Relevant bibliographies by topics / Economic aspects of Free trade

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Economic aspects of Free trade'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 7 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Economic aspects of Free trade"

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Muchtar, Muchtar. "IMPACT OF FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS ON INDONESIA ECONOMIC PERFORMANCES." Business and Entrepreneurial Review 15, no. 1 (August 30, 2017): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/ber.v15i1.2081.

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<p>Indonesia participates in various free trade agreements with its main trading partners and it raises a research problem namely whether the participation would create benefits for Indonesia economic performances. Then, the research problem generates research questions that are what are the impacts of free trade agreements several aspects particularly for economic, social, and environment.<br />Main objectives of this research will focus to assess the impacts of free trade agreements on: (i) economic aspects such as economic growth, export and import performances, balance of trade, terms of trade, investment, inflation, government expenditure and consumption, and sector output; (ii) social aspect such as labor market, wages, income gap between skilled and unskilled labor, social welfare; and (iii) environment aspect.<br />Method of the research employs an economic model of computable general equilibrium on international trade, namely Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP Model 8 version). There are two policy simulations of tariff reduction namely; (i) Simulation I, tariff of agriculture products reduced by 65% and tariff of non-agriculture products reduced by 85%; (ii) Simulation II, tariff of agriculture products reduced by 80% and tariff of non-agriculture products reduced by 100% The research found that in general, impact of free trade agreement benefit for Indonesia economic performances, it indicated by economic variables that contribute positively to the economic performances are greater than economic variables that contribute negatively to the economic performances. The positive economic variables are economic growth, export performance, terms of trade, balance of trade, investment, government expenditure and consumption, wages, social welfare. While the negative economic variables are import performance, inflation, sector output, labor market, income gap of skilled and unskilled labors, emission proliferation.Research limitations related to the secondary data sources that depend on data published by international and national institutions as well as the data that already embodied in the GTAP Model. Policy implication to the government policy namely: (i) to undertake economic and trade reform to improve competitiveness; (ii) to undertake deeply comprehensive study before participation in the FTA; (iii) to give assistances for loser business particularly for small and medium enterprises; (iv) to socialize actively about the FTA to related business community.</p>
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Merdić, Alem, and Hasan Mahmutović. "SOME THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF ECONOMIC INTEGRATION." Journal Human Research in Rehabilitation 7, no. 2 (September 2017): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.21554/hrr.091711.

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One of the basic links of the process of globalization are economic integrations. The aim of this paper is to systematize theoretical achievements and to review the forms, effects and conditions for connecting countries motivated by economic benefits. In addition to the theoretical review of the conceptual definition of economic integration, the focus is on the levels of economic integration from the free-trade zone to the monetary and fiscal union, explaining the specificity of each of the mentioned levels. Considering that the connection between countries always raises the question of the benefits and costs of connection, the special emphasis in this paper is placed on the potential effects for free trade. Finally, the greatest contribution of this paper is the systematization and theoretical review of the theory of optimal currency area and monetary integration, which is especially significant for the European soil, taking into account the already established European Monetary Union.
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Mazyrin, V. "Vietnam: Free Trade Areas." World Economy and International Relations 60, no. 3 (2016): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2016-60-3-72-82.

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The paper provides comparative characteristics of free trade areas (FTA) with Vietnam’s participation, and attempts to summarize his rich and instructive experience in this realm. The first section analyzes the reasons of creation and the balance of power in the FTA with the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). In the second section it describes the general approach of Vietnam towards integration into the world economy and presents the FTA network (“spaghetti bowl”) set up by Hanoi. The author assesses the factors that determined the choice of Vietnam and the participants of the EAEU while establishing their FTA. He reveals the motivation of the EAEU leaders, particularly Russia, in their decision, the importance of economic aspects of cooperation with the first partner in the FTA framework. Thus, it becomes possible to discover the importance of new integration union for both parties. Economic potential of the FTA members is estimated in order to define their respective roles, “weight category” and, finally, the main beneficiaries of the agreement. So far, we verify the correctness of the dissemination of findings from our analysis of trade between Russia and Vietnam (for which we have representative data) on the agreement at whole. The author explores the main parameters of the agreements with the Asia-Pacific countries and displays aspects of the FTA agreements different for the EAEU and other Vietnam partners. It makes easier to identify countries and regions that take the leaders’ position in the integration process. The composition of trade and other forms of interaction between participants of the FTA in both groups of Vietnam partners is highlighted and a tendency to boost them is revealed. The paper promotes estimations on the conditions, rate, magnitude and first results of liberalization of mutual trade, on safeguard measures applied to support domestic producers. It reveals the preferential treatment difference granted by FTA parties to each other and the reasons for these differences. In conclusion, the impact of the FTA network on competition between Russia (EAEU) and other Vietnam partners which occupied the best position in its market is stressed.
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Toropygin, A. V. "Economic and Political Aspects of the Serbia — EAEU Free Trade Area." EURASIAN INTEGRATION: economics, law, politics 14, no. 2 (July 9, 2021): 120–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2073-2929-2021-02-120-131.

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The article is devoted to the analysis of the Serbia — EAEU relations development through the prism of the Agreement on the Free Trade Area (FTA) — between the integration association and the separate economy / country. The purpose of this study is to identify the prospects of the FTA taking into account Serbia’s desire to integrate into the European Union. The author come to the conclusion that intensive interaction, primarily between Serbia and Russia through the FTA between Serbia and the EAEU, is explained, on the one hand, by Serbia’s multi-vector foreign policy, and, on the other hand, by Russia’s attentive attitude to the course of the conflict over Kosovo. Russia has economic interests in this region, as well as the region is people-related value for Russia within which it has used and will intensively utilize of soft power mechanisms.
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ZHADAN, K. I. "INTERNATIONAL LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE FUNCTIONING OF MECHANISMS FOR RESOLVING TRADE DISPUTES IN THE CONTEXT OF THE EURASIAN ECONOMIC UNION." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 4, no. 5 (2021): 139–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2021.05.04.018.

