Academic literature on the topic 'Economic aspects of Double cropping'
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Journal articles on the topic "Economic aspects of Double cropping"
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SINGH, MANPREET, H. S. SIDHU, J. S. MAHAL, et al. "RELAY SOWING OF WHEAT IN THE COTTON–WHEAT CROPPING SYSTEM IN NORTH-WEST INDIA: TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS." Experimental Agriculture 53, no. 4 (2016): 539–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479716000569.
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SUMMARYCotton–wheat (CW) is an important cropping system in South Asia. Wheat yields under a conventional CW system are generally lower compared to a rice–wheat system due to delayed seeding. Relay seeding of wheat can help timely sowing, capturing residual soil moisture of last irrigation to cotton, and increase the productivity and profitability of CW system. The field experiment included two Bt-cotton genotypes having different canopy cover (RCH 776 and MRC 7017), two types of relay seeders (RSs) for cotton planted at 67.5-cm and 101-cm row spacing and four types of relay seeding methods (manual broadcast, strip rotor (SR) and zero-till double disc and conventional till). Relay planting of wheat allowed one additional boll picking, which increased seed cotton yield by 12% compared with conventional tillage wheat. Cotton genotypes and RSs had no effect on emergence and yield of wheat. The RSs with SR and zero till double disc furrow openers performed better in terms of wheat emergence and grain yield compared to zero-till tine openers. Under relay seeding, wheat sowing was advanced by 31 days, which increased grain yield by 18.8% compared with conventional tillage practice. Net returns from the CW system with relay seeding of wheat were higher by US$ 311 to 425 ha−1 compared with the conventional CW system.
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Peterson, W. R., D. T. Walters, R. J. Supalla, and R. A. Olson. "Yield and Economic Aspects of Irrigated Cropping Systems in Eastern Nebraska." Journal of Production Agriculture 4, no. 3 (1991): 353–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jpa1991.0353.
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Pullins, Emily E., and Robert L. Myers. "Agronomic and economic performance of wheat and canola-based double-crop systems." American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 13, no. 3 (1998): 124–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0889189300007803.
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AbstractDouble-cropping provides a method of diversifying the rotation, maximizing production, and increasing the profit potential of a cropping system. We assessed agronomic and economic performance of five alternative crops in comparison to the no-till wheat-soybean double-cropping system prevalent in the southern Corn Belt. Canola has shown potential as a profitable winter crop, but its effects on the subsequent crop in a no-till double-crop system required further study. Amaranth, buckwheat, sunflower, and pearl millet were planted after the harvest of canola or wheat, or after fallow. Alternative double-crop grain yield, production costs, and net returns were compared with those of double-crop soybean.Wheat yielded more than canola. Sunflower grain yields did not differ significantly after winter-crop treatments at any site. Yields of amaranth, buckwheat, soybean, and pearl millet differed after winter crops at some sites. At three study yield levels, net returns were positive and greatest for double-crop wheat-amaranth, canola-amaranth, wheat-sunflower, and canola-sunflower systems. All double-crop systems except canolapearl millet had positive net returns at median study yield levels. Low or negative net returns resulted from the combination of low yield and low price for some double crops. Canola was shown to be an economically feasible alternative to wheat in a doublecropping system for central and southern Missouri. Buckwheat and sunflower were shown to be agronomically and economically competitive alternatives to soybean following either canola or winter wheat, with buckwheat most valuable in late-season planting conditions.
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DUNCAN, R. R., and C. S. HOVELAND. "DOUBLE CROPPING WINTER RAPESEED AND GRAIN SORGHUM." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 66, no. 3 (1986): 425–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps86-060.
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Since rainfall generally exceeds 500 mm during the winter months and soil erosion is a problem in the southern U.S.A., a cover crop is essential to reduce soil losses. Continuous cultivation of a crop on the same land also provides the opportunity for pest problems to develop. A winter rapeseed (Brassica napus L.)-grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L). Moench.) double-cropping system was investigated in the field from 1981 to 1984. Conventional tillage (CT) and no-till (NT) systems were used for both crops. Gullivar rape was planted in October and harvested in June. Winter rapeseed yields averaged 2.87 t ha−1 on CT plots in 1982. Averaged over 1983 and 1984, rape yields were 1.66 and 0.73 t ha−1 on CT and NT plots, respectively. However, the seeding method biased the rapeseed performance. Problems were encountered with winter weed control and pod shattering in the winter rape plots. Two sorghum hybrids, R. C. Young Oro Txtra and Funks G-550, were planted in June and harvested in October. Grain yields were not significantly different between hybrids (Oro 5.69 t ha−1, Funk 5.67 t ha−1) or between tillage systems (CT 5.59 t ha−1, NT 5.78 t ha−1). Grain yield differences were noted for year × hybrid × tillage interactions. Rape was a weed problem in the sorghum plots. The winter rape-sorghum double-cropping system offers an alternative to current winter small grains-sorghum/soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) or winter annual legume-sorghum/soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merr.) systems; however, markets for the winter rapeseed and production economic analyses are needed prior to adoption of the system. Additional winter rapeseed research is needed to evaluate yields properly under NT conditions.Key words: Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, Brassica napus L., conservation tillage, multiple cropping, sorghum, rapeseed
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FRANKE, A. C., S. SCHULZ, B. D. OYEWOLE, and S. BAKO. "INCORPORATING SHORT-SEASON LEGUMES AND GREEN MANURE CROPS INTO MAIZE-BASED SYSTEMS IN THE MOIST GUINEA SAVANNA OF WEST AFRICA." Experimental Agriculture 40, no. 4 (2004): 463–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s001447970400211x.
