Academic literature on the topic 'Economic aspects of Cold War'
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Journal articles on the topic "Economic aspects of Cold War"
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HOPKINS, MICHAEL F. "CONTINUING DEBATE AND NEW APPROACHES IN COLD WAR HISTORY." Historical Journal 50, no. 4 (2007): 913–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x07006437.
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ABSTRACTThe Cold War lasted for almost fifty years and ended nearly twenty years ago. A vast historiography continues to grow. In explaining the past and continuing debate, this article is necessarily selective. It has three aims. The first is to locate the main phases and trends in the debate about the Cold War. The second is to analyse the growing literature on the end of the Cold War. Thirdly, it attempts to identify a number of major themes by looking beyond geopolitical issues to various aspects of the cultural Cold War, to espionage and intelligence, and to the economic dimension. The review has three main conclusions. First, diplomacy and strategic issues have been extensively explored, though more is needed on the Soviet Union and especially on China. Secondly, analysis of the economic and intelligence dimension has improved, though, again, knowledge of the Soviet Union and China remains thin. Lastly, the growing coverage of cultural issues has deepened our understanding but needs to be integrated into political and strategic narratives.
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Pál, Viktor, and Leonardo Valenzuela Perez. "Environmental Protection under Authoritarian Regimes in Cold War Chile and Hungary." Global Environment 14, no. 2 (2021): 310–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/ge.2021.140204.
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Authoritarian regimes are often seen to be hostile toward the environment, albeit there is a growing body of literature suggesting a more nuanced image when it comes to authoritarian governments and the environment. However, several aspects of human-nature relationship need further clarification in non-democratic systems, both on the political left and right. In this article we aim to address that challenge by analysing Cold War economic and environmental goals and responses of the right-wing military junta in Chile under Pinochet and the Hungarian state-socialist, USSR-satellite regime under Kádár. By analysing two radically different political and economic approaches to economic catchup, while mitigating environmental costs on the way, this study aims to understand better the ecological motivations in authoritarian regimes operating diverse political and economic agendas.
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Haq, Abrar Ul, and Mubeen Adnan. "Peripheral Cold War: A Perspective Study of India and Pakistan Relations." Global International Relations Review V, no. III (2022): 17–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/girr.2022(v-iii).03.
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India and Pakistan have long history of animosity which is evident in their bilateral relations. Defining the politics of security is an attempt to first develop the comprehensive definition of security in India Pakistan case and engender certain knowledge that how the threats are surfacing in other aspects of state affairs. The political, economic and social sectors have associated with security while strategic relations of India and United States to counter China are also very important aspects of Pakistan security proposition. This research paper seeks to have a latest oversight to observe how these changing relations might incriminate the strategic environment of South Asia and specifically in Pakistan India relations and how the strategic importance of these periphery’s lead them to cooperate with strong states to get the military and economic benefits. The conflict and strategic relations with the powerful states to maintain the balance of power, forms the peripheral cold war.
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Mihelj, Sabina. "Negotiating Cold War Culture at the Crossroads of East and West: Uplifting the Working People, Entertaining the Masses, Cultivating the Nation." Comparative Studies in Society and History 53, no. 3 (2011): 509–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0010417511000235.
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Since the Berlin Wall came down in 1989, our understanding of Cold War history has changed considerably. The wave of new research spurred by the opening of archives and opportunities for novel East-West comparisons threw into sharper relief aspects of the Cold War contest that had received little attention previously. It has become increasingly clear that the Cold War was not only a military, political, and economic conflict, but also one profoundly implicated in, and shaped by, key transformations in twentieth-century culture. Capitalizing on the increased accessibility of primary sources from former socialist states, recent research has provided valuable insights into the politics of everyday culture on both sides of the Iron Curtain, and we have seen as well the publication of several transnational accounts of the cultural Cold War spanning the West and the East.
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Forsythe, David P. "Human Rights after the Cold War." Netherlands Quarterly of Human Rights 11, no. 4 (1993): 393–412. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/016934419301100402.
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The central thesis in this article is that international concern with human rights will remain what it has already become: one of the major issues on international law. The end of the Cold War has had a dual impact on international human rights, contributing both to violations of rights and renewed efforts to ameliorate those violations. The complexities of the subject are discussed according to these paradoxes and a synthesis. The first paradox is general: the increasing consensus not only on the notion and core definition of universal human rights, but also on the propriety of certain types of international action to push for their implementation is joined by the fact that human rights remains one of the most controversial aspects of world affairs. The next two paradoxes are derived from, but more specific manifestations of the first. The second paradox consists of: while the international community continues to confer legitimacy on public authorities through bilateral and multilateral political acceptance, it also flirts with awarding legitimacy because of moral factors. The third paradox is that the territorial state retains the most power and legal authority relative to other actors on public policy, but at the same time its jurisdiction is being penetrated and its operative authority weakened. The dominant principle of present concern is the traditional emphasis in world affairs on state independence, combined with pursuit of state security and wealth. The competing principle is on international emphasis on universal human rights. The resulting synthesis entails an advance for human rights and a concomitant reduction in the absolute values of national independence especially as translated into state security and economic policies, but in a very uneven and ‘ragged’ way that does not completely undermine the territorial state and its sovereignty.
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Topolovčan, Tomislav, and Snježana Dubovicki. "The Heritage of the Cold War in Contemporary Curricula and Educational Reforms." Center for Educational Policy Studies Journal 9, no. 2 (2019): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.26529/cepsj.567.
