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Journal articles on the topic 'Economic aspects of Controlled fusion'

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Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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Konishi, S., K. Okano, Y. Ogawa, S. Nagumo, K. Tokimatsu, and K. Tobita. "Evaluation of fusion study from socio-economic aspects." Fusion Engineering and Design 75-79 (November 2005): 1151–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fusengdes.2005.06.338.

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Moore, Nicholas Lister. "LISA indexing: economic aspects of controlled indexing." Indexer: The International Journal of Indexing: Volume 16, Issue 1 16, no. 1 (1988): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/indexer.1988.16.1.4.

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Examines the accepted principles of controlled indexing, in published abstracting/indexing services and databases from the unusual aspect of the publisher’s need to minimize production costs. Detailed information concerning the production of Library &amp; Information Science Abstracts (LISA) is presented showing income and costs. Ways in which factors involved in controlled indexing may be seen to manifest themselves in production parameters are shown by plotting graphs of the numbers of abstracts and index pages against numbers of abstracts for 77 individual issues of LISA. The close fit of the data to straight lines, with correlation coefficients approaching unity, provides a means of managing the size of individual issues to yield minimum printing/binding costs. The extended use of the Classification Research Group (CRG) classification notation to provide automatic extraction of chain indexing strings and associated cross-references is described in detail. The gains in staff productivity resulting from this and other procedures are indicated with reference to the expansion in LISA’s coverage between 1978 and 1984.

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Staudhammer, Peter. "Assessment of environmental, safety, and economic aspects of fusion." Journal of Fusion Energy 7, no. 4 (1988): 319–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01050946.

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Ingelstam, L. "Socio-economic aspects of fusion: research in the European context." Fusion Engineering and Design 46, no. 2-4 (1999): 423–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0920-3796(99)00034-4.

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RAHMAN, H. U., P. NEY, F. J. WESSEL, and N. ROSTOKER. "Staged pinch for controlled thermonuclear fusion." Journal of Plasma Physics 58, no. 2 (1997): 367–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022377897005813.

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Staged pinch implosions provide a means to couple energy to a small-diameter fibre on an extremely fast time scale, circumventing the limitations of conventional pinches. In this scheme the generator current initially traverses an intermediate hollow plasma shell, which compresses onto the fibre placed coaxially and transfers the current to the fibre with a significantly reduced risetime. The results are impressive, since the delivered peak power is increased by several orders of magnitude, the coupling efficiency improves, and the most dangerous plasma instabilities that commonly plague high-density/high-temperature pinches are eliminated. This technique can be fielded on both fast and slow generators (i.e. tens of nanoseconds to microseconds), making it feasible to extend the concept to a wide range of presently assembled systems. Staging may therefore present a dramatically new means of pulsed-energy conversion, which could find many applications. In addressing the requirements for thermonuclear fusion in a staged Z pinch, our preliminary calculations based on zero-D models suggest the potential for a significant thermonuclear burn with generator currents of the order of a few megaamperes and one microsecond risetime. Studies are actively underway at various places around the world (England, France, Germany and Russia) as well as in the USA (UCI/UCR) to investigate different aspects of staged pinching and its applications, particularly those leading to controlled thermonuclear fusion.

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Cardozo, N. J. Lopes. "Economic aspects of the deployment of fusion energy: the valley of death and the innovation cycle." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 377, no. 2141 (2019): 20170444. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2017.0444.

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The speed at which fusion energy can be deployed is considered. Several economical factors are identified that impede this speed. Most importantly, the combination of an unprecedentedly high investment level needed for the proof of principle and the relatively long construction time of fusion plants precludes an effective innovation cycle. The valley of death is discussed, i.e. the period when a large investment is needed for the construction of early generations of fusion reactors, when there is no return yet. It is concluded that, within the mainstream scenario—a few DEMO reactors towards 2060 followed by generations of relatively large reactors—there is no realistic path to an appreciable contribution to the energy mix in the twenty-first century if economic constraints are applied. In other words, fusion will not contribute to the energy transition in the time frame of the Paris climate agreement. Within the frame of this analysis, the development of smaller, cheaper and most importantly, fast-to-build fusion plants could possibly represent an option to accelerate the introduction of fusion power. Whether this is possible is a technical question that is outside the scope of this paper, but this question is addressed in other contributions to the Royal Society workshop. This article is part of a discussion meeting issue ‘Fusion energy using tokamaks: can development be accelerated?’.

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Kolbasov, B. N. "CHRONICLE. 1st INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP ON ENVIRONMENTAL, SAFETY AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF FUSION POWER." Problems of Atomic Science and Technology, Ser. Thermonuclear Fusion 39, no. 3 (2016): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.21517/0202-3822-2016-39-3-99-104.

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Speece, Mark. "Aspects of Economic Dualism in Oman 1830–1930." International Journal of Middle East Studies 21, no. 4 (1989): 495–515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002074380003289x.

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The history of Oman is largely a story of competition, and often conflict, between two very different entities. This duality was even symbolized by the name of the country, “Sultanate of Muscat and Oman,” until 1970. The sultanate was formed from the fusion of the Batina coastal plain and its port cities, symbolically Muscat, and the interior of the country, Oman. During most periods in the recent history of the country, only the coast has been ruled by the sultan. Even before the institution of the sultanate emerged in the 18th century, however, the coast had usually been under separate, often foreign, rule. In the interior, the ideal head of government from very early times was that of an imam, even though the office often remained vacant. At many times during Omani history, of course, one part of the country or the other imposed its control and Oman was temporarily united, but the differences between the two sections of Omani society eventually split the country into two separate states again. Even within the last decade, one of the major problems in Oman's efforts to develop has been “the traditional antithesis between the sultan residing on the coast and the inwardly oriented tribes.”

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Garkusha, I. E. "Participation in thermonuclear research of EURATOM: results achieved under the HORIZON 2020 program and the prospects for the next EU program for 2021-2027 (transcript of the report at the meeting of the Presidium of NAS of Ukraine, February 17, 2021)." Visnik Nacional'noi' academii' nauk Ukrai'ni, no. 03 (March 25, 2021): 35–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/visn2021.03.035.

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The report emphasizes the importance of developing thermonuclear research in the world, the need for further integration of Ukrainian research institutions into the European research area and increasing the participation of Ukrainian scientists in world-class research in plasma physics and controlled thermonuclear fusion. The urgency and complexity of the problem of controlled thermonuclear fusion, which covers not only various aspects of high-temperature plasma physics as the basis of energy of the future, but also problems of thermonuclear reactors, materials science, engineering aspects of thermonuclear energy, etc. are discussed.

