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Heydari, Shahram, Adrian Hickford, Rich McIlroy, Jeff Turner, and Abdulgafoor M. Bachani. "Road Safety in Low-Income Countries: State of Knowledge and Future Directions." Sustainability 11, no. 22 (November 7, 2019): 6249. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11226249.
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Road safety in low-income countries (LICs) remains a major concern. Given the expected increase in traffic exposure due to the relatively rapid motorisation of transport in LICs, it is imperative to better understand the underlying mechanisms of road safety. This in turn will allow for planning cost-effective road safety improvement programs in a timely manner. With the general aim of improving road safety in LICs, this paper discusses the state of knowledge and proposes a number of future research directions developed from literature reviews and expert elicitation. Our study takes a holistic approach based on the Safe Systems framework and the framework for the UN Decade of Action for Road Safety. We focused mostly on examining the problem from traffic engineering and safety policy standpoints, but also touched upon other sectors, including public health and social sciences. We identified ten focus areas relating to (i) under-reporting; (ii) global best practices; (iii) vulnerable groups; (iv) disabilities; (v) road crash costing; (vi) vehicle safety; (vii) proactive approaches; (viii) data challenges; (ix) social/behavioural aspects; and (x) capacity building. Based on our findings, future research ought to focus on improvement of data systems, understanding the impact of and addressing non-fatal injuries, improving estimates on the economic burden, implementation research to scale up programs and transfer learnings, as well as capacity development. Our recommendations, which relate to both empirical and methodological frontiers, would lead to noteworthy improvements in the way road safety data collection and research is conducted in the context of LICs.
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Doohan, Isabelle, Ulf Björnstig, Ulrika Östlund, and Britt-Inger Saveman. "Exploring Injury Panorama, Consequences, and Recovery among Bus Crash Survivors: A Mixed-Methods Research Study." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 32, no. 2 (January 30, 2017): 165–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x16001485.
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AbstractObjectiveThe aim of this study was to explore physical and mental consequences and injury mechanisms among bus crash survivors to identify aspects that influence recovery.MethodsThe study participants were the total population of survivors (N=56) from a bus crash in Sweden. The study had a mixed-methods design that provided quantitative and qualitative data on injuries, mental well-being, and experiences. Results from descriptive statistics and qualitative thematic analysis were interpreted and integrated in a mixed-methods analysis.ResultsAmong the survivors, 11 passengers (20%) sustained moderate to severe injuries, and the remaining 45 (80%) had minor or no physical injuries. Two-thirds of the survivors screened for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) risk were assessed, during the period of one to three months after the bus crash, as not being at-risk, and the remaining one-third were at-risk. The thematic analysis resulted in themes covering the consequences and varying aspects that affected the survivors’ recoveries. The integrated findings are in the form of four “core cases” of survivors who represent a combination of characteristics: injury severity, mental well-being, social context, and other aspects hindering and facilitating recovery. Core case Avery represents a survivor who had minor or no injuries and who demonstrated a successful mental recovery. Core case Blair represents a survivor with moderate to severe injuries who experienced a successful mental recovery. Core case Casey represents a survivor who sustained minor injuries or no injuries in the crash but who was at-risk of developing PTSD. Core case Daryl represents a survivor who was at-risk of developing PTSD and who also sustained moderate to severe injuries in the crash.ConclusionThe present study provides a multi-faceted understanding of mass-casualty incident (MCI) survivors (ie, having minor injuries does not always correspond to minimal risk for PTSD and moderate to severe injuries do not always correspond to increased risk for PTSD). Injury mitigation measures (eg, safer roadside material and anti-lacerative windows) would reduce the consequences of bus crashes. A well-educated rescue team and a compassionate and competent social environment will facilitate recovery.DoohanI,BjörnstigU,ÖstlundU,SavemanBI.Exploring injury panorama, consequences, and recovery among bus crash survivors: a mixed-methods research study.Prehosp Disaster Med.2017;32(2):165–174.
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Ivaz, Jelena, Dejan Petrović, Aleksandra Fedajev, Vitomir Milić, Saša Stojadinović, and Pavle Stojković. "Economic aspects of occupational injuries in mining." Podzemni radovi, no. 33 (2018): 41–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/podrad1833041i.
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Turner, Patricia A., and Nevine Georggi. "Analysis of Alcohol-Related Motorcycle Crashes in Florida and Recommended Countermeasures." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1779, no. 1 (January 2001): 189–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1779-25.
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Although much progress has been made in reducing alcohol-related crash fatalities involving motor vehicles, the same success has not been demonstrated with motorcycles. Because the problem associated with drinking and riding is significant in Florida, the Center for Urban Transportation Research (CUTR) conducted a comprehensive analysis of motorcycle-alcohol crashes from 1993 to 1997 to understand how and why these crashes occur. CUTR also surveyed states about alcohol programs that target motorcyclists to gather information on potential countermeasures to reduce motorcycle-alcohol injuries and deaths in Florida. The study examined human-related and physical aspects of alcohol-related motorcycle crashes over the 5-year period to help establish an identity for this crash type. Examined human-related crash aspects included age and gender, alcohol use, licensing status, and helmet usage. Physical crash aspects examined included temporal patterns—time of day, day of week, and monthly trends—and contributing factors—first harmful event, road, environmental, and human factors—that cause bodily injuries or property damage. Major study recommendations include increasing efforts to get more motorcyclists properly licensed, greater exposure of messages to motorcyclists about the dangers of drinking and riding, and focused statewide public education and information campaigns. The study concludes with five major categories of countermeasures and recommendations to address the motorcycle-alcohol problem, including public information and education campaigns, promotional activities, enforcement efforts, community-based interventions, and data-collection needs.
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Arokiasamy, John T., and R. Krishnan. "Some Epidemiological Aspects and Economic Costs of Injuries in Malaysia." Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health 7, no. 1 (January 1994): 16–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/101053959400700103.
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Injuries are one of the leading causes of death in the world. In Malaysia, injuries form one of the three main causes of mortality. They are also an important cause of permanent and temporary disability and work absenteeism in the productive age group. Increasing affluence and industrialization coupled with growing population and transportation needs in rapidly developing countries like Malaysia have resulted in a surge of road and occupational injuries. Three quarters of fatalities due to road, occupational, drowning and home injuries occur in those below 45 years of age. A majority of injuries in these categories are attributed to “human” factors and therefore can be prevented by public education and enforced training of workers. The total annual economic loss due to all types of injuries is estimated to be 2 billion Malaysian Ringgit (US$1 = MR2.76 approximately). The government is currently in the process of setting up full-time departments for road safety and occupational health and safety.
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Ghandour, Ali J., Huda Hammoud, and Samar Al-Hajj. "Analyzing Factors Associated with Fatal Road Crashes: A Machine Learning Approach." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 11 (June 9, 2020): 4111. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17114111.
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Road traffic injury accounts for a substantial human and economic burden globally. Understanding risk factors contributing to fatal injuries is of paramount importance. In this study, we proposed a model that adopts a hybrid ensemble machine learning classifier structured from sequential minimal optimization and decision trees to identify risk factors contributing to fatal road injuries. The model was constructed, trained, tested, and validated using the Lebanese Road Accidents Platform (LRAP) database of 8482 road crash incidents, with fatality occurrence as the outcome variable. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to examine the influence of multiple factors on fatality occurrence. Seven out of the nine selected independent variables were significantly associated with fatality occurrence, namely, crash type, injury severity, spatial cluster-ID, and crash time (hour). Evidence gained from the model data analysis will be adopted by policymakers and key stakeholders to gain insights into major contributing factors associated with fatal road crashes and to translate knowledge into safety programs and enhanced road policies.
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Sadeghi-Bazargani, Homayoun, Bahram Samadirad, and Hojjat Hosseinpour-Feizi. "Epidemiology of Traffic Fatalities among Motorcycle Users in East Azerbaijan, Iran." BioMed Research International 2018 (August 19, 2018): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/6971904.