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Using a theoretical-critical and historical approach, this paper analyses the implications of the Cold War in national curricula and educational reforms of the second half of the 20th century with emphasis on the 21st century. The context of the time after the Second World War and the beginning of the Cold War is shown, as well as the social and political changes that are significant for education and were prompted by the wars. The emergence of the international Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (whose focus is not educational but economic) and the role of behavioural psychology were also analysed, which explained their significance in later educational reforms. The role of the Cold War in reducing socio-humanistic teaching contents and the implementation of natural sciences and mathematics has also been explained. The synthesis of the analysed aspects suggests that the Cold War military and technological race resulted in the implementation of the STEM area, thus the measurability of learning outcomes, which influenced the psychologisation, standardisation, economisation, and globalisation of education. Most of the current (un)successful national educational and curricular reforms were initiated in that direction without respect for the social, cultural, and historical features of individual countries. These changes have left a mark in pedagogy, in which the humanistic approach appears to counteract other approaches. Some educational systems demonstrate a shift from such trends, from the technical-scientific curriculum towards the didactic tradition of Bildung and the philosophy of education. The reasons can be found in the above-average results on international standardised evaluations of those countries that have national curricula, in contrast to what is recommended by the globalisation and standardisation of education as some of the elements of the Cold War heritage.
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Zhiznin, S. Z., and V. M. Timokhov. "Geopolitical and Economic Aspects of Nuclear Energy." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 4(43) (August 28, 2015): 64–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2015-4-43-64-73.
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Nuclear power in its present form was created during the Cold War and is its heritage. The main objective of nuclear energy at that time, along with energy, was the creation and accumulation of nuclear materials. To this aim a existing nuclear power plants based on uranium-plutonium cycle. Everything else - the processing of radioactive waste and spent nuclear fuel, storage, recycling themselves nuclear power plant after its end of life, the risks of proliferation of nuclear materials and other environmental issues - minor. It was also believed that the nuclear power plant - the most reliable and safe plant. During the last twenty years all over the world the number of new orders for nuclear aggregates has decreased. That happens for a number of reasons, including public resistance, that the construction of new NPP and the excess of energy utilities in many markets, which is mainly connected with high market competition in energy markets and low economic indicators of the current nuclear utilities. The technology that consists of low capital costs, a possibility for quick construction and guarantied exploitation quality is on the winners side, but currently this technology is absent. However, despite abovementioned downsides, as the experience of state corporation "Rosatom"has shown, many developing countries of the South-east Asia, The middle East, African regions express high interest in the development of nuclear energy in their countries. The decision whether to develop nuclear energy or to continue to develop is, in the end, up to the choice of the tasks that a country faces. The article describes these "minor" issues, as well as geopolitical and economic problems of the further development of nuclear energy.
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Rafferty, Kirsten. "An Institutionalist Reinterpretation of Cold War Alliance Systems: Insights for Alliance Theory." Canadian Journal of Political Science 36, no. 2 (2003): 341–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423903778664.
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This article formulates a model of alliance persistence and evolution to account for two aspects of behaviour that are largely neglected by traditional alliance theory. It argues that states that encounter common threats to military and nonmilitary interests (like political and economic stability) are likely to institutionalize their military pacts. This process raises material and normative obstacles to exiting the alliance, even as the performance of the alliance falters or the strategic context undergoes fundamental changes. The article tests several of the model's hypotheses by engaging in a comparative analysis of two Cold War alliance systems: the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization.
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HIGGOTT, RICHARD, and NICOLA PHILLIPS. "Challenging triumphalism and convergence: the limits of global liberalization in Asia and Latin America." Review of International Studies 26, no. 3 (2000): 359–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0260210500003594.
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The economic crises in 1997–9 in Asia, Brazil and elsewhere represent collectively the first post-Cold War ‘crisis of globalization’, and a significant set-back for the process of international economic liberalization. Contrary to some arguments, the crises do not represent the final ideological triumph of liberalism in a post-Cold War era. Rather they must be seen as a further spur to rethinking significant aspects of the neoliberal project. A comparative analysis of Asia and Latin America in this context demonstrates that while trade liberalization and a broad neoliberal economic strategy are unlikely to be abandoned, there is strong evidence that the tide of capital account liberalization has turned, and that emerging ‘sites of resistance’ are becoming salient factors in the political equation in the relationships of both regions to the wider global economy. Asian and Latin American responses to the crisis of globalization refute notions of convergence, on which many recent conceptions of the global political economy have rested, and point to the emergence of a genuine contestation of policy ideas that will have significant implications for the future management of the global economic order.
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Tomberg, Igor. "CHINA DETERMINES ITS POSITION IN THE SITUATION AROUND UKRAINE." Eastern Analytics 13, no. 2 (2022) (2022): 110–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.31696/2227-5568-2022-02-110-123.
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Russia's special military operaton in Ukraine has become the biggest politcal and military crisis since the end of the Cold War. Under the conditons of the politcal and economic blockade of Russia organized by the «collectve West», China's positon is extremely important for the further oppositon of our country to the pressure of the West. The artcle examines the politcal, economic and fnancial aspects of the Chinese reacton to the Ukrainian events, an atempt is made to predict the future confguraton of relatons between the Russian Federaton and China, the impact of these relatons on the world economy.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Economic aspects of Cold War"
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MacDonald, Alexander. "The long space age : an economic perspective on the history of American space exploration." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.711674.
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Nunan, Timothy Alexander. "Developing powers : modernization, economic development, and governance in Cold War Afghanistan." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:47afb7eb-9a6b-468f-98f5-b9d96fcdf0f6.
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In the last decade, scholars have recognized economic development and modernization as crucial themes in the history of the twentieth century and the ‘global Cold War.’ Yet while historians have written lucid histories of the role of the social sciences in American foreign policy in the Third World, far less is known on the Soviet Union’s ideological and material support during the same period for countries like Egypt, India, Ethiopia, Angola, or – most prominently – Afghanistan. This dissertation argues that the Soviet intervention in Afghanistan is best understood as the final and most costly of a series developmental interventions staged in that country during the latter half of the twentieth century by Afghans, Soviets, Americans, Germans and others. Cold War-era Afghanistan is best understood as a laboratory for ideas about the nation-state and the idea of a ‘national economy.’ One can best understand Afghanistan during that period less through a common but ahistorical ‘graveyard of empires’ narrative, and more in terms of the history of the social sciences, the state system in South and Central Asia, and the ideological changes in ideas about the state and the economy in 20th century economic thought. Four chapters explore this theme, looking at the history of the Soviet social sciences, developmental interventions in Afghanistan prior to 1978, a case study of Soviet advisors in eastern Afghanistan, and Soviet interventions to protect Afghan women. Making use of new materials from Soviet, German, and American archives, and dozens of interviews with former Soviet advisors, this dissertation makes a new and meaningful contribution to the historical literature on the Soviet Union, Central Asia, and international history.
