Journal articles: 'Economic aspects of Carbon fibers'

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Neves, Rui, and Diogo Felicíssimo. "Control of Cracking in Textile Reinforced Concrete with Unresin Carbon Fibers." Materials 13, no. 14 (July 18, 2020): 3209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13143209.

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Textile reinforced concrete (TRC) is an emerging construction material with interesting potential concerning sustainability, providing corrosion-free and lightweight solutions. Ordinarily, fiber bundles, impregnated with resin, are used. In this research the performance of reinforcement with unresin fibers is investigated. Control of cracking is considered the key performance factor and is assessed through tensile testing. However, economic and environmental aspects are addressed as well. Then, four different mixes/matrices were considered, without the addition of special/expensive admixtures. TRC ties were subject to direct tension tests, with load and deformation monitoring to assess the influence of mechanical reinforcement ratio on the cracking, failure and toughness of these composites, as well as of the matrix properties on the maximum load. It was observed that at a macro-level TRC behaves like conventional reinforced concrete, concerning crack control. Based on the maximum loads attained at the different composites, it was found that this particular TRC is economically viable. It is suggested that matrix workability may influence the maximum load.

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David, Francesco, Vincenzo Tagliaferri, and Federica Trovalusci. "CFRP Laminates with Recycled Carbon Fiber: Resin Infusion and Mechanical Characterisation." Materials Science Forum 1046 (September 22, 2021): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1046.111.

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The possibility to produce new components using reclaimed non-woven carbon fabric has been investigated. Being composite waste production increased, different strategies and technologies for recycling are developing to face criticalities and economic aspects related to their disposal. In this scenario, CFRP laminates with recycled carbon fiber and epoxy vinyl ester resin have been fabricated by Resin Infusion under Flexible Tooling (RIFT) and mechanical characterization has been performed to investigate their behavior under tensile, flexural and macro-indentation loads.

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Arnold, Uwe, Thomas Brück, Andreas De Palmenaer, and Kolja Kuse. "Carbon Capture and Sustainable Utilization by Algal Polyacrylonitrile Fiber Production: Process Design, Techno-Economic Analysis, and Climate Related Aspects." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 57, no. 23 (May 4, 2018): 7922–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.7b04828.

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Wimmer, Alexander, and Bernhard Schwarz. "Production Routes for Impact Extruded Aluminum Parts for the Automotive Industry." Key Engineering Materials 710 (September 2016): 222–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.710.222.

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In the past months due to decreasing fuel prices the brisance of light weight design got lost, however climate change is still continuing and there is an increasing demand for aluminum parts for mobile applications. There is a strong rivalry between well-known materials such as aluminum, steel and plastic, however technical progress features new materials such as carbon fiber laminates (CFK). New competitors in North America and China are increasing the cost pressure, which requires further process optimizations. In this work different fabrication methods for impact extruded parts are analyzed and economical and technological aspects are compared. A comparison between traditional and state-of-the-art production routes is done. Based on an input-output analysis the alternatives are compared by economic and ecologic aspects, allowing a substantiated examination. Through the comprehensive analysis, options for technological optimizations are revealed to attenuate disadvantages of alternatives with economic advantages, ensuring technological leadership.

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Agus, Cahyono, Pita Asih Bekti Cahyanti, Bambang Suhartanto, and Pipit Noviyani. "Organic Waste Management and Integrated Bio-Cycle Farming System for Sustainable Development in Tropical Ecosystem." Applied Mechanics and Materials 898 (May 2020): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.898.45.

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The tropical ecosystem had high biomass productivity but still less in economic values. Integrated Bio-cycle Farming System (IBFS) was an alternative system that harmoniously combines agricultural sectors (agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, fishery, plantation estate, horticulture) and non-agricultural aspects (industry, household, infrastructure, the marketplace) on integrated ecological management. The key characteristics of IBFS developed in UGM University Farm were (i) an integration of agriculture and non-agriculture sector, (ii) value of environment, esthetics and economics, (iii) rotation and diversity of plants, (iv) artificial and functional biotechnology, (v) management of closed organic cycle, (vi) ecosystem health management, (vii) agropolitan concept, (viii) specific management of plant and (ix) holistic and integrated system. The management of cycle of energy, organic matter and carbon, water, nutrient, production, crop, money conducted through 9R (reuse, reduce, recycle, refill, replace, repair, replant, rebuild, reward) to obtain optimal benefits for global environment and livelihood. The system had a sustainable multifunction and multi-product (food, feed, fuel, fiber, fertilizer, biopharma, water, energy, oxygen, edutainment, eco-tourism). They would meet the expected basic need for daily-, monthly-, yearly- and decade’s income at short-, medium- and long- term periods. IBFS was a good prospect for sustainable economic, environmental, and socio-culture aspects.

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Wang, Jing. "Analysis of Technology and Economy for Steel Structure Reinforced with Carbon Fiber Sheets." Applied Mechanics and Materials 351-352 (August 2013): 1432–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.351-352.1432.

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Fiber reinforced polymers (FRP) can be used to restore the stiffness and bearing capacity of the damaged steel structures and improve their fatigue resistance. The reinforcement technology has the advantages of fast construction, short cycle, environmental protection and can greatly reduce the cost of the projects. Because there is a large number of steel structure need reinforced in our country, the market potential is tremendous. With localization of FRP and technology advancement of material production, the reinforcement technology will have a stronger competitiveness. Combined with material properties, comprehensive cost, construction method, maintenance and other aspects of FRP, a comprehensive technical and economic analysis has been done for FRP reinforcement and repair technology of steel structure. It could be provided a theory basis and application reference for existing steel repair reinforcement technology.

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Kumar, Santosh, and KK Singh. "Tribological behaviour of fibre-reinforced thermoset polymer composites: A review." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part L: Journal of Materials: Design and Applications 234, no. 11 (July 21, 2020): 1439–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1464420720941554.