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Background. The aim of this study was to determine some epidemiological aspects of motorcycle user traffic fatalities including the crash mechanisms and injury patterns in East Azerbaijan, Iran (2006-2016). Methods. A total of 1840 motorcycle user mortal cases registered in East Azerbaijan forensic medicine database, in Iran, were analyzed over the time period between March 2006 and March 2016. The distribution and associations of both victim- and crash-related variables such as crash mechanism, types of involved vehicles, types of injuries, and demographic characteristics were investigated. Data were analyzed by Stata v.13 statistical software package. Results. Of the 9435 RTI deaths, 1840 (19.5%) were motorcycle users of whom 96.5% were male (mean age of 32.3 ± 18.5 years). The majority of accident mechanisms were motorcycle-vehicle crashes (77.8%), followed by rollover (11.8%). Cars were the leading counterpart crash vehicle comprising about 34.8% of the motorcycle user mortalities. Inner city traffic injuries were the reason for 744 (40.7%) of the motorcycle user mortalities. Head trauma was the main cause of death. About 82% of the victims were motorcycle riders and the remainder were pillion passengers. A decreasing trend of fatal traffic accidents was observed over the study period for both the motorcycle user fatalities and other traffic injuries. The percentage of motorcycle mortalities over all traffic mortalities had a decreasing trend over the past nine years from March 2007 to March 2016 reaching a figure as low as 15.2% through the last year of study. Conclusions. Motorcycle traffic fatalities, although having a decreasing trend during the last decade with a better slope than most other traffic injuries, remain to be a major public health in north-west of Iran. There is a need for effective interventional programs to reduce the burden of motorcycle fatalities.
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Watson, David, Blair Benton, Elizabeth Ablah, Kelly Lightwine, Ronda Lusk, Hayrettin Okut, Thuy Bui, and James M. Haan. "Demographics and Incident Location of Traumatic Injuries at a Single Level I Trauma Center." Kansas Journal of Medicine 14 (January 21, 2021): 5–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.17161/kjm.vol1413771.
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Introduction: Traumatic injuries are preventable and understanding determinants of injury, such as socio-economic and environmental factors, is vital. This study evaluated traumatic injuries and identified areas of high trauma incidence.
Methods: A retrospective review was conducted of all patients 14 years or older who were admitted with a traumatic injury to a Level I trauma center between 2016 and 2017. Descriptive analyses were presented and maps of high injury areas were generated.
Results: The most frequent mechanisms of injury were falls (58.3%), motor vehicle crashes (22.3%), and motorcycle crashes (5.7%). Fall patients were more likely to be female (59.6%) and were the oldest age group (72.1 ± 17.2) compared to motor vehicle and motorcycle crash patients. Severe head (22.1%, P = 0.007) and extremity (35.7%, P = 0.001) injuries were most frequent among fall patients, however more motorcycle crash patients required mechanical ventilation (16.1%, P < 0.001) and experienced the longest intensive care unit length of stay (5.3 ± 6.8, P < 0.001) and mechanical ventilation days (6.6 ± 8.5, P < 0.036). Motorcycle crash patients also had the most number of deaths (7.5%, P < 0.001). The generated maps of all traumatic suggest that most injuries occur near our hospital and are located in several of the most population-dense zip codes.
Conclusions: Falls, motor vehicle crashes, and motorcycle crashes were the most common mechanisms of injury. The use of Geographic Information System aided in the identification of high injury incidence location.
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Uhrenholt, Lars, Edith Nielsen, Annie Vesterby Charles, and Markil Gregersen. "Non-fatal injuries to the cervical spine facet joints after a fatal motor vehicle crash." Medicine, Science and the Law 49, no. 3 (July 2009): 218–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/rsmmsl.49.3.218.
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Kamal, Wan Noaimadudin Wan Mohamad, Nor Hayati Saad, Amir Radzi Ab Ghani, Nik Rosli Abdullah, and Khairul Izwandy Abd Jazam. "Modelling and Simulation of a Single Deck Bus Subjected to Rollover Crash Loading." Applied Mechanics and Materials 393 (September 2013): 453–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.393.453.
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Buses are the most popular and common passenger vehicle for long distance travel in Malaysia. Increased bus usage as a public transport prompts researchers to study safety aspects of the vehicles subjected to various crash incidents. The most damaging bus accident is rollover crash. The bus structures must have sufficient crashworthiness and strength in order to reduce and prevent injuries and fatalities during the rollover accident. Initially, this paper overviews the current status of rollover accidents and requirement of UN-ECE Regulation 66 which is aimed to improve the bus structure in withstanding the rollover crash. The current bus framework structure comprises galvanized square hollow sections (SHS) which are welded and bolted together. Abaqus was used to simulate responses of bus structure subjected to loadings as specified in UN-ECE Regulation 66. The results showed that the gap allowances of the residual space are complied with the UN-ECE R66 requirements. Further work to optimize the bus structure in terms of weight, structural strength and crashworthiness is proposed.
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Vulekovic, Petar, Milan Simic, Gordana Misic-Pavkov, Tomislav Cigic, Zeljko Kojadinovic, and Djula Djilvesi. "Traumatic brain injuries: Forensic and expertise aspects." Medical review 61, no. 9-10 (2008): 471–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/mpns0810471v.
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Introduction. Traumatic brain injuries have major socio-economic importance due to their frequency, high mortality and serious consequences. According to their nature the consequences of these injuries may be classified as neurological, psychiatric and esthetic. Various lesions of brain structures cause neurological consequences such as disturbance of motor functions, sensibility, coordination or involuntary movements, speech disturbances and other deviations, as well as epilepsy. Psychiatric consequences include cognitive deficit, emotional disturbances and behavior disturbances. Criminal-legal aspect of traumatic brain injuries and litigation. Criminal-legal aspect of traumatic brain injuries expertise understands the qualification of these injuries as mild, serious and qualified serious body injuries as well as the expertise about the mechanisms of their occurrence. Litigation expertise includes the estimation of pain, fear, diminished, i.e. lost vital activity and disability, esthetic marring, and psychological suffer based on the diminished general vital activity and esthetic marring. Competence and timing of expertise. Evaluation of consequences of traumatic brain injuries should be performed only when it can be positively confirmed that they are permanent, i.e. at least one year after the injury. Expertise of these injuries is interdisciplinary. Among clinical doctors the most competent medical expert is the one who is in charge for diagnostics and injury treatment, with the recommendation to avoid, if possible, the doctor who conducted treatment. For the estimation of general vital activity, the neurological consequences, pain and esthetic marring expertise, the most competent doctors are neurosurgeon and neurologist. Psychological psychiatric consequences and fear expertise have to be performed by the psychiatrist. Specialists of forensic medicine contribute with knowledge of criminal low and legal expertise.
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Shmatenko, A. P., Yu V. Rumyancev, O. M. Vlasenko, and O. V. Pleshkova. "Economic aspects of pharmacotherapy of servicemen with injury and wound of the brain." Farmatsevtychnyi zhurnal, no. 5-6 (August 14, 2018): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.32352/0367-3057.5-6.17.02.
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The fighting in the area of the antiterrorist operation led to a large number of injuries among servicemen who are serving in the east of the country. Injuries and wound of the brain occupy about 35–40% among the total level of injury. and mortality in severe traumatic brain injury is 70%. All this has determined the relevance of the study of medical treatment of servicemen with injury and wound of the brain., Numerous pharmacotherapeutic schemes have been proposed for the treatment of victims with this pathology, aimed at preventing brain hypoxia, improving metabolic processes, normalizing life support functions and intracranial pressure, and the price range of pharmacotherapy of this pathology varies considerably, that’s why the aim of our work is to establish the cost indicators of the main directions of pharmacotherapy of affected servicemen with injury and wound of the brain.The main directions of the pharmacotherapy of injuries and wounds of the brain have been identified as a result of the analysis of the scientific literature and primary medical documentation, which include: normalization of life-supporting functions and brain metabolism; treatment of intracranial hypertension; restoration of microcirculation and cerebral circulation; elimination of excitation and convulsions; antibacterial, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, blood-resuscitating and symptomatic therapy.
Analysis of the dependence of the cost of treatment on the severity of the affected servicemen with injury and wound of the brain showed that the most expensive is the pharmacotherapy of severe injuries and wounds, the average cost of treatment of the affected is 139,98 UAH for 1 patient per day. The average cost of medicines for the treatment of servicemen with injuries and wounds of medium and mild severity was 67,23 and 42,26 UAH per day respectively
We analyzed the total costs spent on these directions of pharmacotherapy and found that the greatest cost is characterized by the costs of normalizing brain metabolism, the costs are 1 261,21 UAH per patient, this accounts for 38% of the total cost of medicines. Also, the most expensive directions are antibacterial – 649,27 UAH (19%) and analgesic therapy – 375,90 UAH (11%). The least expenses are expended on anti-inflammatory therapy, the cost of which is 19,96 UAH.
Analyzing the daily cost of one day of treatment of affected it was found that the most expensive are the first 7 days of treatment.
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Hassouna, Fady M. A., and Ian Pringle. "Analysis and Prediction of Crash Fatalities in Australia." Open Transportation Journal 13, no. 1 (September 26, 2019): 134–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874447801913010134.