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Gifford, Peter. "Aspects of Australian newspaper journalism and the Cold War, 1945 - 1956." Thesis, Gifford, Peter (1997) Aspects of Australian newspaper journalism and the Cold War, 1945 - 1956. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 1997. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/50267/.
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This thesis examines how major Australian newspapers, through their various sources of overseas news and comment, reported to the Australian people on a range of developments as the Cold War intensified from 1945. It accepts that anti-Communism was general among mass-circulation capital city newspapers throughout the period, becoming more pronounced as the community generally became polarised on the issue. At the same time, however, it is maintained that anti-Communism did not necessarily affect the capacity of a significant minority of journalists, editors and - on some issues at least - newspaper proprietors to maintain independence of thought in reporting and commenting on the various manifestations of the Cold War throughout the world.
The thesis does not try to canvass all Australian newspapers tor the whole of the period to 1956, and all their coverage of foreign events. Apart from the immensity of such a task, that would have resulted in an enormous amount of repetition, given both the monopolistic nature -then as now - of Australian newspaper ownership and the tendency to syndicate news and feature stories between different newspaper groups. Newspapers in Western Australia and Tasmania in particular received their news and commentary on overseas events in this fashion, which is why virtually no attention is paid to the West Australian and the Hobart Mercury.
The year 1956 is seen as the end of the era of "monolithic" Communism, with the denunciation of Stalin by his successors in Moscow leading to an erosion of Soviet influence and prestige in the West and among Russia's own so-called satellite nations. The thesis is concerned with the period between 1945 and 1956 when the two major protagonists - the United States and the Soviet Union - were at the height of their hegemonic power following their successful alliance with the British Empire against the fascist nations during the Second World War. Australia, a minor part of the great alliance from 1941, became drawn increasingly into the American sphere of influence with the resumption in the United States of antagonism towards Marxist-Leninist ideas from 1945 onwards, and the corresponding hostility from the Soviet Union towards its former allies.
What has been done in part is to focus on the coverage in one major paper of certain matters, as for example the Sydney Morning Herald's treatment of the events leading to the end of the great alliance which had won the Second World War, with some comparisons involving the reporting of the same events in other Sydney and Melbourne newspapers. In other specific situations such as the Korean War, attention is again focused on one newspaper - the Melbourne Sun News-Pictorial working around both interest in the war and in the individual correspondents who reported it for Australian readers. Elsewhere examination is made of the actions of proprietors, editors and commentators in relation to Cold War events both outside and in a few inter-related cases within Australia. This is on the basis that generalisations can be made from the events highlighted, supplemented with less intensive studies of papers and individuals not marked out for major attention. What results is not a history of the Cold War or of Australian journalism. But it does shed light on how newspapers in Australia's eastern States were reporting the Cold War in the decade after 1945.
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Nahum, Andrew. "World War to Cold War : formative episodes in the development of the British aircraft industry, 1943-1965." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2002. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3568/.
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This thesis studies the evolution of the aircraft industry as it emerged from the Second World War and its relationship with the State, running through to the re-evaluation of this State-industry relationship from the late 1950s and into the 1960s. It takes, for this purpose, major formative events which, it is argued, had a defining influence on the shape of industry and its relationship with government, beginning with the reconstruction plans for the huge war-time industry, formulated within the Ministry of Aircraft Production with a powerful input from Sir Stafford Cripps. Thus considerable attention is given to the development of the Whittle jet engine and its effect on British aviation. A new assessment stresses the importance of the jet to hopes in Britain for the capability of the industry, but also discusses and uncovers the reasons for the strains in the war-time relationship between Whittle and the MAP which nearly proved fatal to the project. The role of the government research at the Royal Aircraft Establishment, Farnborough, which was crucial to the industry during the competitive contest of Cold War aeronautical development, is also examined. Detailed case studies of the progress of civil and military engine and aircraft programmes are used in this period to examine the nature of the government/industry relationship and its changing pattern over time. This study takes the position that the progress of the British aircraft industry in the post-war period must be explained not only in terms of evolving national defence objectives and technological developments, but also in terms of day-today institutionalised government policy and episodic major political shifts. This analysis therefore represents the intersection of a history of technology with a socio-cultural and political account.
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Valero, Larry A. "From World War to Cold War : aspects of the management and coordination of American intelligence, 1941-1953." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.435375.
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Bilgin, Basaran. "An Analysis Of Developmental Governmentality In The Cold War Period." Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12607938/index.pdf.
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This thesis tries to provide a modest contribution to the critical studies on the history of development by exploring Cold War development practices. It questions the role of these practices in constructing a new regime that was conducive to govern the relationship between the West and the Third World after the Second World War. It suggests that development practices were composed of techniques and rationalities that were designed to solve the urgent problem of governing populations without using sheer force and sovereign power tools where these methods were not practical in the context of decolonization and Cold War. For this kind of inquiry, this thesis takes into account power relations embedded in the development practices and, by utilizing Michel Foucault&rsquos theories, perceives these practices as an essential way of disseminating biopolitical methods to the Third World. Role of the development discourse in governing populations is analyzed with relation to the notion of governmentality, which refers to modes of thought and the techniques of accomplishing rule in a discourse. In line with this theoretical framework, the first part of this thesis explores three schools of thought -modernization, dependency and world system- in order to explain the ways of producing thought and knowledge pertaining to development and the involvement of power relations in this process. Additionally, analyzing development aid and development planning which were the techniques to institutionalize development practices in the Third World countries and to render them technical that were managed only by experts without muddling with politics constitute the second part of this thesis .
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Esno, Tyler P. "Trading with the Enemy: U.S. Economic Policies and the End of the Cold War." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1486807359479029.
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Lyons, Anthony J. "International relations theory and the end of the Cold War : a retrospective step forwards." Thesis, University of Essex, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.340591.