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A three-year trial was conducted on a degraded soil in the moist Guinea savanna of northern Nigeria to assess the possibility of improving productivity and economic viability of maize-based systems by incorporating short-season legumes and green manure crops into the cropping pattern. Treatments included double cropping legume-maize systems, full-season sole maize receiving various amounts of nitrogen, green manure crop mucuna (Mucuna pruriens var. utilis) followed by sole maize and a legume-maize system receiving additional rice mill waste. In comparison with full-season maize, the use of early-season cowpea followed by maize improved productivity as well as economic returns of the cropping system, while the use of mucuna, grown as an early-season crop or full-season crop, resulted in poor overall productivity of the system. The addition of rice mill waste as a soil amendment in cowpea–maize systems stimulated maize yields and rice mill waste can form a cheap source of organic inputs for farmers living nearby rice mills. Given the limited growing season of the northern Guinea savanna, it is concluded that timing of field operations is crucial for the successful application of double cropping systems. In addition, high labour requirements are a serious constraint for wide-scale adoption of double cropping systems by small-scale farmers, stressing the need to reduce soil cultivation operations, for example by maintaining a uniform ridge distance for all crops in the rotation.
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Karimov, Akmal Kh, Munir A. Hanjra, Jiří Šimůnek, and Botir Abdurakhmannov. "Can a change in cropping patterns produce water savings and social gains: A case study from the Fergana Valley, Central Asia." Journal of Hydrology and Hydromechanics 66, no. 2 (2018): 189–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/johh-2017-0054.
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AbstractThe study examines possible water savings by replacing alfalfa with winter wheat in the Fergana Valley, located upstream of the Syrdarya River in Central Asia. Agricultural reforms since the 1990s have promoted this change in cropping patterns in the Central Asian states to enhance food security and social benefits. The water use of alfalfa, winter wheat/fallow, and winter wheat/green gram (double cropping) systems is compared for high-deficit, low-deficit, and full irrigation scenarios using hydrological modeling with the HYDRUS-1D software package. Modeling results indicate that replacing alfalfa with winter wheat in the Fergana Valley released significant water resources, mainly by reducing productive crop transpiration when abandoning alfalfa in favor of alternative cropping systems. However, the winter wheat/fallow cropping system caused high evaporation losses from fallow land after harvesting of winter wheat. Double cropping (i.e., the cultivation of green gram as a short duration summer crop after winter wheat harvesting) reduced evaporation losses, enhanced crop output and hence food security, while generating water savings that make more water available for other productive uses. Beyond water savings, this paper also discusses the economic and social gains that double cropping produces for the public within a broader developmental context.
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Tuyen, Nguyen Van. "WATER USE EFFICIENCY OF RICE-BASED UPLAND CROP PRODUCTION SYSTEMS IN FLOOD-AFFECTED CHAU PHU DISTRICT, AN GIANG PROVINCE, VIET NAM." Vietnam Journal of Science and Technology 54, no. 2A (2018): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/2525-2518/54/2a/11917.
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Retaining abundant flood water and later using it as crop irrigation water is an issue for the flood-prone area in the Mekong Delta of Viet Nam. The present study aimed to determine an appropriate rice-based upland crop production practice with high water use efficiency and hence the feasibility of retaining flood water for agricultural use in the flood area in the Mekong Delta. On-farm studies were carried out in Chau Phu district of An Giang province from January 2012 to July 2015. Chilli, maize, rice were used as the proxy crops. Crop irrigation water quantity was monitored, and crop yields and economic inputs and outputs were recorded. Results showed that maize or chilli grown on the paddy field were more water-efficient than rice cropping grown alone. Double maize and chilli cropping and rotational rice and maize or chilli cropping required an irrigation water volume of 3,341 m3/ha and 3,686 m3/ha, respectively, compared to 4,289 m3/ha for the commonly-applied double rice cropping. For financial water use efficiency, each cubic meter of water used for crop irrigation yielded a net value of output of 10,950 $VN with double maize and chilli cropping , 6,370 $VN with rotational rice and maize or chilli and 2,790 $VN with double rice cropping practice. These results need to be validated with more farmers’ fields to evaluate the feasibility of the promising crop production systems in larger scale.
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Ye, Qing, Xiaoguang Yang, Yong Li, et al. "Cost-Benefit Analysis for Single and Double Rice Cropping Systems under the Background of Global Warming." Atmosphere 11, no. 10 (2020): 1048. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/atmos11101048.