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Introduction: As fatalities, injuries, and economic losses from road accidents are a major concern for governments and their citizens, Australia, like other countries, has designed and implemented a wide range of strategies to reduce the rate of road accidents. Methods: As part of the strategy design process, data on crash deaths were collected and then analyzed to develop more effective strategies. The data of crash deaths in Australia during the years 1965 to 2018 were analyzed based on gender, causes of crash deaths, and type of road users, and then the results were compared with global averages, then a prediction model was developed to forecast the future annual crash fatalities. Results: The results indicate that, based on gender, the rate of male road fatalities in Australia was significantly higher than that of female road fatalities. Whereas based on the cause of death, the first cause of death was over speeding. Based on the type of road users, the drivers and passengers of 4-wheel vehicles had the highest rate of fatalities. Conclusion: The prediction model was developed based on Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) methodology, and annual road fatalities in Australia for the next five years 2019-2022 have been forecast using this model.
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Lidbe, Abhay, Emmanuel Kofi Adanu, Elsa Tedla, and Steven Jones. "Role of Passengers in Single-Vehicle Drunk-Driving Crashes: An Injury-Severity Analysis." Safety 6, no. 2 (June 21, 2020): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/safety6020030.
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Background: Drunk-driving is a major crash risk factor, and crashes resulting from this risky behavior tend to be serious and have significant economic and societal impacts. The presence of passengers and their demographics and activities can influence risky driving behaviors such as drunk-driving. However, passengers could either be an “enabling” factor to take more risks or could be an “inhibiting” factor by ensuring safe driving by a drunk-driver. Objective: This study examines whether the presence of passengers affects the contributing factors of single-vehicle (SV) drunk-driving crashes, by presenting a severity analysis of single- and multi-occupant SV drunk-driving crashes, to identify risk factors that contribute to crash severity outcomes, for the effective implementation of relevant countermeasures. Method: A total of 7407 observations for 2012–2016 from the crash database of the State of Alabama was used for this study. The variables were divided into six classes: temporal, locational, driver, vehicle, roadway, and crash characteristics and injury severities into three: severe, minor, and no injury. Two latent class multinomial logit models—one each for single- and multi-occupant crashes—were developed, to analyze the effects of significant factors on injury severity outcomes using marginal effects. Results: The estimated results show that collision with a ditch, run-off road, intersection, winter season, wet roadway, and interstate decreased the probability of severe injuries in both single- and multi-occupant crashes, whereas rural area, road with downward grade, dark and unlit roadway, unemployed driver, and driver with invalid license increased the likelihood of severe injuries for both single- and multi-occupant crashes. Female drivers were more likely to be severely injured in single-occupant crashes, but less likely in multi-occupant crashes. A significant association was found between severe injuries and weekends, residential areas, and crash location close (<25 mi ≈40.23 km) to the residence of the at-fault driver in multi-occupant crashes. Sport utility vehicles were found to be safer when driving with passengers. Conclusions: The model findings show that, although many correlates are consistent between the single- and multi-occupant SV crashes that are associated with locational, roadway, vehicle, temporal, and driver characteristics, their effect can vary across the single- and multi-occupant driving population. The findings from this study can help in targeting interventions, developing countermeasures, and educating passengers to reduce drunk-driving crashes and consequent injuries. Such integrated efforts combined with engineering and emergency response may contribute in developing a true safe systems approach.
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Ciunel, Stefanita, Cristian Klement, and Mihai Constantin Clinciu. "Aspects of Side Impact Research." Applied Mechanics and Materials 896 (February 2020): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.896.133.
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According to official statistics, road transport is one of the most dangerous and costly in terms of life and costs of hospitalization and post-accident medication. Thus, safety is a matter of great interest at national level and, perhaps internationally. Road safety on public roads in Romania is low compared to international standards. The mortality rate is more than twice the EU average. Given that road traffic and victim maintenance costs are a real economic problem, a European harmonization of the recording and assessment of events involving the bodily injuries of those involved in road events is necessary. Road events are one of the main causes of mortality in modern society. For this reason, the safety of motor vehicles has become the most important issue in their development. Road traffic injuries are a problem that can be controlled by proper attention to traffic avoidance strategies. Side impact is the second major cause of mortality and injury after frontal impact in road traffic analysis.
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Sosenkina, I. M., N. A. Osokin, and A. Yu Klimentova. "ECONOMIC IMPACT OF ICE AND SNOW RELATED INJURIES IN RUSSIAN REGIONS." Strategic decisions and risk management, no. 1 (May 2, 2019): 58–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.17747/2618-947x-2019-1-58-69.
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In recent years, there has been a dynamic increase in injuries associated with winter slippery conditions on the streets of settlements. Injures directly affect the quality of life and costs of specific people, and indirectly – the economic performance of various organizations and foundations to which the injured is related. The costs and loss of profit of organizations, municipalities and the state, due to the winter injuries of the population are analyzed. To this end, an analysis of foreign and Russian studies and various aspects of injuries associated with a controlled cause, icing has been carried out. Developed tools and methods of calculation. The results of the paper indicate that injuries derived from winter slipperiness can has a substantial negative effect on a region’s economy by decreasing it GDP by more than 0.1%. In conclusion the authors stress the importance of enhancing the current statistical monitoring system in Russia to help prevent winter related injuries and implement efficient methodsof preventing road icing to minimize the negative economic impact.
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Soames Job, R. F., and William M. Wambulwa. "Features of Low-Income and Middle-Income Countries making Road Safety more Challenging." Journal of Road Safety 31, no. 3 (August 1, 2020): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.33492/jrs-d-20-00258.
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Low- and Middle-Income Countries suffer the large majority (93%) of global road crash deaths and face particular challenges in managing this crisis. This paper presents global data and trends revealing underlying features of the problem for LMICs. LMICs are commonly grouped and described together in road safety commentaries, yet appreciation of the substantial differences between LICs and MICs is vital. While global deaths per 100,000 people have stabilized during the UN Decade of Road Safety, the population rate has increased in LICs (by 8.2%), while decreasing in HIC and MIC. LICs have less resources to address road safety and younger populations adding to risk. Wide variations on road safety performance exist within country income groups, with some of this variance occurring systematically between regions. Absolute numbers of deaths are increasing due to increasing population and increasing vehicle fleets in LMICs compared with HICs. The capacity of MICs, and especially LICs, to manage road safety is hampered by poor crash data to guide action as well less available funding and resources to achieve safer road engineering, safer vehicles, and protect the large proportions of vulnerable road users. Road crash deaths and injuries are retarding the economic growth of LMICs and investing road safety is a costeffective means by which LMICs can move towards becoming HICs. Vital opportunities for cost-effective savings of lives and debilitating injuries in LMICs include better management of speed (especially through infrastructure), improving safety infrastructure for pedestrians, increasing seatbelt use, and shifting travel from motorcycles to buses through provision of Bus Rapid Transit systems.
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Kiepura, Sławomir, Julian Dutka, Maria Wieczorek-Grohman, and Łukasz Dutka. "Traumatic Injuries in Pediatric Surgery in the Medical-epidemiological-economic Aspect." Ortopedia Traumatologia Rehabilitacja 21, no. 4 (August 31, 2019): 261–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.5071.
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Background. The aim of this study was to present the medical, epidemiological and economic aspects of traumatic injuries in children and adolescents. The literature on the subject is scarce. Material and methods: A retrospective analysis was performed on the data of 1,138 children treated at the Department of Pediatric Surgery, Stefan Żeromski Specialized Hospital in Kraków between 2012 and 2016 on account of head, abdominal and pelvic, chest, testicular and musculoskeletal injuries. Age, sex, circumstances and type of the injury as well as concomitant damage were analyzed. Results. Musculoskeletal injuries accounted for 68% of all the injuries analysed. The mean age of the patients was 6.3 years. The main causes of injury were same-level fall (30%), fall from a height (22.5%), road accidents (8%), and sports injuries (19%). 36% and 29% of the patients sustained injuries at home and at or near school, respectively. Conclusions: 1. Traumatic injuries in children and adolescents are the most common cause of admissions to pediatric surgery departments, with musculoskeletal injuries being the most frequent among them. 2. Injuries occur most frequently at or near home or school. 3. The cost of treatment and hospital stay of patients with musculoskeletal injuries accounted for 50% of the total cost of treatment in the Department of Pediatric Surgery. 4. There is a need to develop and implement preventive and educational programs for parents, guardians, teachers and children to prevent injuries.
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Arhin, Stephen A., and Adam Gatiba. "Predicting crash injury severity at unsignalized intersections using support vector machines and naïve Bayes classifiers." Transportation Safety and Environment 2, no. 2 (June 2020): 120–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tse/tdaa012.