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The article examines an international legal framework of the dispute resolution under free trade agree-ments. The existing mechanisms for resolving trade disputes are analyzed and their classification is given. The article demonstrates an evolutionary change of the approach of States to the formulation of provisions on dispute settlement in international trade treaties. Special attention is paid to the systems of dispute resolution under free trade agreements to which the Eurasian Economic Union is a party. The free trade agreements of the Eurasian Economic Union and its member States with the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (2015), the Islamic Republic of Iran (2018), the Republic of Singapore (2019) and the Republic of Serbia (2019) are compared with respect to the dispute resolution mechanisms. The article focuses on such institutional aspects as the method of appointing arbitrators, the scope of interstate disputes and the competition of dispute resolution platforms. The effectiveness of the dispute resolution systems of the World Trade Organization and special-ized mechanisms under the free trade agreements of the Eurasian Economic Union and its member States is evaluated. The negative and positive aspects of the existing mechanisms under the free trade agreements of the Eurasian Economic Union and its member States are highlighted, and the ways of their development are proposed.
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Ciuriak, Dan. "Commentary: Free Trade Agreements and the Doha Development Agenda." Global Economy Journal 5, no. 4 (December 7, 2005): 1850069. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1156.

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Commentary on FTAs and the Doha Round Agenda. Dan Ciuriak is Deputy Chief Economist at Canada’s Department of International Trade. He is co-editor of, and regular contributor to, the Department’s annual Trade Policy Research series and advises on a wide variety of international economic issues, including WTO and NAFTA trade litigation. In his personal capacity he has published a number of articles on various aspects of economic globalization, with a particular focus on the Asian Crisis and China’s economic integration into the global economy. From 1994-1998, Ciuriak served as deputy to the Chair of the APEC Economic Committee with principal responsibility for editing the annual APEC Economic Outlook and other Economic Committee publications. From 1990-1994, he served as Finance Counsellor at Canada’s Embassy in Germany, covering G-7 issues, German reunification, the Maastricht process, and the European Monetary crisis. Previously, he was with Canada’s Department of Finance where he was deeply involved in Canada’s federal financial institutions reforms. He studied at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario.
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Simić, Milica, Antoaneta Vassileva, and Anđelka Aničić. "Economic aspects of the integration processes of the Republic of Serbia." Oditor 7, no. 2 (2021): 83–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/oditor2102083s.

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Exchange of goods and services is the most important domain of economic cooperation between the Republic of Serbia with the world and is crucial for faster growth of gross domestic product (and thus expected economic growth rates and faster social development and rising living standards) in the coming period. Due to this, paper analyses the degree of involvement of the Republic of Serbia in total world exports, its most important foreign trade partners, the degree of openness of the economy and the share of exports in gross domestic product, analyzing the period from 2008 to 2017. The aim of this paper is to study specific relations between the Republic of Serbia and its most important foreign trade partners and their interdependence with the integration processes through multilateral and bilateral cooperation with the European Union, Eurasian Economic Union, World Trade Organization and Central European Free Trade Agreement. Based on the updated statistical research and analysis of the content of the basic determinants of bilateral agreements, recommendations were given for the future development of integration processes within the European Union and the Eurasian Economic Union.
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Gupta, Pralok. "India’s Economic Integration in Services with ASEAN: From Bilateral FTAs to RCEP." Journal of Asian Economic Integration 1, no. 2 (September 2019): 207–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2631684619885778.

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Given the growing importance of services in Indian economy as well as in international trade, India has offensive interests in services and these are becoming an important part of India’s effort to economically integrate with global economies including Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). This article analyses India’s economic integration with the ASEAN region in services trade and discusses how India’s services trade interests are taken into consideration by ASEAN members in their free trade agreements with India. It also discusses services-related aspects in the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership agreement, a proposed free trade agreement among ASEAN and its six FTA partners including India, from which India has decided to opt-out recently. JEL Codes: F13, F14, F15
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Jurje, Flavia, and Sandra Lavenex. "Mobility Norms in Free Trade Agreements." European Journal of East Asian Studies 17, no. 1 (June 21, 2018): 83–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700615-01701005.

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Abstract Notwithstanding their traditional attachment to sovereignty, Southeast and East Asian countries have embraced a dynamic agenda of labour mobility liberalisation through trade agreements. This article assesses the free movement agenda within ASEAN from a multi-level perspective, comparing it to ASEAN countries’ corresponding commitments within the World Trade Organisation’s General Agreement on Trade in Services and Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) concluded as a group or individually with non-ASEAN countries. Contrary to other trade aspects it turns out that intra-regional commitments within ASEAN do not significantly exceed multilateral ones, and score below the level of liberalisation achieved in ASEAN+ and bilateral FTAs. This article interprets this discrepancy as a consequence of strong economic and labour market differences among ASEAN members as well as the lower sensitivity of allegedly technocratic FTAs for considerations of national sovereignty. The article concludes with the limits of this trade policy approach for migration governance and migrants’ rights.
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Shearer, Ronald. "Critique de la position du Conseil économique du Canada sur le libre-échange unilatéral." L'Actualité économique 52, no. 4 (June 25, 2009): 490–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/800697ar.

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Abstract In this article, the author proposes to focus on two related questions: Does the Economic Council's analysis suggest major theoretical errors in—or perhaps major theoretical challenges to—received doctrine on the nature of the impact of a unilateral removal of Canadian barriers to international trade? To what extent do the Economic Council's findings alter, extend or refine earlier quantitative assessments of the effects of unilateral free trade. The Council's analysis of the option of unilateral free trade is very brief. A very useful analysis of aspects of this option in the Dauphin study gets very little attention in the report itself. The conclusions on unilateral free trade are very much in the mainstream of Canadian thought on this matter, with perhaps some scaling down of the benefits imputed to unilateral tariff removal. The author finds two serious flaws in the otherwise useful discussion: a failure to give sufficient attention the implications of unilateral free trade for income redistribution within the country, and, in examining the implications of free trade for the long run structure of the economy, a failure to consider explicitly and thoroughly the interaction between the tariff and population and labour force growth, as suggested by Dales.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Economic aspects of Free trade"

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McKoy, Shahera Diane. "The Impact of Multilateral Trade Association Membership on Agricultural and Food Trade." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2007. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/29802.

