier remains considerable. Despite the positive effect of the carbon market, results show that unless carbon prices reach levels well above $100/tC a subsidization of afforestation cost is needed in order to generate substantial GHG abatement from marginal agricultural land afforestation in western Canada.
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Morand, Hugues. "The economic potential of the Quebec cropping sector to sequester carbon in agricultural soils /." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=80335.
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This research simulates the response of the Quebec cropping sector to the introduction of carbon credit revenue which could be made available through the implementation of a greenhouse gas emissions trading and offset system in Canada. Eligible carbon sequestering practices investigated in the simulations include adoption of moderate tillage and no-till as well as the conversion to a permanent cover crop. Monetary demand for greenhouse gas emissions offsets from the cropping sector is endogenized in the objective function of the Canadian Regional Agriculture Model (CRAM) which has been modified to account for the simulations and for the disaggregation of the single crop region of Quebec into eleven sub-regions. Changes in the cropping sector induced by the introduction of seven different carbon price levels, ranging from $1/t CO2 to $100/t CO2, are compared to a baseline. Variables covered in the simulation results include: relative profitability of carbon sequestering crops/technology; adoption rates of moderate tillage and no-till; carbon sequestration levels; carbon credit revenue; cropping pattern, crop production and livestock.Results indicate that carbon sequestration in agricultural soils could only contribute a minor share of the total emission reduction in Quebec, even with very high carbon price levels. At a carbon price of $15/t CO2, it is estimated that changes in tillage practices and permanent cover would result in an additional 12,328 t CO2 per year sequestered by the cropping sector in Quebec. However, some regions display higher adoption rates of carbon sequestering practices than other regions and appear to be more responsive to the price incentive. The introduction of a monetary demand for GHGE offsets from the cropping sector induces some changes in terms of cropping pattern and crop production level, while it has almost no impact on the livestock sector.
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Henderson, Marilyn. "Some aspects of the production of cashmere fibre from nonselected Australian feral goats." Title page, contents and forward only, 1990. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phh497.pdf.
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Includes bibliographical references (leaves 246-280) and index. Deals with the domestication of the goat and the history of the cashmere industry; investigates fibre physiology and production in general; and gives a detailed account of skin histology and fibre production of goats with particular reference to the cashmere-bearing animal; followed by research related to cashmere fibre production
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Ho, Minh Trang Thi Chemical Sciences & Engineering Faculty of Engineering UNSW. "Techno-economic modelling of CO2 capture systems for Australian industrial sources." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/30566.
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Australia is recognising that carbon capture and storage (CCS) may be a feasible pathway for addressing increasing levels of CO2 emissions. This thesis presents a preliminary economic assessment and comparison of the capture costs for different Australian CO2 emission sources. The capture technologies evaluated include solvent absorption, pressure swing adsorption (PSA), gas separation membranes and low temperature separation. The capture cost estimated for hydrogen production, IGCC power plants and natural gas processing is less than A$30/tonne CO2 avoided. CO2 capture cost for iron production ranges from A$30 to A$40 per tonne CO2 avoided. Higher costs of A$40 to over A$80 per tonne CO2 avoided were estimated for flue gas streams from pulverised coal and NGCC power plants, oil refineries and cement facilities, and IDGCC synthesis gas. Based on 2004 and 2005 EU ETS carbon prices (A$30 to A$45 per tonne CO2 avoided), the cost of capture using current commercially available absorption technology may deter wide-scale implementation of CCS, in particular for combustion processes. A sensitivity analysis was undertaken to explore the opportunities for reducing costs. The high cost for capture using solvent absorption is dependent on the energy needed for solvent regeneration and the high capital costs. Cost reductions can be achieved by using new low regeneration energy solvents coupled with recycling the waste heat from the absorption process back to the steam cycle, and using low cost ???fit-for-purpose??? equipment. For membrane and PSA technologies, the capture costs are dominated by the flue gas and post-capture compressors. Operating the permeate or desorption stream under vacuum conditions provides significant cost reductions. Improvements in membrane and adsorbent characteristics such as the adsorbent loading or membrane permeability, CO2 selectivity, and lower prices for the membrane or adsorbent material provide further cost benefits. For low partial pressure CO2 streams, capture using low temperature ???anti-sublimation??? separation can be an alternative option. Low costs could be achieved by operating under low pressures and integrating with external sources of waste heat. Applying the cost reductions achievable with technology and process improvements reduces the capture and CCS costs to a level less than current carbon prices, making CCS an attractive mitigation option.