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Abstract The Washington, DC crash statistic report for the period from 2013 to 2015 shows that the city recorded about 41 789 crashes at unsignalized intersections, which resulted in 14 168 injuries and 51 fatalities. The economic cost of these fatalities has been estimated to be in the millions of dollars. It is therefore necessary to investigate the predictability of the occurrence of theses crashes, based on pertinent factors, in order to provide mitigating measures. This research focused on the development of models to predict the injury severity of crashes using support vector machines (SVMs) and Gaussian naïve Bayes classifiers (GNBCs). The models were developed based on 3307 crashes that occurred from 2008 to 2015. Eight SVM models and a GNBC model were developed. The most accurate model was the SVM with a radial basis kernel function. This model predicted the severity of an injury sustained in a crash with an accuracy of approximately 83.2%. The GNBC produced the worst-performing model with an accuracy of 48.5%. These models will enable transport officials to identify crash-prone unsignalized intersections to provide the necessary countermeasures beforehand.
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Ullah, Hanif, Asim Farooq, and Akhtar Ali Shah. "An Empirical Assessment of Factors Influencing Injury Severities of Motor Vehicle Crashes on National Highways of Pakistan." Journal of Advanced Transportation 2021 (June 22, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6358321.
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Road transport is the dominant mode of transport in Pakistan carrying 91% of the country’s passenger traffic and 96% of freight traffic. National highways, being 3.7% of the entire road network, carry 80% of commercial traffic. Due to the high number of road traffic crashes and resulting fatalities, a random parameters logit model was estimated to determine the risk factors that influence the severity of injuries caused by motor vehicle crashes on national highways. The effects of driver characteristics, crash characteristics, highway characteristics, temporal characteristics, and environmental characteristics were considered for the analysis. From the results, it was revealed that many factors such as overspeeding, driver dozing, driver carelessness, driver age <25 years, truck, rickshaw, single vehicle, horizontal curve, potholes, night without road lights, AM peak, Tuesday, weekdays, May, July, November, cloudy weather, clear weather, normal visibility, and wet road surface affect injury severity of the crash victims. The results are expected to be useful for transport planners, traffic managers, road engineers, and other stakeholders both from public and private sectors in prioritizing road sections for improvements and implementing suitable road safety interventions. This will ultimately result in the decreased social and economic burden of road traffic injuries (RTIs).
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Rebentisch, Hannah, Rania Wasfi, Daniel P. Piatkowski, and Kevin Manaugh. "Safe Streets for All? Analyzing Infrastructural Response to Pedestrian and Cyclist Crashes in New York City, 2009–2018." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 2673, no. 2 (February 2019): 672–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0361198118821672.
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Although cycling and walking carry a host of benefits, neither the benefits nor the risks—those of injury and fatality—are equitably distributed. Although research has shown higher income and gentrified areas have better access to protected bicycle infrastructure, low-income and communities of color are overrepresented in severe injury and fatality rates among cyclists and pedestrians. This research employs temporal, spatial, and socio-economic data to study the distribution of cycling infrastructure and safety improvements in New York City between income groups and boroughs. The integration of temporal data representing pedestrian and cyclist injury and fatality, and infrastructure installation date, point toward the establishment of time trends in the relationship between traffic violence and safety investment. Socio-economic factors are analyzed to see how this relationship and access more generally are related to income. We observed that lower-income groups continue to be overrepresented in crashes across New York’s boroughs, with the exception of Manhattan, and although crash rates have fallen in the years since 2009, these gains do not improve the position of lower-income groups, which continue to experience a disproportionate share of fatalities and injuries. However, longitudinal multi-level logistic models controlling for reported pedestrian and cyclist injuries in previous years uncovered additional relationships between socio-economic status, injuries, location, and safety investment. For example, the implementation of safety improvements and speed humps are significantly related to reported injuries in previous years; this finding supports the city’s stated goals of targeting improvements to areas most in need of improved safety for vulnerable road users.
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Gaudio, R. M., S. Barbieri, P. Feltracco, F. Spaziani, M. Alberti, M. Delantone, P. Trevisiol, et al. "Impact of alcohol consumption on winter sports-related injuries." Medicine, Science and the Law 50, no. 3 (July 2010): 122–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/msl.2010.010007.
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Introduction This study was carried out to evaluate data about trauma-related winter sports, including risk factors such as high speed, gender, age, alcohol consumption, details about the accident and snow conditions. Methods A retrospective review was conducted to determine the injury patterns and crash circumstances in holiday skiers and snowboarders. The data recorded were obtained from the database of the Pre-Hospital Emergency Registry of six skiing areas in the Dolomite mountains during the winter seasons November 2004–May 2009, injury data for major traumas from Ski Patrol Injury reports (helicopter, ambulance or ski slopes' patrol reports), and intrahospital Emergency Department data. Alcohol concentration in blood was detected in 200 individuals suffering from major trauma. Results A total of 4550 injured patients, predominantly male (69%), mean age 22 years (range 16–72), were included in the observational analysis. Knee, wrist and shoulder injuries were frequently associated with major thoracic, abdominal or head traumas (64% of cases). Suboptimal technical level, high speed, low concentration, snow or weather conditions, faulty equipment and protective devices were among the various causes of accidents. The analysis revealed that high alcohol blood concentration was present in 43% of 200 patients. Conclusions Even though the major causes of accidents were excessive speed, excessive fatigue, technical errors and bad weather conditions, alcohol abuse was often discovered. Random sampling and a non-systematic detection of alcohol blood levels likely led to an underestimation of alcohol consumption-related injuries. It is recommended that investigations into alcoholic intoxication in injured skiers should be carried out on a large scale.
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Nair, C. K. Velayuthan, Vinu Gopinath, and Vishnu G. Ashok. "Demographic and socio-cultural aspects of burns patients admitted in a tertiary care centre." International Surgery Journal 4, no. 7 (June 22, 2017): 2170. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2349-2902.isj20172618.
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Background: Burn injury is a serious pathology, potentially leading to severe morbidity and significant mortality, but it also has a considerable health-economic impact. Burn injuries rank among the most severe types of injuries suffered by the human body with an attendant high mortality and morbidity rate. The objective of this study was to identify the demographic and socio-cultural aspects of burn patients attending a tertiary care centre.Methods: A cross sectional study was carried out in the burns unit of a tertiary care centre. All burns cases admitted to the burns unit for the period of one year were included.Results: Out of the 150 burns patient’s majority were females belonging to the age group 21 to 30 years. 80% of the burn injuries occurred at home. Cooking was the main factor for burns in domestic set up. Flames represented the common agent of burn injuries.Conclusions: The current study gives important information about sociocultural factors involved in burn injuries which in turn will help in identifying the high-risk population for preventing future burn injuries.
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Wainiqolo, Iris, Bridget Kool, Vili Nosa, and Shanthi Ameratunga. "Health related quality of life following injury in low-and middle-income countries." Pacific Health Dialog 21, no. 3 (March 29, 2019): 148–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.26635/phd.2019.606.
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Introduction: Health-related quality of life (HRQoL) is an important aspect to consider when assessing the non-fatal impact of injuries. The aim of this review was to critically appraise the range of generic instruments employed in the assessment of HRQoL following injury in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs). As a prelude to subsequent research examining longer-term outcomes following motor vehicle crash injuries in Fiji, we also examined how commonly used measures align with the List of All Deficits (LOAD) framework for injury and the Fonofale model of Pacific health and well-being.
Methods: A systematic search of four databases was conducted to identify injury outcome studies undertaken in low-and middle-income countries (LMICs) that used a generic health status outcome measure(s). Two separate content analyses were undertaken, to assess how identified HRQoL measures aligned with the LOAD framework and the Fonofale model.
Findings: Thirty two studies from thirteen LMICs examined variably defined aspects of HRQoL following a range of traumatic injuries (e.g. spinal cord, brain). The measures most commonly focused on the ‘impact on individual’ aspect of the LOAD framework and the ‘physical and mental’ aspects of the Fonofale model. While the emerging literature from LMICs provides valuable information about the HRQoL of trauma patients, the commonly used generic measures provided limited insights regarding societal impacts, culture and spirituality, domains of relevance to injury research and Pacific health and well-being.
Conclusion: Theoretical frameworks relevant to Pacific contexts should be considered when selecting appropriate outcome measures for injury studies in the region.
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Al-Shammari, N. K., and S. M. H. Darwish. "In-depth Sampling Study of Charactersitics of Vehcile Crashes in Saudi Arabia." Engineering, Technology & Applied Science Research 9, no. 5 (October 9, 2019): 4724–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.48084/etasr.2939.
