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1
Muchtar, Muchtar. "IMPACT OF FREE TRADE AGREEMENTS ON INDONESIA ECONOMIC PERFORMANCES." Business and Entrepreneurial Review 15, no. 1 (August 30, 2017): 95. http://dx.doi.org/10.25105/ber.v15i1.2081.
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<p>Indonesia participates in various free trade agreements with its main trading partners and it raises a research problem namely whether the participation would create benefits for Indonesia economic performances. Then, the research problem generates research questions that are what are the impacts of free trade agreements several aspects particularly for economic, social, and environment.<br />Main objectives of this research will focus to assess the impacts of free trade agreements on: (i) economic aspects such as economic growth, export and import performances, balance of trade, terms of trade, investment, inflation, government expenditure and consumption, and sector output; (ii) social aspect such as labor market, wages, income gap between skilled and unskilled labor, social welfare; and (iii) environment aspect.<br />Method of the research employs an economic model of computable general equilibrium on international trade, namely Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP Model 8 version). There are two policy simulations of tariff reduction namely; (i) Simulation I, tariff of agriculture products reduced by 65% and tariff of non-agriculture products reduced by 85%; (ii) Simulation II, tariff of agriculture products reduced by 80% and tariff of non-agriculture products reduced by 100% The research found that in general, impact of free trade agreement benefit for Indonesia economic performances, it indicated by economic variables that contribute positively to the economic performances are greater than economic variables that contribute negatively to the economic performances. The positive economic variables are economic growth, export performance, terms of trade, balance of trade, investment, government expenditure and consumption, wages, social welfare. While the negative economic variables are import performance, inflation, sector output, labor market, income gap of skilled and unskilled labors, emission proliferation.Research limitations related to the secondary data sources that depend on data published by international and national institutions as well as the data that already embodied in the GTAP Model. Policy implication to the government policy namely: (i) to undertake economic and trade reform to improve competitiveness; (ii) to undertake deeply comprehensive study before participation in the FTA; (iii) to give assistances for loser business particularly for small and medium enterprises; (iv) to socialize actively about the FTA to related business community.</p>
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Merdić, Alem, and Hasan Mahmutović. "SOME THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF ECONOMIC INTEGRATION." Journal Human Research in Rehabilitation 7, no. 2 (September 2017): 97–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.21554/hrr.091711.
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One of the basic links of the process of globalization are economic integrations. The aim of this paper is to systematize theoretical achievements and to review the forms, effects and conditions for connecting countries motivated by economic benefits. In addition to the theoretical review of the conceptual definition of economic integration, the focus is on the levels of economic integration from the free-trade zone to the monetary and fiscal union, explaining the specificity of each of the mentioned levels. Considering that the connection between countries always raises the question of the benefits and costs of connection, the special emphasis in this paper is placed on the potential effects for free trade. Finally, the greatest contribution of this paper is the systematization and theoretical review of the theory of optimal currency area and monetary integration, which is especially significant for the European soil, taking into account the already established European Monetary Union.
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Mazyrin, V. "Vietnam: Free Trade Areas." World Economy and International Relations 60, no. 3 (2016): 72–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2016-60-3-72-82.
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The paper provides comparative characteristics of free trade areas (FTA) with Vietnam’s participation, and attempts to summarize his rich and instructive experience in this realm. The first section analyzes the reasons of creation and the balance of power in the FTA with the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU). In the second section it describes the general approach of Vietnam towards integration into the world economy and presents the FTA network (“spaghetti bowl”) set up by Hanoi. The author assesses the factors that determined the choice of Vietnam and the participants of the EAEU while establishing their FTA. He reveals the motivation of the EAEU leaders, particularly Russia, in their decision, the importance of economic aspects of cooperation with the first partner in the FTA framework. Thus, it becomes possible to discover the importance of new integration union for both parties. Economic potential of the FTA members is estimated in order to define their respective roles, “weight category” and, finally, the main beneficiaries of the agreement. So far, we verify the correctness of the dissemination of findings from our analysis of trade between Russia and Vietnam (for which we have representative data) on the agreement at whole. The author explores the main parameters of the agreements with the Asia-Pacific countries and displays aspects of the FTA agreements different for the EAEU and other Vietnam partners. It makes easier to identify countries and regions that take the leaders’ position in the integration process. The composition of trade and other forms of interaction between participants of the FTA in both groups of Vietnam partners is highlighted and a tendency to boost them is revealed. The paper promotes estimations on the conditions, rate, magnitude and first results of liberalization of mutual trade, on safeguard measures applied to support domestic producers. It reveals the preferential treatment difference granted by FTA parties to each other and the reasons for these differences. In conclusion, the impact of the FTA network on competition between Russia (EAEU) and other Vietnam partners which occupied the best position in its market is stressed.