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Wu, Y., E. Stevens, K. Kim, et al. "Summary of the 1st International Workshop on Environmental, Safety and Economic Aspects of Fusion Power." Nuclear Fusion 56, no. 12 (2016): 127001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0029-5515/56/12/127001.

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Wu, Y., Z. Chen, Z. Meng, et al. "Summary of the 2nd International Workshop on Environmental, Safety and Economic Aspects of Fusion Power." Nuclear Fusion 58, no. 9 (2018): 097001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1741-4326/aacaad.

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SUGIURA, Yuki. "Crystal growth aspects of calcium carbonate polymorphism controlled by PO₄." Japanese Magazine of Mineralogical and Petrological Sciences 50, no. 1 (2021): 15–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2465/gkk.201216.

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Voronchev, V. T., and V. I. Kukulin. "Nuclear-physics aspects of controlled thermonuclear fusion: Analysis of promising fuels and gamma-ray diagnostics of hot plasma." Physics of Atomic Nuclei 63, no. 12 (2000): 2051–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/1.1333874.

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Subbotin, M. L., D. K. Kurbatov, and L. G. Golubchikov. "SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THE USE OF STRUCTURAL MATERALS CRITICAL FOR DEVELOPMENT OF FUSION POWER ENGINEERING. VANADIUM ALLOYS." Problems of Atomic Science and Technology, Ser. Thermonuclear Fusion 32, no. 1 (2009): 30–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.21517/0202-3822-2009-32-1-30-41.

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Anderson, Beverlee B. "Corrupting activities and economic development." World Journal of Entrepreneurship, Management and Sustainable Development 11, no. 1 (2015): 64–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/wjemsd-07-2014-0020.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to explore the relationships of different types of corruption and selected economic measures that appear to contribute to a country’s sustainable economic development. Design/methodology/approach – The research used selected data from the World Economic Forum Executive Opinion Survey on corruption activities (Irregular Payments and Bribes, the Diversion of Public Funds, Organised Crime, and Favouritism in Decisions of Government Officials) and Ethical Behaviour of Firms. The economic data (FDI, GDP, GDP Growth and Capital Formation among others) is from the World Bank database. A series of statistical models were developed to examine the relationships among different types of corruption and a country’s economic development. Findings – The findings are mixed, showing that some types of corruption have greater negative impact on specific aspects of economic development. Research limitations/implications – The research is limited by the availability of data from reliable sources and the availability of data on a limited number of corruption activities. Only four aspects of corruption are examined in this paper. Only selected aspects of a country’s economy were examined. The variables analysed in the study were not available for each of the 179 countries. Practical implications – A country may learn the types of corrupting activities that must be controlled to aid in the targeted growth of specific economic development, such as Direct Foreign Investment. Originality/value – This study builds on previous work by Anderson (2012, 2013) that used Transparency International’s Corruption Perception Index (CPI) as a global measure of corruption. This study, in contrast, uses the results of the World Economic Forum Executive Opinion Survey, to indicate the perceived level of different types (components) of corruption. By using more specific measure of corruption, there is a better understanding of the relationships between corruption and economic development.

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Ciunel, Stefanita, Cristian Klement, and Mihai Constantin Clinciu. "Aspects of Side Impact Research." Applied Mechanics and Materials 896 (February 2020): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.896.133.

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According to official statistics, road transport is one of the most dangerous and costly in terms of life and costs of hospitalization and post-accident medication. Thus, safety is a matter of great interest at national level and, perhaps internationally. Road safety on public roads in Romania is low compared to international standards. The mortality rate is more than twice the EU average. Given that road traffic and victim maintenance costs are a real economic problem, a European harmonization of the recording and assessment of events involving the bodily injuries of those involved in road events is necessary. Road events are one of the main causes of mortality in modern society. For this reason, the safety of motor vehicles has become the most important issue in their development. Road traffic injuries are a problem that can be controlled by proper attention to traffic avoidance strategies. Side impact is the second major cause of mortality and injury after frontal impact in road traffic analysis.

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DHARSANA, I. Made Pria, Indrasari KRESNADJAJA, and I. Gusti Agung Jordika PRAMANDITYA. "Land Tenure of Small Islands and Coastal Areas in Economic and Defense Aspects." PRIZREN SOCIAL SCIENCE JOURNAL 5, no. 2 (2021): 46–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.32936/pssj.v5i2.220.

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The question of the purpose of statehood hovers again to collect the pledges of the development actors. The goal to become a nation-state that provides a place and humane and proper way of life is still harassing residents of coastal areas and small islands as part of the natural resources bestowed by The One Almighty God to the Indonesian people. Coastal areas and outer small islands are national assets controlled by the state and need to be preserved and utilized as much as possible for the prosperity of the people, both for present and future generations and for the interests of defense and security. related to the threat of remote island tenure which by certain elements were transferred to the land tenure rights that should belong to the village customary land, but there was a process of transferring rights which were then held by foreigners with the argument related to economic issues that were less supportive in the area by nominee or by road rent that threatens the stability of national defense.

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Radko, V. "Economic aspects of energy efficiency in Ukrainian agricultural enterprises` dairy farming." Ekonomìka ta upravlìnnâ APK, no. 1 (148) (May 30, 2019): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.33245/2310-9262-2019-148-1-65-75.

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It was established that material and technical support of milk production process in agricultural enterprises is an important reserve for increasing economic stability on the basis of creation of high-tech and energy-efficient production management system. The directions of innovative provision of technological processes in dairy farming are outlined: forage conservation; keeping and feeding animals; creation of farms with waste heat utilization, mechanized feeding, milking, waste management (robotic farms); computerization of milk production accounting processes and the prediction of the genetic value of animals; milk quality control by means of electronic means for testing of fat and protein content in milk; systems of cooling and milk storage. It has been proved that energy expenditure in dairy farming depends on a large number of factors, in particular the methods of keeping farm animals and their productivity, the level of mechanization and automation of technological processes on the farm, etc. It is established that in determining the energy costs, energy expenditure is taken into account only for individual, often final, technological operations, resulting in an assessment of the efficiency of milk production that is incomplete, which does not allow to objectively determine the efficiency of technological solutions. Summarizing the aforementioned, it will be grounded that the reduction of energy consumption in the milk production is possible not only on the basis of technical re-equipment of equipment, reconstruction and replacement on the new, but also due to the formation of rational consumer behavior and the development of a sound management policy for the use of energy resources at all stages of production dairy products. It is proposed to create at the agricultural enterprises an appropriate unit for ensuring energy efficiency and the appointment of a manager. Moreover, the responsibility of the manager should be clearly regulated and controlled by the business owners to fulfill all the requirements of energy saving, which should result in the reduction of energy consumption. It is proved that the reduction of energy consumption for milk production is achieved on the basis of providing the microclimate by utilizing the heat that is in the air and is removed from the premises. Key words: dairy farming, agricultural enterprise, energy efficiency, energy resources, energy management.