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This thesis models trade flows between countries as a function of several variables, including those representing membership in multilateral trade agreements (MTAs). The objective of this research is to evaluate the impact of trade policies, trading costs, trade agreements and other demographic characteristics on exports of food and agriculture products. More specifically, the paper uses a gravity model augmented with three sets of dummy variables to estimate the impact of 13 trade arrangements on intra-bloc and extra-bloc trade. Results indicate that several MTAs enhance intra-bloc trading at the expense of non-members while others have been successful at increasing both intra-bloc trade and trade with the rest of the world. Findings further suggest that several arrangements had no significant effect on member trading and that a few have effectively reduced trade for members.
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Li, Yan Ting. "Seeking the balance between trade liberalization and cultural diversity in the framework of WTO and UNESCO :some suggestions to China." Thesis, University of Macau, 2012. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2580115.

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Taylor, Ian. "Hegemony, 'common sense' and compromise : a neo-gramscian analysis of multilateralism in South Africa's post-apartheid foreign policy." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51785.

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Thesis (PhD)--Stellenbosch University, 2000.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study attempts to overcome past failings in the analysis of post-apartheid South Africa's foreign policy. In contrast to "explanations" offered by most previous analyses, this work demonstrates that the behaviour exhibited by Pretoria is not immutable or simply subject to the global "realities", but is derivative of the specific historic conjuncture of forces that joined together during the transition from apartheid, and which remain open-ended. The changes in the African National Congress' economic and political policies during the transition period are seen as the key to any attempt to understand Pretoria's post-1994 foreign policy behaviour. This is intimately connected to the structural changes in the international political economy and the change in the balance of international class forces brought about by the neo-liberal counter revolution. Deploying a theoretical framework derivative of the work of the Italian Marxist, Antonio Gramsci, this study situates South Africa's foreign policy in a world where the ideology of neo-liberalism has achieved hegemonic status amongst the transnational elite class - fractions of national elites, representing and reflecting the interests of money capital. Such a hegemonic project informs the beliefs of the Government of National Unity and the subsequent foreign policy activities postured by Pretoria. This study attempts to understand how and why the ANCacceded to the dominant discourse of neo-liberalism and why this must be contextualised within the structural constraints brought to bear upon the GNUin an increasingly globalised world. This accession to neo-liberal beliefs has gIVen nse to contradictions within the domestic polity between contending class fractions and within the ANC'sown ranks. This has provoked a fundamental tension in Pretoria's overall foreign policy, where on the one hand South Africa accepts the fundamental normative world order, whilst on the other pushes various reformist initiatives which seek to re-negotiate Pretoria's standing within this framework. Specifically, South Africa's behaviour in multilateral organisations has been marked by a tactical middlepowermanship role, essentially problem-solving, which seeks to smooth out the international system so that the ongoing world order may function as "efficiently" as possible. Such behaviour has been qualitatively different from the activist role that was expected from an ANC-led administration. Indeed, the activism exhibited by South Africa has been largely centred around the promotion of the liberalisation of markets and free trade, albeit tempered by an awareness of the need to reconcile its acceptance of the hegemonic order, with that of the appeals of a historically important fraction of its support constituency: the Left and labour. Attempts to reconcile these two positions, of promoting "free" trade whilst at the same time demanding "fair" trade for example, mirror the broader contradictions that have been evident in South African foreign policy. They reflect the historic compromise that saw the ANCcome to administrative power, and also the desire by the government to balance its neo-liberal credentials with certain reformist convictions. This has been most evident in Pretoria's behaviour in multilateral organisations. SLXmultilateral initiatives, and Pretoria's role within each, are examined: the World Trade Organisation, the Cairns Group, the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, the Non-Aligned Movement, the Commonwealth, and the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. Implications for future South African foreign policy are drawn out, and a critical eye cast on whether such roles played out by Pretoria are immutable, or subject to change.