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Viteva, Svetlana. "The informational efficiency of the European carbon market." Thesis, University of Stirling, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1893/11204.
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This thesis examines the informational efficiency of the European carbon market based on the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme (EU ETS). The issue is approached from three different perspectives. I explore whether the volatility embedded in carbon options is a rational forecast of subsequently realized volatility. Then, I investigate if, and to what extent, new information about the structural and institutional set-up of the market impacts the carbon price dynamics. Lastly, I examine whether the European carbon market is relevant for the firm valuations of covered companies. First, perhaps because the market is new and derivatives’ trading on emission allowances has only started recently, carbon options have not yet been extensively studied. By using data on options traded on the European Climate Exchange, this thesis examines an aspect of market efficiency which has been previously overlooked. Market efficiency suggests that, conditional upon the accuracy of the option pricing model, implied volatility should be an unbiased and efficient forecast of future realized volatility (Campbell et al., 1997). Black (1976) implied volatility and implied volatility estimates directly surveyed from market participants are used in this thesis to study the information content of carbon options. Implied volatility is found to be highly informative and directionally accurate in forecasting future volatility. There is no evidence, however, that volatility embedded in carbon options is an unbiased and efficient forecast of future realized volatility. Instead, historical volatility-based forecasts are shown to contain incremental information to implied volatility, particularly for short-term forecasts. In addition, this thesis finds no evidence that directly surveyed implied volatility estimates perform better as a forecast of future volatility relative to Black’s (1976) estimates. Second, the market sensitivity to announcements about the organizational and institutional set-up of the EU ETS is re-examined. Despite their importance for the carbon price formation, demand-side announcements and announcements about the post-2012 framework have not yet been researched. By examining a very comprehensive and updated dataset of announcements, this thesis adds to the earlier works of Miclaus et al. (2008), Mansanet-Bataller and Pardo (2009) and Lepone et al. (2011). Market participants are found to rationally incorporate new information about the institutional and regulatory framework of the emissions trading scheme into the carbon price dynamics. However, they seem to be unable to accurately assess the implications of inter-temporal banking and borrowing on pricing futures contracts with different maturities. The impact of macroeconomic conditions on the market responsiveness is investigated by splitting the dataset into subsamples according to two alternative methods: 1) a simple split into pre-crisis and full-crisis time periods, and 2) according to a Bai-Perron structural break test. Evidence is found that in the context of economic slowdown and known allowances oversupply, the relationship between the carbon price and its fundamentals (institutional announcements, energy prices and extreme weather) breaks down. These findings are consistent with the arguments in Hintermann (2010), Keppler and Mansanet-Bataller (2010) and Koop and Tole (2011) that carbon price drivers change in response to the differing context of the individual trading periods. Third, the role of carbon performance in firm valuation is understudied. Since companies were not obliged to disclose their carbon emissions prior to the launch of the EU ETS, there exists little empirical evidence of the effect of carbon performance on market value. Earlier studies of the European carbon market have only focused on the impact of ETS compliance on the profitability and competitiveness of covered companies (e.g. Anger and Oberndorfer, 2008). There is also little research on how the newly available emissions data has altered the carbon performance of companies. This thesis addresses these gaps in the literature by examining the stock price reactions of British and German firms on the day of verified emissions release under the EU ETS over the period 2006 – 2011. An event study is conducted using a Seemingly Unrelated Regressions model to deal with the event clustering present in the dataset. Limited evidence is found that investors use information about the carbon performance of companies in their valuations. The information contained in the carbon emissions reports is shown to be somewhat more important for companies with high carbon-intensive operations. This thesis finds no conclusive evidence that the cap-and-trade programme has been able to provide regulated companies with enough incentives to de-carbonize their operations. The market does not punish companies which continue to emit carbon at increasing rates or reward companies which improve their carbon performance. In brief, the results of the thesis suggest that the market is not fully efficient yet. Inefficiently priced carbon options may allow for arbitrage trades in the market. The inability of investors to incorporate rules on inter-temporal banking and borrowing of allowances across the different trading periods leads to significant price reactions when there should be none. A recessionary economic environment and a known oversupply of emission allowances have led to a disconnect between the carbon price and its fundamental drivers. And, lastly, the signal embedded in the carbon price is not strong enough to invoke investor action and turn carbon performance into a standard component of investment analysis.