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Jackson, Ian. "Co-operation and constraint : Britain's influence on American economic warfare policy in CoCom, 1948-54." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387887.
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Jensen-Eriksen, Henri Niklas. "Market, competitor or battlefield? : British foreign economic policy, Finland and the Cold War, 1950-1970." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2004. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2308/.
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During the Cold War, neutral Finland shared a long border with the Soviet Union. Despite two wars against the Soviet Union (1939-1940 and 1941-1944), and the threat of communist takeover, Finland survived as an independent, democratic country with a market economy. When the Cold War started in the late 1940s, the United States government and the British Foreign Office began to view trade as a potential means of drawing Finland closer to the West and preventing it from falling under Soviet domination. The extensive evidence of this has led many historians to underline the role of political considerations in Western foreign economic policy towards Finland. The present work argues that the Cold War rhetoric of the British Foreign Office paints a misleading picture of British government policy. Despite attempts by the Foreign Office to make political considerations central to the formulation of British foreign economic policy towards Finland, the impact of such considerations was in fact negligible. This was in part because the British were facing economic problems after the Second World War that limited the policy options available to British foreign pohcy makers, but was at least as much the result of the categorical refusal by the Treasury and the Board of Trade to take political factors into account and to use economic methods as tools of foreign policy in the Finnish case. Regardless of whether the economic costs of the proposed policies were large or small, the economic departments of the government treated them as an unwelcome interference in the promotion of the British economic interest and attempts to strengthen the British economy. The present thesis is based on a detailed study of British government documents. It argues that if one wishes to explain the underlining aspirations of British policy one must examine the UK decision-making process in detail, and not rely only on arguments the UK government representatives used to justify UK policy.
Books on the topic "Economic aspects of Cold War"
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Higgs, Robert. Depression, war, and cold war: Studies in political economy. Independent Institute, 2006.
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Higgs, Robert. Depression, war, and cold war: Studies in political economy. Oxford University Press, 2006.
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Depression, war, and Cold War: Studies in political economy. Oxford University Press, 2006.
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Kirshner, Jonathan. Political economy in security studies after the cold war. Cornell University, Peace Studies Program, 1997.
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Depression, war, and cold war: Challenging the myths of conflict and prosperity. Independent Institute, 2009.
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State & discrimination: The other side of the cold war. M.E. Sharpe, 1989.
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Economic statecraft during the Cold War: European responses to the US trade embargo. Routledge, 2007.
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Britain and the economic problem of the Cold War: The political economy and the economic impact of the British defence effort, 1945-1955. Ashgate, 2004.
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De-centering cold war history: Local and global change. Routledge, 2012.
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Staples, Steven. More than the cold war: Canada's military spending 2007-2008. Canadian Centre for Policy Alternatives, 2007.
Book chapters on the topic "Economic aspects of Cold War"
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Stubbs, Richard. "The Cold War Years." In Rethinking Asia’s Economic Miracle. Macmillan Education UK, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-11429-7_4.
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Stubbs, Richard. "The Cold War Years." In Rethinking Asia's Economic Miracle. Macmillan Education UK, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-137-55726-1_4.
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Jackson, Ian. "Introduction." In The Economic Cold War. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230510920_1.
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Jackson, Ian. "Conflict and Conciliation: Kennedy, Macmillan and East-West Trade, 1961–63." In The Economic Cold War. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230510920_10.
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Jackson, Ian. "Conclusion." In The Economic Cold War. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230510920_11.
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Jackson, Ian. "The Origins of Economic Containment, 1947–48." In The Economic Cold War. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230510920_2.
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Jackson, Ian. "The Response: Britain, Western Europe and East-West Trade, 1948–49." In The Economic Cold War. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230510920_3.
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Jackson, Ian. "Divergent Strategies: American and British Economic Defence Policies in 1950." In The Economic Cold War. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230510920_4.
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Jackson, Ian. "Compromise: America, CoCom and the Extension of the East-West Trade Embargo, 1950." In The Economic Cold War. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230510920_5.
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Jackson, Ian. "Trade or Aid? American Isolationists and East-West Trade, 1950–51." In The Economic Cold War. Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230510920_6.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Economic aspects of Cold War"
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GOLYASH, Iryna. "THE WAR AND HAPPINESS: SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS." In Proceedings of The Third International Scientific Conference “Happiness and Contemporary Society”. SPOLOM, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31108/7.2022.15.
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Ukraine has felt the impact of strong force, which has affected the level of happiness in the country. The circumstances were military actions which was provoked by the aggression of the Russian Federation. A whole generation of people knew about the war only from historical sources and had no previous experience of survival. During the war, basic physiological needs became a priority for the civilian population of Ukraine: security, water, food, heat, sleep, medicine. All other needs of a higher order have ceased, or become to be inconsiderable. The war did not make people happy, but it changed their behavior, which was due to the need to make important current and future decisions. Current decisions focused on survival, while long-term decisions focused on choosing one of the alternative life options, taking into account its expected quality and subjective prediction of personal happiness and happiness of their children. All this has led to a number of transformations in the socio-economic sphere, such as: falling incomes and rising household expenditures; change in the structure of consumption; shortage of certain foods and medicines; the impact of inflation; intensification of migration processes; demographic disparities and family separation; reduction of human resources; reduction of life expectancy and deterioration of health of Ukrainians; limited transport and logistics within the country; termination of a significant part of enterprises and small businesses; heavy load on social infrastructure facilities; increasing the number of individuals and families in difficult life circumstances, etc. According to the Phoenix Effect, life is expected to recover very quickly after the war. Ukrainians, having gone through numerous trials, will become much more resilient and happier in the future. Key words: Ukraine, russia, war, happiness, sconomy, Society, future
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Burleson, Grace, Brian Butcher, Brianna Goodwin, and Kendra Sharp. "Assisting Economic Opportunity for Women Through Appropriate Engineering Design of a Soap-Making Process in Uganda." In ASME 2016 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2016-59715.