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie poog om vorige tekortkominge in die analise van post-apartheid Suid-Afrika se buitelandse beleid te oorkom. In teenstelling met die "verduidelikings" wat deur meeste vorige analises gebied word, illustreer die werk dat Pretoria se buitelandse gedragspatroon nie onveranderlik is en bloot onderhewig is aan die globale "realiteite" nie, maar voortvloei uit die besondere historiese tydsgewrig van magte wat saamgevoeg is gedurende die oorgang van apartheid na 'n onvoorspelbare era. Die veranderinge binne die African National Congress se ekonomiese en politieke beleid gedurende die oorgang periode word voorgehou as die sleutel tot enige poging om Pretoria se post-1994 buitelandse gedrag te verklaar. Strukturele veranderinge in die internasionale politieke ekonomie en die veranderinge in die magsbalans tussen internasionale klasse as gevolg van neo-liberalisme, het 'n fundamentele impak op die aard van hierdie buitelandse gedrag. Met behulp van 'n teoretiese raamwerk gedistilleer uit die werk van die Italiaanse Marxis, Antonio Gramsci plaas die studie Suid-Afrika se buitelandse beleid in 'n wêreld waarin die neo-liberale ideologie hoogty vier veral onder die transnasionale elite klas - fraksies van nasionale elites verteenwoordigend van die belange van finansiële kapitaal. Sodanige hegemoniese projek onderlê die oortuiging van die Regering van Nasionale Eenheid (RNE) en voortvloeiende buitelandse beleidsaksies. Die studie probeer vasstel hoe en waarom die ANC toenemend gehoor gegee het aan die oorheersende neo-liberale diskoers en waarom hierdie toetreding gekontekstualiseer moet word in terme van die strukturele beperkinge waaronder die RNE onderhewig is in 'n immerglobaliserende wêreld. Hierdie toetrede tot neo-liberale oortuiginge het aanleiding gegee tot teenstrydighede intern, tussen strydende klasfraksies asook binne die ANC se eie geledere. Hierdie teenstrydighede word ook weerspieël in Pretoria se buitelandsebeleids aksies in die algemeen. Aan die een kant aanvaar Suid- Afrika fundamenteel die normatiewe basis van wêreldorde, terwyl daar ook aan die ander kant gepoog word om Pretoria se posisie binne hierdie wêreldorde te bowe te kom. Suid-Afrika se gedrag in multilaterale organisasies in die besonder word gekenmerk deur 'n taktiese intermediêre rol ("middlepower role") hoofsaaklik van 'n probleem-oplossende aard, wat daarop gemik is om die internasionale sisteem so glad moontlik te funksioneer en teenstrydighede binne die wêreldorde te oorkom. Hierdie rol konstitueer 'n fundamentele wysiging van die aktivistiese rol wat van 'n ANC-regeerde Suid-Afrika verwag is. Die aktiwiteite wat wel deur Suid-Afrika geopenbaar is, sentreer hoofsaaklik om die bevordering van vrye en regverdige handel, alhoewel gerigsnoer deur 'n bewustheid van die behoefte om sodanige posisie te versoen met die aanvaarding van die bestaande hegemoniese orde aan die een kant en die eise van arbeid en politieke steun aan die Linkerkant van die politieke spektrum. Pogings om hierdie twee posisies te versoen - om "vrye" sowel as "regverdige" handel te versoen byvoorbeeld, weerkaats die algemene teenstrydighede waardeur Suid-Afrikaanse buitelandse beleid gekenmerk word. Die paradokse is tekenend van die historiese kompromie wat tot die ANC se bewindsoorname aanleiding gegee het asook die regering se behoefte om sy neoliberale orientasie te balanseer met bepaalde hevormingsoortuiginge. Hierdie patroon is besonder merkbaar in die geval van multilaterale organisasies. Ses multilaterale inisiatiewe en Pretoria se verhoudinge met elk van die volgende internasionale organisasies word van naderby bekyk, veral ten opsigte van die Wêreldhandelsorganisasie, die Cairns Groep, die Verenigde Nasies Konferensie oor Handel en Ontwikkeling, die Onverbonde Beweging, die Statebond en die Kernspêrverdrag. Daar word gewys op die implikasies vir Suid- Afrika se buitelandse beleid, terwyl daar krities gevra word of sodanige rolle wat deur Pretoria gespeel word, 'n bepaalde onveranderlikheid geniet of ook onderhewig is aan veranderinge.
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Volz, Eckehard. "The trade, development and cooperation agreement between the Republic of South Africa and the European Union : an analysis with special regard to the negotiating process, the contents of the agreement, the applicability of WTO law and the Port and Sherry Agreement." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52582.