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Global warming might expand crop growth areas for the prevailing single and double rice cropping systems in Southern China. Based on historical weather and crop data from 1981 to 2015, we evaluated the economic benefit and environmental cost for single and double rice cropping systems (SRCS and DRCS) in areas that are sensitive to climate variability in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River. The five chosen indices were: net profit, agronomic nitrogen use efficiency (ANUE), water use efficiency (WUE), total amount, and global warming potential (GWP) of greenhouse gas (GHG). The goal of this study is to provide scientific evidence for local policymakers to use in selecting the most suitable rice cropping systems to maximize economic profits while adapting to climate change. The results showed that net profit was $171.4 per hectare higher for DRCS than for SRCS in the study region. In addition, output per unit nitrogen usage was $0.25 per kg N higher for DRCS than for SRCS. Net profit would increase if DRCS replaced SRCS, and the maximum amplitude of increase in net profit for this replacement occurred under the settings of 150 kg ha−1 nitrogen fertilizer level and continuous irrigation when the paddy water layer started to fade. On the other hand, annual variation in net profit for SRCS was consistently smaller than DRCS, regardless of changes in nitrogen fertilizer level and irrigation regime settings. SRCS showed better WUE than DRCS in both rainfed and irrigated situations, as well as lower seasonal CH4 and N2O emissions during the study period. Therefore, we conclude that SRCS is superior to DRCS for the sake of maximizing economic profit while maintaining sustainable agriculture in areas that are sensitive to climate variability in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River.
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Thelen, Kurt D., Juan Gao, John Hoben, Leilei Qian, Christopher Saffron, and Katherine Withers. "A spreadsheet-based model for teaching the agronomic, economic, and environmental aspects of bioenergy cropping systems." Computers and Electronics in Agriculture 85 (July 2012): 157–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compag.2012.04.010.
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Kirby, GWM, VJ Hristova, and S. Murti. "Conservation tillage and ley farming in the semi-arid tropics of northern Australia - some economic aspects." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 36, no. 8 (1996): 1049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9961049.
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This paper examines some aspects of the economics of conservation tillage and ley farming in the semi-arid tropics of northern Australia. The distribution, 1 value and major trends in the enterprises comprising the agricultural sector of the semi-arid tropics are discussed in an industry context. The likely economic benefits for the farmer from the adoption of conservation tillage and ley farming come from mulch retention and increased yields. These benefits vary with the frequency of grain cropping, the legume species used and the commodity price relativities. The benefits are likely to be larger in drier growing seasons. Data on other factors, such as soil type and seasons, were inadequate for economic analysis. Some ley farming systems are more profitable than single enterprises in the short term. In the long term, the best choice for sustainable farming systems in the semi-arid tropics appears to be a legume pasture system or a legume pasture-crop system. Results to date from ley farming studies show that experimental designs need to be modified to incorporate higher cropping frequencies and more comprehensive joint product measures in order to allow a more critical economic assessment. Additional benefits to society from the adoption of conservation tillage and ley farming are likely to come from minimising adverse on-farm and off-farm effects of agricultural activities. There are strong arguments for continuing support for research and development in ley farming technology and a joint sharing of the costs between farmers and the community generally.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Economic aspects of Double cropping"
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Omokanye, Akim Tunde, University of Western Sydney, of Science Technology and Environment College, and Centre for Horticulture and Plant Sciences. "Biological and economic evaluation of maize-based cropping systems for Nigerian smallholders." THESIS_CSTE_HPS_Omokanye_A.xml, 2004. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/797.
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Indigenous African shifting cultivation production systems, that were developed over many generations and took into account production potential as well as the constraints imposed by natural resources, are no longer practicable for Nigerian smallholder farmers. These systems relied on long fallow for fertility restoration after a period of cropping. Overpopulation has resulted in lower per capita land availability, necessitating a shift to sedentary cultivation systems. In such systems, fallow is short term (months) compared to shifting systems, where it lasted several years. This shift has resulted in overexploitation of land resources and despite intensification of agricultural production methods, non-sustainable demand on the natural resource base has increased and crop and animal production has declined. This study examined the performance of five maize-based cropping systems consisting of cereal-legume, cereal-cereal and cereal bare fallow rotations, to identify systems that have potential for increased agricultural production in the subhumid and mid-altitude zones of Nigeria. The study was conducted at Richmond, near Sydney, in NSW, Australia from 2000 to 2003. The trial investigated the effects of the combined use of legumes and N fertilizer in CSs to maintain or improve soil fertility, maize crop and maize storage silage production and yield and quality of all crop residues. This study showed that inclusion of a legume in the rotation is an important production and income generating strategy. Owing to their potential for increased maize productivity, to build up N-rich systems and to improve small holder levels of farm income, cropping systems with legumes should therefore be given more research attention in NigeriaDoctor of Philosophy (PhD)
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Morand, Hugues. "The economic potential of the Quebec cropping sector to sequester carbon in agricultural soils /." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=80335.
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This research simulates the response of the Quebec cropping sector to the introduction of carbon credit revenue which could be made available through the implementation of a greenhouse gas emissions trading and offset system in Canada. Eligible carbon sequestering practices investigated in the simulations include adoption of moderate tillage and no-till as well as the conversion to a permanent cover crop. Monetary demand for greenhouse gas emissions offsets from the cropping sector is endogenized in the objective function of the Canadian Regional Agriculture Model (CRAM) which has been modified to account for the simulations and for the disaggregation of the single crop region of Quebec into eleven sub-regions. Changes in the cropping sector induced by the introduction of seven different carbon price levels, ranging from $1/t CO2 to $100/t CO2, are compared to a baseline. Variables covered in the simulation results include: relative profitability of carbon sequestering crops/technology; adoption rates of moderate tillage and no-till; carbon sequestration levels; carbon credit revenue; cropping pattern, crop production and livestock.Results indicate that carbon sequestration in agricultural soils could only contribute a minor share of the total emission reduction in Quebec, even with very high carbon price levels. At a carbon price of $15/t CO2, it is estimated that changes in tillage practices and permanent cover would result in an additional 12,328 t CO2 per year sequestered by the cropping sector in Quebec. However, some regions display higher adoption rates of carbon sequestering practices than other regions and appear to be more responsive to the price incentive. The introduction of a monetary demand for GHGE offsets from the cropping sector induces some changes in terms of cropping pattern and crop production level, while it has almost no impact on the livestock sector.