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Application of fibre-reinforced polymer composites has increased over the last two decades as compared to conventional materials. This improvement in the application of fibre-reinforced polymer composites is attributed to their unique material properties, such as high strength and stiffness-to-weight ratio, specific modulus and internal vibration damping. However, in most of the industrial applications, composite materials encounter tribological complications. Economic indicators and market dynamics suggested that the market for composite materials is booming and the dominant materials are carbon fibres, glass fibres and thermoset polymer (polyester resin) in resin segments. That is why tribological characteristics are crucial in designing carbon and glass-based fibre-reinforced polymer components. Owing to this importance, the study of tribological behaviour of fibre-reinforced polymer composite materials has expanded significantly. The present study has made an attempt to review the fundamental tribological applications and critical aspects of fibre-reinforced polymers, based on research work, which has been carried out over the past couple of decades. This work has primarily focused on the fibre-reinforced polymer composites, based on carbon and glass fibres with thermosets as the matrix material for probing into tribological behaviours. In the process, the focus has largely been on the most commonly occurring erosive and abrasive mode of wear process.

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Schindler, Stefan, Hans-Jürgen Bauder, Jürgen Wolfrum, Jürgen Seibold, Nemanja Stipic, Larissa von Wascinski, Meike Tilebein, and Götz Theodor Gresser. "Engineering of three-dimensional near-net-shape weave structures for high technical performance in carbon fibre–reinforced plastics." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 14 (January 2019): 155892501986123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1558925019861239.

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To tap the full potential of reinforcing fibres for lightweight construction of sustainable carbon fibre–reinforced plastic components, woven three-dimensional reinforcement structures open up innovative approaches by integrating functional features. In this work, a novel three-dimensional shuttle weaving technology was taken advantage of to study carbon reinforcement structures with uninterrupted load trajectories from three points of view. Mechanical principals, economic and environmental issues were focused to provide an overall picture. Near-net-shape reinforcement fabrics with load trajectory–compliant yarn paths and interconnected layers that are interwoven in thickness direction were objects of investigation. The effects of a closed fabric selvedge, only producible by shuttle weaving, were investigated too. The here presented novel technology enables complex woven reinforcement structures that otherwise would demand several fabric layers leading to limited properties and lower performance of the carbon fibre–reinforced plastics due to missing interconnections between the layers. The studies on exemplary rods revealed a close relationship between different three-dimensional weave structures and the carbon fibre–reinforced plastic’s mechanical properties. The three-dimensional structures were woven in a single-step process and subsequently infiltrated with epoxy resin in the Vacuum Assisted Process (VAP®) and mechanically tested. Rounding off, universal guidelines for the layout of three-dimensional fabrics for rods were derived therefrom. The economic and environmental aspects of the complete process line were compared to the conventional manufacturing procedures for carbon fibre–reinforced plastic by material flow cost accounting. Looking at sustainability, material flow cost accounting showed that lightweight three-dimensional components with integrated features can be produced cost-effectively with less environmental impact by the novel weaving technology. Its capability for high-quality serial production of three-dimensional reinforcement structures is evident, which was one major result of the work.

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del Río, José C. "Editorial- Valorization of Agroforest Crops for Biomass Utilization." Open Agriculture Journal 4, no. 1 (December 31, 2010): 85–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874331501004010085.

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There is a growing need to consider alternative agricultural strategies that move an agricultural industry focused on food production to one that also supplies the needs of other industrial sectors, such as paper, textiles, biofuels or added-value chemicals, in the context of the so-called lignocellulose biorefinery. Biorefineries use renewable raw materials to produce energy together with a wide range of everyday commodities in an economic manner. Decreasing our dependency on fossil fuel reserves and boosting rural development are important goals of modern society. Biorefineries are therefore seen as a very promising route to meeting our aims for sustained prosperity and preserving the environment. Renewable sources of energy and products are required for sustainable development of our society in the near future. Plant biomass is the main source of renewable materials in Earth and represents a potential source of renewable energy and biobased products. Biomass is available in high amounts at very low cost (as forest, agricultural or industrial lignocellulosic wastes and cultures) and could be a widely available and inexpensive source for biofuels and bioproducts in the near future. This special issue of The Open Agriculture Journal is devoted to the “Valorization of agroforest crops for biomass utilization” and provides a comprehensive description of the current state-of-the-art in the whole fields of lignocellulose biorefineries, including studies on different feedstocks (plant biomass, agro-industrial residues, energy crops or new industrial crops), technologies for biomass deconstruction and fractionation (i.e. alkaline pulping, organosolv fractionation), and products (i.e. biofuels, composite building materials, lignin, paper pulp and other industrial products). Different papers by internationally recognized experts have been collected for this special issue and report various aspects of biomass utilization and valorization. Among them, the paper by Díaz et al. evaluates different fast-growing species (paulownia, tagasaste, giant reed, leucaena and sesbania) according to their biomass productivity, chemical composition and the chemical characteristics of the liquids obtained after an autohydrolysis treatment. The study confirms the feasibility of the nonisothermal autohydrolysis treatment process for the selected species to yield sugar oligomers and hemicellulosic sugar. The paper by Marques et al., on the other hand, reported the detailed chemical composition of several non-woody plant fibers (bast fibers from flax, hemp, kenaf, jute; leaf fibers from sisal, abaca and curaua; and giant reed), which are used as raw materials for pulp and papermaking, with especial emphasis in the chemistry of lipids and lignin and their fate during alkaline pulping. This study offers valuable information that will lead to a better industrial utilization of these non-woody plant species of high socioeconomic interest. Likewise, the paper by Villaverde et al. provided a review of the chemistry of another interesting crop, Miscanthus x giganteus, as a source of biobased products (i.e. paper pulp) through organosolv fractionation. Organosolv processes have demonstrated their effectiveness as fractionation treatments, therefore special emphasis was placed by the authors on these systems and, in particular, in those using carboxylic acids, such as the Acetosolv, Formosolv and Milox processes. Similarly, the paper by Gullón et al. provided an excellent review of selected process alternatives for biomass refining. Special attention was devoted to biorefinery schemes dealing with the fractionation of lignocellulosic raw materials by chemical treatments. The potential of hydrothermal treatments as the first stage of future biorefineries is discussed. Special attention was also paid to the low-volume, high-added value products that can be solubilized by this type of technology. In the same way, the paper by da Silva and Curvelo reported the acetone-water delignification of Eucalyptus urograndis, a process that also fits perfectly with the biomass biorefinery approach, and obtained high selectivity at the beginning of the pulping process. On the other hand, agricultural residues, which are usually disposed, have major components (cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin) that can also be exploited for production of bioenergy or bioproducts. In this sense, the paper by Jiménez and Rodríguez studied the valorization of agricultural residues by fractionation of their components. The authors review the different possibilities of biomass fractionation by hydrothermal treatments as well as by organosolv delignification. Alternative and novel uses of biomass products are also reported in this special issue. Although an excellent bio-fuel, however, new uses of lignin in more high-value-added products might be more attractive and profitable. Thus, the paper by Gellerstedt et al. focused on the production of carbon fibers from lignin into the wood-based biorefinery concept. Lignin-based carbon fiber is the most value-added product from a wood-based biorefinery. The replacement of construction steel in cars and trucks with a much lighter carbon fiber-based composite will ultimately result in more fuel-efficient vehicles. Various attempts to make carbon fiber from lignins are discussed in this interesting paper. Finally, the paper by Tiilikkala et al. also reports a novel use of another biomass product, wood pyrolysis liquids (so-called wood vinegar), as biocide and plant protection product. Wood vinegar and other slow pyrolysis liquids are produced as a by-product of charcoal production. The aim of this review was to clarify the potential of slow pyrolysis liquids in agricultural use, in particular, in pesticide applications. The main challenges in developing novel bio control technologies are discussed in this paper and the barriers in the commercialization of biological control agents are revealed. In conclusion, all the studies reported in the papers presented in this special issue are intended to get a wider and more rational use of agro-forest resources as is the cultivated plant biomass used as raw material for the manufacturing of bio-fuels and bio-products in the context of the biorefinery approach. As the Guest Editor of this special issue, I wish to thank all the contributing authors and reviewers for their efforts to put forth this collection of papers, that I am sure will be of high interest for the readers of The Open Agriculture Journal.