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Seres, Stephen. "The power generation sector's demand for fossil fuels : a quantitative assessment on the viability of carbon fees for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=31535.
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The demand for fossil fuels by Ontario's conventional steam power generation sector is examined. It is hypothesised that the enactment of a carbon fee policy will induce a change in the relative prices of the three fuels used in this sector (coal, natural gas and heavy fuel oil). This would lead to substantial interfuel substitution and greenhouse gas abatement. The demand share equations for the three fuels are derived from the translog functional form and set in a simulation model to estimate the value of a carbon fee necessary, to reduce carbon dioxide emissions in compliance with the Kyoto Protocol. Results suggest that a fuel specific carbon fee policy would be successful in achieving the desired emissions reduction at a negligible net cost to society.
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Aiyegbusi, Olufemi. "The Alberta carbon market : an exploration of alternative policy options through agent-based modeling." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Management, c2012, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/3434.
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Our study examines some design alternatives for a carbon market by exploring the fledgling Alberta carbon market. We attempt to evaluate the performance of these designs on the bases of trade volume, cost efficiency and stability. To achieve this we construct an empirically-calibrated but simple agent-based model, certain aspects of which we selectively modify to incorporate various design options. We make comparisons among these options based on data simulated from the ensuing family of models.
We find strong evidence that in general, market design features such as source-of-credits, the scale of the market, and pricing-mechanism are very important considerations that influence the performance of the market. In addition, we find support for the notion that the level of the price cap relative to the average cost of abatement in the market matters, and beyond a threshold, higher price caps are associated with lower levels of performance.vii, 155 leaves ; 29 cm
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Hou, Guolong. "The feasibility of carbon-subsidized afforestation projects : a case study of China." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2020. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/887.
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Afforestation projects in China have substantially contributed to national CO2 sequestration and play an important role in international climate change mitigation. However, these nation-wide afforestation projects are usually funded by the national government, with very large and unsustainable investments. It is important to find alternative sources of funding to finance afforestation, and convince poor farmers to become involved in afforestation projects. Carbon-subsidized afforestation could be the solution. The current study aims to find i) whether farmers need additional subsidies to reforest their marginal farmland; if so, ii) whether the value of carbon sequestration of afforestation can offset farmers' net costs. To do this, first I determine the amount of carbon sequestration though afforestation. Second, I assess the value of carbon sequestration, the costs and benefits of afforestation projects, and the costs and benefits of crop production. Third, I investigate the optimal rotation period of the plantations considering a joint production of timber and carbon, for different species. Results show that total carbon sequestration through tree biomass and soil carbon following afforestation differs among tree species and stand age as well as across regions. Economic trees sequester less carbon than ecological trees and bamboo. Among economic trees, nut trees with an inedible hard shell sequester more carbon than fruit trees. The regional context significantly influences the carbon sequestration potential, with more carbon sequestered in southern and eastern regions than in northern regions. Bamboo also shows a remarkable carbon sequestration potential, which is even greater than Chinese fir and Poplar in northern regions. Although afforestation programs have huge potential to store carbon, the voluntary acceptance by landowners crucially depends on their economic outcome. I found that usually carbon credits can compensate for the opportunity costs of alternative land uses, except i) when highly profitable croplands are afforested, in which case carbon credits are not sufficient, and ii) when croplands that generates low incomes are afforested, in which case carbon credits are not needed. Fruit trees are the most cost-effective option for afforestation. Bamboo afforestation is economically attractive if carbon revenues is included. The minimum price of carbon credit decreases with increasing project duration because more carbon is stored when time increases. This does not hold for fast-growing trees like Eucalyptus, for which the minimum price increases with extended project duration. Given the temporal variations of joint production of timber and carbon sequestration, the carbon accounting regimes (tCER, temporary Certified Emission Reductions and lCER, long-term Certified Emission Reductions) have a significant impact on the optimal rotation as well as on the revenue. Forest managers have an incentive to use tCER accounting to finance slow-growing plantations, and lCER for fast-growing ones. I perform a sensitivity analysis detects the changes of rotation period with different carbon prices and discount rates. While the optimal decision for slow-growing species (e.g. Chinese fir) is highly sensitive to changes in both variables under tCER accounting, the results concerning fast-growing species (e.g. Eucalyptus) are most sensitive under the lCER accounting regime. In contrast, carbon revenues have a minimal impact on the optimal rotation of Poplar plantations, no matter which regime is applied. I conclude that carbon-subsidized afforestation is a feasible way to offset the opportunity costs of retired farmland and support the livelihood of farmers. The findings can contribute to the efficient and sustainable management of forestry projects using carbon sequestration, while the methodology can also be applied to other regions in the world.