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Nardi-Hiebl, S., L. H. J. Eberhart, M. Gehling, T. Koch, T. Schlesinger, and P. Kranke. "Quo Vadis PCA? A Review on Current Concepts, Economic Considerations, Patient-Related Aspects, and Future Development with respect to Patient-Controlled Analgesia." Anesthesiology Research and Practice 2020 (February 13, 2020): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9201967.

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This review assesses four interrelating aspects of patient-controlled analgesia (PCA), a long-standing and still widely used concept for postoperative pain management. Over the years, anaesthesiologists and patients have appreciated the benefits of PCA alike. The market has seen new technologies leveraging noninvasive routes of administration and, thus, further increasing patient and staff satisfaction as well as promoting safety aspects. Pharmaceutical research focuses on the reduction or avoidance of opioids, side effects, and adverse events although influence of these aspects appears to be minor. The importance of education is still eminent, and new educational formats are tested to train healthcare professionals and patients likewise. New PCA technology can support the implementation of efficient processes to reduce workload and human errors; however, these new products come with a cost, which is not necessarily reflected through beneficial budget impact or significant improvements in patient outcome. Although first steps have been taken to better recognize the importance of postoperative pain management through the introduction of value-based reimbursement, in most western countries, PCA is not specifically compensated. PCA is still an effective and valued technique for postoperative pain management. Although there is identifiable potential for future developments in various aspects, this potential has not materialized in new products.

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Möller-Leimkühler, Anne Maria. "Why is terrorism a man’s business?" CNS Spectrums 23, no. 2 (2017): 119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852917000438.

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Terrorism, whether it is group-related or performed as lone actor terrorism, is a predominantly male phenomenon. Generally and throughout history, young males have been the main protagonists of criminal and political violence.This article aims to contribute, from different perspecives, to the question of what makes young men violent. These include neurobiological aspects, such as sex differences in the brain that predispose males to physical aggression and violence; gender role aspects, with regard to aggression and violence being basic components for demonstrating and reconstructing masculinity; demographic aspects of male youth bulges as potential breeding grounds for terrorism; aspects of group dynamics and identity fusion in the process of radicalization; and psychosocial characteristics of lone actor terrorists, which differ from group-related terrorists.It is concluded that in addition to ideological, political, economic, regional, demographic, or psychosocial causes, experiences of threatened masculinity may be an underlying factor and driving force for terrorism.

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Zucchetti, M., Z. Chang, L. El-Guebaly, et al. "Radioactive Waste Studies in the Frame of the IEA Cooperative Program on the Environmental, Safety, and Economic Aspects of Fusion Power." Fusion Science and Technology 72, no. 4 (2017): 609–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15361055.2017.1350474.

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Howard Lowdermilk, W. "Inertial Confinement Fusion Program at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory: The National Ignition Facility, Inertial Fusion Energy, 100–1000 TW Lasers, and the Fast Igniter Concept." Journal of Nonlinear Optical Physics & Materials 06, no. 04 (1997): 507–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218863597000381.

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The ultimate goal of worldwide research in inertial confinement fusion (ICF) is to develop fusion as an inexhaustible, economic, environmentally safe source of electric power. Following nearly thirty years of laboratory and underground fusion experiments, the next step toward this goal is to demonstrate ignition and propagating burn of fusion fuel in the laboratory. The National Ignition Facility (NIF) Project is being constructed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory (LLNL) for just this purpose. NIF will use advanced Nd-glass laser technology to deliver 1.8 MJ of 0.35 μm laser light in a shaped pulse, several nanoseconds in duration, achieving a peak power of 500 TW. A national community of U.S. laboratories is participating in this project, now in its final design phase. France and the United Kingdom are collaborating on development of required technology under bilateral agreements with the US. This paper presents key aspects of the laser design, and descriptions of principal laser and optical components. Follow-on development of lasers to meet the demands of an inertial fusion energy (IFE) power plant is reviewed. In parallel with the NIF Project and IFE developments, work is proceeding on ultrashort pulse lasers with peak power in the range of 100–1000 TW. A beamline on the Nova laser at LLNL recently delivered nearly 600 J of 1 μm light in a 0.5 ps duration pulse, for a peak power in excess of a petawatt (1015 W). This beamline, with advanced adaptive optics, will be capable of focused intensities in excess of 1021 W/cm2. Its primary purpose will be to test technological and scientific aspects of an alternate ignition concept, called the "Fast Igniter", that has the potential to produce higher fusion gain than conventional ICF.

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Shubbar, Haider H. Dipheal. "Methodological Aspects of the Financial Stability of Iraq’s Banking System." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Ekonomika, no. 51 (2020): 208–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/19988648/51/13.

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This article discusses the methodology the Central Bank of Iraq developed to assess the financial stability of commercial banks. This topic is relevant because, in modern economic conditions, the Central Bank of Iraq is forced to tighten requirements to credit institutions. Banks use not only their own funds, but also the funds of the population, legal entities, so they must be reliable and stable. Financial stability directly characterises the reliability of banks, so it must be strictly controlled. The Central Bank of Iraq has created its own methodology for assessing the financial stability of the banking sector. Its use should improve the quality of the created banking system development strategies and the financial monitoring of these strategies’ implementation. The Iraqi banking sector has a high level of capital adequacy, which helps to reduce the likelihood of financial distress in it.

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Oestergaard, Lisa Gregersen, Finn Bjarke Christensen, Claus Vinther Nielsen, et al. "Case manager–assisted rehabilitation for lumbar spinal fusion patients: an economic evaluation alongside a randomized controlled trial with two-year follow-up." Clinical Rehabilitation 34, no. 4 (2020): 460–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269215519897096.

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Objective: To examine the cost-effectiveness of case manager–assisted rehabilitation as an add-on to usual physical rehabilitation after lumbar spinal fusion, given the lack of any clinical benefits found on analysing the clinical data. Design: Economic evaluation alongside a randomized controlled trial with two-year follow-up. Setting: Patients from the outpatient clinics of a university hospital and a general hospital. Subjects: A total of 82 lumbar spinal fusion patients. Interventions: Patients were randomized one-to-one to case manager–assisted rehabilitation programme as an add-on to usual physical rehabilitation or to usual physical rehabilitation. Main measures: Oswestry Disability Index and EuroQol 5-dimension. Danish preference weights were used to estimate quality-adjusted life years. Costs were estimated from micro costing and national registries. Multiple imputation was used to handle missing data. Costs and effects were presented with means (95% confidence interval (CI)). The incremental net benefit was estimated for a range of hypothetical values of willingness to pay per gain in effects. Results: No impact of case manager–assisted rehabilitation on the Oswestry Disability Index or estimate quality-adjusted life years was observed. Intervention cost was Euros 3984 (3468; 4499), which was outweighed by average reductions in inpatient resource use and sickness leave. A cost reduction of Euros 1716 (–16,651; 20,084) was found in the case manager group. Overall, the probability for the case manager–assisted rehabilitation programme being cost-effective did not exceed a probability of 56%, regardless of willingness to pay. Sensitivity analysis did not change the conclusion. Conclusion: This case manager–assisted rehabilitation programme was unlikely to be cost-effective.