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TERREWODE, a non-governmental organization in Uganda, works to eradicate obstetric fistula in local communities and provide income-generating skills training to the affected women. Obstetric fistula is a traumatic childbirth injury caused by prolonged, obstructed labor and delayed intervention. The condition is preventable with proper medical attention, however, in rural areas women who suffer from the condition are typically disowned from their families and communities [1]. As part of their social reintegration program, TERREWODE provides training for women post-treatment in multiple income-generating skill areas; jewelry making, baking, cooking, sewing, and buying/selling produce. The soap-making idea originated within TERREWODE itself and is intended to create an income stream for the women participating. The scope of this senior capstone project, in collaboration with several organizations, is to increase efficiency, reliability, and repeatability of the soap-making process and explore potential avenues for powering the system in an off-grid setting. A weighted-design matrix was used to make engineering decisions throughout the project. The two primary engineering aspects of this project were the selection of soap-making process (hot vs. cold) and the selection of a mixing device and powering unit. Understanding of appropriate manufacturing technologies in Uganda was necessary as all materials and tools needed to be locally available for success for the project. The hot process requires maintaining the soap mixture at a constant temperature for roughly two hours or until the gel phase occurs. This process allows for a short curing time, permitting the soap to be ready for use sooner. Opposing this, the cold process requires little cook time but a lengthy curing time. Experimental data showed that maintaining a consistent temperature over an extended period of time while using a cookstove is nearly impossible, even in a controlled lab environment. The cold process was selected as a better suited solution for manufacturing due to field conditions and available resources. A mixing device is crucial to the soap-making process. Due to the unreliability of grid-based electricity in the region, the team considered both a human-powered mixing solution and a solar-powered mixing solution [2]. TERREWODE leadership steered the team away from creating a human powered bike mixer for fear of discouraging women to participate, due to potential health and comfort issues. The team selected a solar powered system and has tested a U.S. manufactured prototype. The ultimate goal of this soap-making project is to provide an opportunity for victims and survivors of obstetric fistula to earn a livelihood. The work done by the Oregon State (OSU) mechanical engineering design team, in conjunction with the OSU Anthropology department, University of Oregon College of Business, several private artists and entrepreneurs, and TERREWODE, will provide potential improvements to the process and implementation plan to more effectively and economically create soap.
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HELMBRECHT, UDO. "PRIVACY IN INTERNET TRANSACTIONS: ECONOMIC AND SECURITY ASPECTS." In Proceedings of the 45th Session of the International Seminars on Nuclear War and Planetary Emergencies. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814531788_0040.
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Jabrayilzade, Arzu. "Turkish and Hungarian Political and Economic Relations in the Post Cold War Period." In MultiScience - XXXI. microCAD International Multidisciplinary Scientific Conference. University of Miskolc, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.26649/musci.2017.126.
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Bravaglieri, Simona. "Identification and preservation of the Cold War sites in Italy." In FORTMED2020 - Defensive Architecture of the Mediterranean. Universitat Politàcnica de València, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/fortmed2020.2020.11470.
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Since the Fall of the Berlin Wall, more than 8000 militaries installations worldwide have been made available for civilian use. To many, the idea of attempting to conserve military sites from the Cold War sounds discordant due to the awkward or “uncomfortable” nature of the subject matter and the generally unappealing aesthetics associated. Even if the Cold War influenced many aspects of the popular culture, science and technology, architecture, landscape and people’s perception of the world, the legacy of this war is less tangible than others, and for this reason it is important to make an attempt to preserve its relics. Military sites might be the only representative Cold War remains of a country and reflect issues beyond their military functions. The aim of this contribution is to present few cases of reuse of Cold War military structures in Italy and to introduce the lack of their identification and preservation.
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Illarionov, Oleksandr. "RELOCATION OF ENTERPRISES AND THEIR PROPERTY FROM THE WAR ZONE: ECOLOGICAL, ECONOMIC AND LEGAL ASPECTS." In 2nd International Conference on Relationship between public administration and business entities management. Scientific Center of Innovative Researches OÜ, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.36690/rpabm-2022-233.
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Pashkov, Konstantin. "Organization and Some Results of the Work Baikal Ferry in 1904–1905." In Irkutsk Historical and Economic Yearbook 2021. Baikal State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/978-5-7253-3040-3.17.
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For many years, the Russian-Japanese war was considered ingloriously lost in Russian historiography. The world and domestic liberal press, and then the Soviet historical science, tried with all their might to create the impression of a complete defeat of Russia. However, if we conduct a deeper analysis of military events, it becomes obvious that only a year after the start of the war, Japan’s offensive pressure dried up and its emerging economic and military problems came to the fore. Japan did not expect that the enemy would be able to establish an effective and uninterrupted supply of troops: in a short time, instead of a poorly equipped Siberian road, a well-established highway was developed and operated, connecting the center of Russia with the army fighting in the east of the country by a continuous rail route. The Baikal ferry in 1904–1905, being the only link of the Trans-Siberian Railway, determined the capacity of the entire highway. This article highlights some aspects and results of its work during this period.
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Norovsambuu, Khishigt, Leonid Kuras, and Bazar Tsybenov. "From Intelligence to the Beginning of Revolutionary Cooperation: the Evolution of Russian Policy in Respect of Mongolia (1905–1918)." In Irkutsk Historical and Economic Yearbook 2021. Baikal State University, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/978-5-7253-3040-3.43.
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The article is devoted to the evolution of the policy of the Russian Empire and Soviet Russia on the issue of Mongolia. The period under study begins with the Russo-Japanese War at the beginning of the 20th century and ends with the attempts of Soviet Russia to establish relations with Mongolia in 1917–1918. The authors analyzed in detail the military-intelligence, diplomatic and revolutionary aspects of Russian politics in Mongolia. The article also examines the question of the probable meeting in 1917 of Mongolian representatives with the revolutionaries of the Central Executive Committee of Soviet power in Siberia and the Siberian Bureau of the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks).
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Stratila, Alina, and Ina Gumeniuc. "Prospects for growth in labor productivity of construction personnel after the Covd pandemic 19." In 4th Economic International Conference "Competitiveness and Sustainable Development". Technical University of Moldova, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.52326/csd2022.20.