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It is imperative for any traffic safety enhancing effort to collate and analyze detailed data about crashes. This article describes a study that investigated all aspects related to motor vehicle crashes resulting in human injuries or deaths in Riyadh. The database consisted of 295 collisions involving 331 vehicles, 596 fatalities (car passengers and pedestrians) and 2,454 injuries with Abbreviated Injury Scale (AIS) ≥ 1. Results show that only 15.1% of all vehicle occupants were wearing seatbelts at the time of collision which is reflected in having most injuries occurring to upper parts of the body and the spine. It is also reflected in a high incidence rate of 0.22 fatalities per crash. The average age of victims was 33 years with three quarters of them being males. Results also show that human actions, like reckless driving, over speeding, and sudden lane deviations were the causes of most collisions. It is concluded that in order to improve traffic safety conditions in Riyadh and in the whole country, a change in driving culture of all road users is needed. This can only come with improved awareness of the risks involved among road users, better law enforcement and other engineering and hi-tech countermeasures like smart red lights.
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Watanabe-Suzuki, K., O. Suzuki, I. Kosugi, H. Seno, and A. Ishii. "1. A Curious Autopsy Case of a Car Crash in Which Self-Strangulation and Lung Collapse Were Found: A Case Report." Medicine, Science and the Law 42, no. 3 (July 2002): 261–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002580240204200312.
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A curious autopsy case following the car crash of a 20-year-old male, in which self-strangulation and lung collapse were observed, is presented. His motor vehicle had crashed into a restaurant as a result of self-strangulation using an electrical cord wound four times around his neck. At autopsy, we found small rupture holes of spontaneous bullae in both lung apices, which had probably taken place upon collision during driving, petechial hemorrhages in the face skin and the absence of severe injuries. Since it seemed unlikely that the small holes in both lung apices caused fatal pneumothorax instantly, the cause of his death was judged to be asphyxia due to self-strangulation. It is not clear whether the self-strangulation was suicidal or autoerotic, because neither traces of suicidal intent nor circumstances suggesting either of them were disclosed.
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Xu, Guoxiang, and Wangfeng Gao. "Financial Risk Contagion in Stock Markets: Causality and Measurement Aspects." Sustainability 11, no. 5 (March 6, 2019): 1402. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11051402.
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As global financial markets become highly dependent on each other, risk contagion among stock markets is a primary feature of progressing globalization, which poses uncertainties for government agencies. The deficiency of previous studies is that it is difficult to accurately grasp the direction of risk diffusion in different time periods, and to depict the intensity of risk contagion constantly. Research on causality and measurement of financial risk contagion based on nonlinear causality tests and dynamic Copula methods will help governments to allocate financial resources reasonably and effectively, thus promoting the sustainable development of the social economy and financial markets. Taking the Chinese stock market as an example, this paper evaluated the risk contagion effect between the Chinese stock market and six other stock markets including developed and emerging markets from January 2006 to December 2018. From the aspect of causality, the nonlinear Granger causality test was applied to the entire time period and the phased time periods involving specific events like the subprime mortgage crisis and the Chinese stock market crash. From the aspect of measurement, the dynamic Markov state transition Copula model was used to describe the asymmetrically dependent structure of markets, from which was derived the time-varying lower tail dependence coefficients. The results have been summarized as follows. Firstly, after the outbreak of the subprime mortgage crisis, the stock markets in developed and emerging markets unilaterally affected the Chinese stock market, indicating that China was the recipient at this stage. Then, after the outbreak of the Chinese stock market crash, the Chinese stock market had a risk contagion effect on both Japanese and Russian stock markets, indicating that China became a source of financial risk contagion within a limited area at this stage. Lastly, in terms of the degree of risk contagion, the lower tail dependence coefficients of the Chinese stock market and other markets were significantly increased after the occurrence of specific risk events, while the risk contagion degree of developed markets was higher than that of emerging markets. Policymakers can recognize and apply the characteristics of risk contagion at different stages to refrain from unreasonable institutional arrangements, thus improving the sustainability of economic development.
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Mishra, Ankur, and Aayushi Priya. "A Comprehensive Study on Intelligent Transportation Systems." SMART MOVES JOURNAL IJOSCIENCE 4, no. 10 (October 13, 2018): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24113/ijoscience.v4i10.167.
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Transportation or transport sector is a legal source to take or carry things from one place to another. With the passage of time, transportation faces many issues like high accidents rate, traffic congestion, traffic & carbon emissions air pollution, etc. In some cases, transportation sector faced alleviating the brutality of crash related injuries in accident. Due to such complexity, researchers integrate virtual technologies with transportation which known as Intelligent Transport System. Intelligent Transport Systems (ITS) provide transport solutions by utilizing state-of-the-art information and telecommunications technologies. It is an integrated system of people, roads and vehicles, designed to significantly contribute to improve road safety, efficiency and comfort, as well as environmental conservation through realization of smoother traffic by relieving traffic congestion. This paper aims to elucidate various aspects of ITS - it's need, the various user applications, technologies utilized and concludes by emphasizing the case study of IBM ITS.
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Rovšek, Vesna, Milan Batista, and Branko Bogunović. "IDENTIFYING THE KEY RISK FACTORS OF TRAFFIC ACCIDENT INJURY SEVERITY ON SLOVENIAN ROADS USING A NON-PARAMETRIC CLASSIFICATION TREE." Transport 32, no. 3 (June 9, 2014): 272–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/16484142.2014.915581.
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From both a practical and economic point of view, road transport meets almost all the requirements of modern life, but it is also a source of numerous negative effects, including traffic accidents. In order to design a safe transport system and achieve the ‘zero vision’ goal – no serious injuries or fatalities in traffic accidents – there is a growing need for a systematic approach to this problem. Prior to the assessment of any accident prevention measure it is necessary to identify the most important factors and significant patterns which affect the severity of accidents and injuries. In this study, the crash data from Slovenia pertaining to the period 2005–2009 were analysed with a Classification and Regression Tree (CART) algorithm, one of the most widely applied data mining technique when analysing a large amount of data with several independent quantitative or qualitative variables. Before building a non-parametric classification tree, the data were split into three totally separate subsets, the training set, the testing set, and the evaluation set. Moreover, using the Variable Importance Measure (VIM) the factor of influence of nine independent variables on the target variables were calculated. The results confirm that traffic accidents and injuries on Slovenian roads are caused by a combination of factors, the most important of them being human error, or more precisely, speeding and driving in the wrong lane.
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Abdulmajeed Alamri, Tarek M. Esmael, Sami Fawzy, Hany Hosny, Saleh Attawi, Ahmed Asiri, and Arulanantham Zechariah Jebakumar. "A study on Private Car Accidents." International Journal of Novel Trends in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 1 (March 27, 2021): 10–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijntps.v11i1.1409.
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In this study, road traffic injury (RTI) was defined as any injury resulting from a road traffic accident irrespective of severity and outcome. Road traffic accident (RTA) was defined as any crash on the road involving at least one moving vehicle, irrespective of it resulting in an injury. This could include collision with a vehicle or any non`moving object while driving/riding a vehicle, collision with a moving vehicle while walking/running/standing/ sitting on the road, or fall from a moving vehicle. The burden of road traffic accidents (RTA) is a leading cause of all trauma admissions in hospitals worldwide. Road traffic injuries cause considerable economic losses to victims, their families, and to nations as a whole. These losses arise from the cost of treatment (including rehabilitation and incident investigation) as well as reduced/lost productivity (e.g. in wages) for those killed or disabled by their injuries and for family members who need to take time off work (or school) to care for the injured. Road traffic fatality in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) is the highest, accounts for 4.7% of all mortalities. Road injuries also are reported to be the most serious in this country, with an accident to injury ratio of 8:6. In this study, we try to focus on some causes of the accidents in KSA, so we can implement the prevention plan.
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Temizel, Selin, Robert Wunderlich, and Mats Leifels. "Characteristics and Injury Patterns of Road Traffic Injuries in Urban and Rural Uganda—A Retrospective Medical Record Review Study in Two Hospitals." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 14 (July 19, 2021): 7663. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18147663.
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In the ongoing Second Decade of Action for Road Safety, road traffic crashes pose a considerable threat especially in low-income countries. Uganda shows a vast burden of non-fatal injuries and resides at the top range of countries with the highest death rates due to unsafe roads. However, little is known about the differences in road traffic associated injuries between urban and rural areas and potential influence factors. Here, we used a cross-sectional study conducted by a retrospective medical record review from trauma cases admitted in 2016 to hospitals in rural and urban areas in Uganda. Injury severity scores were calculated and descriptive analysis was carried out while multivariate logistic regression was applied to assess significant covariates. According to the 1683 medical records reviewed, the mean age of trauma patients in the dataset under investigation was 30.8 years with 74% male. The trauma in-hospital mortality was 4% while prevalence of traumatic injuries is 56.4%. Motorcycle users (49.6%) and pedestrians (33.7%) were identified as the most vulnerable groups in both urban and rural setting while mild injuries of extremities (61.6%) and the head/neck-region (42.0%) were registered most. The frequency of road traffic injuries was homogenous in the urban and rural hospitals investigated in this study; interventions should therefore be intensified ubiquitously. The identification of significant differences in road traffic crash and injury characteristics provides the opportunity for specific programmes to decrease the socio-economic and health burden of unsafe roads. In addition to law enforcement and introduction of a Systems Thinking approach to road safety including infrastructural and educational concepts, the strengthening of trauma care and health resources is recommended.