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Konno, Noboru, and Carmela Elita Schillaci. "Intellectual capital in Society 5.0 by the lens of the knowledge creation theory." Journal of Intellectual Capital 22, no. 3 (2021): 478–505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jic-02-2020-0060.

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PurposeThis paper reviews the development of knowledge creation theory in the last quarter-century and how it has contributed to innovation management and looks into social and human aspects of innovation in the era of “Society 5.0”.Design/methodology/approachThis research aims to relate basic theoretical concepts: knowledge creation and knowledge assets, purpose, leadership, and place (Ba) for innovation to drive innovation and its management as a whole ecosystem. It also discusses the application to innovation management systems open innovation, and social innovation.FindingsToday's innovation demands socio-economic fusion that goes beyond current corporate boundaries. By preparing the system (knowledge ecosystem) as the basis, we could build the bridge, and such fusion would be possible.Research limitations/implicationsThis paper shows the framework of the idea. Evidence-based research based on “knowledge assessment” will be discussed on another occasion.Originality/valueThis research is to explain knowledge management, innovation, and social innovation beyond the corporate framework.

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Charlesworth, Julie, Al Rainnie, and David Kraithman. "Corridor or blind alley? The A1M Herts corridor consortium." Local Economy: The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit 4, no. 3 (1989): 209–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02690948908725997.

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Local authority intervention in the local economy has proliferated in recent years and is not, as much work suggests, confined to large Labour controlled authorities coping with inner city problems and/or declining heavy industry; a wide variety of economic development initiatives are being executed by councils across the political spectrum. This paper examines the notion of growth coalitions and attempts to shed some light on these aspects of neglected research and reasons for local authority intervention, exemplified by the A1M Herts Corridor Campaign, an economic development initiative to attract inward investment to an affluent county.

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Zucchetti, M., B. Kolbasov, M. Riva та ін. "STUDIES OF RADIOACTIVE MATERIAL MANАGEMENT IN THE FRAME OF THE IEA COOPERATIVE PROGRAM ON THE ENVIRONMENTAL, SAFETY AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF FUSION POWER". Problems of Atomic Science and Technology, Ser. Thermonuclear Fusion 39, № 4 (2016): 27–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21517/0202-3822-2016-39-4-27-37.

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Costa, Daniela Ribeiro da, Suzany Aguiar Leite, Ana Elizabete Lopes Ribeiro, Iara Sordi Joachim-Bravo, Aldenise Alves Moreira, and Maria Aparecida Castellani. "Comparison of diets for rearing the larvae of Mediterranean fruit fly: nutritional and economic aspects." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 38, no. 6 (2017): 3445. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2017v38n6p3445.

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The Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is the main pest of fruit crops worldwide due to its broad distribution, direct damages, and adaptation to different hosts. Developing diets for the rearing fruit flies is essential for integrated management of this pest. Mass rearing of parasitoids, selection of preferred hosts, and mass rearing of genetically modified C. capitata strains subsidize methods of biological control, cultural control, and the sterile insect technique (SIT), respectively, depending directly on the mass rearing of the Mediterranean fruit fly. The aim of this study was to assess the effectiveness of artificial diets for rearing C. capitata larvae considering the cost of those most appropriate diets. Nine diets containing different combinations of protein and energy sources (brewer’s yeast, yeast extract, pollen, soybean extract, oatmeal, corn meal, and wheat germ) were formulated. The parameters immature development time (hatching), pupal viability (emerged adults), size and weight of pupae, and adult size (wing length) were assessed. The experiments were conducted in the laboratory under controlled conditions of temperature (26 ± 1 °C) and relative humidity (70% ± 10%). Statistical analysis was performed by using ANOVA with the Tukey’s test for comparison of means. Diets based on oatmeal and soybean extract, both added with brewer’s yeast, yeast extract, or pollen satisfactorily meet the nutritional requirements of C. capitata. Moreover, diets enriched with brewer’s yeast or yeast extract presented the lowest costs; therefore, they could be used in a continuous mass-scale rearing of C. capitata. Diets based on corn meal and soybean extract, both associated with brewer’s yeast, yeast extract, or pollen are more economical, but they should not be used for rearing C. capitata because they decrease the percentage of hatching and extend life cycle. Diets based on wheat germ and oatmeal, both added with brewer’s yeast, yeast extract, or pollen are not adequate for rearing C. capitata.

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Corrêa, Roberto Lobato. "O espaço metropolitano e sua dinâmica." Anuário do Instituto de Geociências 17 (December 1, 1994): 24–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.11137/1994_0_24-29.

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This paper aims to point out four aspects related to metropolitan dynamic in Brazil. These aspects are: (a) decentralization of the activities located in the Central Business District and the impacts of such process; (b) re-affirmation of selective residential sectors "à la Hoyt"; (c) the fast growth of low-income group periphery and; (d) existence of new territories controlled by groups as linked to the narco-traffic.

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Schoels, Monika, John Wong, David L. Scott, et al. "Economic aspects of treatment options in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic literature review informing the EULAR recommendations for the management of rheumatoid arthritis." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 69, no. 6 (2010): 995–1003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/ard.2009.126714.

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ObjectiveTo review the cost effectiveness of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treatments and inform the clinical recommendations by the European League Against Rheumatism.MethodsA systematic literature search and review of the health economic evidence on RA treatment options was performed.ResultsDespite diverse methodological approaches, health economic analyses are concordant: at onset of disease, traditional disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) are cost effective—that is, treatment merits outweigh treatment costs. If DMARDs fail, therapeutic escalation with tumour necrosis factor α inhibitors (TNFi) is cost effective when standard dosing schemes are employed. If TNFi fail, rituximab or abatacept is cost effective. Economic evidence for switching TNFi remains sparse.ConclusionsThe costly sequelae of insufficiently controlled RA justify intensive escalations of treatment in this disease. By maintaining function, patients are kept in the work process, reducing indirect costs. Quality of life is improved at an expense commonly accepted for chronic diseases. Effective control of disease activity seems to be a prudent use of societal resources.