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Browning, Phillip W. "Agronomic and Economic Comparison of Full-Season and Double-Cropped Small Grain and Soybean Systems in the Mid-Atlantic USA." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32725.
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Increased demand for barley has changed the proportion of crops grown in Virginia and the Mid-Atlantic USA. Winter wheat is the predominant small grain crop, but barley can be a direct substitute, although much less of it is grown. Soybean is grown full-season and double-cropped after both small grains. Historically, wheat was the primary small grain in the soybean double-crop rotation because of its greater profitability. The barley-soybean cropping system is not a new concept in the region, but the literature is outdated. New agronomic and economic data that directly compares full-season soybean, barley-soybean, and wheat-soybean systems using modern cultivars and management practices is needed. The objectives of this research were to: i) determine soybean yield and compare cropping system profitability of the three cropping systems; ii) perform a breakeven sensitivity analysis of the three cropping systems; and iii) determine the effect of planting date and previous winter crop on soybean yield and yield components. Soybean grown after barley yielded more than full-season soybean in two of six locations and more than soybean double-cropped after wheat in three of six locations. Net returns for the barley-soybean system were the greatest. These data indicate that soybean double-cropped after barley has the potential to yield equal to or greater than full-season soybean or double-cropped soybean following wheat, but its relative yield is very dependent on growing conditions. The profitability comparison indicated that the barley-soybean cropping system was generally more profitable than the full-season soybean and double-cropped wheat-soybean systems. This conclusion was supported by the breakeven sensitivity analysis, but remains dependent on prices that have been extremely volatile in recent years. In another study, soybean yields declined with planting date at two of four locations in 2009, a year that late-season rainfall enabled later-planted soybean to yield more than expected. In 2010, soybean yield decline was affected by the delay in planting date at both locations. Winter grain did not affect soybean yield in either year. Yield component data reinforced these results and indicated that the lower seed yield in the later planting dates was due primarily to a decrease in the number of pods.Master of Science
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Katz, Michael. "A systems analysis of the contribution of legume crops to energy conservation and a profitability in the corn cropping program /." Thesis, McGill University, 1985. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=65360.
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Hitayezu, Felix. "Farm income effects of regional crop specilization in Rwanda." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69532.
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In consideration of the chronic poverty of farmers in Rwanda as well as in other developing countries where self-sufficient agriculture is practiced, this study examines what the well studied theory of specialization and trade, if implemented, could bring to Rwandan farmers in terms of production and profits.To attain this objective, a spatial optimization model with linear programming was built and used to maximize the potential production and net returns which were compared to those from the traditional system. The model was built in a way that it also shows the pattern of trade and quantities traded.
The results show that a regional specialization system would allow, on the national level, more production, higher net returns, and more trade than the traditional system (self-sufficient agriculture) as expected according to the theory of specialization and trade. Nevertheless, the net return in some regions decreases in the new system, which necessitates a compensation plan for those regions.
However, it has to be noted that despite these gains, the adoption of the new plans requires a consideration of many other factors that are not covered in this study. Of those factors, the most obvious are the need to improve the transportation and marketing infrastructure, changing farmers' attitudes and objectives towards commercial agriculture, and securing equity, security, and sustainability in the system.
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Johnson, Ole S. "Economic analysis of reduced tillage wheat and grain sorghum rotations in western Kansas." 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/27465.
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Bates, Christopher Allen. "Local resilience, canola cropping, and biodiesel production." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/1957/28361.
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New technology may have negative, as well as positive, effects on a sociocultural
system. Biodiesel is growing in popularity as a fuel alternative that addresses global
warming and reduces dependency on petroleum. The biodiesel innovation fits well
into the existing behavioral infrastructure of Linn and Benton Counties, Oregon. The
introduction of this technology fuels two community-based biodiesel initiatives: the
Corvallis Biodiesel Cooperative (CBC) and the OSU Biodiesel Initiative (OBI).
However, the increasing demands for biodiesel increases the demand for vegetable oil.
Canola is the most efficient oil producing crop suggested for the southern Willamette
Valley of Oregon. Canola cropping fits into the behavioral infrastructure of local
grass seed growers' tradition. However, canola cropping presents outcrossing risks to
neighboring specialty seed and organic growers. This calls into question the resilience
and sustainability of canola cropping. The decisions made about biodiesel production
and oilseed cropping will impact the future environment, culture, political autonomy,
and sustainability of this local community. The dominant values that serve this community will determine the resilience of culture and identity that is maintained or
emerges in the face of social-ecological challenges and technological innovations.