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De, Maio Sukic Alejandro. "Landowners' willingness to accept compensation for selling saltwater marshes to a conservation program : a multiple bounded discrete choice approach." Thesis, McGill University, 2001. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=31217.
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Saltwater marshes in the Bay of Fundy act as greenhouse gases sinks and reservoirs by fixing atmospheric carbon dioxide and storing it in carbon rich deposits. There are approximately 3,131.5 hectares of saltwater marsh in the Bay of Fundy, of which 958 ha are currently owned by the government or conservation organizations and 2,173.5 ha are owned by private landowners. A multiple bounded discrete choice contingent valuation survey was conducted to estimate landowners' willingness to accept compensation for selling their saltwater marshes to a conservation program. A multiple bounded model developed by Gregory Poe and Michael Welsh (1995) was used to analyze the responses. Mean willingness to accept compensation for one hectare of saltwater marsh was estimated to be $1,004.22, and aggregate willingness to accept compensation for the total of 2,173.5 ha of saltwater marsh owned by private landowners was approximately $2,180,000. Using these estimates and the rate of carbon dioxide-equivalent absorption of saltwater marshes, the opportunity cost of one tonne of carbon dioxide-equivalent sequestered by saltwater marshes in the Bay of Fundy was calculated to range between $16.70 and $19.95. Decision-makers can use this result for policy purposes concerning the achievement by Canada of its greenhouse gases emission reduction commitment under the Kyoto Protocol (1997).
Books on the topic "Economic aspects of Carbon fibers"
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Lecocq, Franck. State and trends of the carbon market 2004. Washington, D.C: World Bank, Carbon Finance Business, 2005.
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Burniaux, Jean-Marc. Carbon emission leakages: A general equilibrium view. Paris: OECD, 2000.
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Governing low-carbon development and the economy. Tokyo, Japan: United Nations University Press, 2014.
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Crops and carbon: Paying farmers to combat climate change. Abingdon, Oxon: Earthscan, 2011.
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Ivan, Zelenko, ed. A financing facility for low-carbon development. Washington, D.C: World Bank, 2010.
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Juhász, Imrus. Carbon capture and greenhouse gases. Hauppauge, N.Y: Nova Science Publishers, 2009.
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Hüttinger, K. J. "Theoretical and Practical Aspects of Liquid-Phase Pyrolysis as Basis of the Carbon Matrix of CFRC." In Carbon Fibers Filaments and Composites, 301–25. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-6847-0_13.
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Ismail, Sikiru Oulwarotimi, and Emmanuel Isaac Akpan. "Lignin Carbon Fibres: Properties, Applications and Economic Efficiency." In Sustainable Lignin for Carbon Fibers: Principles, Techniques, and Applications, 395–426. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18792-7_9.
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Piacentino, Diego. "Carbon Taxation and Global Warming: Domestic Policy Aspects." In Economic Incentives and Environmental Policies, 113–28. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-0856-0_6.
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Solberg, Birger, and Hans Fredrik Hoen. "Economic aspects of carbon sequestration—some findings from Norway." In Forest Ecosystems, Forest Management and the Global Carbon Cycle, 363–74. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-61111-7_33.
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Bithas, Kostas, Antonios Kolimenakis, and Angelos Mimis. "Novel Aspects for Accounting and Monitoring Carbon Sequestration of Tree Crops in the Mediterranean; Environmental and Economic Benefits." In Recent Advances in Environmental Science from the Euro-Mediterranean and Surrounding Regions (2nd Edition), 1009–12. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51210-1_157.
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Lukszo, Zofia, and Samira Farahani. "A Comprehensive Engineering Approach to Shaping the Future Energy System." In Shaping an Inclusive Energy Transition, 245–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-74586-8_11.