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Sosenkina, I. M., N. A. Osokin, and A. Yu Klimentova. "ECONOMIC IMPACT OF ICE AND SNOW RELATED INJURIES IN RUSSIAN REGIONS." Strategic decisions and risk management, no. 1 (May 2, 2019): 58–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17747/2618-947x-2019-1-58-69.

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In recent years, there has been a dynamic increase in injuries associated with winter slippery conditions on the streets of settlements. Injures directly affect the quality of life and costs of specific people, and indirectly – the economic performance of various organizations and foundations to which the injured is related. The costs and loss of profit of organizations, municipalities and the state, due to the winter injuries of the population are analyzed. To this end, an analysis of foreign and Russian studies and various aspects of injuries associated with a controlled cause, icing has been carried out. Developed tools and methods of calculation. The results of the paper indicate that injuries derived from winter slipperiness can has a substantial negative effect on a region’s economy by decreasing it GDP by more than 0.1%. In conclusion the authors stress the importance of enhancing the current statistical monitoring system in Russia to help prevent winter related injuries and implement efficient methodsof preventing road icing to minimize the negative economic impact.

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Åström, Therese, Martin Bergström, Kickan Håkansson, et al. "Treatment Foster Care Oregon for Delinquent Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." Research on Social Work Practice 30, no. 4 (2019): 355–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049731519890394.

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Purpose: To examine the effects of Treatment Foster Care on youth with serious behavior problems. Method: Included studies are controlled trials with high or medium quality, published between 1990 and September 2017. The control group consists of youth with serious behavior problems in group care, and the follow-up time was at least 12 months. The review also examines ethical and economic aspects. Results: A total of eight controlled studies were included, consisting of 633 young people and 55 effect sizes. All studies examined the same model, Treatment Foster Care Oregon (TFCO). There is moderate certainty of evidence that TFCO reduces the risk of future criminal behavior and the number of days in locked settings. Furthermore, there is low certainty of evidence that TFCO reduces the risk of delinquent peer associations, drug use, and depression. Discussion: TFCO is to be preferred to group care for youth with serious behavior problems. Ethical and economic implications are discussed.

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André, M., D. Babonneau, C. Bayer, et al. "Progress in inertial confinement fusion physics at Centre d'Etudes de Limeil-Valenton." Laser and Particle Beams 12, no. 3 (1994): 329–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0263034600008181.

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The laser program developed at the Centre d'Etudes de Limeil-Valenton, Saint-Georges, France (CEL-V) is concentrated on a systematic investigation of indirect drive fusion; by comparison with direct drive, this process is expected to provide the required irradiation uniformity with relaxed constraints on laser beam quality. The main concerns are radiative transfer and preheat, hydrodynamic instabilities, and high-density X-ray driven implosions. Ablative implosion experiments have been conducted with the two beams at the Phebus facility (5 kJ, 1.3 ns, 0.35 μm). Symmetry was proved to be controlled by the casing structure, following scaling laws describing hohlraum physics. A compressed DT density ∼100 ρ0 (ρ0 liquid DT density) has been deduced from activation measurements. Different aspects of the soft X-ray transfer processes, and particularly of the ablation of a low-Z material, which drives the capsule implosion, are dealt with in detailed investigations. Reported here are results on X-ray reemission and penetration in several materials, and on induced hydrodynamics of accelerated foils. The laser energy required to reach fuel ignition conditions has been evaluated from numerical simulations as well as from analytical models, taking into account hohlraum physics, capsule implosion, hot spot formation, and burn propagation. Several crucial parameters have been drawn, the most important being the radiation temperature. A target gain in the order of 10 appears achievable with a 2-MJ laser.

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Milanov, Dubravka, Nevenka Aleksić, Milica Živkov Baloš, Marko Pajić, and Slobodan Knežević. "CURRENTLY UNKNOWN ASPECTS OF POULTRY NECROTIC ENTERITIS PATHOGENESIS." Archives of Veterinary Medicine 12, no. 1 (2019): 55–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.46784/e-avm.v12i1.38.

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Necrotic enteritis (NE) or poultry clostridiosis is a disease which poses enormous health problems and makes tremendous economic losses to intensive poultry production worldwide. Despite having been targeted in extensive research for decades, a number of aspects of its pathogenesis remain unknown. For more than 30 years alfa-toxin has been considered to be the main virulence factor of the causative agent, but experimental research using a mutant Clostridium perfringens strain lacking the gene coding for this confirmed that alpha-toxin is not necessary for pathogenesis. Since the 1980s, NetB toxin has been the main suspected virulence factor. However, recently it has been discovered that the large clostridial cytotoxin named TpeL also contributes to the pathogenesis of NE. In spite of that, the prevalence of the genes which code for these toxins vary between the isolates of C. perfringens from the intestines of diseased poultry, which made clear that further investigation into their roles is necessary. It has been agreed that specific intestinal environmental conditions, which favour the growth and multiplication of C. perfringens, are key factors to the emergence of disease. Given that a battery of non-specific factors contributes to pathogenesis, as well as that it is impossible to eliminate them in intensive poultry production, not much hope remains that NE can be controlled. In this short review, the current knowledge on the pathogenesis of NE has been summarized.

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Pisano, Douglas J. "Controlled Substances and Pain Management: Regulatory Oversight, Formularies, and Cost Decisions." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 24, no. 4 (1996): 310–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.1996.tb01872.x.

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Pharmacists, physicians, and other health care personnel practice within an integrated system of laws and regulations that influence many treatment modalities. Capitation, managed care, and other controls strain these relationships by mandating greater oversight of how health care is delivered. From a pharmacists’s perspective, any use of medication requites knowledge of three omnipresent factors: regulatory control, formularies (product selection), and economic decision making. My objective is to raise awareness of these issues as they relate to the prescription of pain medication and to pain management generally.All practice-oriented drug law and regulation is based on the federal Controlled Substances Act of 1970. The Act, also known as Title II, is part of a much larger piece of legislation, the Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act of 1970 (CSA). CSA was enacted to regulate the manufacturing, distribution, dispensing, and delivery of drugs or substances that are subject to, or have the potential for, abuse or physical or psychological dependence.

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Tang, Dong Qi, Jian Bing Peng, Qi Yao Wang, and Ji Shan Xu. "Lvliang Typical Loess Landslide Mechanism and Characteristics." Applied Mechanics and Materials 90-93 (September 2011): 1313–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.90-93.1313.