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Collard, Dorine C. M., Evert A. L. M. Verhagen, Marijke J. M. Chin A Paw, and Willem van Mechelen. "Acute physical activity and sports injuries in children." Applied Physiology, Nutrition, and Metabolism 33, no. 2 (April 2008): 393–401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/h07-182.
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An increase in the physical activity of individuals has many health benefits, but a drawback of an increase in physical activity is the risk of related injuries. To reduce the short- and long-term effects in terms of social and economic consequences, prevention of physical activity injuries is an important challenge. A sequence of prevention model has been proposed that aims to prevent physical activity injuries in different steps. The model includes (i) identification of the problem in terms of incidence and severity of physical activity injuries, (ii) identification of the risk factors and injury mechanisms that play a role in the occurrence of physical activity injuries, (iii) introduction of measures that are likely to reduce the future risk and (or) severity of physical activity injuries, and (iv) evaluation of the effectiveness of the measures by conducting a randomized controlled trial (RCT). This review describes what is currently known about all of the various aspects of the sequence of prevention in children (steps i–iv).
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Ciornei, Mirela, Răzvan Ionuț Iacobici, Ionel Dănuț Savu, and Dalia Simion. "FDM 3D Printing Process - Risks and Environmental Aspects." Key Engineering Materials 890 (June 23, 2021): 152–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.890.152.
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The application of the 3D printing processes is continuously increasing due to their large number of technical and economic advantages when produce prototypes, but in the mass fabrication as well, especially for metal printing of low dimension products. The process produces pollution as all technological processes. Noise, fume and polymer wastes are the main elements which exit from the process and they are not products. The types and the volumes of those pollution emissions depend on the process parameters. The paper presents the results of FDM process emissions analysis. It was recorded the noise for different stages of the printer functioning. It was measured the volume and the contents of the fume produced during the extrusion of the polymer, for PLA polymer and for ABS polymer filaments. Specific risks were analysed and conclusions were reported. The measurement was done for a random chosen product and the results were compared with the pollutant emissions from traditional technological processes applied to erect the same type of product. It has been concluded that the noise emitted during the FDM printing is about 82-85% of the noise produced when apply milling to create similar shapes and dimensions (it was recorded values for the sound pressure in a large range: 42-68 dB, depending on the working regime). Regarding the fume emission, the intensity of emission was up to 40% higher in the FDM process comparing to the milling process. That was explained as being a direct result of the fluid-viscous state in which the material is put during the printing process. When discuss about the risks, most of the main identified risks in the milling and/or extrusion process were almost inexistent in the FDM printing. Electrical injuries and heat injuries are the main risks to which the operator is exposed. Mechanical injuries are sensitively lower than in the traditional processes, as milling The FDM process is safer and produces lower material wastes. It can be concluded that the FDM printing process has lower impact with the environment and with the operator.
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Mannocci, Alice, Gabriella De Carli, Virginia Di Bari, Rosella Saulle, Brigid Unim, Nicola Nicolotti, Lorenzo Carbonari, Vincenzo Puro, and Giuseppe La Torre. "How Much do Needlestick Injuries Cost? A Systematic Review of the Economic Evaluations of Needlestick and Sharps Injuries Among Healthcare Personnel." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 37, no. 6 (March 29, 2016): 635–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ice.2016.48.
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OBJECTIVETo provide an overview of the economic aspects of needlestick and sharps injury (NSI) management among healthcare personnel (HCP) within a Health Technology Assessment project to evaluate the impact of safety-engineered devices on health careMETHODSA systematic review of economic analyses related to NSIs was performed in accordance with the PRISMA statement and by searching PubMed and Scopus databases (January 1997–February 2015). Mean costs were stratified by study approach (modeling or data driven) and type of cost (direct or indirect). Costs were evaluated using the CDC operative definition and converted to 2015 International US dollars (Int$).RESULTSA total of 14 studies were retrieved: 8 data-driven studies and 6 modeling studies. Among them, 11 studies provided direct and indirect costs and 3 studies provided only direct costs. The median of the means for aggregate (direct + indirect) costs was Int$747 (range, Int$199–Int$1,691). The medians of the means for disaggregated costs were Int$425 (range, Int$48–Int$1,516) for direct costs (9 studies) and Int$322 (range, Int$152–Int$413) for indirect costs (6 studies). When compared with data-driven studies, modeling studies had higher disaggregated and aggregated costs, but data-driven studies showed greater variability. Indirect costs were consistent between studies, mostly referring to lost productivity, while direct costs varied widely within and between studies according to source infectivity, HCP susceptibility, and post-exposure diagnostic and prophylactic protocols. Costs of treating infections were not included, and intangible costs could equal those associated with NSI medical evaluations.CONCLUSIONSNSIs generate significant direct, indirect, potential, and intangible costs, possibly increasing over time. Economic efforts directed at preventing occupational exposures and infections, including provision of safety-engineered devices, may be offset by the savings from a lower incidence of NSIs.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2016;37:635–646
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Brunnauer, A. "Driving Ability and Psychotropic Drugs: Introduction, Epidemiology and General Aspects." European Psychiatry 41, S1 (April 2017): S50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.01.212.
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Psychiatric illness, psychotropic drugs and driving ability. For most people driving is an important activity in daily life affecting physical, social, and economic well-being. Driving mobility is also an important part of one's self-identity that may influence health status. It could be demonstrated that 67% of psychiatric patients reported to have a valid driver's license and 77% of them referred to regularly use their cars. Closer inspection of data reveals, that road mobility is largely linked to psycho-functional status. In this context a significant issue is the impact of medical conditions and/or psychoactive medicines on road safety. Psychiatric patients, considered as a group, seem to have a moderately elevated risk of being involved in a road traffic accident with high-risk rates especially for organic mental disorders. With respect to pharmacotherapy, within psychotropic medicines an increased road traffic crash risk for benzodiazepines, z-hypnotics and some antidepressants has been well documented. The combination of psychoactive drugs additionally increases risk that is highest when combined with alcohol. However, therapeutic drug use may also lower risk, as the illness itself constitutes a higher risk of road traffic accidents. As many studies did not adequately control for confounding factors, results of epidemiological studies must be interpreted cautiously.Disclosure of interestThe author declares that he has no competing interest.
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Arsahanova, Zina, Yuriy Bokov, and Alexander Larin. "The impact of wars on the economy of countries: theoretical and practical aspects." Economic Annals-ХХI 182, no. 3-4 (April 15, 2020): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21003/ea.v182-04.
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Wars leave deep traces in the country’s economy during and after the war, as well as social and psychological consequences. At the beginning of the economic consequences of war, there is a loss of labour. The withdrawal of skilled labour from the country due to the war, the reduction of the population as a result of injuries and deaths leads to serious losses in production and national income. The decline in production leads to inflation and the emergence of a «black» market, faced with difficulties in meeting the needs of the population, whose incomes are falling due to the war. The division of resources into army and defence needs during this period leads to bottlenecks in meeting the resource needs of many sectors, especially basic consumer goods. With war, it becomes impossible to provide new production tools, find loans, continue working without interruption in the face of possible enemy attacks, and increase production within the optimal norms of leasing. This study is intended to discuss the economic consequences of wars. The basic macroeconomic effects of war on the economy are discussed, and the economic costs of war through experiences of the most significant countries are explained with regard to World War I and II. The effects of the Syrian war on the Turkish economy are opened up, and political and economic recommendations are given.
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Pressley, Joyce C., Leah M. Hines, Michael J. Bauer, Shin Ah Oh, Joshua R. Kuhl, Chang Liu, Bin Cheng, and Matthew F. Garnett. "Using Rural–Urban Continuum Codes (RUCCS) to Examine Alcohol-Related Motor Vehicle Crash Injury and Enforcement in New York State." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 8 (April 15, 2019): 1346. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16081346.