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AbstractThe urgency to significantly reduce the impacts of climate change is felt around the globe. By signing the Paris agreement in 2016, 195 governments have agreed on a long-term goal of keeping the increase in global average temperature below 2 °C above preindustrial levels and on aiming to limit the increase to 1.5 °C. To reach these goals, major technological, organizational, and social changes in different sectors and their services are needed. To understand and steer the transition from the current energy system towards a carbon-free energy system, we propose a comprehensive engineering framework that integrates different aspects, such as technical, economic, cyber-physical, social, institutional and political, that are needed in the design of such a complex system. We explain the importance of combining different disciplines to provide comprehensive models and tools in order to support and achieve a sustainable, affordable, reliable and inclusive energy transition.
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"Operation of Carbon Fiber Plant and Safety Aspects." In Carbon Fibers and Their Composites, 461–92. CRC Press, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781420028744-15.
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"Soil Carbon: Farming and Economic Aspects." In Encyclopedia of Soil Science, Third Edition, 2078–80. CRC Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1081/e-ess3-120044432.
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"IL PRODUCTION OF ELEMENTAL FLUORINE A. Historical and Economic Aspects." In Fluorine-Carbon and Fluoride-Carbon Materials, 294–95. CRC Press, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781482293562-60.
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Nasr, Mohamed Fathy. "An overview on processing aspects and environmental applications of activated carbon fibers." In Green Chemistry for Sustainable Textiles, 253–64. Elsevier, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-323-85204-3.00021-x.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Economic aspects of Carbon fibers"
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Rakhmindyarto, Rakhmindyarto. "Climate Policies in Indonesia’s Development Agenda: Why a Carbon Tax is Marginalised." In LPPM UPN "VETERAN" Yogyakarta International Conference Series 2020. RSF Press & RESEARCH SYNERGY FOUNDATION, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31098/pss.v1i1.83.
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Drawing on the results of an exploratory qualitative study based on in-depth interviews involving government executives, politicians, business players, and non-government organisations (NGOs), this paper explores climate policies in Indonesia’s national development agenda, including whether a carbon tax could be one of the national priority policy goals. The results suggest that there is heterogeneity in how Indonesian key stakeholders perceive climate policies in Indonesia’s development agenda. Indonesian stakeholders are cognisant of the adverse impacts of climate change on social, economic, and environmental aspects. They also acknowledge that having clear and sound climate mitigation policies is required to achieve Indonesia’s ambitious GHG emissions reduction target. However, Indonesia’s development policy goals are focusing on economic growth, in particular boosting infrastructure investments, reducing poverty and inequality, and job expansion. This makes climate policies are compromised and has created conflicts between Indonesia’s development agenda and its commitment to deal with climate change issues. Overall, the study finds that climate policies are incompatible with Indonesia’s development agenda, therefore a carbon tax is placed at the bottom of the national policy goals.
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FORDHAM, MAX. "CARBON FUELS AND INDUSTRIALISATION: REDUCTION OF ENERGY DEMAND WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO TALL BUILDINGS." In Tall Buildings from Engineering to Sustainability - Sixth International Conference on Tall Buildings, Mini Symposium on Sustainable Cities, Mini Symposium on Planning, Design and Socio-Economic Aspects of Tall Residential Living Environment. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812701480_0004.
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Pompidou, Stéphane, Marion Prinçaud, Nicolas Perry, and Dimitri Leray. "Recycling of Carbon Fiber: Identification of Bases for a Synergy Between Recyclers and Designers." In ASME 2012 11th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2012-82106.