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Ruan, Yong-Ling. "Recent advances in understanding cotton fibre and seed development." Seed Science Research 15, no. 4 (December 2005): 269–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ssr2005217.

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The unique feature of the seed of tetraploid cotton (Gossypium hirsutum and Gossypium barbadense) is that about 30% of the seed coat epidermal cells develop into cellulose-enriched fibres, while the embryos synthesize oils and proteins. Hence, both the maternal and filial tissues of the cotton seed are of significant economic value. After initiation from the ovule epidermis at or just before anthesis, the single-celled fibres elongate to 2.5–6.0 cm long in the tetraploid species before they switch to intensive secondary cell wall cellulose synthesis. Thus, apart from its agronomic importance, the cotton fibre represents a model single-cell system to study the control of cell differentiation and elongation, carbon partitioning to cellulose synthesis and also the interaction between maternal (fibre) and embryonic tissues in seeds. Over the past decade or so, significant effort has been made to understand the cellular and molecular basis of cotton fibre development and oil biosynthesis in the embryo. Metabolic engineering of the oil biosynthetic pathway in cotton seed has successfully produced healthier and stable oils. A number of candidate genes and cellular processes that potentially regulate various aspects of fibre development have been identified. Further elucidation of the in vivo functions of those candidate genes could significantly deepen our understanding of fibre development and offer potential for improvement of fibre quality through genetic engineering or marker-assisted breeding approaches.

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Nedjalkov, Antonio, Jan Meyer, Heiko Göken, Maximilian V. Reimer, and Wolfgang Schade. "Blueprint and Implementation of Rural Stand-Alone Power Grids with Second-Life Lithium Ion Vehicle Traction Battery Systems for Resilient Energy Supply of Tropical or Remote Regions." Materials 12, no. 16 (August 20, 2019): 2642. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12162642.

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Developed societies with advanced economic performance are undoubtedly coupled with the availability of electrical energy. Whilst industrialized nations already started to decrease associated carbon emissions in many business sectors, e.g., by substituting combustion engines with battery-powered vehicles, less developed countries still lack broad coverage of reliable electricity supply, particularly in rural regions. Progressive electrification leads to a need for storage capacity and thus to increasing availability of advanced battery systems. To achieve a high degree of sustainability, re-used batteries from the electromobility sector are appropriate, as they do not consume further primary resources and still have sufficient residual capacity for stationary electrical storage applications. In this article, a blueprint for the electrification of a remote region by utilizing second-life lithium ion traction batteries for an integrated energy system in a stand-alone grid is presented and the implementation by the example case of a Tanzanian island in Lake Victoria is demonstrated. First, economic potentials and expected trends in the disposability of second-life lithium ion batteries and their foreseeable costs are outlined. Subsequently, key decision variables are identified to evaluate logistic aspects and the feasibility of the implementation of an off-grid electrical system in remote areas for economically and geographically unfavorable environments. The practical realization is pictured in detail with a focus on technical performance and safety specificities associated with second-life applications. Therefore, a new type of battery management system is introduced, which meets the special requirements of climate compatibility, low maintenance, enhanced cell balancing capability and cell configuration flexibility, and combined with a fiber-optical sensor system, provides reliable status monitoring of the battery. By carrying out on-site measurements, the overall system efficiency is evaluated along with a sustainability analysis. Finally, the socioeconomic and humanitarian impact for the people on the island is debated.

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Bhat, G. S., F. L. Cook, A. S. Abhiraman, and L. H. Peebles. "New aspects in the stabilization of acrylic fibers for carbon fibers." Carbon 28, no. 2-3 (1990): 377–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0008-6223(90)90011-m.

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Jiang, H., P. Desai, S. Kumar, and A. S. Abhiraman. "Carbon fibers from poly (p-phenylene benzobisthiazole) (pbzt) fibers: conversion and morphological aspects." Carbon 29, no. 4-5 (1991): 635–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0008-6223(91)90131-2.