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Rural areas of New York State (NYS) have higher rates of alcohol-related motor vehicle (MV) crash injury than metropolitan areas. While alcohol-related injury has declined across the three geographic regions of NYS, disparities persist with rural areas having smaller declines. Our study aim was to examine factors associated with alcohol-related MV crashes in Upstate and Long Island using multi-sourced county-level data that included the Crash Outcome Data Evaluation System (CODES) with emergency department visits and hospitalizations, traffic citations, demographic, economic, transportation, alcohol outlets, and Rural–Urban Continuum Codes (RUCCS). A cross-sectional study design employed zero-truncated negative binominal regression models to assess relative risks (RR) with 95% confidence interval (CI). Counties (n = 57, 56,000 alcohol-related crashes over the 3 year study timeframe) were categorized by mean annual alcohol-related MV injuries per 100,000 population: low (24.7 ± 3.9), medium (33.9 ± 1.7) and high (46.1 ± 8.0) (p < 0.0001). In multivariable analyses, alcohol-related MV injury was elevated for non-adjacent, non-metropolitan counties (RR 2.5, 95% CI: 1.6–3.9) with higher citations for impaired driving showing a small, but significant protective effect. Less metropolitan areas had higher alcohol-related MV injury with inconsistent alcohol-related enforcement measures. In summary, higher alcohol-related MV injury rates in non-metropolitan counties demonstrated a dose–response relationship with proximity to a metropolitan area. These findings suggest areas where intervention efforts might be targeted to lower alcohol-related MV injury.
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Valiullina, S. A., and E. A. Sharova. "Prevalence of traumatic brain injury in children of Russian Federation: epidemiology and economic aspects." Kazan medical journal 96, no. 4 (August 15, 2015): 581–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.17750/kmj2015-581.
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Aim. To define epidemiological features of traumatic brain injury in children and to assess economic losses caused by this condition.
Methods. The prevalence of traumatic brain injury in children for the period of 2003-2012 in Russia according to State Statistical Database. Direct and indirect economic losses (overall and per patient) were calculated for 2012.
Results. The study revealed an increase of traumatic brain injury prevalence in children for the analyzed period, with the domestic traumatism prevailing among all brain trauma injuries, especially in girls. The amount of economic losses due to traumatic brain injury in children of Russian Federation in 2012 was about 4 milliard roubles. However, this figure is considerably underestimated, because the amount of expenses per one patient with traumatic brain injury is a quarter less compared to the standard sum per one case traumatic brain injury according to the standards of obligatory health insurance. On the one hand, it may be explained by high admission rate in children with minor head injury. On the other hand, it may be a result of insufficient healthcare funding as well as unaccounted expenses for medical care and drug coverage, especially in children with severe traumatic brain injury.
Conclusion. The reduction of economic losses due to pediatric traumatic brain injury is possible not only by preventing new cases of traumatic brain injury but also by optimizing medical care.
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Burkhauser, Richard V. "Book Review: Economic and Social Security and Substandard Working Conditions: International Examination of Medical-Legal Aspects of Work Injuries." ILR Review 52, no. 4 (July 1999): 650–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/001979399905200410.
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Lerner, Neil D., Jeffrey L. Harpster, Richard W. Huey, and Geoffrey V. Steinberg. "Driver Backing-Behavior Research: Implications for Backup Warning Devices." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1573, no. 1 (January 1997): 23–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1573-04.
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Collisions during backing maneuvers are a common accident type and cause a significant number of injuries and fatalities. Backup warning systems are among the intelligent vehicle warning applications being developed. Designing effective warning criteria and display characteristics is a serious challenge because little is known about how drivers behave during backing maneuvers. Drivers often intentionally back their vehicles into close proximity to objects, and backing speeds vary greatly, so appropriate conditions for warning a driver are unclear. A series of experiments was conducted to provide a basis for the design of effective vehicle-based backup warning devices. The experiments concerned driver behavior, perceptions, and responses to warning signals. One experiment measured common behaviors and vehicle control aspects during backing maneuvers. Another experiment measured driver brake reaction time and stopping distance to an acoustic signal during various backing maneuvers. A third experiment required participants in a car that was backing toward an object to identify the point at which they would want to receive cautionary and imminent crash warnings. Key findings are highlighted and their implications for the design of backup warning systems are discussed. Findings suggest the most effective design is a two-level warning system using acoustic signals as the primary mode and time to collision as a primary means of recognizing probable driver errors. Although preliminary, a time to collision of approximately 1.5 to 2.0 sec appears to be a reasonable criterion for an imminent crash warning, based on joint consideration of normal maneuver characteristics, driver reaction times, and driver judgments of appropriate warning times.
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Butt, Farhan Muhammad, Murtaza Ashiq, Shafiq Ur Rehman, Khurram Shahid Minhas, and Muhammad Ajmal Khan. "Bibliometric analysis of road traffic injuries research in the Gulf Cooperation Council region." F1000Research 9 (September 18, 2020): 1155. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.25903.1.
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Background: Despite governmental interventions, the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region continues to experience higher road traffic crash and fatality rates relative to Western nations. This trend suggests a potential disconnect between Road Traffic Injuries (RTI) research and the mitigation measures put in place. Method: Here, we present an in-depth bibliometric analysis to obtain a comprehensive understanding of RTI research in the GCC region. The Web of Science database was used to search and retrieve the relevant articles during the period of 1981-2019. Results: The volume of RTI research increased from 2015–2019, suggesting an increased focus on traffic safety in the GCC region. Saudi Arabia had the highest RTI research productivity level (126 publications); Bahrain had the lowest (7 publications). Inconsistent with its low publication volume, Hammad Medical Corps of Qatar had the highest citation impact score of 16.33. Global collaboration for RTI research was highest between Saudi Arabia and the United States. The most prevalent publication journal for the region was Accident Analysis and Prevention. The most common keywords were “road traffic accidents” and “road traffic injuries”; terms such as “mobile phones”, “pedestrian safety”, “pedestrians”, and “distracted driving” were least common. In the five most productive GCC nations with respect to RTI research (Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Kuwait, and Oman), researchers tended to publish works related to road traffic safety in traffic safety-oriented journals. Conclusions: The quantity and quality of RTI publications in GCC is insufficient to meet the increasing related public health and economic burden in the region. The trends among publication volumes, citations, and impact were inconsistent. There is a lack of research collaboration among the institutions. Most of the research related to RTI is being conducted by researchers with a medical background. Research focusing on pedestrians, cyclists and road user behavior is also inadequate.
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Butt, Farhan Muhammad, Murtaza Ashiq, Shafiq Ur Rehman, Khurram Shahid Minhas, and Muhammad Ajmal Khan. "Bibliometric analysis of road traffic injuries research in the Gulf Cooperation Council region." F1000Research 9 (October 16, 2020): 1155. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/f1000research.25903.2.
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Background: Despite governmental interventions, the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region continues to experience higher road traffic crash and fatality rates relative to Western nations. This trend suggests a potential disconnect between Road Traffic Injuries (RTI) research and the mitigation measures put in place. Method: Here, we present an in-depth bibliometric analysis to obtain a comprehensive understanding of RTI research in the GCC region. The Web of Science database was used to search and retrieve the relevant articles during the period of 1981-2019. Results: The volume of RTI research increased from 2015–2019, suggesting an increased focus on traffic safety in the GCC region. Saudi Arabia had the highest RTI research productivity level (126 publications); Bahrain had the lowest (7 publications). Inconsistent with its low publication volume, Hammad Medical Corps of Qatar had the highest citation impact score of 16.33. Global collaboration for RTI research was highest between Saudi Arabia and the United States. The most prevalent publication journal for the region was Accident Analysis and Prevention. The most common keywords were “road traffic accidents” and “road traffic injuries”; terms such as “mobile phones”, “pedestrian safety”, “pedestrians”, and “distracted driving” were least common. In the five most productive GCC nations with respect to RTI research (Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Kuwait, and Oman), researchers tended to publish works related to road traffic safety in traffic safety-oriented journals. Conclusions: The quantity and quality of RTI publications in GCC is insufficient to meet the increasing related public health and economic burden in the region. The trends among publication volumes, citations, and impact were inconsistent. There is a lack of research collaboration among the institutions. Most of the research related to RTI is being conducted by researchers with a medical background. Research focusing on pedestrians, cyclists and road user behavior is also inadequate.
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Donnell, Eric T., Douglas W. Harwood, Karin M. Bauer, John Mason, and Martin T. Pietrucha. "Cross-Median Collisions on Pennsylvania Interstates and Expressways." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1784, no. 1 (January 2002): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1784-12.