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Thesis (LLM)--University of Stellenbosch, 1999.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This thesis deals with the Trade, Development and Cooperation Agreement (TDCA) between the European Union and the Republic of South Africa, which was concluded in October 1999. In particular, the agreement is analysed in the light of the negotiating process between the parties, the contents of the agreement, the applicability of WTO law and the compatibility of the agreement with it and the Port and Sherry Agreement. Since the EU emphasised its aim to commence economic and development cooperation with other African, Caribbean and Pacific (ACP) countries on a reciprocal basis during the negotiations for a successor of the Lomé Convention, the TDCA between the EU and South Africa had to be seen as a "pilot project" for future cooperation agreements between countries at different levels of development. The TDCA between the EU and South Africa is therefore not only very important for the two concerned parties, but could serve as an example for further negotiations between the EU and other ACP countries. Thus the purpose of this thesis is to examine the TDCA between the EU and South Africa from a wider global perspective. The thesis is divided into six Chapters: The first Chapter provides an introduction to the circumstances under which the negotiations between the EU and South Africa commenced. It deals briefly with the economic situation in South Africa during the apartheid era and presents reasons why the parties wanted to enter into bilateral negotiations. The introductory part furthermore presents an overview of the contents of the thesis. The second chapter contains a detailed description of the negotiating process that took place between the parties and shows why it took 43 months and 21 rounds of negotiations to reach a deal. South Africa's partial accession to the Lomé Convention and the conclusion of separate agreements such as the Wine and Spirits Agreement, are also analysed. Chapter three presents the various components of the TOCA and illustrates what the negotiators achieved. This chapter on the TOCA concludes with an evaluation of the Agreement and shows the potential benefits to South Africa and the EU. Since the Agreement had to satisfy international rules, the provisions of the General Agreement on Tariffs and TradelWorld Trade Organisation (GATTIWTO) were of major importance. The EC Treaty, however, does not contain any provision that indicates whether, or how, an international agreement like the GATTIWTO penetrates the Community legal order. In Chapter four, accordingly, questions are raised regarding the extent to which the bilateral agreement between South Africa and the EU was influenced by the GATTIWTO provisions and how these rules were incorporated into the agreement. Furthermore, since the parties agreed on the establishment of a free trade area, this chapter deals with the question of in how far the TOCA is in line with Article XXIV GATT. In addition to the GATT provisions, the TOCA is also affected by the Agreement on Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPs). Therefore Chapter five deals with TRIPs in connection with the TOCA. The use of the terms "Port" and "Sherry" as the major stumbling block to the conclusion of the TOCA is analysed more closely. The final part, namely Chapter six, provides a summary of the results of the investigation. Furthermore, a conclusion is provided with regard to the question of whether the TOeA can be seen as an example for further trade relations between the EU and other ACP countries.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis is gerig op die Handels-, Ontwikkelings- en Samewerkingsooreenkoms (TDGA) tussen die Europese Unie (EU) en die Republiek van Suid Afrika wat in Oktober 1999 gesluit is. Die ooreenkoms word veral in die lig van die onderhandelingsproses tussen die partye, die inhoud van die ooreenkoms, die toepaslikheid van Wêreldhandelsorganisasiereg en die versoenbaarheid daarvan met die ooreenkoms en die Port en Sjerrie-ooreenkoms ontleed. Aangesien die EU sy oogmerk van wederkerige ekonomiese en ontwikkelings-gerigte samewerking met ander lande in Afrika en die Karibiese en Stille Oseaan-Eilande gedurende die onderhandelings vir 'n opvolger van die Lomé Konvensie beklemtoon het, moes die ooreenkoms tussen die EU en Suid-Afrika as 'n "loodsprojek" vir toekomstige samewerkingsooreenkomste tussen lande wat op verskillende vlakke van onwikkeling is, gesien word. Die Handels-, Ontwikkelings- en Samewerkingsooreenkoms tussen die EU en Suid-Afrika is dus nie net baie belangrik vir die betrokke partye nie, maar dit kan ook as 'n voorbeeld vir verdere onderhandelings tussen die EU en lande van Afrika en die Karibiese- en Stille Oseaan-Eilande dien. Die doel van dié tesis is om die Handels-, Ontwikkelings- en Samewekingsooreenkoms tussen die EU en Suid-Afrika vanuit 'n meer globale perspektief te beskou. Die tesis is in ses Hoofstukke ingedeel: Die eerste hoofstuk bied 'n inleiding tot die omstandighede waaronder die onderhandelings tussen die EU en Suid-Afrika begin het. Dit behandel die Suid- Afrikaanse ekonomiese situasie onder apartheid kortliks en toon hoekom die partye tweesydige onderhandelings wou aanknoop. Verder bied die inleidende deel 'n oorsig oor die inhoud van die tesis. Die tweede hoofstuk bevat 'n gedetailleerde beskrywing van die onderhandelingsproses wat tussen die partye plaasgevind het en toon aan waarom dit drie-en-veertig maande geduur het en een-en-twintig onderhandelingsrondtes gekos het om die saak te beklink. Suid-Afrika se gedeeltelike toetrede tot die Lomé Konvensie en die sluit van aparte ooreenkomste soos die Port- en Sjerrieooreenkoms word ook ontleed. Die daaropvolgende hoofstuk bespreek die verskillende komponente van die Handels-, Ontwikkelings- en Samewerkingsooreenkoms en toon wat die onderhandelaars bereik het. Hierdie hoofstuk oor die Ooreenkoms sluit af met 'n evaluering daarvan en dui die potensiële voordele van die Ooreenkoms vir Suid- Afrika en die EU aan. Aangesien die Ooreenkoms internasionale reëls moes tevrede stel, was die voorskrifte van die Algemene Ooreenkoms oor Tariewe en Handel (GATT) van uiterste belang. Die EG-verdrag bevat egter geen voorskrif wat aandui óf, of hoé, 'n internasionale ooreenkoms soos GATTNVTO die regsorde van die Europese Gemeenskap binnedring nie. Die vraag oor in hoeverre die tweesydige ooreenkoms tussen Suid-Afrika en die EU deur die GATTIWTO voorskrifte beïnvloed is, en oor hoe hierdie reëls in die ooreenkoms opgeneem is, word dus in Hoofstuk vier aangeraak. Aangesien die partye ooreengekom het om 'n vrye handeisarea tot stand te bring, behandel hierdie hoofstuk ook die vraag oor in hoeverre die TOGA met Artikel XXIV GATT strook. Tesame met die GATT-voorskrifte word die TOGA ook deur die Ooreenkoms ten opsigte van Handelsverwante Aspekte van Intellektuele Eiendomsreg (TRIPs) geraak. Hoofstuk vyf behandel daarom hierdie aspek ten opsigte van die TOGA. Die gebruik van die terme "Port" en "Sjerrie" as die vernaamste struikelblok tot die sluiting van die TOG-ooreenkoms word ook deegliker ontleed. Die laaste gedeelte, naamlik Hoofstuk ses, bied 'n opsomming van die resultate van die ondersoek. Verder word 'n gevolgtrekking voorsien ten opsigte van vraag of die TOGA as 'n voorbeeld vir verdere handelsverwantskappe tussen die EU en ander lande in Afrika en die Karibiese en Stille Oseaan-eilande beskou kan word.
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Kidane, Frewyeni. "Does Free Trade Advance Economic Growth?" Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Economics, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-6393.