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Gupta, A., and I. R. Harrison. "New aspects in the oxidative stabilization of PAN-based carbon fibers." Carbon 34, no. 11 (1996): 1427–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0008-6223(96)00094-2.

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Vochozka, Marek, and Anna Maroušková. "Economic aspects of carbon management in sewage sludge treatment." Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects 39, no. 5 (February 22, 2017): 485–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15567036.2016.1230801.

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Gupta, A., and I. R. Harrison. "New aspects in the oxidative stabilization of PAN-based carbon fibers: II." Carbon 35, no. 6 (1997): 809–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0008-6223(97)00025-0.

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Lymperatou, Anna, Niels B. Rasmussen, Hariklia N. Gavala, and Ioannis V. Skiadas. "Improving the Anaerobic Digestion of Swine Manure through an Optimized Ammonia Treatment: Process Performance, Digestate and Techno-Economic Aspects." Energies 14, no. 3 (February 2, 2021): 787. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14030787.

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Swine manure mono-digestion results in relatively low methane productivity due to the low degradation rate of its solid fraction (manure fibers), and due to the high ammonia and water content. The aqueous ammonia soaking (AAS) pretreatment of manure fibers has been proposed for overcoming these limitations. In this study, continuous anaerobic digestion (AD) of manure mixed with optimally AAS-treated manure fibers was compared to the AD of manure mixed with untreated manure fibers. Due to lab-scale pumping restrictions, the ratio of AAS-optimally treated manure fibers to manure was only 1/3 on a total solids (TS) basis. However, the biogas productivity and methane yield were improved by 17% and 38%, respectively, also confirming the predictions from a simplified 1st order hydrolysis model based on batch experiments. Furthermore, an improved reduction efficiency of major organic components was observed for the digester processing AAS-treated manure fibers compared to the non-treated one (e.g., 42% increased reduction for cellulose fraction). A preliminary techno-economic analysis of the proposed process showed that mixing raw manure with AAS manure fibers in large-scale digesters could result in a 72% increase of revenue compared to the AD of manure mixed with untreated fibers and 135% increase compared to that of solely manure.

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Milojevic, Ivan, Milan Mihajlovic, and Vladan Vladisavljevic. "Economic-accounting aspects of solving the problem of carbon emission." Vojno delo 67, no. 6 (2015): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/vojdelo1506043m.

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McLure, Charles E. "Selected International Aspects of Carbon Taxation." American Economic Review 104, no. 5 (May 1, 2014): 552–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/aer.104.5.552.

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Disparate commitments to reduce GHG emissions create demands for border carbon adjustments (BCAs) to prevent negative competitive effects and carbon leakage. BCAs that accomplish economic objectives and are administratively feasible, WTO-legal, and politically acceptable may be impossible. BCAs should be limited to a few basic energy-intensive and trade-exposed products and should be based on the lower of the carbon content of production in the importing country and actual carbon content, or perhaps “best available technology.” Whether the World Trade Organization (WTO) would condone BCAs is unclear. BCAs violating basic trade rules might qualify for a special exception.

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Joosse, P. A., D. R. V. van Delft, Chr Kensche, D. Soendergaard, R. M. van den Berg, and F. Hagg. "Cost Effective Large Blade Components by Using Carbon Fibers." Journal of Solar Energy Engineering 124, no. 4 (November 1, 2002): 412–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.1510526.

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For large off-shore wind turbines, blades with relative low blade mass are becoming more important. The economic use of large-tow carbon fibers can help achieve lower blade masses. Basic material design data have been established for two promising material combinations, including the fatigue properties for Panex33/epoxy. Blade root joints have been developed in a carbon/glass combination, resulting in a better price performance ratio. The initial cost assessment on a blade dominated by severe fatigue loads shows that application of carbon fibers in the spar leads to cost reductions.

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Xu, Yongjian, Yan Liu, Shenglin Chen, and Yonghao Ni. "Current overview of carbon fiber: Toward green sustainable raw materials." BioResources 15, no. 3 (June 24, 2020): 7234–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.3.xu.

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Lignin, as a potential precursor of carbon fiber, has the characteristics of abundant reserves, renewable and high carbon content, and its application in the preparation of carbon fibers has substantial cost advantages if some important processing and quality hurdles can be overcome. This paper reviews the preparation process of lignin-based carbon fibers, and moreover, describes the characteristics of carbon fiber prepared by different precursors compared with the presently used precursors. Three preparation methods for lignin-based carbon fibers are introduced: melt spinning, solution spinning, and electrospinning. The applicability, advantages, and disadvantages of the three preparation methods are analyzed from the aspects of process conditions and performance characteristics. Possible directions for future research are considered, with the goal of providing a reference for further study of lignin-based carbon fibers.

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Banthia, Nemkumar. "Pitch-based carbon fiber reinforced cements: structure, performance, applications, and research needs." Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering 19, no. 1 (February 1, 1992): 26–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/l92-003.

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The improvements in the performance characteristics of cements due to carbon fiber reinforcement are described. In particular, the structure, the physical properties, the mechanical behavior, and the durability aspects of carbon–cement composites using pitch-based fibers are discussed. The various possible applications of these composites in structural and nonstructural applications are enumerated. The future research needs are identified. Key words: cements, carbon fibers, microstructure, strength, toughness, durability, applications.

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Balat, Havva, and Cahide Öz. "Technical and Economic Aspects of Carbon Capture an Storage — A Review." Energy Exploration & Exploitation 25, no. 5 (October 2007): 357–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/014459807783528883.

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This article deals with review of technical and economic aspects of Carbon Capture and Storage. Since the late 1980s a new concept is being developed which enables to make use of fossil fuels with a considerably reduced emission of carbon dioxide to the atmosphere. The concept is often called ‘Carbon Capture and Storage’ (CCS). CCS technologies are receiving increasing attention, mainly for their potential contribution to the optimal mitigation of carbon dioxide emissions that is intended to avoid future, dangerous climate change. CCS technologies attract a lot of attention because they could allow “to reduce our carbon dioxide emissions to the atmosphere whilst continuing to use fossil fuels”. CCS is not a completely new technology, e.g., the United States alone is sequestering about 8.5 MtC for enhanced oil recovery each year. Today, CCS technologies are widely recognised as an important means of progress in industrialized countries.