The research methodology includes interviews, participant observation, and
informational media to triangulate data. These methods serve to inform an integrated
framework of holistic, values analysis, social-ecological, and cultural materialism
theoretical approaches. The holistic approach provides the behavioral components and
the values analysis approach provides the mental components that are integrated into a
cultural materialism framework. These components are evaluated by the social-ecological
approach. Evaluation of the CBC and OBI suggests that values play a
greater role in cultural materialism than previously believed. A new theoretical
perspective emerges to explain resilience and causal effects. The social-ecological
approach, illustrated by panarchy theory, is also integrated into the cultural
materialism approach. The integration of the four theoretical approaches, and the
emergence of a new theoretical perspective, provides a means to explain resilience and
sustainability for the CBC and OBI. This integrated approach also examines three
potential paths of resilience and sustainability for the grass seed, specialty seed, and
organic growing traditions.
Path A predicts long-term resilience and sustainability for grass seed growers and
canola cropping, but collapse for the specialty seed and organic growing traditions.
Path B predicts that a proposed regulated canola cropping compromise will only
prolong the inevitable collapse of the specialty seed and organic growing traditions.
Along both Paths A and B, diversity is lost from the sociocultural system as specialty
seed and organic growing traditions decline. Canola cropping increases the potential
for energy security, but food security is reduced. Path C suggests how to maintain the
current sociocultural system of grass seed, specialty seed, and organic growing
traditions and promote long-term resilience and sustainability.Graduation date: 2006
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Hildebrand, Steve Allen. "An analysis of a crop-forage-livestock system on a representative farm in southeast Kansas using linear programming." 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/22074.
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Hey, Katharina. "Feldfrüchte für die Biogaserzeugung – Index der relativen Anbauwürdigkeit (IrA)." Doctoral thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/21.11130/00-1735-0000-0005-152B-4.
Full textBooks on the topic "Economic aspects of Double cropping"
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Sharma, Anju. Dynamics of cropping pattern: A regional study of Punjab. Northern Book Centre, 1998.
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Khan, M. Ahmad. Crops' economics of production and cropping patterns in Swabi SCARP area. Institute of Development Studies, N.W.F.P. Agricultural University, 1998.
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Heinz-Ulrich, Thimm, ed. Economic analyses of the farmer cropping system under risks and uncertainties in Sierra Leone. Verlag Weltarchiv, 1985.
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Mandal, M. A. S. An economic analysis of designed versus farmer's cropping patterns in two villages in Mymensingh. Bureau of Socioeconomic Research and Training, Bangladesh Agricultural University, 1986.
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Orr, Alastair. A generalized model of economic constraints on crop turnaround time. International Rice Research Institute, 1991.
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Jayne, Thomas S. Cash cropping incentives, food marketing performance, and the divergence between national and household comparative advantage evidence from Zimbabwe. Dept. of Agricultural Economics and Extension, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Zimbabwe, 1992.
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Theories of share cropping: Evidence from North-East India. Mittal Publications, 2003.
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Night and day: The double lives of artists in America. Praeger, 2001.
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Plourde, Charles. Crop sharing in the fishery and industry equilibrium. York University, Dept. of Economics, 1987.
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Stephenson, C. D. Economic evaluation of a sodium/limestone double-alkali FGD process. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Air and Energy Engineering Research Laboratory, 1985.
Book chapters on the topic "Economic aspects of Double cropping"
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Beets, Willem C. "Economic and social aspects." In Multiple Cropping and Tropical Farming Systems. CRC Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429036491-4.
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Fahd, Sandra, Salvatore Mellino, and Sergio Ulgiati. "Energy cropping in marginal land." In Global Economic and Environmental Aspects of Biofuels. CRC Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b11836-4.
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Steiner, Hadas A. "Cropping the View." In Buffalo at the Crossroads. Cornell University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.7591/cornell/9781501749766.003.0013.
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This chapter discusses how the deployment of architectural history in Buffalo demonstrates how scholarship can be used to justify policies that reify segregation. It describes Buffalo as an industrial city where the longue durée of fiscal, racial, and ethnic ghettoization has stranded 30 percent of the population below the poverty line despite claims of an economic renaissance. It also cites the co-option of cultural capital by politicians and developers in relation to identifying how disciplinary resources might be directed elsewhere to stem the growing tide of spatial injustice. The chapter contrasts the most important aspects of the Buffalo landscape and the abstraction of its architecture into an aesthetic discourse. It recounts the terracotta fac¸ade of the Guaranty Building by Louis Sullivan that has now been restored and the demolition of the Larkin Administration Building by Frank Lloyd Wright in 1950.
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Rivas, Jesús A. "Conservation of Anacondas and Beyond." In Anaconda. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199732876.003.0010.
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This chapter focuses on environmental conservation, a relatively new branch of biology that has one foot firmly set in science and the other firmly set in economics and politics. It discusses the technical aspects about anaconda management that can be used for conservation of anacondas and conservation of biodiversity in general. The most common methods of extractive wildlife management are farming, harvesting, or a combination of both. In a farming model, animals are kept in captivity, with all their needs provided by the keepers. Farming anacondas in a closed system is unlikely to be successful. However, the possibility of an open farm system exists; this has more potential of being used as a conservation tool as it requires a natural environment where the animals live. On the other end of the spectrum is harvesting or cropping. In a cropping system, animals are harvested from the wild; thus, a direct link exists between the economic activity and the conservation of the species and its habitats. The economic incentives the locals receive are directly linked to the habitat, producing clear reasons for them to protect and not overexploit natural areas. Thus, cropping has real potential to be used as a conservation tool, but like open farming, it is not conservation by itself. The author then addresses holistically the problem of conservation in Latin America and beyond.