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I have conducted a survey of journal articles that have examined the relationship between free trade and economic growth. In particular, I have carefully selected six empirical studies that were published over a ten-year period and critically reviewed, and evaluated these studies in depth. I have also extensively presented and discussed the issues as well as the controversies that are related to the various measures of openness. In a number of the trade-growth empirical studies researchers have made major attempt to identify the relationship between free trade and economic growth. Most of the trade-growth studies show that there is a positive relationship between free trade and economic growth. However, some of these influential studies have been subject to strong criticism, mainly due to a number of methodological shortcomings. As for the million-dollar question: Does free trade advance economic growth? My conclusion is that this question is not yet resolved, because although researchers have devoted considerable efforts to show a positive trade-growth relationship, nevertheless, the methodologies and the measurements applied in these studies have been fragile to the scrutiny of critics.

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Negem, Seham Hamed Hamed. "Free trade and economic growth of Egypt." Thesis, University of Hull, 2008. http://hydra.hull.ac.uk/resources/hull:1687.

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Free trade relations have become an important issue in both trade and development literature since the 1950s. From this period, 1950-1959, until the end of the 1960s, the economy of Egypt was protected as a result of the adoption of import substitution policies and excessive government intervention in economic activities. Since 1970, when an open-door policy was adopted, Egypt has striven to liberalise its markets with the aim of enhancing economic growth, with rewarding results. This study has quantified the effect of changes in economic policy, particularly trade liberalisation, on economic growth for Egypt during the period 1970-2006, by addressing some challenges remaining in theoretical and empirical literature on free trade and economic growth. This period witnessed a strong shift in economic policy towards a more export growth oriented stance. It covered the reforms of 1974 and 1991, as well as the establishment of the WTO in 1995 and Egypt's accession to it. Two models were constructed: the first one attempted to deal with the causality problem by re-examining the causality between exports and economic growth based on the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) in the context of the Egyptian economy. The second model, a Simultaneous Equation Model (SEM), was developed to deal with the endogeneity problem and investigate the impact of selected openness indicators on economic growth in Egypt. The most important finding is the strong positive and bi-directional relationship between Egyptian exports and its economic growth. This finding is in line with the theoretical argument of the ability of developing countries such as Egypt to benefit from the free trade movement, which not only helps them to benefit from knowledge spillover but also to raise their productivity. The role of human capital in growth and exports was also shown to be significant. Similar findings were obtained for countries at different stages of development (low- and middle-income). It is concluded that, like Egypt, all groups will benefit from trade openness, regardless of the degree of development, with respect to the positive role of human capital to enable them to absorb new technologies from the developed countries.
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Meethong, Kanjanachat. "Essays on trade liberalisation and economic development." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2014. https://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.708094.

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Hess, Simon Peter. "The new economic geography of SADC free trade area." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2004. http://eprints.ru.ac.za/65/.

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Kung, Ka Yan. "Trade effects of the development of ASEAN+ free trade agreements : an empirical study." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2011. http://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_ra/1285.

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Hossain, Mohammad A. "Trade liberalisation and economic performance : analytics and empirics from Bangladesh /." [St. Lucia, Qld. : s.n.], 2003. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16799.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Economic aspects of Free trade"

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Booth, P., and Richard Wellings. Globalization and free trade. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2009.

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Sheehy, Seamus J. Towards free trade in agriculture. [Dublin?]: ICOS with the support of the Agricultural Trust, 1989.

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Free trade today. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 2002.

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Love, Patrick. International trade: Free, fair, and open? [Paris]: OECD, 2009.

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G, Lattimore Ralph, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development., and SourceOECD (Online service), eds. International trade: Free, fair, and open? [Paris]: OECD, 2009.

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Globalization and free trade. New York: Checkmark Books, 2008.

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Indraratna, A. D. V. de S., Ranasinghe Athula 1959-, Abeysinghe Subhashini, and Sri Lanka Economic Association, eds. Global free trade versus trade agreements: Case of Sri Lanka. Colombo: Sri Lanka Economic Association, 2006.

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D'Abreo, Desmond. A social worker looks at the new economic policy. Madras: Dialogue Group, 1995.

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United States International Trade Commission. The dynamic effects of trade liberalization: An empirical analysis. Washington, DC: U.S. International Trade Commission, 1997.

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Lande, Stephen L. Trade aspects of the Miami Summit of the Americas: The first ninety days. Coral Gables, Fla: North-South Center, University of Miami, 1995.

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Book chapters on the topic "Economic aspects of Free trade"

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Price, Victoria Curzon. "The European Free Trade Association." In Economic Integration Worldwide, 175–202. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-25462-0_7.

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Van Meerhaeghe, M. A. G. "The European Free Trade Association." In International Economic Institutions, 316–44. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1930-8_10.

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Van Meerhaeghe, M. A. G. "The European Free Trade Association." In International Economic Institutions, 350–85. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1933-9_10.

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Price, Victoria Curzon. "The European Free Trade Association." In International Economic Integration, 96–127. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-09163-8_5.

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van Meerhaeghe, M. A. G. "The European Free Trade Association." In International Economic Institutions, 343–70. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3576-4_10.

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Weintraub, Sidney. "The North American Free Trade Agreement." In Economic Integration Worldwide, 203–29. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-25462-0_8.

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Finch, M. H. J. "The Latin American Free Trade Association1." In International Economic Integration, 237–56. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-09163-8_10.

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van Meerhaeghe, M. A. G. "The North American Free-Trade Agreement." In International Economic Institutions, 335–51. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5565-7_10.

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Dell, Edmund. "Free Trade and Laissez-Faire." In The Politics of Economic Interdependence, 189–94. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-18874-1_13.

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Griffin, Christopher. "Defining an “economic NATO”." In Understanding Mega Free Trade Agreements, 36–50. Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2018. |: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315200989-3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Economic aspects of Free trade"

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Gültekin, Raşit, and Mustafa Erkan Üyümez. "Free Trade Agreement between Turkey and Russian Federation and its Possible Effects to these Countries’ Trade and Taxational Reflections." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01300.

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The last period of international trade in goods covers a process carried out with globalization and regionalization efforts. Many countries, on the one hand, take part in arrangements that are executed under the leadership by global actors and aim at removing or reducing conventional obstacles to international trade, on the other hand, participate in various and regional economic integrations to provide a more deep and comprehensive economic cooperation and to cope with the competition and trade restrictions which continually increasing due to political, commercial and economical motives. Trade relations between Turkey and Russian Federation is an important element of the two countries' multidimensional cooperation. The most effective attempt to raise the top level of the volume and quality of existing commercial relationships will be the signing and putting into practice of a comprehensive free trade agreements between the two countries that have not been done previously. The purpose of this study is to determine the potential effects of such a free trade agreements between Turkey and Russian Federation in terms of trade in goods between two countries. To this end, in this study, theoretical aspects of free trade agreements' effects and place within regional integration types will be considered the impact of the possible Turkey-Russia free trade agreement will be examined in a framework of basic provisions with customs duties that set out in free trade agreements, recent trade data and key issues related to these countries.
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MIHALCIOIU, Raluca-Marilena. "Free trade vs. Protectionism – the end of globalization!?" In The 4th International Conference on Economic Sciences and Business Administration. Fundatia Romania de Maine, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.26458/v4.i1.34.

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Liu, Yang, and Jing Cheng. "Study on the Trade Impact of Transportation Infrastructure Construction on ASEAN Free Trade Area." In Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Economic Development and Management Innovation (EDMI 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/edmi-19.2019.52.

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Zhang, Peng. "Innovation of Exhibition Industry Development Path in Shaanxi Free Trade Zone." In 2nd International Conference on Education Technology and Economic Management (ICETEM 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icetem-17.2017.16.