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The serious economic consequences of the COVD 19 pandemic are reflected in all activities of the national economy of the Republic of Moldova, including construction. In 2020, the activity of construction enterprises is characterized by a slowdown in the growth rate of sales revenues, a reduction in net profits, and a decrease in the average number of employees. Reaching the level of key economic indicators achieved by construction enterprises before the pandemic requires time and significant production stimulation. The key factor for the long-term development of enterprises is still the personnel and its productivity. The article assesses the use of personnel of construction enterprises for the period 2015-2020, including the period of restrictive measures during the first wave of COVD 19. Various quantitative and qualitative aspects of personnel use are considered: personnel mobility, personnel training, working conditions and remuneration, and labor productivity. A multifactor correlation model was elaborated, which allows for a comprehensive approach to the study of personnel productivity by including a wide range of economic indicators of personnel utilization in the regression equation. Measuring the degree of correlation between the effect of the time factor on the economic indicators included in the model allowed to reasonably forecast the expected level of labor productivity in the short term. The increase in labor productivity in 2022 can be 15% compared to the level of the indicator in 2020. The use of the obtained correlation model, covering comprehensively various aspects of the use of enterprise personnel, allows to simulate the desired level of labor productivity, which ensures the reduction of the recovery period of construction enterprises after the pandemic. The practical application of the model is recommended to the interested persons, managing construction enterprises.
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Kurtoğlu, Ramazan. "Economy and National Security." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00644.
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After the Great Depression in 1929, “economic security” which was in litterateur after World War II developed and in Cold War period it gained a meaning with neoliberalism which was put into effect with 1978 Washington Consensus. During this period, Soviet Bloc collapsed in early 1990s and a new term emerged in New World Order which is “economic security” equals “national security” or vice versa. Now, these two terms interwined and with a religion – politics philosophy – finance / economics formatted transformation international political economy – mapping and security terms filled.
Reports on the topic "Economic aspects of Cold War"
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Kelley, Thomas M. Cuba and Economic Sanctions: A Cold War Strategy in the 21st Century. Defense Technical Information Center, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada423707.
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Leoni, Paolo. Techno-economic comparison of the collected examples. IEA SHC Task 55, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18777/ieashc-task55-2020-0012.
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Subtask A “Network analysis and integration” focuses on the overall aspects of district heating and cooling networks with integrated solar thermal (ST) technologies. Particularly important are the cases in which the solar share is such to significantly influence the operation of the network and the other heat/cold supply units. In the present factsheet, the best-practice examples collected in the factsheet A-D1.1 are analyzed and compared.
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Lehtimaki, Susanna, Aisling Reidy, Kassim Nishtar, Sara Darehschori, Andrew Painter, and Nina Schwalbe. Independent Review and Investigation Mechanisms to Prevent Future Pandemics: A Proposed Way Forward. United Nations University International Institute for Global Health, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.37941/rr/2021/1.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has created enormous challenges for national economies, livelihoods, and public services, including health systems. In January 2021, the World Health Organization proposed an international treaty on pandemics to strengthen the political commitment towards global pandemic preparedness, control, and response. The plan is to present a draft treaty to the World Health Assembly in May 2021. To inform the design of a support system for this treaty, we explored existing mechanisms for periodic reviews conducted either by peers or an external group as well as mechanisms for in-country investigations, conducted with or without country consent. Based on our review, we summarized key design principles requisite for review and investigation mechanisms and explain how these could be applied to pandemics preparedness, control, and response in global health. While there is no single global mechanism that could serve as a model in its own right, there is potential to combine aspects of existing mechanisms. A Universal Periodic Review design based on the model of human rights treaties with independent experts as the authorized monitoring body, if made obligatory, could support compliance with a new pandemic treaty. In terms of on-site investigations, the model by the Committee on Prevention of Torture could lend itself to treaty monitoring and outbreak investigations on short notice or unannounced. These mechanisms need to be put in place in accordance with several core interlinked design principles: compliance; accountability; independence; transparency and data sharing; speed; emphasis on capabilities; and incentives. The World Health Organization can incentivize and complement these efforts. It has an essential role in providing countries with technical support and tools to strengthen emergency preparedness and response capacities, including technical support for creating surveillance structures, integrating non-traditional data sources, creating data governance and data sharing standards, and conducting regular monitoring and assessment of preparedness and response capacities.
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Markov, Smilen. COVID-19 and Orthodoxy: Uncertainty, Vulnerability, and the Hermeneutics of Divine Economy. Analogia 17 (2023), 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55405/17-4-markov.
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COVID-19 was a great challenge for Orthodox Christians worldwide. As all natural disasters in modernity, the pandemic was explained and combatted on the basis of science. There could be no doubt that death, pain, suffering, despair, imprisonment (the quarantine can indeed be experienced as an imprisonment) are opportunities for the Church to bear witness to Christ. To be ashamed of one’s vulnerability and to neglect the communal aspect of suffering means to render oneself less capable of bearing witness. Hence, it is important to find the conceptual ground for calibrating the truthful reaction to the pandemic in terms of the Christian ethos. To achieve this, we need the proper interpretative lens through which to examine the disaster of the pandemic.
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BALYSH, A. N., and O. B. CHIRICOVA. SOME ASPECTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF ROCKET WEAPONS IN THE USSR IN THE 20-40S OF THE XX CENTURY. Science and Innovation Center Publishing House, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/2077-1770-2021-14-1-2-91-102.
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The aim of the article. Establishment and development of the USSR rocket weapons for the period of the New Economic Policy and industrialization is one of the most interesting and poorly researched problem of the USSR military industry. The USSR first researches in the field of rocket weapons and ammunition creation, their features and results are poorly investigated by national historical science and just they are observed in the paper. Methodology. General principles of historism and objectivity are the theoretical-methodological base of this work. Author also use special historical methods: logic, systematic, chronological, actualisation and periodizing. Results. The paper is written by using the declassified documents for Official Use Only, by military technical documents, stored in the Russian National Library, little known memories of direct participants and some published researches. By considering these documents and materials it become clear that in the USSR before the Great Patriotic War a complex of problems on rocket weapon implementation were conditioned by objective and subjective reasons. The consequence of this was the adoption of some unfounded species of reactive weapons before the Great Patriotic War, who received an overestimated assessment and not justified all expectations and hopes assigned to them during the fighting. As a result, only by the end of the war these systems began to be used for their true purpose. Practical application. Practical significance of this work is as follows: facts shown in the article and conclusions drawn on them can be used for further research of USSR rocket weapon establishment and development in 20-40th years of XX century and also for Soviet history in general.