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The loess area ecology environment is very fragile, happening various geological disasters, loess landslides is one of the most mainly the geological disasters in loess area. Lvliang region loess hilly develops common, with the human economic activities increasing, inducing a lot of loess landslides. Taking typical loess landslides as the main research object, the loess landslides of Lvliang region from two aspects of characteristics and mechanism are analyzed. It is considered that the main types of the loess landslides are located within the layer of loess. Landslide is controlled by topography and lithology, landslide mechanism is induced by human economic activities. Through research for the region loess landslides hazard prevention provide the scientific basis.

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Knaster, Juan, and Yoshikazu Okumura. "Accelerators for Fusion Materials Testing." Reviews of Accelerator Science and Technology 08 (January 2015): 115–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793626815300078.

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Fusion materials research is a worldwide endeavor as old as the parallel one working toward the long term stable confinement of ignited plasma. In a fusion reactor, the preservation of the required minimum thermomechanical properties of the in-vessel components exposed to the severe irradiation and heat flux conditions is an indispensable factor for safe operation; it is also an essential goal for the economic viability of fusion. Energy from fusion power will be extracted from the 14 MeV neutron freed as a product of the deuterium–tritium fusion reactions; thus, this kinetic energy must be absorbed and efficiently evacuated and electricity eventually generated by the conventional methods of a thermal power plant. Worldwide technological efforts to understand the degradation of materials exposed to 14 MeV neutron fluxes [Formula: see text] m[Formula: see text]s[Formula: see text], as expected in future fusion power plants, have been intense over the last four decades. Existing neutron sources can reach suitable dpa (“displacement-per-atom”, the figure of merit to assess materials degradation from being exposed to neutron irradiation), but the differences in the neutron spectrum of fission reactors and spallation sources do not allow one to unravel the physics and to anticipate the degradation of materials exposed to fusion neutrons. Fusion irradiation conditions can be achieved through Li (d, xn) nuclear reactions with suitable deuteron beam current and energy, and an adequate flowing lithium screen. This idea triggered in the late 1970s at Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) a campaign working toward the feasibility of continuous wave (CW) high current linacs framed by the Fusion Materials Irradiation Test (FMIT) project. These efforts continued with the Low Energy Demonstrating Accelerator (LEDA) (a validating prototype of the canceled Accelerator Production of Tritium (APT) project), which was proposed in 2002 to the fusion community as a 6.7[Formula: see text]MeV, 100[Formula: see text]mA CW beam injector for a Li (d, xn) source to bridge with the International Fusion Materials Irradiation Facility (IFMIF) under discussion at the time. Worldwide technological efforts are maturing soundly and the time for a fusion-relevant neutron source has arrived according to world fusion roadmaps; if decisions are taken we could count the next decade with a powerful source of 14 MeV neutrons thanks to the expected significant results of the Engineering Validation and Engineering Design Activity (EVEDA) phase of the IFMIF project. The accelerator know-how has matured in all possible aspects since the times of FMIT conception in the 1970s; today, operating 125 mA deuteron beam at 40 MeV in CW with high availabilities seems feasible thanks to the understanding of the beam halo physics and the three main technological breakthroughs in accelerator technology: (1) the ECR ion source for light ions developed at Chalk River Laboratories in the early 1990s, (2) the RFQ operation of H[Formula: see text] in CW with 100 mA demonstrated by LEDA in LANL in the late 1990s, and (3) the growing maturity of superconducting resonators for light hadrons and low [Formula: see text] beams achieved in recent years.

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W, Heri Sukendar. "Hubungan antara Kelestarian Ekonomi dan Lingkungan: Suatu Kajian Literatur." Binus Business Review 4, no. 2 (2013): 841–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/bbr.v4i2.1400.

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Pollution of the environment faced is generally caused by economic activity. Traditional economic theory placed trade-off between economic growth and environmental quality. However, since the early 1990s the empirical literature and theoretical literature have been growing rapidly. Research has shown that the relationship between economic growth and the environment can be positive. Research has shown the effect of income on environmental sustainability, control of population density. However, environmental pollution can be controlled to obtain optimal pollution which gives the maximum net benefits of economic activity. Identification of contaminants is required when optimal pollution can be determined. Economic instruments can be used to sue the polluters to control their economic activities. Selection of economic instruments that will be applied will work fine if the value of environmental contamination is known. In fact, pollution is not valuable, and therefore, the economic valuation of pollution is required. Several assessment techniques have been introduced, based on the type of pollution. The results also show that the conventional wisdom focuses more on the pollution control, in which they must be combined with the development of policy options that focus on ecoefficiency aspects of environmental sustainability and innovation in the process of economic development. If not, the economic growth will continue to degrade the environment in most countries.

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Richter, Martinus, Stefan Meissner, and Stefan Zech. "Tibiotalocalcaneal Arthrodesis with a Retrograde Triple Bending Nail - Results of 200 Cases." Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics 2, no. 3 (2017): 2473011417S0003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2473011417s000340.

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Category: Ankle, Ankle Arthritis, Hindfoot Introduction/Purpose: The aim of the study was to analyse the clinical aspects including minimum 1-year-followup of tibiotalocalcaneal arthrodeses (TTCA) with a triple-bend retrograde intramedullary nail (A3, Stryker, Airview Boulevard, MN, USA). Methods: In a prospective consecutive non-controlled clinical followup study, all patients with TTCA using A3 from October 18th, 2011 to October 10th, 2015 were analyzed. The time and accuracy of the alignment and implant position (Visual analogue scale, 0-10) for implant placement, complications, radiological fusion, and Visual Analogue Scale Foot and Ankle (VAS FA) were recorded. Fusion (=50% bony bridge at ankle and subtalar joints assessed on radiographs) was assessed at 6, 9, 12 weeks, then latest follow-up. VAS FA was recorded at latest follow-up. Results: 200 cases were included (age, 59.3 (22-83) years; VAS FA, 31.9 (0-79.3)). Indications were specified as follows (multiple possible): osteoarthritis, n=182 (91%); instability, n=48 (24%); deformity, n=154 (77%), failed total ankle replacement, n=12 (6%); failed previous fusion, n=15 (8%), diabetes, n=28 (14%). The time for implant preparation and positioning was 17.2 (5-32) minutes. The accuracy of alignment and implant position was 9.4 (7 - 10). Complications were registered in 12 (6%; n=6 (3%) infection, n=6 (3%) wound healing delay. One hundred and sixty-eight (84%) patients completed follow-up at 32 (12-60) months: VAS FA 60.4 (t-test (comparison with preoperative scores), p=.01)), fusion rate 96%. Conclusion: TTCA with the A3 implant system showed accurate correction and implant position. Thirty-two month (average) followup of 168 patients (84%) showed good clinical outcome scores and 96% fusion rate.