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Morkovina, Svetlana, Ekaterina Panyavina, I. Shanin, and Irina Avdeeva. "ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THE ORGANIZATION OF CARBON FARMS ON FOREST SITE." Actual directions of scientific researches of the XXI century: theory and practice 9, no. 1 (February 2, 2021): 17–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.34220/2308-8877-2021-9-1-17-25.

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The article considers the possibilities of developing forest entrepreneurship through expanding the range of ecosystem services and organizing sequestration Inustry on forest lands. The new type of forest management is based on the ability to balance carbon dioxide emissions into the atmosphere. The economic aspects of creating and using forest carbon farms are considered. To determine the standard costs for creating poplar and pine carbon plantations, the standard method was used. Creating carbon farms on forest land is a costly process, but carbon storage activities can bring numerous economic and environmental effects in addition to maintaining the carbon balance. The cost of creating one hectare of forest carbon farm is from 262 to 304 thousand rubles, while the economic effect of their use can significantly exceed the investment. The first stage in the organization of carbon farms should be the creation of test plantations-carbon polygons. It is proved that the necessary resources and prerequisites are available for the implementation of the actual practice-oriented task of creating carbon polygons in the Voronezh region.

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Zhang, Hua Yong, Xiao Deng Yang, Xiao Jian Liu, and Tao Wang. "Preparation of CF Reinforced PPS/Graphite Conductive Composite for Bipolar Plate." Advanced Materials Research 875-877 (February 2014): 1245–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.875-877.1245.

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A kind of carbon fiber (CF) reinforced conductive composite material with graphite powders and polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) resin powders were fabricated by the hot-pressure molding method. The influence of graphite content and CF addition on the conductivity, flexural strength and density of the composite were investigated. Took into account the performance requirement of the bipolar plate of PEMFC and economic aspect, the suitable conditions for the fabrication of bipolar plate were found: the proportion of graphite and PPS was 75/25 and the addition of CF was 2.5%(wt).

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Kuznetsov, V. G. "Atmospheric Carbon Dioxide and Climate: Historical-Geological Aspects." Lithology and Mineral Resources 40, no. 4 (July 2005): 320–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10987-005-0031-y.

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Gil, Harveth, Alejandro Alberto Zuleta, and David Esteban Reyes. "Mechanical properties and sustainability aspects of coconut fiber modified concrete." Scientia et Technica 26, no. 1 (March 30, 2021): 64–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.22517/23447214.22901.

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Coir fiber has been examined for their suitability as reinforcement of concrete. Mechanical properties and sustainability aspects of concrete composites were estimated after 7. 14, and 28 days of curing. Natural reinforcement of 0.46 and 0.62% by weight of coir fiber was added. Fibers were analyzed by means of scanning electron microscope (SEM). Besides, an Eco-audit tool has been used to estimate energy and carbon emission of material, manufacturing, transportation, and disposal phases. It was found that fibers additions lowered the compressive strength compared to plain concrete. However, failures of the composites exhibited good post-cracking behavior. The use of vegetable fibers affects positively the life cycle of the material. Eco-audit results indicate that there is a potential to reduce between 9.15% and 13.35% of embodied energy and between 9.61% and 13.94% of CO2 during the material production phase. These suggest that coir fibers could be useful from the environmental view, although more studies regarding their durability are needed.

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Caliman, R. "Aspects regarding wearing behaviour in case of aluminium composite materials reinforced with carbon fibers." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 145, no. 7 (August 2016): 072013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/145/7/072013.

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Akselrod, L. M., and V. Garten. "An alternative lining of steel ladles: technical and economic aspects." Ferrous Metallurgy. Bulletin of Scientific , Technical and Economic Information, no. 12 (December 19, 2018): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.32339/0135-5910-2018-12-72-80.

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Quality of steel ladles lining to a big extent determine the economic efficiency of steel-making operation. Direct costs on the refractory lining of them can reach 30–50 % of the costs of lining of a steel-making complex. Experience of utilization of refractory materials of different composition considered with the purpose of efficiency increase of refractory materials application in the steel ladles lining under conditions of steel ladle treatment. Considerable abilities shown to make the lining of steel ladle walls and bottom by both carbon-containing and carbon-free refractory materials taking into account the economic aspect. Lining base of steel-making facilities — BOFs, EAFs and steel ladles — is composed by periclase-carbon (MgO–C) refractories. However those refractories have a high heat conductivity, that effects on the heat operation of steel ladles. When using MgO–С materials, vertical fractures can appear in the ladle walls lining as its residual thickness becomes small. Under definite conditions a working lining chipping takes place, problems appear with lining destruction in the pieces angles with cavities formation at the pieces joining. To level the MgO–С drawbacks, periclase-alumo-carbon (MgO–Al2O3–С) and alumo-periclase-carbon (Al2O3–MgO–С) refractory products are used. Al2O3–MgO–C refractories are widely used in most erosion-intensive lining zone — in the combatting place of steel ladle bottom lining. In Russia monolithic lining of steel ladle bottom is successfully displacing the lining by piece products, including alumo-periclase-carbon ones. Such a replace enables to decrease specific refractory consumption and specific costs of them. At present the technology of concrete application to bottom is implemented for ladles of BOF- and steel-making shops. A technology of concrete ladle walls and bottom is intensively implemented for 120–180-ton ladles. The concrete lining of steel ladles has the following advantages: high withstandability against impregnation by metal-slag melt; absence of metal carbonization by the carbon from ladle lining; increase of running duration of safety lining layer by 2–2.5 times; absence of necessity to use nest blocks in both steel outlet unit and for bottom blow-off lance; absence of cracks in lining, wash-outs in seams, angles and edges of pieces; decrease of gaseous hydrocarbon emissions(phenol, formaldehyde, benzapilene) during lining drying, heating-up and operation (only slag belt remains, where pieces have organic binders); saving of materials, working time and manpower while making and maintain the lining; decrease of specific consumption and specific costs for lining per 1t of steel. For lining of steel ladles of big volumes (more 250 t) alumo-periclase (alumo-spinel) products are widely used in China, Europe and Japan. For such a lining the thermo-mechanical tension, arising in monolithic ladle lining, has a less importance, including at its replacing with metal by using crane. It is easier for the products to compensate the ladle geometry change, resulted in metal shall geometry change in time. A positive influence of carbon-free lining, as well as a lining with low content of magnesium oxide, on metal quality noted, first of all for low- and ultralow carbon grades, and pipe low-alloyed steels.