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In order to decrease both energy consumption and CO2 emissions, the automotive, aeronautics and aerospace industries aim at making lighter vehicles. To achieve this, composite materials provide good opportunities, ensuring high material properties and free definition of geometry. As an example, for cold applications, the use of carbon fiber/thermoset composites is ever increasing, in spite of a high fiber price. But in a global and eco-friendly approach, the major limitation for their use remains their potential recyclability. Recycling a composite means having a recycling technology available, getting a dismantle solution and an access for the product, and disposing identification plus selection possibilities to the materials. Thus, carbon fibers recovery (i.e. recycling and re-processing) would both help design engineers to balance energy efficiency and cost, and open new opportunities for developing second-life composites, dedicated to the manufacture of medium or low loaded parts (non-structural in many cases). A first section presents an overview of composite recycling possibilities. Indeed, environmentally and economically, composite incineration is not attractive (even with an energetic valorization), let-alone burying. Reuse and recycling thus remain the two most interesting options. Aeronautics offers a high potential in terms of fiber deposit. In southwest France, composites recycling will increase in terms of quantity due to dismantling platforms Tarmac (dedicated to civil aircraft applications) and P2P (for the disassembly of ballistic weapons). In addition, from a technical point of view, and even if end-of-life solutions for composites still remain under development, solvolysis (i.e. water under supercritical conditions) already offers the opportunity to recover carbon fibers. The resulting recyclate retains up to 90 percent of the fiber’s mechanical properties. A second part will explore the recycling to design issue (i.e. how recycling processes have to balance the previous aspects of the end-of-life proposal). The recycler clearly becomes a new supplier in the carbon fiber lifecycle, by revalorizing wastes with alternatives to burning. Moreover, increasing carbon fiber shelf life reduces its product life impact. Finally, promoting carbon fiber end-of-life would ensure to link aeronautics, automotive, and leisure and sports industries; but one can create demand for recycled reinforcement, by packaging it in useful and attractive forms for those end-users (e.g. pseudo-continuous fiber, felt, strips, bands, patches, etc.). These sections will be enlightened by several examples from collaborations between I2M and local industries.
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Charest, John A., and Sarah Witt. "Design of Composite Rehabilitation Technologies for Power Generation Facilities." In International Joint Power Generation Conference collocated with TurboExpo 2003. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ijpgc2003-40062.
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Deterioration of components and structures at power generating facilities has caused unscheduled plant outages, personnel safety concerns, and significant impact on operating budgets. However, a new technology is now available that can increase the usable life of components and structures, while significantly reducing the economic burden normally associated with repair or replacement options. This technology, known as “Fiber Reinforced Polymers” or FRP, utilizes carbon fibers and high strength epoxy resins to restore or enhance the structural and or pressure boundary capacity of plant equipment and structures. This technology utilizes the high strength of the carbon fibers to add additional structural capacity to the existing member. This is accomplished through the superior adhesive bond provided by the epoxy. The design determines the orientation of the fibers to add strength in the direction of static and dynamic loading conditions. The repairs to the affected items are performed in-place and completed during relatively short durations. Small crews perform the work and can do internal strengthening with access through only a manhole. Power generation facilities and electrical transmission/distribution networks have typically shunned the use of composite materials to rehabilitate structures or components. The technology and engineering associated with FRP repair methods provides an effective mechanism to rehabilitate piping, pumps, heat exchangers, water boxes, structural shapes and numerous other items while minimizing the cost typically associated with direct replacement.
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Seevam, Patricia N., Julia M. Race, Martin J. Downie, and Phil Hopkins. "Transporting the Next Generation of CO2 for Carbon, Capture and Storage: The Impact of Impurities on Supercritical CO2 Pipelines." In 2008 7th International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2008-64063.
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Climate change has been attributed to greenhouse gases with carbon dioxide (CO2) being the major contributor. Most of these CO2 emissions originate from the burning of fossil fuels (e.g. power plants). Governments and industry worldwide are now proposing to capture CO2 from their power plants and either store it in depleted reservoirs or saline aquifers (‘Carbon Capture and Storage’, CCS), or use it for ‘Enhanced Oil Recovery’ (EOR) in depleting oil and gas fields. The capture of this anthropogenic (man made sources of CO2) CO2 will mitigate global warming, and possibly reduce the impact of climate change. The United States has over 30 years experience with the transportation of carbon dioxide by pipeline, mainly from naturally occurring, relatively pure CO2 sources for onshore EOR. CCS projects differ significantly from this past experience as they will be focusing on anthropogenic sources from major polluters such as fossil fuel power plants, and the necessary CO2 transport infrastructure will involve both long distance onshore and offshore pipelines. Also, the fossil fuel power plants will produce CO2 with varying combinations of impurities depending on the capture technology used. CO2 pipelines have never been designed for these differing conditions; therefore, CCS will introduce a new generation of CO2 for transport. Application of current design procedures to the new generation pipelines is likely to yield an over-designed pipeline facility, with excessive investment and operating cost. In particular, the presence of impurities has a significant impact on the physical properties of the transported CO2 which affects: pipeline design; compressor/pump power; repressurisation distance; pipeline capacity. These impurities could also have implications in the fracture control of the pipeline. All these effects have direct implications for both the technical and economic feasibility of developing a carbon dioxide transport infrastructure onshore and offshore. This paper compares and contrasts the current experience of transporting CO2 onshore with the proposed transport onshore and offshore for CCS. It covers studies on the effect of physical and transport properties (hydraulics) on key technical aspects of pipeline transportation, and the implications for designing and operating a pipeline for CO2 containing impurities. The studies reported in the paper have significant implications for future CO2 transportation, and highlight a number of knowledge gaps that will have to be filled to allow for the efficient and economic design of pipelines for this ‘next’ generation of anthropogenic CO2.