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Gizzi, Stefano. "The City of L’Aquila after the 2009 Earthquake: Review of Connections between Depopulation, Identity and Continuity." In Demographic Analysis - Selected Concepts, Tools, and Applications [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.96537.
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The chapter wants to take into consideration the progressive loss of identity and authenticity of the city of L’Aquila, located in the Abruzzi region of central Italy about a hundred kilometers east of Rome, after the earthquake of 2009. Described as “a small Florence of the Italian Renaissance”, L’Aquila is nestled in a basin surrounded by mountains, with what was a fully recognizable identity until the devastating earthquake which took place on April 6, 2009, the night after Palm Sunday. After those violent seismic shocks, repeated in 2016 and 2017, there was a progressive demographic depopulation, since the historic center of the capital and that of the hamlets have been closed and declared a “red zone”. The population, especially the younger ones, no longer recognizes themselves in their place of origin, and many people have preferred to leave. Authenticity, both material and formal (of the urban form) is also increasingly diminishing. Today the image of the city, which had been handed down over centuries, is lost. Immediately after the 2009 earthquake the city was closed and barred, preventing residents from remaining in their homes, even in the less damaged ones. The historic center was isolated and emptied, occupied by the military forces and the Fire Brigade. Contrary to any common sense, instead of immediately carrying out consolidation and restoration work (especially with regards to the more characteristic minor structures), it was decided to begin with long and expensive shoring and scaffolding installations. A forest of props and tie rods that secure the walls and draw imaginative and imposing patterns, thus postponing sine die urgent works. With the forced expulsion of the inhabitants which has now lasted for nearly seven years, the younger generation particularly, is showing (perhaps unconsciously) more and more indifference and detachment from their roots in the historic center. As time passes social and economic interest (as well as those of identity) in returning to their past houses fade. They prefer to pass time elsewhere, either in the suburbs where anonymous shopping centers have mushroomed, or in other cities (in some aspects this has been favored by the possibility of obtaining funds for the purchase of houses outside the municipality). This is why one can speak of a double loss of identity and continuity. The topic should, therefore, be approached from a twofold point of view: identity and continuity. Identity meaning that which transmits the original model and characteristic of place and the inhabitants; and continuity meaning that which allows you to remain permanently in the same place with a stable dwelling. We also find a dual meaning in lasting continuity; the people (inhabitants), and the space and form of architecture. Identity and continuity are also reflected in lifestyle, as well as in details, materials, colors and common feelings. A ‘sentimental heritage’ as well as a material one, which is now lost. There is, therefore, a twin theme: that of the continuation of archetypes, and that of housing models in which the population recognizes itself. Today in L’Aquila, identity has disappeared. The inhabitants no longer appear as protagonists, but are reduced to extras, to mute actors against the backdrop of an incomprehensible scene. Even if the search for a lost identity and continuity may now seem an unreal or utopian goal, it should have been the opposite; they should have been the priority and gone hand in hand with the reconstruction. At the end, the various restoration and reconstruction criteria for the survival of what remains of the city will also be examined.
Conference papers on the topic "Economic aspects of Double cropping"
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Minchenko, Zh N. "Agrotechnological aspects of soybean cultivation with application of microelement fertilizers." In Растениеводство и луговодство. Тимирязевская сельскохозяйственная академия, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26897/978-5-9675-1762-4-2020-106.
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research has shown that seed treatment together with double treatment of soybean crops with complex microelement fertilizers of the Microfid brand is an effective method for increasing the yield and improving the quality of soybean grain in the black Earth soils of the Kursk region. The highest efficiency and best economic indicators were provided by the use of complex microelement fertilizer Microfid Boron. Seed treatment (1.5 l / t) and double treatment of crops (1.5 l/ha) in phases 2 and 6 Tr. it increased the yield of soybeans by 0.40 t / ha, in the amount of 10,000 rubles / g, the value of conditional net income was 9011 rubles / ha.
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Hersh, Benjamin, and Amin Mirkouei. "Life Cycle Assessment of Pyrolysis-Derived Biochar From Organic Wastes and Advanced Feedstocks." In ASME 2019 International Design Engineering Technical Conferences and Computers and Information in Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/detc2019-97896.
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Abstract Recent interest in reducing stress on the food-energy-water (FEW) nexus requires the use of renewable, organic products that can subsequently address environmental sustainability concerns, such as mitigating greenhouse gas emissions. Pyrolysis-derived biochar from organic wastes (e.g., nutrient-rich agricultural wastes and leftovers, forest harvest residues, and cattle manure) and advanced feedstocks (e.g., algae) is capable of addressing ever-increasing global FEW concerns. Biochar water-nutrient holding capacity and carbon sequestration are key attributes for improving organic farming and irrigation management. The major challenge to commercialize biochar production from organic wastes is the conversion process. Pyrolysis process is a cost-effective and successful approach in comparison to other conversion technologies (e.g., gasification) due to low energy requirement and capital cost, as well as high process efficiency and biochar quality. To determine the environmental impacts of the biochar production process, an analysis of the material, energy, and emission flows of a small-scale pyrolysis process is conducted for a real case study, using life cycle assessment method with the assistance of available life cycle inventory databases within OpenLCA software. The results demonstrate that this study is able to enhance sustainability aspects across FEW systems by (a) employing a portable refinery to address upstream challenges (i.e., collection, transportation, and preprocessing) of waste-to-biochar life cycle, (b) recycling domestic forest and agricultural residues (e.g., pine wood), (c) producing organic biochar-derived soil conditioners that can improve organic cropping and FEW systems. Ultimately, we conclude by discussing techno-economic and socio-environmental implications of biochar production from organic wastes and advanced feedstocks.