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Triyawan, Andi, Hamidah Tussifah, Syahruddin Syahruddin, Rif'at Ma'afit, and Harda Armayanto. "The Effect of Free Trade and The Economic Globalization toward Rupiah’s Stabilization." In Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Business, Law And Pedagogy, ICBLP 2019, 13-15 February 2019, Sidoarjo, Indonesia. EAI, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.4108/eai.13-2-2019.2286195.

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Kayani, Farrukh, and Zhongxiu Zhao. "Chinese Rationale for Free Trade Agreements." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c03.00387.

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In East Asia economic regionalism and Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) are proliferating at tremendous pace despite being the latecomer as compared to Americas and Europe. Proliferation of FTAs in East Asia started to spread after the Asian financial crisis of 1997. The East Asian economies were dissatisfied with the way the IMF handled the crisis, particularly in Thailand and Indonesia. Presently, about over 100 FTAs are at various stages of development in East Asia. China is also actively engaged in FTAs like the other East Asian neighboring countries for achieving multiple objectives. In this paper we analyzed the detailed reasons that why China is pursuing FTAs? Furthermore, it is said that FTAs may jeopardize the multilateral trading system. As FTAs undermine the WTO policy of maintaining a liberal, non discriminatory and multilateral trading system by supporting the government interventions and prudential controls. Thus we would also explore that whether FTAs are building or stumbling blocks?
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Liu, Dan, Xiulian Hu, and ShihMing Ou. "Selection factors of seaport type logistics center of fujian free- trade zone." In Second International Conference On Economic and Business Management (FEBM 2017). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/febm-17.2017.92.

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"The Status Quo of China's Construction of Free Trade Ports and Related Suggestions." In 2020 International Conference on Big Data Application & Economic Management. Francis Academic Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.25236/icbdem.2020.009.

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Yan, Liu, and Zhang Peng. "Analysis of the Effect about Zero-tariff of China-ASEAN Free Trade." In 2014 International Conference on Economic Management and Trade Cooperation (EMTC 2014). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/emtc-14.2014.83.

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Kozhobekov, Muratbek. "Trade and Economic Relations of Early Medieval Kyrgyz State." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c06.01441.

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According to written sources of trade with neighboring countries occupied an important place in the economy of the Kyrgyz State. That would create a successful economy, as well as to meet the needs of consumers the Kyrgyz State established extensive trade links in the Central Asian region. Trading partners of the Kyrgyz in the early middle ages were economic developed countries East and Central Asia. This reflects the fact that the degree of development of the Kyrgyz people related to trading partners. In general terms, the characteristics of the Kyrgyz State trade relations with neighboring countries in the period VII-X centuries. Thus, definition and comparison of different time in bars allow you to re-evaluate the economic and political aspects of the problem components.
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Reports on the topic "Economic aspects of Free trade"

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Khadan, Jeetendra. Trade, Economic and Welfare Impacts of the CARICOM-Canada Free Trade Agreement. Inter-American Development Bank, October 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0000454.

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Greenburg, James R. China's Free Trade Relationship with the United States: Economic Boon or Unrestricted Warfare"". Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada423754.

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Campling, Liam. Fisheries Aspects of ACP-EU Interim Economic Partnership Agreements: Trade and Sustainable Development Implications. Geneva, Switzerland: International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.7215/nr_ip_20081013.

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Jones, Emily, Beatriz Kira, Anna Sands, and Danilo B. Garrido Alves. The UK and Digital Trade: Which way forward? Blavatnik School of Government, February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.35489/bsg-wp-2021/038.

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The internet and digital technologies are upending global trade. Industries and supply chains are being transformed, and the movement of data across borders is now central to the operation of the global economy. Provisions in trade agreements address many aspects of the digital economy – from cross-border data flows, to the protection of citizens’ personal data, and the regulation of the internet and new technologies like artificial intelligence and algorithmic decision-making. The UK government has identified digital trade as a priority in its Global Britain strategy and one of the main sources of economic growth to recover from the pandemic. It wants the UK to play a leading role in setting the international standards and regulations that govern the global digital economy. The regulation of digital trade is a fast-evolving and contentious issue, and the US, European Union (EU), and China have adopted different approaches. Now that the UK has left the EU, it will need to navigate across multiple and often conflicting digital realms. The UK needs to decide which policy objectives it will prioritise, how to regulate the digital economy domestically, and how best to achieve its priorities when negotiating international trade agreements. There is an urgent need to develop a robust, evidence-based approach to the UK’s digital trade strategy that takes into account the perspectives of businesses, workers, and citizens, as well as the approaches of other countries in the global economy. This working paper aims to inform UK policy debates by assessing the state of play in digital trade globally. The authors present a detailed analysis of five policy areas that are central to discussions on digital trade for the UK: cross-border data flows and privacy; internet access and content regulation; intellectual property and innovation; e-commerce (including trade facilitation and consumer protection); and taxation (customs duties on e-commerce and digital services taxes). In each of these areas the authors compare and contrast the approaches taken by the US, EU and China, discuss the public policy implications, and examine the choices facing the UK.
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Uzelac, Sarah. Incoherent at Heart: The EU’s economic and migration policies towards North Africa. Oxfam, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21201/2020.6805.

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Pre-pandemic, EU policies towards North Africa, especially Tunisia and Morocco, focused on two main paradigms: trade liberalization and the minimization of both regular and irregular migration. These agendas were incoherent and had overwhelmingly negative implications for the livelihoods and employment opportunities within the EU for the most vulnerable people in the Maghreb. As the coronavirus impacts continue to wreak havoc on world economies, any future negotiations on the Deep and Comprehensive Free Trade Areas (DCFTAs) ought to be geared towards supporting fair and inclusive recovery in North Africa based on reducing inequality and promoting shared prosperity and development.
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Shpinev, Iurii Sergeevich. Questions of capital in the work of D. Ricardo «The Beginnings of Political Economy and taxation». DOI CODE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/1311-1972-2020-00025.