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Rees, Morgan, and Qing Wang. "Design and Analysis of a Sustainable Multi-Objective Distribution Network Using Simulation-Based Optimisation." In ASME 2014 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2014-34957.
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This paper examines the distribution network for a manufacturing business looking at aspects of sustainability including economic, environmental and social considerations. The problem is initially approached mathematically, then applied experimentally using a specialist software, Orion-pi. A real life business, Rettig ICC, is used as a case study to show how the theory could be applied to a practical example and would provide financial savings, reduced carbon emissions and lay the groundwork for a more ethical business strategy. The results show it will be a financially and environmentally positive move to decrease the current activity at Birtley and operate an additional smaller distribution centre at Coventry.
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Gonzalez, Ricardo S., and Gilles Flamant. "Technical and Economic Feasibility Analysis of Using Concentrated Solar Thermal Technology in the Cement Production Process: Hybrid Approach — A Case Study." In ASME 2013 7th International Conference on Energy Sustainability collocated with the ASME 2013 Heat Transfer Summer Conference and the ASME 2013 11th International Conference on Fuel Cell Science, Engineering and Technology. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2013-18143.
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Currently, increasing world population demands a higher cement production. Therefore atmospheric emissions and energy consumption become two of the most important environmental and economic issues. Fuel and electricity consumption for the production of cement represent 40% of the total production cost [1]. It is known that cement production is an energy-intensive process which contributes with approximately 5% of the worldwide carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions [2] [3]. By using Concentrated Solar Thermal (CST) at the calcination process in the cement production line, CO2 emissions can be reduced by 40% and savings of up to 60% through fuel substitution can be obtained if all the fuel used at the calcination step is substituted. The aim of the study is not to propose a detailed design of the solar process but to examine and quantify the various options in order to define the favorable economic conditions and the technical issues to face in a conventional cement plant aiming: substituting energy sources and achieving continuous operation of the cement plant employing a hybrid mode. Three options related with how to apply the CST technology were evaluated. The best solution is a Central Tower with Solar Reactor at the Top of the Tower since it allows energy substitution with high thermal energy efficiency. This implies, compared with the other options, the minimum changes in the process. Several energy substitution scenarios are investigated considering different energy losses and amount of energy to be replaced. It was found that the solar energy availability is not a constraint, meaning that from the technical point of view it is possible to replace up to 100% of the energy requirements for the calcination process. Economic results are promissory since the application of the proposed approach (Go Process) became attractive. The Payback Time (PBT) obtained (from 6 to 10 years) is lower when it is compared with the PBT for applications of CST for electricity production. Besides, the IRR values obtained (from 8% to 11%) are adequate in accordance with the typical values expected by most of the equity investors in renewable energy projects (between 8% and 12%) [4]. It is expected that CST technology will become more attractive and profitable due to economic aspects like increments in fossil fuels and alternative fuels cost and the current deployment of the CST technology to produce electricity. Other aspects such as more strict legislation related with CO2 emissions combined with encouraging legislation to use of renewable energy also play an important role in the economic attractiveness of the proposed application.
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Thomas, Lee, Laura Liebana, Terry Wood, Alaa Mansour, Ashley Coaker, Roy Hunt, and Graeme Rogerson. "Pathway to Decarbonisation and Maximum Value Recovery for Remote Offshore Gas Fields." In Offshore Technology Conference. OTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4043/30941-ms.