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GUMIŃSKI, Adam, Marcin KŁOS, and Jolanta GUMIŃSKA. "ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF APPLICATION OF PRETREATMENT SYSTEMS BEFORE GRANULAR ACTIVATED CARBON FILTRATION." Architecture, Civil Engineering, Environment 10, no. 4 (2017): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21307/acee-2017-056.

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Gugutsidze, G., and F. Draškovič. "Reinforcement of timber beams with carbon fibers reinforced plastics." Slovak Journal of Civil Engineering 18, no. 2 (June 1, 2010): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10189-010-0006-4.

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Reinforcement of timber beams with carbon fibers reinforced plasticsWood is a polymeric material with many valuable features and which also lacks some negative features. In order to keep up with high construction rates and the minimization of negative effects, wood has become one of the most valuable materials in modern engineering. But the use of timber material economically is also an actual problem in order to protect the environment and improve natural surroundings. A panel of scientists is interested in solving these problems and in creating rational structures, where timber can be used efficiently. These constructions are as follows: glue-laminated (gluelam), composed and reinforced wooden constructions. Composed and reinforced wooden constructions are examined less, but according to researches already carried out, it is clear that significant work can be accomplished in creating rational, highly effective and economic timber constructions. The paper deals with research on the formation of composed fiber-reinforced beams (CFRP) made of timber and provide evidence of their effectiveness. The aim of the paper is to investigate cross-bending of CFRP-reinforced gluelaminated timber beams. According to the results we were able to determine the additional effectiveness of reinforcement with CFRP (which depends on the CFRP material's quality, quantity and module of elasticity) on the mechanical features of timber and a whole beam.

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32

Wang, P. H., Z. R. Yue, R. Y. Li, and J. Liu. "Aspects on interaction between multistage stabilization of polyacrylonitrile precursor and mechanical properties of carbon fibers." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 56, no. 2 (April 11, 1995): 289–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1995.070560221.

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33

Manis, Frank, Georg Stegschuster, Jakob Wölling, and Stefan Schlichter. "Influences on Textile and Mechanical Properties of Recycled Carbon Fiber Nonwovens Produced by Carding." Journal of Composites Science 5, no. 8 (August 6, 2021): 209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jcs5080209.

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Nonwovens made of recycled carbon fibers (rCF) and thermoplastic (TP) fibers have excellent economic and ecological potential. In contrast to new fibers, recycled carbon fibers are significantly cheaper, and the CO2 footprint is mostly compensated by energy savings in the first product life cycle. The next step for this promising material is its industrial serial use. Therefore, we analyzed the process chain from fiber to composite material. Initially, the rCF length at different positions during the carding process was measured. Thereafter, we evaluated the influence of the TP fibers on the processing, fiber shortening, and mechanical properties. Finally, several nonwovens with different TP fibers and fiber volume contents between 15 vol% and 30 vol% were produced, consolidated by hot-pressing, and tested by four-point bending to determine the mechanical values. The fiber length reduction ranged from 20.6% to 28.4%. TP fibers cushioned the rCF against mechanical stress but held rCF fragments back due to their crimp. The resulting bending strength varied from 301 to 405 MPa, and the stiffness ranged from 16.3 to 30.1 GPa. Design recommendations for reduced fiber shortening are derived as well as material mixtures that offer better homogeneity and higher mechanical properties.

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34

Hao, Shan Shan, Wen Xue Wang, and Hui Tang. "Experiment Study of Dispersion Uniformity of Short Carbon Fiber Reinforced Silicon Carbide." Applied Mechanics and Materials 437 (October 2013): 577–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.437.577.

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As carbon fiber reinforced silicon carbide composites combine the excellent mechanical properties of carbon fiber with good oxidation resistance of silicon carbide, considering material properties and economic cost, so much attention has been focused on short fiber reinforced ceramic matrix. but short carbon fiber is difficult to uniformly dispersed in the silicon carbide matrix, so how to disperse short carbon fibers in the matrix has become the key to prepare composite materials. In this article, through three processing methods to improve the dispersion, the three method are surface treatment of short carbon fibers, changing the mixed material ball milling time and adding a certain amount of SiC whisker. Results showed that the three processing methods all can improve the dispersion of short carbon fibers in silicon carbide matrix, but the dispersion effect also are different and the mechanism are different.the composites with better dispersion can achieved when carbon fibers which oxidized in concentrated nitric acid (68%) for 90minutes,and ball milling time was 48h and the concentration of SiC whisker was 5%.

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35

Merdas, Abdelghani, Bruno Fiorio, and Nasr-Eddine Chikh. "Aspects of bond behavior for concrete beam strengthened with carbon fibers reinforced polymers–near surface mounted." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 34, no. 6 (February 23, 2015): 463–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684415573814.

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36

Caliman, R. "Aspects regarding the tribological evaluation of sintered composites obtained from mixture of copper with carbon fibers." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 95 (November 3, 2015): 012012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/95/1/012012.

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Memon, A. H., M. H. Peerzada, K. Muhammad, S. A. Memon, S. A. Mangi, and G. Mujtaba. "Recent Eco-Friendly Developments in Personal Protective Clothing Materials for Reducing Plastic Pollution: A Review." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 9, no. 2 (April 10, 2019): 4012–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.2674.