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Panda, Asutosh, Sudhansu Ranjan Das, and Debabrata Dhupal. "Machinability Investigation of HSLA Steel in Hard Turning with Coated Ceramic Tool: Assessment, Modeling, Optimization and Economic Aspects." Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Systems 18, no. 04 (2019): 625–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219686719500331.

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The present study addresses the machinability investigation in finish dry hard turning of high strength low alloy steel with coated ceramic tool by considering cutting speed, feed and depth of cut as machining parameters. The technological parameters like surface roughness, flank wear, chip morphology and economical feasibility have been considered to investigate the machinability performances. Twenty seven set of trials according to full factorial design of experiments are performed and analysis of variance, multiple regression method, Taguchi method, desirability function approach and finally Gilbert’s approach are subsequently applied for parametric influence study, mathematical modeling, multi-response optimization, tool life estimation and economic analysis. Results indicated that feed and cutting speed are the most significant controlled as well as dominant factors for hard turning operation if the minimization of the machined surface roughness and tool flank wear is considered. Abrasions, adhesion followed by plastic deformation have been observed to be the principal wear mechanism for tool life estimation and observed tool life for coated ceramic insert is 47[Formula: see text]min under optimum cutting conditions. The total machining cost per part is ensued to be lower ($0.29 only) as a consequence of higher tool life, reduction in downtime and enhancement in savings, which finds economical benefits in hard turning. The current work demonstrates the substitution of conventional, expensive and slow cylindrical grinding process, and proposes the most expensive CBN tool alternative using coated ceramic tools in hard turning process considering techno-economical and ecological aspects.

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Ilyas, Rahmat. "KONSEP MASHLAHAH DALAM KONSUMSI DITINJAU DARI PERSPEKTIF EKONOMI ISLAM." JURNAL PERSPEKTIF EKONOMI DARUSSALAM 1, no. 1 (2017): 9–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/jped.v1i1.6517.

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Islamic economics is an integral part (integral) of Islam. As a derivation of Islam, the Islamic economy would follow the method in all aspects. Islam is a system of life (way of life), where Islam has provided a variety of devices complete rules for human life, including in the economic field. Islam positions of economic activities as one of the important aspects to get the glory (Falah), therefore the activity of economic as other activities need to be guided and controlled in order to run harmony with the methods of Islam as a whole. Mashlahah is any goodness dimensional world and hereafter, material and spiritual as well as individual and collective, and it must consist of three elements like adherence of sharia (halal), useful and bring good (Thoyib) in all aspects manner that does not pose a crucial trouble.Ekonomi Islam merupakan bagian yang tidak terpisahkan (integral) dari agama Islam. Sebagai derivasi dari agama Islam, ekonomi islam akan mengikuti ajarannya dalam berabagai aspeknya. Islam adalah sistem kehidupan (way of life), dimana Islam telah menyediakan berbagai perangkat aturan yang lengkap bagi kehidupan manusia, termasuk dalam bidang ekonomi. Islam memposisikan kegiatan ekonomi sebagai salah satu aspek penting untuk mendapatkan kemuliaan (falah), dan karenanya kegiata ekonomi sebagaimana kegiatan lainnya perlu dituntun dan dikontrol agar berjalan seirama dengan ajaran Islam secara keseluruhan. Mashlahah merupakan segala bentuk kebaikan yang berdimensi duniawi dan ukhrawi, material dan spritual serta individual dan kolektif serta harus memenuhi tiga unsur yakni kepatuhan syariah (halal), bermanfaat dan membawa kebaikan (thoyib) dalam semua aspek secara keseluruahn yang tidak menimbulkan kemudharatan.

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Zhang, Jiahuan, and Hongjun Song. "Multi-Feature Fusion for Weak Target Detection on Sea-Surface Based on FAR Controllable Deep Forest Model." Remote Sensing 13, no. 4 (2021): 812. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs13040812.

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Target detection on the sea-surface has always been a high-profile problem, and the detection of weak targets is one of the most difficult problems and the key issue under this problem. Traditional techniques, such as imaging, cannot effectively detect these types of targets, so researchers choose to start by mining the characteristics of the received echoes and other aspects for target detection. This paper proposes a false alarm rate (FAR) controllable deep forest model based on six-dimensional feature space for efficient and accurate detection of weak targets on the sea-surface. This is the first attempt at the deep forest model in this field. The validity of the model was verified on IPIX data, and the detection probability was compared with other proposed methods. Under the same FAR condition, the average detection accuracy rate of the proposed method could reach over 99.19%, which is 9.96% better than the results of the current most advanced method (K-NN FAR-controlled Detector). Experimental results show that multi-feature fusion and the use of a suitable detection framework have a positive effect on the detection of weak targets on the sea-surface.

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Bathelt, Harald, and Johannes Glückler. "Resources in Economic Geography: From Substantive Concepts towards a Relational Perspective." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 37, no. 9 (2005): 1545–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a37109.

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Resources are crucial for the technological and economic development of firms in spatial perspective. In this paper we contrast two ways of conceptualizing resources, and argue that a conventional, substantive understanding implies a number of shortcomings which can be overcome through the application of a relational conception of resources. In examining four types of resources—material resources, knowledge, power, and social capital—our argument is that resources are constituted in a relational way in two aspects. First, resources are relational in that their generation, interpretation, and use are contingent. This depends on the particular institutional structures and social relations, as well as on the knowledge contexts and mental models of the agents involved. Second, some types of resources, such as power and social capital, are also relational because they cannot be possessed or controlled by individual agents. They are built and mobilized through day-to-day social practices. Individuals or groups of agents may appropriate the returns, but not the resources themselves. We conclude that a relational concept reflects the contextual and interactive nature of the selection, use, and formation of resources. This offers new insights into the explanation of heterogeneity in firm strategies and trajectories, as well as regional differences in the development of localized industry configurations, such as clusters.

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Zelenin, A. A., and A. A. Pyatovskiy. "HISTORY OF STATUTORY REGULATION OF DOMESTIC TOURISM IN RUSSIA IN THE 1990S – MID 2010S: FEDERAL AND REGIONAL ASPECTS." Bulletin of Kemerovo State University, no. 1 (April 25, 2018): 11–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.21603/2078-8975-2018-1-11-17.