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Rusk, Todd, Ryan Siegel, Linda Larsen, Tim Lindsey, and Brian Deal. Technical and Financial Feasibility Study for Installation of Solar Panels at IDOT-owned Facilities. Illinois Center for Transportation, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-024.
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The Smart Energy Design Assistance Center assessed the administrative, technical, and economic aspects of feasibility related to the procurement and installation of photovoltaic solar systems on IDOT-owned buildings and lands. To address administrative feasibility, we explored three main ways in which IDOT could procure solar projects: power purchase agreement (PPA), direct purchase, and land lease development. Of the three methods, PPA and direct purchase are most applicable for IDOT. While solar development is not free of obstacles for IDOT, it is administratively feasible, and regulatory hurdles can be adequately met given suitable planning and implementation. To evaluate IDOT assets for solar feasibility, more than 1,000 IDOT sites were screened and narrowed using spatial analytic tools. A stakeholder feedback process was used to select five case study sites that allowed for a range of solar development types, from large utility-scale projects to small rooftop systems. To evaluate financial feasibility, discussions with developers and datapoints from the literature were used to create financial models. A large solar project request by IDOT can be expected to generate considerable attention from developers and potentially attractive PPA pricing that would generate immediate cash flow savings for IDOT. Procurement partnerships with other state agencies will create opportunities for even larger projects with better pricing. However, in the near term, it may be difficult for IDOT to identify small rooftop or other small on-site solar projects that are financially feasible. This project identified two especially promising solar sites so that IDOT can evaluate other solar site development opportunities in the future. This project also developed a web-based decision-support tool so IDOT can identify potential sites and develop preliminary indications of feasibility. We recommend that IDOT begin the process of developing at least one of their large sites to support solar electric power generation.
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Amzallag, Robert. The return of inflation: a banker’s perspective. CIRANO, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.54932/egsn1582.
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The COVID 19 pandemic followed by the invasion of Ukraine is a two-punch economic strike never seen in recent history. The pandemic not only disrupted many aspects of a tightly knit integrated world but also exposed its fragility. The devastation of Ukraine and the vast program of sanctions quickly imposed by most major developed countries have accelerated the retreat of globalization. For many decades, Central Bankers and economists considered stable prices as an almost permanent feature. Today, the consumer price index in the US hit a 40-year high at more than 8 per cent and experts were unable to predict such course of inflation. In this paper, we offer a unique perspective on these events. First, we identify a few major influential factors that have altered significantly and reliably inflation since World War II. We then turn to looking at recent events in the light of these factors to try and extrapolate a likely trend for inflation in the coming years. Despite the dire economic challenges of World War II, the economy recovered quickly, the financial imbalances rectified in only a few years and inflation was tamed. Can the same thing be achieved after the pandemic? Our analysis suggests that this is highly improbable. Deep-rooted inflationary forces are at work because of the distortions that the economic order of the last 40 years has created. These distortions, exacerbated by the dual crisis, will take long to repair. We are then looking at an unsettled economic and inflationary future. The wise course of action to avoid a chaotic future requires that the US authorities withdraw from hands-on policies and instead, pave the way for the agile private sector to take the lead and adapt the economy to the changing conditions.
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Gottlieb, Yuval, Bradley Mullens, and Richard Stouthamer. investigation of the role of bacterial symbionts in regulating the biology and vector competence of Culicoides vectors of animal viruses. United States Department of Agriculture, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7699865.bard.
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Symbiotic bacteria have been shown to influence host reproduction and defense against biotic and abiotic stressors, and this relates to possible development of a symbiont-based control strategy. This project was based on the hypothesis that symbionts have a significant impact on Culicoides fitness and vector competence for animal viruses. The original objectives in our proposal were: 1. Molecular identification and localization of the newly-discovered symbiotic bacteria within C. imicola and C. schultzei in Israel and C. sonorensis in California. 2. Determination of the prevalence of symbiotic bacteria within different vector Culicoides populations. 3. Documentation of specific symbiont effects on vector reproduction and defense: 3a) test for cytoplasmic incompatibility in Cardinium-infected species; 3b) experimentally evaluate the role of the symbiont on infection or parasitism by key Culicoides natural enemies (iridescent virus and mermithid nematode). 4. Testing the role(s) of the symbionts in possible protection against infection of vector Culicoides by BTV. According to preliminary findings and difficulties in performing experimental procedures performed in other insect symbiosis systems where insect host cultures are easily maintained, we modified the last two objectives as follows: Obj. 3, we tested how symbionts affected general fitness of Israeli Culicoides species, and thoroughly described and evaluated the correlation between American Culicoides and their bacterial communities in the field. We also tried alternative methods to test symbiont-Culicoides interactions and launched studies to characterize low-temperature stress tolerances of the main US vector, which may be related to symbionts. Obj. 4, we tested the correlation between EHDV (instead of BTV) aquisition and Cardinium infection. Culicoides-bornearboviral diseases are emerging or re-emerging worldwide, causing direct and indirect economic losses as well as reduction in animal welfare. One novel strategy to reduce insects’ vectorial capacity is by manipulating specific symbionts to affect vector fitness or performance of the disease agent within. Little was known on the bacterial tenants occupying various Culicoides species, and thus, this project was initiated with the above aims. During this project, we were able to describe the symbiont Cardinium and whole bacterial communities in Israeli and American Culicoides species respectively. We showed that Cardinium infection prevalence is determined by land surface temperature, and this may be important to the larval stage. We also showed no patent significant effect of Cardinium on adult fitness parameters. We showed that the bacterial community in C. sonorensis varies significantly with the host’s developmental stage, but it varies little across multiple wastewater pond environments. This may indicate some specific biological interactions and allowed us to describe a “core microbiome” for C. sonorensis. The final set of analyses that include habitat sample is currently done, in order to separate the more intimately-associated bacteria from those inhabiting the gut contents or cuticle surface (which also could be important). We were also able to carefully study other biological aspects of Culicoides and were able to discriminate two species in C. schultzei group in Israel, and to investigate low temperature tolerances of C. sonorensis that may be related to symbionts. Scientific implications include the establishment of bacterial identification and interactions in Culicoides (our work is cited in other bacteria-Culicoides studies), the development molecular identification of C. schultzei group, and the detailed description of the microbiome of the immature and matched adult stages of C. sonorensis. Agricultural implications include understanding of intrinsic factors that govern Culicoides biology and population regulation, which may be relevant for vector control or reduction in pathogen transmission. Being able to precisely identify Culicoides species is central to understanding Culicoides borne disease epidemiology.