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Due to the industrialization increase in the 20th century, the level of hazards for public health and the demand for personnel protective clothing (PPC) have increased. The area of PPC has been steered to high tech equipment made from plastic-based materials, which are derived from non-renewable sources and have a long life cycle expanding from hundreds to thousands of years, after their end of useful life. This paper reviews the information related to conventional plastic-based fibers, their properties, advantages, disadvantages, and applications in the battlefield, industry, automobiles, etc. This paper provides a basis for the selection of natural fibers and the replacement of conventional plastic-based fibers to reduce the plastic content in protective clothing or other composites. A comparative analysis of technological, environmental, economic and legal aspects of plastic-based and environment-friendly natural fibers is presented. Natural fiber-based composite protective clothing is found to be environment-friendly and considered to have prospects for the future due to its comparative technological, environmental, economic and legal advantages.

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Mi, Zhao Feng, Chen Fang, Jun Jie Zhu, and Jian Lin Yang. "Analysis on Low-Carbon Comprehensive Benefit of Wind Power." Advanced Materials Research 860-863 (December 2013): 368–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.860-863.368.

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Considering economic effect and low-carbon effect the benefit formation mechanism of wind power was analyzed, and then through integrating the benefits from the two aspects by low-carbon economic elements a concept of low-carbon comprehensive benefit was proposed. Combining with construction cost of wind power , an analysis model of low-carbon comprehensive benefit from wind power was built.

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Lucchesi, Arthur J., Jack C. Hay, and Kenneth W. White. "The influence of an oxidation inhibitor on the elevated temperature fracture resistance of carbon/carbon composites." Journal of Materials Research 7, no. 7 (July 1992): 1795–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1992.1795.

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This fracture study evaluates the role of a fiber/matrix interfacial glass on the toughening of two different carbon/carbon (C/C) composites. Both composites incorporate a two-dimensional layup of 8-harness satin weave continuous fiber fabric, but differ in several aspects, the most significant of which is the presence of an oxidation inhibitor in one of these. The fracture behavior of both materials was determined in three-point flexure at 20 through 1650 °C. Microstructural studies indicate that the nonhomogeneous distribution of the oxidation inhibitor within the fiber bundles controls the fracture behavior. Electron microprobe results indicate a high concentration of the glass oxidation inhibitor associated with the inter-bundle matrix, while the intra-bundle matrix is composed primarily of carbon. Accordingly, debonding along the inter-bundle interfaces characterizes the oxidation inhibited composite, whereas the nonoxidation inhibited samples debond by individual fibers. Both materials exhibit strongly rising R-curves throughout the test temperature range. At the higher test temperatures the oxidation inhibited C/C shows the greatest cumulative toughening component, although at a lower value of the fracture toughness. This is consistent with the observed increase in the percentage of fibers that experience individual pullout at the higher temperatures.

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40

Ali, Muataz Ibrahim, Yaseen Ali Saleh, Luna Ehab Al Hasani, Ammar Saleem Khazaal, and Aziz I. Abdulla. "Behavior of RC Beams Strengthened by CFRP and Steel Rope under Frequent Impact Load." Journal of advanced Sciences and Engineering Technologies 1, no. 1 (April 29, 2018): 30–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.32441/jaset.v1i1.74.

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The current research aims to study the effect of impact loads on reinforced concrete beams strengthened by carbon fibers and/or steel wire rope. The use of steel wire rope is suggested as a new economic technique to strengthen and rehabilitate reinforced concrete beams, as well as to fix the fibers that are being used in strengthening. Reinforced concrete beams subjected to impact load using both carbon fibers and steel wire rope were tested, and the results were compared with the results obtained from reference beams, from beams strengthened with steel wire rope only, and from beams strengthened with carbon fibers only. The results of concrete beams strengthened using any of the three methods and subjected to impact loading showed a decrease in maximum deflection, residual deflection, damping time, and in the number of strikes to reach each phase of failure. The best results, however, were attained when strengthening using steel rope with and without the addition of carbon fibers, which improved the values of dynamic deflection, residual deflection, damping time, and the number of strikes to reach each phase of failure, when compared to beams strengthened by CFRP strips only.

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41

Luz, Sandra M., Paulo M. C. Ferrão, C. Alves, M. Freitas, and Armand Caldeira-Pires. "Ecodesign Applied to Components Based on Sugarcane Fibers Composites." Materials Science Forum 636-637 (January 2010): 226–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.636-637.226.

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This work evaluates the technical performance and environmental impacts, when sugarcane bagasse is applied as reinforcement of polypropylene in a component instead neat polypropylene (PP). To achieve the goals of this study, the tensile and flexural properties and Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) as a function of fiber content were performed. In addition, different end-of-life (EOL) options for natural fiber composites were proposed, including incineration, recycling (with economic reuse) and discharging (landfill). Besides the good mechanical properties, natural fiber composites showed great environmental performance during the entire life cycle, mainly in the cultivation phase, when sugarcane consumes carbon while growing, contributing to global warming decreases. As a conclusion, sugarcane bagasse fibers production results in lower environmental impacts compared to neat PP and the recycling with economic reuse of sugarcane bagasse-PP composite was the best alternative to minimize environmental impacts after the end-of-life.

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42

Irfan, Muhammad Shafiq, Farhan Saeed, Yasir Qayyum Gill, and Asif Ali Qaiser. "Effects of hybridization and fiber orientation on flexural properties of hybrid short glass fiber– and short carbon fiber–reinforced vinyl ester composites." Polymers and Polymer Composites 26, no. 5-6 (June 2018): 371–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0967391118801608.

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Short fiber–reinforced hybrid polymer (SFRHP) composites were prepared using short glass fibers (SGFs) and short carbon fibers (SCFs) as the reinforcements and vinyl ester resin as the matrix. The flexural properties of all-SGF, all-SCF, and SGF-SCF hybrid composites with controlled fiber orientation were found out experimentally and also predicted using rule of hybrid mixtures. Hand layup technique was used for the preparation of the composites. Composites with different patterns of fiber alignment were prepared and their properties were compared with randomly oriented short fiber composites. The results showed that the flexural performance of samples with longitudinal orientation of the fibers was significantly better than randomly oriented samples for all composites. Synergistic effect of hybridization (positive hybridization) with respect to flexural properties of SFRHP composites was obtained by controlling the orientation of the fibers. It was shown that the hybridization of fibers in the short fiber composites can provide economic savings.