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The development of domestic tourism is an important factor for positive dynamics in the economic processes in the Russian Federation and its regions. Studying the history of tourism industry development in different Russian regions is a topical research objective. In the present-day world, the development of tourism in the country is impossible without developing relevant legal mechanisms at the national and regional levels. The difficult transition from economically ineffective state-controlled and socially-oriented Soviet Union tourism to the market-driven tourism industry demanded developing a totally new legal framework. The evolution of the legal regulations of tourism in Russia and in Kemerovo region reflects the main vector in the transformation of Russian regions’ tourism industry. The comparative historical and complex generic analyses of the legislation have made it possible to identify the major stages in the development of tourism industry legal base in Kemerovo Region. The development of the national legislation in the 1990s allowed for the formation of the tourism industry within the economic sphere and the social infrastructure of Russia. The regional specialization in the 2000s demanded for the regional legal base of tourism development. Since 2011, legal and financial support of cluster initiatives in tourism has been an important instrument of state and regional policy in this sphere.

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Poot, Jacques. "Adaptation of Migrants in the New Zealand Labor Market." International Migration Review 27, no. 1 (1993): 121–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/019791839302700106.

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This article addresses economic aspects of New Zealand immigration during the 1980s. General features are overall net emigration coinciding with high levels of immigration from Asia and Pacific Island countries. Earnings by years in New Zealand profiles for immigrants with selected occupations are steeper for Pacific Island-born males than for other immigrant groups. Although there are few data, there is some evidence that profiles differ between cohorts. Since the level of controlled immigration is likely to be increased and the perceived labor market outcomes are an input in the selection criteria, further research is needed.

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Słapczyński, Tomasz. "Blockchain technology and cryptocurrencies - legal and tax aspects." ASEJ Scientific Journal of Bielsko-Biala School of Finance and Law 23, no. 1 (2019): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.2653.

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The main objective of the paper is to provide an answer to the question whether new technologies such as blockchain that enter various spheres of public life are safe for users and what impact they have on national legislations. Cryptocurrencies, which are based on blockchain technology, can be used as a means of payment, investment or capital accumulation. Therefore, blockchain becomes more and more popular. The main research method used in the paper consists of the analysis of legislation and jurisprudence as well as linguistic and purposive interpretation which affects the functioning of blockchain and cryptocurrencies. The introductory part of the paper contains a general historical outline and basic principles related to blockchain technology. Real and potential threats posed by the discussed technology are also discussed in the paper as well as the question whether governments or, more broadly, the international community, offer sufficient level of protection against risks related to the use of new technologies such as blockchain and cryptocurrencies. Using blockchain to streamline logistic activities or to speed up transactions is useful in itself, but in the hands of private entities the technology may pose a risk of losing funds if not properly secured. The financial market is and should be supervised and controlled by the state which is the guarantor of economic freedom. Another vital question is whether legislators keep up with the advances in technology. It seems that the development of blockchain technology triggers development of new legal regulations. The more blockchain technology enters everyday life, the more legal documents appear in the form of case law, legal provisions, opinions etc. The role of these documents is to regulate, define and specify new technologies as they appear.

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Wang, Xiu Teng, Ya Jing Zhang, Ling Xu, Ling Lin, Dong Feng Gao, and Jin Huang. "Economic Analysis of Residents’ Health Potential Benefits from PM2.5 Reduction Caused by New Ambient Air Quality Standard in Beijing." Advanced Materials Research 524-527 (May 2012): 3371–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.524-527.3371.

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PM2.5 pollution causes great health hazards, which will finally result in much economic loss. In China, it is first time to take PM2.5 as a general limitation factor in the revised version of "Ambient Air Quality Standard". In this work, we take Beijing as investigation objective, choose five kinds of typical health impacts, and make rough economic estimation of the potential benefits from the decrease of PM2.5 concentration through the epidemic-doses model in a quantitative point of view. Assuming the PM2.5 pollution is controlled well and satisfies the requirement of Grade 2 and 1 of new standard, 1681 and 2269 million Yuan will be saved in Beijing considering only health aspects. So it is necessary to take PM2.5 into the new ambient air quality standard as a general indicator, which is overall beneficial for environment and economy.

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PALERMO, Mariano, Pablo A. ACQUAFRESCA, Miguel BRUNO, and Francisco TARSITANO. "HERNIOPLASTY WITH AND WITHOUT MESH: ANALYSIS OF THE IMMEDIATE COMPLICATIONS IN A RANDOMIZED CONTROLLED CLINICAL TRIAL." ABCD. Arquivos Brasileiros de Cirurgia Digestiva (São Paulo) 28, no. 3 (2015): 157–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0102-67202015000300002.

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Background: Inguinal hernia repair is the most common procedure in general surgery and 80,000 operations are performed annually in Great Britain, 100,000 in France and 700,000 in the US. Given its high frequency has a major impact, both in the medical and economic aspects. Aim: Analyze the immediate postoperative complications comparing mesh versus non mesh hernioplasty. Method: Randomized control trial, with the enrollment of 263 patients underwent surgery for inguinal hernia randomized by randomization table. Treatment (mesh, Lichtenstein or without mesh, Bassini technique) was assigned using sequentially numbered opaque envelopes having fulfilled the inclusion criteria. The variables analyzed were: postoperative pain, seroma, hematoma, infection, return to normal activities and recurrence. Results: The mean age was 55.5 years, 88% patients were male and 12% female. The pain was higher in patients operated with mesh. Conclusions: The inguinal hernia repair mesh group had less immediate postoperative complications and significantly earlier return to work than hernioplasty without mesh, this being one of the most important conclusions.

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Fritzell, Peter, Svante Berg, Tycho Tullberg, Fredrik Borgström, and Hans Tropp. "A Full Economic Evaluation of Disc Prosthesis vs. Lumbar Fusion in Patients with Chronic Low Back Pain - A Randomized Controlled Trial with 2-Year Follow-up." Spine Journal 10, no. 9 (2010): S37—S38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.spinee.2010.07.107.

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Baumann, P., H. J. Möller, and G. Laux. "Psychopharmacology curriculum for psychiatric residents." Die Psychiatrie 14, no. 01 (2017): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1669547.

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Summary Background: Postgraduate teaching of psychiatric residents in the important field of psychopharmacology and pharmacotherapy is insufficient regarding number of hours of theoretical teaching and practical training, content and structure and varies widely. Education based on controlled trials (evidence-based) may interfere with daily life real world experience and questions of doctors. Method: Data available from national psychiatric societies and from the literature are presented as well as a recently proposed German curriculum and learning catalogue. The latter includes general pharmacology including pharmacokinetics, neurobiological principles, clinical pharmacology of different classes of psychotropics (antidepressants, antipsychotics, mood stabilizers, anxiolytics, hypnotics, stimulants etc.), special aspects (e.g. pregnancy, geriatric patients) as well as ethical, legal and economic aspects. About 160 hours of theoretical education are proposed, clinical teaching should be interactive, with vignettes and supervision covering about 300 hours. There is a need for standardization of psychopharmacology-pharmacopsychiatry teaching at the European level.

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