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Toropygin, A. V. "Economic and Political Aspects of the Serbia — EAEU Free Trade Area." EURASIAN INTEGRATION: economics, law, politics 14, no. 2 (July 9, 2021): 120–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2073-2929-2021-02-120-131.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of the Serbia — EAEU relations development through the prism of the Agreement on the Free Trade Area (FTA) — between the integration association and the separate economy / country. The purpose of this study is to identify the prospects of the FTA taking into account Serbia’s desire to integrate into the European Union. The author come to the conclusion that intensive interaction, primarily between Serbia and Russia through the FTA between Serbia and the EAEU, is explained, on the one hand, by Serbia’s multi-vector foreign policy, and, on the other hand, by Russia’s attentive attitude to the course of the conflict over Kosovo. Russia has economic interests in this region, as well as the region is people-related value for Russia within which it has used and will intensively utilize of soft power mechanisms.
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ZHADAN, K. I. "INTERNATIONAL LEGAL FRAMEWORK FOR THE FUNCTIONING OF MECHANISMS FOR RESOLVING TRADE DISPUTES IN THE CONTEXT OF THE EURASIAN ECONOMIC UNION." EKONOMIKA I UPRAVLENIE: PROBLEMY, RESHENIYA 4, no. 5 (2021): 139–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/ek.up.p.r.2021.05.04.018.
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The article examines an international legal framework of the dispute resolution under free trade agree-ments. The existing mechanisms for resolving trade disputes are analyzed and their classification is given. The article demonstrates an evolutionary change of the approach of States to the formulation of provisions on dispute settlement in international trade treaties. Special attention is paid to the systems of dispute resolution under free trade agreements to which the Eurasian Economic Union is a party. The free trade agreements of the Eurasian Economic Union and its member States with the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (2015), the Islamic Republic of Iran (2018), the Republic of Singapore (2019) and the Republic of Serbia (2019) are compared with respect to the dispute resolution mechanisms. The article focuses on such institutional aspects as the method of appointing arbitrators, the scope of interstate disputes and the competition of dispute resolution platforms. The effectiveness of the dispute resolution systems of the World Trade Organization and special-ized mechanisms under the free trade agreements of the Eurasian Economic Union and its member States is evaluated. The negative and positive aspects of the existing mechanisms under the free trade agreements of the Eurasian Economic Union and its member States are highlighted, and the ways of their development are proposed.
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Ciuriak, Dan. "Commentary: Free Trade Agreements and the Doha Development Agenda." Global Economy Journal 5, no. 4 (December 7, 2005): 1850069. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1156.
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Commentary on FTAs and the Doha Round Agenda. Dan Ciuriak is Deputy Chief Economist at Canada’s Department of International Trade. He is co-editor of, and regular contributor to, the Department’s annual Trade Policy Research series and advises on a wide variety of international economic issues, including WTO and NAFTA trade litigation. In his personal capacity he has published a number of articles on various aspects of economic globalization, with a particular focus on the Asian Crisis and China’s economic integration into the global economy. From 1994-1998, Ciuriak served as deputy to the Chair of the APEC Economic Committee with principal responsibility for editing the annual APEC Economic Outlook and other Economic Committee publications. From 1990-1994, he served as Finance Counsellor at Canada’s Embassy in Germany, covering G-7 issues, German reunification, the Maastricht process, and the European Monetary crisis. Previously, he was with Canada’s Department of Finance where he was deeply involved in Canada’s federal financial institutions reforms. He studied at McMaster University in Hamilton, Ontario.
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Simić, Milica, Antoaneta Vassileva, and Anđelka Aničić. "Economic aspects of the integration processes of the Republic of Serbia." Oditor 7, no. 2 (2021): 83–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/oditor2102083s.
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Exchange of goods and services is the most important domain of economic cooperation between the Republic of Serbia with the world and is crucial for faster growth of gross domestic product (and thus expected economic growth rates and faster social development and rising living standards) in the coming period. Due to this, paper analyses the degree of involvement of the Republic of Serbia in total world exports, its most important foreign trade partners, the degree of openness of the economy and the share of exports in gross domestic product, analyzing the period from 2008 to 2017. The aim of this paper is to study specific relations between the Republic of Serbia and its most important foreign trade partners and their interdependence with the integration processes through multilateral and bilateral cooperation with the European Union, Eurasian Economic Union, World Trade Organization and Central European Free Trade Agreement. Based on the updated statistical research and analysis of the content of the basic determinants of bilateral agreements, recommendations were given for the future development of integration processes within the European Union and the Eurasian Economic Union.