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D. Ricardo is one of the founders of classical economy. The most significant discoveries of the outstanding scientist in the field of capital can be called the definition of capital and free capital, the creation of a theory of comparative advantages of trade, the division of capital into fixed and circulating capital depending on strength, as well as the description of the reasons that stimulate and hinder foreign investment. Given that capital is primarily an economic category, it seems quite reasonable to consider the emergence and development of these concepts in the retrospect of economic theories, in order to understand the essence of the phenomenon and finally solve the issue of its legal regulation.
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Braithwait, Samuel, Ricardo Rozemberg, and Jesica De Angelis. CARICOM Report: Progress and Challenges of The Integration Agenda. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0002912.

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The Caribbean Community (CARICOM) was established in 1973 as a customs union and nowadays consists of 15 member countries. CARICOM includes member and non-members of the Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States (OECS), an economic union with free movement of people and goods, a single currency, and a common central bank. This report is the third in a series of INTAL publications on regional integration on the CaribbeanREPORT Community and covers the period 2005 to 2020. After a brief background to the CARICOM integration project and a look at the economy and international trade, this report focuses on the main issues and developments relating to the deepening of integration within CARICOM and crucial relationships with external partners. The final section concludes with an assessment of the short-term adverse impacts of the pandemic and summarizes a set of recommendations to tackle the main issues.
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Rusk, Todd, Ryan Siegel, Linda Larsen, Tim Lindsey, and Brian Deal. Technical and Financial Feasibility Study for Installation of Solar Panels at IDOT-owned Facilities. Illinois Center for Transportation, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-024.

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The Smart Energy Design Assistance Center assessed the administrative, technical, and economic aspects of feasibility related to the procurement and installation of photovoltaic solar systems on IDOT-owned buildings and lands. To address administrative feasibility, we explored three main ways in which IDOT could procure solar projects: power purchase agreement (PPA), direct purchase, and land lease development. Of the three methods, PPA and direct purchase are most applicable for IDOT. While solar development is not free of obstacles for IDOT, it is administratively feasible, and regulatory hurdles can be adequately met given suitable planning and implementation. To evaluate IDOT assets for solar feasibility, more than 1,000 IDOT sites were screened and narrowed using spatial analytic tools. A stakeholder feedback process was used to select five case study sites that allowed for a range of solar development types, from large utility-scale projects to small rooftop systems. To evaluate financial feasibility, discussions with developers and datapoints from the literature were used to create financial models. A large solar project request by IDOT can be expected to generate considerable attention from developers and potentially attractive PPA pricing that would generate immediate cash flow savings for IDOT. Procurement partnerships with other state agencies will create opportunities for even larger projects with better pricing. However, in the near term, it may be difficult for IDOT to identify small rooftop or other small on-site solar projects that are financially feasible. This project identified two especially promising solar sites so that IDOT can evaluate other solar site development opportunities in the future. This project also developed a web-based decision-support tool so IDOT can identify potential sites and develop preliminary indications of feasibility. We recommend that IDOT begin the process of developing at least one of their large sites to support solar electric power generation.
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9

Barquet, Karina, Elin Leander, Jonathan Green, Heidi Tuhkanen, Vincent Omondi Odongo, Michael Boyland, Elizabeth Katja Fiertz, Maria Escobar, Mónica Trujillo, and Philip Osano. Spotlight on social equity, finance and scale: Promises and pitfalls of nature-based solutions. Stockholm Environment Institute, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51414/sei2021.011.

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Abstract:
Human activity has modified and deteriorated natural ecosystems in ways that reduce resilience and exacerbate environmental and climate problems. Physical measures to protect, manage and restore these ecosystems that also address societal challenges in sustainable ways and bring biodiversity benefits are sometimes referred to as “nature-based solutions” (NBS). For example, reducing deforestation and restoring forests is a major opportunity for climate mitigation, while protecting or restoring coastal habitats can mitigate damage to coastal areas from natural hazard events, in addition to potentially providing co-benefits related to livelihood, recreation, and biodiversity. There is now an impetus to shift towards greater deployment of nature-based solutions. Not only do they offer an alternative to conventional fossil fuel-based or hard infrastructure solutions but, if implemented correctly, they also hold great promise for achieving multiple goals, benefits and synergies. These include climate mitigation and resilience; nature and biodiversity protection; and economic and social gains. 2020 saw an explosion in publications about NBS, which have contributed to filling many of the knowledge gaps that existed around their effectiveness and factors for their success. These publications have also highlighted the knowledge gaps that remain and have revealed a lack of critical reflection on the social and economic sustainability aspects of NBS. Building on these gaps, we decided to launch this mini-series of four briefs to provoke a more nuanced discussion that highlights not only the potential benefits, but also the potential risks and trade-offs of NBS. The purpose is not to downplay the importance of NBS for biodiversity, ecosystems, and coastal mitigation and adaptation, but to ensure that we establish a dialogue about ways to overcome these challenges while leaving no one behind.
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10

Шпинев, Ю. С. Давид Рикардо об инвестициях. DOI CODE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/1311-1972-2020-00024.

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Abstract:
The article examines the views of one of the founders of classical economics, David Ricardo, on the issues of investment, capital and profit. The need for this study is caused by the lack of a single definition of investment in the regulatory acts of investment legislation, as well as in the scientific community. Thus, there is a problem of regulatory regulation of one of the most important concepts of the economy. Given that the concepts of investment, capital, and capital investment are primarily economic categories, it seems quite reasonable to consider the emergence and development of these concepts in the retrospect of economic theories, in order to understand the essence of the phenomenon and finally solve the issue of its legal regulation. The scientific novelty of the study is that despite a large number of works on the work of David Ricardo «The Beginnings of Political Economy and Taxation», no special work was carried out on the contribution of the great economist to the theory of investment. Conclusions. The main achievements of Ricardo in the field of capital and investment include the author's definitions of capital, free capital, the creation of a theory of comparative advantages of trade, the division of capital into fixed and circulating capital depending on strength, as well as the description of the reasons that stimulate and hinder foreign investment.
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