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Olsson, Olle. Industrial decarbonization done right: identifying success factors for well-functioning permitting processes. Stockholm Environment Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51414/sei2021.034.
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1 Introduction 1.1 The urgency of industrial decarbonization The last few years have seen several of the world’s largest carbon dioxide-emitting countries and leading heavy industry companies committing to mid-century net-zero targets (Buckley 2021; Denyer and Kashiwagi 2020; McCurry 2020; Myers 2020). Consequently, the discussion on economy-wide transition to net-zero is accelerating, with focus shifting from “if” to “when” and “how”, even for heavy industry sectors like steel, cement and chemicals. This makes it increasingly urgent to analyse not just whether it is technologically feasible to decarbonize heavy industry, but also investigate issues more directly related to practical implementation. This includes site-specific planning, infrastructure availability, and consultation with local authorities and other stakeholders. Many of the latter considerations are formalized as part of the permitting processes that are an essential vehicle to ensure that industrial interests are balanced against interests of society at large. However, doing this balancing act can turn out to be very complicated and associated with uncertainties as to their outcome, as well as being demanding in resources and time. At the same time, to ensure broad buy-in and support from society, the investments needed must be implemented in a way that takes a broad spectrum of sustainability concerns into account, not just climate change mitigation. A key question is if and how permitting processes can run more smoothly and efficiently while still ensuring inclusive consultations, fair procedures and adherence to legal certainty. This policy brief discusses this question from the starting point of Swedish conditions, but many of the points raised will be relevant for a broader international discussion on taking industrial decarbonization to implementation. 1.2 Industrial transition and permitting processes in Sweden Decarbonization of the industrial sector in Sweden essentially entails a relatively small number of investment projects in the cement, steel, petrochemical and refinery sectors, where the vast majority of carbon emissions are concentrated (Karltorp et al. 2019; Nykvist et al. 2020). However, while few in number, the size of these investments means that their implementation will by necessity become relevant to many other parts of society. In connection with the increasing focus on how to implement industrial decarbonization in Sweden, discussions about permitting processes have been brought higher up on the agenda. While there has been an active discussion on permitting processes in Sweden for quite some time, it has primarily been focused on aspects related to mining and wind power (Larsen et al. 2017; Raitio et al. 2020). The last few years have, however, focused increasingly on industrial projects, in particular related to a proposed – though eventually cancelled – expansion of an oil refinery in the southwestern part of the country (Blad 2020). In terms of political discussions, both the governmental initiative Fossil-free Sweden (2020) and the Swedish Climate Policy Council (2020) emphasize that permitting processes need to become faster in order for Sweden’s industrial transition to be implemented in line with the time plan set by the 2017 Swedish Climate Act. Business representatives and organizations are also voicing concerns about the slow speed of permitting (Balanskommissionen 2019; Jacke 2018). At the same time, criticism has been raised that much of the environmental damage done in Sweden comes from activities conducted within limits set by environmental permits, which could be a flaw in the system (Malmaeus and Lindblom 2019). Finally, recent public inquiries have also discussed permitting processes.
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Kelly, Luke. Humanitarian Considerations in Disarmament, Demobilisation and Reintegration (DDR). Institute of Development Studies, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.106.
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This rapid literature review finds that disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration (DDR) raises a number of humanitarian considerations, centred on the treatment of participants and the unintended consequences of the programmes. In particular, DDR undertaken during conflicts is linked to several protection risks and is difficult to implement in a neutral, equitable and humanitarian manner. By humanitarian concerns, this report means: • Some of the functions undertaken in DDR, • Humanitarian risks to individuals in DDR programmes, • Indirect risks of conflict arising from DDR programmes; DDR is a broad and multi-faceted process involving security, humanitarian and development aspects and actors, with wide-ranging impacts. Humanitarian actors do not undertake DDR, but they may support some DDR processes, and maybe affected by DDR or its effects. According to UN guidance and the academic literature, successful DDR will consider socio-economic conditions in the community, as well as for the ex-combatants. It should be attuned to the range of needs of participants and should abide by relevant international law. The political dynamics of a conflict or post-conflict situation shape the success of DDR. It was first used in post-conflict situations, but the increasing use of DDR in ongoing conflicts creates new difficulties. The failure or partial implementation creates many humanitarian problems. This may arise from a lack of resources; competing authorities (and particularly the co-option of DDR for war aims); ongoing conflict and instability; mistakes in implementation; and socio-economic conditions unconducive to successful reintegration. Unsuccessful DDR may see partially demobilised actors remain dangerous, or may fuel new grievances around the perceived unfairness of granting support to former combatants. There is a large body of evidence on the successes and failures of DDR programmes, how they vary over time and across contexts, and guidance on how to implement DDR. Relatively little refers explicitly to humanitarian concerns, but many of the issues covered can be characterised as humanitarian. DDR has been employed in many situations since the 1980s, meaning that it is not possible to comprehensively survey the guidance or case study evidence. Instead, this review focuses on the main areas where DDR can be said to raise humanitarian concerns, with a particular focus on the problems raised by DDR in ongoing conflicts.