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Huete, Jon I., and R. Singh. "A New Propulsion System Proposal for Civil Supersonic Transport: The Retractable Fan Concept." In ASME 1998 International Gas Turbine and Aeroengine Congress and Exhibition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/98-gt-059.
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The next civil supersonic aircraft project will pose a number of challenges. The propulsion system for this aircraft will have to achieve economic operation for both supersonic and subsonic regime while meeting the intended noise and pollutant emissions regulation. Whilst there are a number of proposed engines for the next generation civil supersonic aircraft, they all exhibit difficulties inherent in the engine duty. The present paper offers a simple solution based on retractable fans. The key for the success of the concept is the single stage double pass tip turbine that drives the fan. Characteristics of this unique turbine such as extra-high power output at reasonable efficiencies and low metal temperatures along with some performance aspects of the power plant are discussed. Although further investigation is still required, the performance of the system merits consideration. The work was undertaken by one of the authors as part of his MSc research project.
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Schedelmaier, Johannes, and Manfred Po¨lzl. "Comparison of Different Codes and Standards Applicable for Design and Calculation of High Pressure Equipment." In ASME/JSME 2004 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2004-2279.
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Depending on the plant location for a new project different Codes and Standards are applied for design and calculation of high pressure equipment. Many countries do not have a specific code for high pressure vessels and components, respectively the high pressure used in petrochemical plant is out of the code range. In this case the purchaser or the process licensor determines the code to be applied on the equipment for the new plant. This paper provides a technical analysis and comparison for high pressure components calculated according to the following codes: ASME VIII, AD 2000 and CODAP 95. Design and calculation results according to the different codes are verified on an example of a double pipe heat exchanger using identical mechanical properties of materials and the same operating conditions. The results are illustrated on figures for different low pressure and high pressure components. The literature does not define a limit between low pressure, high pressure and ultra high pressure. As the difference between steam pressure in the jacket (3,3MPa), pressure in the process tube (50 MPa, 160 MPa, 360 MPa) and autofrettage pressure (1000MPa) is very significant, this sequence is applied in the paper. Economic aspects are more and more important for new projects in order to minimize costs for high sophisticated equipment. For this reason also a cost analysis was performed for the calculation examples and the economic impact of application of different codes is indicated on a diagram. The technical–economical evaluation leads to an optimised product.
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Sarı, Selahattin, Ahmet Ay, and Melike Köksal. "The Relationship Between Unemployment and Immigration: The Case of OECD Countries (2008-2018)." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c11.02340.
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In the broadest sense, immigration is defined as the change of places where people live, and it becomes a more complicated phenomenon when analyzed from the socio-economic, political and psychological aspects. The extent of the impact of migration in this context varies according to the conditions of each country, but it is also related to the number of migrants received and the many personal characteristics of immigrants, such as age, education level. Therefore, there is no unanimity on the subject in the literature. The total number of settled migrations of the 25 OECD countries in the last 10 years has been used. The effects of the migrants employed in the labor markets (registered) on the unemployment rates of the selected countries were investigated. The study period was selected as 2008-2018 years. The data was obtained from the OECD and World Bank databases. In this context, panel causality analysis was applied to investigate the short-term effects of the employed migrants on the unemployment rates of the selected countries. As a result of the analysis, in the short-term, no double or one-way relationship between unemployment and immigration was found. However, in the long run, the cointegration relationship between the variables was determined and the panel cointegration analysis revealed that long-term migration would affect unemployment in the same direction. So, according to the results of the analysis; for the countries examined, there is a long-term and similar relationship between unemployment and settled migrants who participate in labor force in the selected period.
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Qu, Ming, David H. Archer, Hongxi Yin, and Sophie Masson. "Solar Absorption Cooling and Heating System in the Intelligent Workplace." In ASME 2007 Energy Sustainability Conference. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/es2007-36047.
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A solar thermal driven absorption cooling and heating system has been installed in Carnegie Mellon University’s Robert L. Preger intelligent Workplace, the IW. The purpose of this solar installation is to investigate the technical and economic aspects of using high temperature solar thermal receivers driving a two stage absorption chiller to cool and heat a building space. The solar system consists primarily of 52 m2 of single-axis tracking parabolic trough solar collectors (PTSC), and a 16 kW double effect absorption chiller driven by either a fluid heated in solar receivers or by natural gas fuel. The receivers convert solar radiation to thermal energy in a heated fluid; the chiller then uses this energy in summer to generate chilled water. In winter, the thermal energy is directly used for heating. A performance analysis was carried out to estimate the conversion efficiency of the PTSC based on mass and energy balances and heat transfer computations programmed in Engineering Equation Solver (EES). The performance of the overall solar cooling and heating for the IW has been programmed in TRNSYS modeling system. This solar energy system has been estimated to provide 38–50% of the cooling and 9–30% of heating energy depending upon orientation, insulation and storage capacity for 245 m2 of space in the IW. Experimental data are now being collected and will be used for validating the solar collector model. The solar system model will be used in interpreting the data yet to be obtained on the system performance. The primary purpose of this research program is the development of systems which reduce the energy requirements for the operation of buildings by a factor of two or greater, and the provision of techniques and tools for the design and evaluation of such systems.