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Cross-median collisions (CMCs) on high functional class roadways are a concern because of the potential economic and social losses that often accompany these crashes. The Pennsylvania Department of Transportation (PENNDOT) design policy suggests protecting medians on divided highways where the median width is less than 10m (32.8 ft) and the average daily traffic is above 20,000 vehicles per day. However, CMC crashes have occurred where a barrier was not warranted by the policy. The methodology used to assess median safety on Interstates and expressways in Pennsylvania is reviewed, and the findings are reported. A critical review of literature and an assessment of various state department of transportation median safety practices were undertaken. An expert panel qualitatively assessed median safety practices and provided input for quantitative data collection. Two PENNDOT databases, police accident reports, photologs, and field data were analyzed to complement the qualitative findings. Qualitative results suggest that the three-strand cable system, strong-post W-beam guiderail, or the concrete safety shape are recommended median barriers in appropriate site conditions. Quantitative results show that CMC crashes are rare events; however, nearly 15% involve fatalities and 72% involve nonfatal injuries. In addition, CMC crash rates at earth-divided highways decrease as the median width increases, CMC crashes appear more likely to occur downstream of interchange entrance ramps, and CMC crashes are more likely to involve adverse pavement surface conditions (wet or icy) than are other crashes. Negative binomial regression models were used to model CMC crash frequencies on earth-divided highways.
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Carrasco, M. M. "Overview of the EPA guidance paper." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.871.
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After several decades of Market Faith in Western societies and the most severe financial crash several generations has known, there has not really been a serious re-examination of the role of markets and money in our society. A market economy may be a valuable and effective tool for organizing productive activity. The problem is whether we have become a “market society”. That is, if the economic values have been transplanted to the whole of society – not only economic life – and we have become a monetized society: a society where just about everything is up for sale. That's to say, a way of life where market relations and market incentives and market values come to dominate all aspects of life. Paradoxically, it is possible that the economic crisis has only increased this trend. Administrations at different levels – European, States, Local… – have demanded tremendous sacrifices from the population intended to save the financial system, but on the way sacrificing a Welfare state that took decades to build. In this presentation, we will review the mental health consequences of the current economic crisis. Also it examines how the change in social values and sweeping assertion of economic values can affect the way we think about Mental Health and Psychiatric Care.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.
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Lima, Bruna, and Maria Medianeira Padoin. "Aspects of international economic policy in Brazil during the New State (1937–45) and the ‘crash’ of the Cyrilla Beverage Company of Santa Maria." Portuguese Journal of Social Science 17, no. 2 (June 1, 2018): 167–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1386/pjss.17.2.167_1.
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Glebova, E. V., E. A. Fomin, and M. V. Ivanova. "Procedure for Admittance of the Contractor Companies to Perform the Work at the Construction Site." Occupational Safety in Industry, no. 2 (February 2021): 24–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.24000/0409-2961-2021-2-24-28.
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The article is devoted to the assessment of the contractor companies activity in the field of safety both before the start of work execution and during the execution of work at the construction site of the Client’s company. Analysis is given concerning the industrial injuries from 2009 to 2018 in Russia, based on which the tendency to reduce industrial injuries for the current period is determined, and the coefficients of the frequency of injuries in various countries for 2015 are calculated. Based on the performed analysis, the injury rate in Russia is still at a high level. Economic component for the materials, personnel qualifications, and savings on safety from the Client’s company can also lead to injuries at the construction site. The main reasons for low quality of the work performed at the construction site, which in turn lead to injuries, are given in the article. Matrix for the assessment of the contractor companies was developed, with the help of which it is proposed to assess all the aspects of their activities that effect on safety of the work performed. Among the assessed aspects there are sections related to training, behavior and motivation of the personnel, audits conducted by the contractor companies in relation to the subcontractors, investigation of incidents by using the current procedures and contractor personnel responsibilities. One of the matrix elements is presented for assessment. Each element from the given section is proposed to be assessed on a scale from 0 to 3, where each aspect is presented in the form of an action, an assessment of this action and its result. Recommendations on the use of this methodology in the selection of contractors are provided.
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Morgan, Trish. "Growing Ourselves to Death? Economic and Ecological Crises, the Growth of Waste, and the Role of the Media and Cultural Industries." Human Geography 8, no. 1 (March 2015): 68–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/194277861500800105.
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Since the financial crash of 2008, large sectors of capitalist economies have been enveloped by a crisis that is typically represented by media discourses in purely economic and financial terms. However, the crisis is also ecological. Yet, while media discourses frequently embrace and propose small-scale environmental remedies, it is rarely pointed out that such calls stand at odds with the consumer capitalist system under which the media industries operate. Adopting a ‘business as usual’ approach to consumption, the media industries encourage the public to shop their way out of recession, despite crippling austerity measures that have been imposed on them. This is in the face of an unprecedented ecological crisis which is now largely accepted as due to anthropogenic factors. In light of this ecological crisis, continued growth-based economic paradigms are increasingly deemed unsustainable. Yet frequently, media discourse uncritically takes growth and waste as two aspects of an unchanging and necessary paradigm. Against this backdrop of economic and ecological crises this paper draws on a set of critical cross-disciplinary literature from Harvey's political economy, to Foster and Moore's political ecology to Baran and Sweezy on waste, through to Adorno, Bourdieu and Garnham, to identify and engage with the strategic role of the media. It outlines crisis theories of economy and ecology, moving on to discuss crucial, if neglected aspects of the role of the media and cultural industries with respect to these crises. This paper advances the view that the role of the media in construction of norms with respect to consumption practices and waste is of significance and arguably needs to be incorporated into crisis theory of both economy and ecology.
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Leite, Verlaine, and Roberto Figueredo. "Is there a need to increase the number of substitutions in modern professional football?" Fizicka kultura 74, no. 1 (2020): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/fizkul2001005l.
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Football is the most important and popular sport in the world, being influenced by several aspects and generating a billion dollar financial income. The constant scientific advancement of the modality allows a rapid evolution of football, being important to constantly review aspects of its dynamics and, consequently, its laws. The aim of this work is to analyze and argue, based on several aspects, e.g., evolution of the modality, physiological aspects, incidence of injuries, relationship with the media and economic aspects, etc., if there is a need to increase substitutions in modern professional football matches. In order to achieve this objective, a wide bibliographic research on the most important aspects of football was used.. As demonstrated throughout the text, according to the constant changes that have occurred in various aspects related to football over the years, there is a need for changes in the regulations to meet the need and provide a greater evolution of the modality. In this way, we believe that the increase in the number of substitutions can be very beneficial for football in general, mainly to make the modality more dynamic and attractive to the spectators.
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Gray, Shannon, and Alex Collie. "O3B.1 Burden of work absence due to compensable road traffic crashes in victoria, australia." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 76, Suppl 1 (April 2019): A23.2—A24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem-2019-epi.62.
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BackgroundThe burden of road traffic crashes (RTC) is commonly reported using fatalities and hospital admissions. Disruption to regular activities, such as work, is rarely reported, yet known to have significant economic and human costs. In the state of Victoria, Australia, people injured and unable to work due to RTC may have treatment and income support provided either through the RTC compensation system or through workers’ compensation. By examining data from both systems, this study sought to determine the rate (per 1 00 000 working population) of RTC injury resulting in work absence, and to quantify the amount of working time lost to RTC injury.MethodsData from each compensation system were harmonised. Analysis included claims from RTCs that occurred between July 1 2003 and June 30 2013 by 15–65 year olds who received at least one day of income support. Fatalities and rejected claims were excluded. Time lost was calculated as the total weeks of income support. Non-parametric tests were performed to determine differences between exposure variables (e.g. male versus female).ResultsThere were 36 640 workers meeting inclusion criteria (average 305 cases per month; mean rate per month of 11.6 per 1 00 000 working population). A total of 1,121,863 lost working weeks were compensated, with a median of 10 weeks. Thirty-two percent of cases did not have a record of attending hospital. The lowest median duration of time loss was among those involved in a train or tram crash (2.9 weeks) and the highest among those with quadriplegia (142.2 weeks). Duration of income support was significantly different within age, sex, injury type, severity, crash type, and compensation system groups.ConclusionsResults showed that RTC injuries of all severities caused considerable work absence. Measures of work absence can complement existing measures of RTC burden.
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Mireles, Luis Ramon. "Occupational Safety and Health on the U.S.-Mexico Border." NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy 13, no. 1 (May 2003): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/5cdm-pmer-6jd9-952r.
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A number of trade agreements were adopted in the 1990s that promised economic growth for Mexico. The most significant was the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which promotes open trade between Mexico, the United States, and Canada. Like WTO, NAFTA focuses on the economic aspects of trade. Occupational safety and health issues were not specifically addressed by NAFTA. Despite the presence of domestic regulatory systems, concerns over working conditions persist on both sides of the U.S.-Mexico border and the workforces face similar health problems. The upsurge in trade between the United States and Mexico must be accompanied by an international commitment to occupational safety and health in border areas. If government agencies cannot or will not intervene to reduce rates of workplace injuries and illnesses, civil coalitions must assume this role.