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Li, Ang. "Research on Carbon Cost of Export Industrial Products Based on Low Carbon Economy." Advanced Materials Research 1010-1012 (August 2014): 2035–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1010-1012.2035.

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Global warming has become an indisputable fact. Low carbon economy as a new economic form is regarded as the fundamental ways to solve global warming. Based on this background, firstly this paper analyzes the domestic and foreign research status of the carbon cost. Then, it studies Accounting system of industrial products’ carbon cost in export trade through three steps. Finally, it analyzes the influence of carbon cost of export industrial products in export trade in China from the energy consumption, carbon markets, export competitiveness and export structure four aspects.

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Chorowski, Maciej, and Wojciech Gizicki. "Technical and economic aspects of oxygen separation for oxy-fuel purposes." Archives of Thermodynamics 36, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 157–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aoter-2015-0011.

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Abstract Oxy combustion is the most promising technology for carbon dioxide, originated from thermal power plants, capture and storage. The oxygen in sufficient quantities can be separated from air in cryogenic installations. Even the state-of-art air separation units are characterized by high energy demands decreasing net efficiency of thermal power plant by at least 7%. This efficiency decrease can be mitigated by the use of waste nitrogen, e.g., as the medium for lignite drying. It is also possible to store energy in liquefied gases and recover it by liquid pressurization, warm-up to ambient temperature and expansion. Exergetic efficiency of the proposed energy accumulator may reach 85%.

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Mamedova, I. A., E. I. Pavlova, V. Yu Savchenko-Belsky, and E. V. Cherpakova. "ECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF DEVELOPMENT OF THE INFRASTRUCTURE OF CARBON DELIVERY INFRASTRUCTURE TO CONSUMERS." Ugol', no. 12 (December 8, 2019): 50–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.18796/0041-5790-2019-12-50-54.

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Popov, A. A., A. I. Blokhin, and F. E. Keneman. "Ecological and economic aspects of carbon sorbents application in the TPP water flows treatment process." International Journal of Environmental Technology and Management 3, no. 1 (2003): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijetm.2003.002367.

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Matveev, Val V., Vl V. Matveev, and A. V. Serbulov. "Ecological and economic aspects of creating a global environmental management system." E3S Web of Conferences 291 (2021): 02003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202129102003.

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The authors argue that a market monetary approach to environmental management is not effective. In this regard, the article proposes theoretical background and practical recommendations for creating a global ecology management system based on the operational assessment of the current environmental impact magnitude. This system allows calculating the environmental value of products, as well as a number of key indicators of environmental performance, which are direct analogues of economic performance indicators. The proposed economic approach, based on the use of accounting methods, provides an opportunity to establish a mathematically accurate correlation between the economic and environmental results of economic and other related activities.The application of carbon emission data for selecting the “cleanest” type of generator that provides the least amount of total globally significant CO2 emissions has been analyzed as an example.

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48

Caliman, R. "Aspects regarding the correlation between the physical-mechanical and tribological characteristics of composites materials reinforced with carbon fibers." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 227 (August 2017): 012020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/227/1/012020.

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HE, FANG, JUNJIAO LI, LIANG CHEN, LIXIA CHEN, and YUAN HUANG. "FABRICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF NOVEL Fe–Ni ALLOY COATED CARBON FIBERS FOR HIGH-PERFORMANCE SHIELDING MATERIALS." Surface Review and Letters 22, no. 02 (April 2015): 1550028. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x15500286.

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Novel Fe – Ni alloy coated carbon fibers ( Fe – Ni – CFs ) were prepared via two-step electrodeposition with an initial synthesis of Fe coatings on the activated carbon fibers and followed by the co-deposition of Fe and Ni. The effect of annealing treatment on structure and properties of Fe – Ni – CFs was studied through SEM, TEM, XRD and VSM. The results indicated that the Fe – Ni alloy coatings with the thickness of only 0.25 um are highly wrapped on the surface of carbon fibers. The un-annealed coatings showed high saturation magnetization values with 52 dB from 300–1200 MHz, which mainly due to Fe content (18.4 wt.%) of the coatings meets the requirements of high magnetic perm-alloy. The surface quality, crystallinity and conductivity of the Fe – Ni – CFs were obviously improved despite of the reduction of the saturation magnetization resulted from the bigger grains after annealing. Based on the above aspects, annealing at 400∘C was preferred for the Fe – Ni – CFs to obtain good comprehensive performance. Importantly, the Fe – Ni – CFs filled ABS resin composites showed better Electromagnetic Interference shielding effectiveness than the CFs reinforced ABS composites.

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Alfarisa, Suhufa, Suriani Abu Bakar, Azmi Mohamed, Norhayati Hashim, Azlan Kamari, Illyas Md Isa, Mohamad Hafiz Mamat, Abdul Rahman Mohamed, and Mohamad Rusop Mahmood. "Carbon Nanostructures Production from Waste Materials: A Review." Advanced Materials Research 1109 (June 2015): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1109.25.

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Research innovation in finding new carbon sources for carbon nanostructures material production was intensively done lately. In this review, we present the production of carbon nanostructures such as carbon fibers, nanotubes, nanowhiskers, microspheres and porous carbon from several waste materials. The benefit of the use of waste materials such as waste cooking palm oil, chicken fat, waste natural oil, glycerol, printed circuit board, plastic wastes, waste engine oil, scrap tyre, heavy oil residue and deoiled asphalt is not only in the term of their environmentally friendly approach but also the economic value to reduce the high cost of carbon material production using common sources. On the other hand, these materials are easy access sources and can be alternative utilization to convert waste materials into high value nanomaterials.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Economic aspects of Carbon fibers'

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