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Rose, Jerry G. "Selected In-Track Applications and Performances of Hot-Mix Asphalt Trackbeds." In 2013 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2013-2525.
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The use of a layer of asphalt within railway trackbeds has steadily grown since the early 1980s in the United States. Its primary use has been for maintenance and rehabilitation applications in existing tracks, particularly at special trackworks, to improve trackbed performance, and to a lesser extent for new trackbed applications where the projected long-term performance of the asphalt trackbed is anticipated to be economically justified. Normally the asphalt layer is 6 in. (150 mm) thick, placed on a prepared subgrade or granular subballast, and is subsequently topped with a layer of typical ballast. Accepted highway/railway construction practices are adhered to, including adequate preparation and compaction of the support layers. In addition, surface and sub-surface drainage aspects are evaluated on a site-specific basis and improvements are specified based on accepted engineering practices. This application does not deviate significantly from conventional all-granular trackbed designs, except the asphalt layer is substituted for a portion of the thickness of the granular subballast and ballast support materials. Described herein are 1) typical trackbed designs, 2) in-track applications, and 3) long-term performance evaluations for various types of major applications on several U.S. Class I railroads, namely NS, UP, CSX, and BNSF, and a limited number of Shortline railroads. Specifically addressed are rehabilitation applications for special trackworks — tunnel floors/approaches, wheel impact load detectors, bridge approaches, rail-highway crossings, turnouts, rail crossings, and rail crossovers — plus descriptions for a limited number of new double-tracking open-track installations. Brief descriptions are provided for international applications in six countries. Particular detail is given to factors affecting the economic justification for utilizing this technology based on long-term performances and historical evaluations of numerous installations. Details are provided relative to unique conditions and logistics related to the application of the layer of asphalt within the trackbed support for the special trackworks and selected open-track installations. Several specific installations are highlighted.
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Iden, Michael E. "U.S. Freight Rail Fuel Efficiency: 1920-2015 Review and Discussion of Future Trends." In 2019 Joint Rail Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/jrc2019-1296.
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U.S. freight railroads produce about 40 percent of freight gross ton-miles while consuming only about 1/20th of the total U.S. diesel fuel1. Compared to heavy-duty trucks, freight railroads have significant energy (and emissions) advantages including the low coefficient of friction of steel wheel-on-rail (compared to rubber tires-on-pavement) and multiple-vehicle trains. However, improved heavy-duty truck technologies are being federally-funded and developed which may create some challenges to freight rail’s long-standing environmental (and economic) advantage in certain transportation markets and corridors. This paper reviews U.S. freight rail fuel efficiency (measured in gallons of fuel per thousand gross ton-miles) from 1920 to 2015, using published records from the former Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) archived and made available by the Association of American Railroads (AAR). All freight locomotive energy consumption (all types of coal, crude oil, electricity kilowatt-hours and diesel fuel) are converted into approximations of diesel gallons equivalent based on the nominal energy content of each locomotive energy type, in order to show the effect of transitioning from steam propulsion to diesel-electric prior to 1960 and the application of other new technologies after World War II. Gross ton-miles (rail transportation work performed) will similarly be tracked from historic ICC and AAR records. Annual U.S. freight rail fuel efficiency is calculated and plotted by dividing total calculated diesel gallons equivalent (DGe) consumed by gross (and by lading-only net) ton-miles produced. New technologies introduced since 1950 which have likely contributed to improvements in freight rail fuel efficiency (such as introduction of unit coal trains, distributed power, alternating current locomotives, etc) will also be discussed and assessed as to relative contribution to fuel efficiency improvements. The paper includes a discussion about U.S. freight rail fuel efficiency compared to heavy-duty truck fuel efficiency, with comments on projected improvements in heavy-duty truck technologies and fuel efficiency. A conclusion is that U.S. freight railroads and equipment suppliers need to be more aware of projected heavy-duty truck fuel efficiency improvements and their potential for erosion of some aspects of traditional railroad competitiveness. Numerous suggested action plans are discussed, with particular focus on reducing the aerodynamic drag (a delta velocity-squared factor in train resistance and power requirement) of double-stack container trains. Last, this paper discusses possible courses of action for U.S. freight railroads to achieve fuel efficiency improvements greater than the historic ∼1 percent improvement achieved over the past 50 years. If freight rail is to remain economically competitive vis a vis heavy duty trucking, railroads will have to identify, evaluate and implement new technologies and/or new operating practices which can help them achieve fuel efficiency improvements matching (or exceeding) those projected for heavy trucks over the next 7-to-12 years. A specific example for improving fuel efficiency of double-stack container trains is discussed. Failure to address the future of freight rail fuel efficiency is likely not an option for U.S. railroads.