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Abstract Gas developments are required to facilitate energy transition from carbon intensive energy to a sustainable balance of green and blue energy. The next decade will focus on exploiting gas fields globally to support this. A significant number of these fields are located in deepwater and /or are long distances from existing gas processing / LNG plants. Transporting large volumes of gas from remote gas fields over longer distances and in deeper waters remains technologically and economically challenging. Conventional and near-term development options include subsea compression, floating vessels with topside compression and pipeline tie-back to shore, or floating liquefied natural gas vessels. This paper and study are supported by The Oil & Gas Technology Centre (OGTC) and UK Oil and Gas Authority. It examines development options for a 200 km long 1700 m water depth tie back using integrated production modeling linked to power demands, along with installed steel tonnages. The Scope 1 and 2 emissions per unit of gas produced are analysed via a life cycle assessment using ISO 14044 as guidance for a long-distance gas tieback to the point of sale (inclusive of processing to sales specification). The major power intensive equipment used to develop these fields will be presented showing their proportion of the power consumption compared with the total; these include compression either onshore, offshore or subsea as well as the efficiency of the power generation devices in these environments. The paper will highlight the economics of each option and how varying the carbon price changes the commercial position of each option. The paper will show that by understanding what drives emissions, and how emissions relate to the amount of gas produced, that concept selection can drive upwards of 50% reduction in life cycle carbon emissions whilst improving project economic performance. This paper examines multiple innovative technologies, providing technology readiness of new concepts based on the benchmarked study focusing both economic and carbon emission aspects. Finally, the paper will show that better economic outcomes with the decarbonisation of gas gathering systems is technically possible and can be deployed subsea to help meet the energy transition and allow the development of remote and deeper gas fields.
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Wang, J., C. Shi, G. Fu, Z. Liu, X. Bao, and H. Li. "Numerical Evaluation on Lateral Impact Resistance of Thermoplastic Composite Pipes in Terms of Internal Pressure Capacity." In ASME 2020 39th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2020-18047.
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Abstract Subsea pipelines are prone to be damaged by the falling objects from ships or offshore platforms, which may result in economic losses and pollution. The dimensions of dent were commonly used to evaluate the impact resistance of pipes made from carbon steel. Thermoplastic composite pipes (TCPs), due to their superior properties including corrosion resistance, thermal insulation, fast installation, etc., are increasingly used as the subsea pipelines. The TCP is made from thermoplastic resins and reinforced by continuous fibers. Because of the brittle nature of carbon fibers and glass fibers, the dimensions of dent are not suitable for assessment of impact resistance of a TCP. In the present work, a procedure was proposed using the internal pressure capacity as an indicator to evaluate the lateral impact resistance of a TCP. First, the internal pressure capacity of an intact TCP was evaluated. Second, a quasi-static simulation was conducted by applying a lateral compression force on the intact TCP using a rigid ball, until one of the composite plies in the reinforcement layer failed. The quasi-static simulation provided an initial estimate of the minimum energy that causes the start of damage of the TCP. Third, the impact simulations were performed by using a rigid ball hitting the TCP and, then, the internal pressure capacity of the damaged TCP was evaluated. Finally, the internal pressure capacity of the damaged pipe, compared with that of the intact pipe, was used as an indicator to evaluate the lateral impact resistance of the TCP. In this study, a glass-fiber reinforced polyethylene (PE) pipe of an inner diameter of 150 mm was modeled by ABAQUS to illustrate the procedure. A theoretical method was proposed to calculate the impact energy of a dropped object in a shallow water. The example studied in the present work showed that the modeled TCP was not strong enough to survive the lateral impact caused by the dropped object and should be buried to a certain depth beneath the seabed if used as a subsea pipeline.
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Hillenbrand, Hans-Georg, Andreas Liessem, Karin Biermann, Carl Justus Heckmann, and Volker Schwinn. "Development of High Strength Material and Pipe Production Technology for Grade X120 Line Pipe." In 2004 International Pipeline Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipc2004-0224.
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The increasing demand for natural gas will further influence the type of its transportation in the future, both from the strategic and economic point of view. Long-distance pipelines are a safe and economic means to transport the gas from production sites to end users. High-strength steels in grade X80 are nowadays state of the art. Grade X100 was recently developed but not yet utilised. The present-day technical limitations on the production of X120 line pipe namely the steel composition, the pipe forming and the welding are addressed in this paper. Production test results on X120 pipes are presented to describe the materials properties. A low carbon and low PCM steel with VNbTiB microalloying concept is used. In the plate rolling the main attention is turned to the heavy accelerated cooling. The large spring back that occurs during the U-forming step of the UOE process is one of the most complex aspects in forming X120. To handle this aspect FEM calculations were used to modify the forming parameters and to optimise the shape of the U-press tool. For optimising the existing welding procedure with respect to an avoidance of HAZ softening, a low heat input welding technology and new welding consumables were developed.