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Gupta, Pralok. "India’s Economic Integration in Services with ASEAN: From Bilateral FTAs to RCEP." Journal of Asian Economic Integration 1, no. 2 (September 2019): 207–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2631684619885778.
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Given the growing importance of services in Indian economy as well as in international trade, India has offensive interests in services and these are becoming an important part of India’s effort to economically integrate with global economies including Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). This article analyses India’s economic integration with the ASEAN region in services trade and discusses how India’s services trade interests are taken into consideration by ASEAN members in their free trade agreements with India. It also discusses services-related aspects in the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership agreement, a proposed free trade agreement among ASEAN and its six FTA partners including India, from which India has decided to opt-out recently. JEL Codes: F13, F14, F15
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Jurje, Flavia, and Sandra Lavenex. "Mobility Norms in Free Trade Agreements." European Journal of East Asian Studies 17, no. 1 (June 21, 2018): 83–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700615-01701005.
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Abstract Notwithstanding their traditional attachment to sovereignty, Southeast and East Asian countries have embraced a dynamic agenda of labour mobility liberalisation through trade agreements. This article assesses the free movement agenda within ASEAN from a multi-level perspective, comparing it to ASEAN countries’ corresponding commitments within the World Trade Organisation’s General Agreement on Trade in Services and Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) concluded as a group or individually with non-ASEAN countries. Contrary to other trade aspects it turns out that intra-regional commitments within ASEAN do not significantly exceed multilateral ones, and score below the level of liberalisation achieved in ASEAN+ and bilateral FTAs. This article interprets this discrepancy as a consequence of strong economic and labour market differences among ASEAN members as well as the lower sensitivity of allegedly technocratic FTAs for considerations of national sovereignty. The article concludes with the limits of this trade policy approach for migration governance and migrants’ rights.
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Shearer, Ronald. "Critique de la position du Conseil économique du Canada sur le libre-échange unilatéral." L'Actualité économique 52, no. 4 (June 25, 2009): 490–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.7202/800697ar.
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Abstract In this article, the author proposes to focus on two related questions: Does the Economic Council's analysis suggest major theoretical errors in—or perhaps major theoretical challenges to—received doctrine on the nature of the impact of a unilateral removal of Canadian barriers to international trade? To what extent do the Economic Council's findings alter, extend or refine earlier quantitative assessments of the effects of unilateral free trade. The Council's analysis of the option of unilateral free trade is very brief. A very useful analysis of aspects of this option in the Dauphin study gets very little attention in the report itself. The conclusions on unilateral free trade are very much in the mainstream of Canadian thought on this matter, with perhaps some scaling down of the benefits imputed to unilateral tariff removal. The author finds two serious flaws in the otherwise useful discussion: a failure to give sufficient attention the implications of unilateral free trade for income redistribution within the country, and, in examining the implications of free trade for the long run structure of the economy, a failure to consider explicitly and thoroughly the interaction between the tariff and population and labour force growth, as suggested by Dales.
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Manurung, Hendra. "IMPROVING FREE TRADE AGREEMENT (FTA) BETWEEN INDONESIA-EUROPEAN UNION (EU) THROUGH COMPREHENSIVE ECONOMIC PARTNERSHIP (CEPA)." Jurnal Asia Pacific Studies 2, no. 1 (June 9, 2018): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33541/japs.v2i1.667.
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This study aims to elaborate potential effects of a Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (CEPA) on the trading of goods and services between the European Union (EU) and Indonesia addressing issues considered to be impeding the conclusion of CEPA negotiations. Suppose the agreement between the EU and Indonesia improve economic relations while creating benefits for both. Indonesia and the EU began negotiation on the CEPA preparation in 2012. The CEPA has been presented as having the ability to help both parties take full advantage of unexploited economic relations. The CEPA is expected to be a comprehensive agreement discussing various aspects of economic relations and moved beyond being a simple agreement for removing trade barriers. The liberalization of international trade in goods remains to be an important aspect of the CEPA, investment promotion and facilitation, the improvement of trade in services, and the creation of improved competition policy practices would promote greater economic relations. Indonesia expects three major contributions from the CEPA, i.e.: First, the most obvious one relates to promotion of increased trade between Indonesia and the EU. The agreement’s focus on trade liberalization will increase the intensity of trade relations by lowering trade barriers, and by facilitating trade; Second, expected contribution concerns the impact of liberalization on trade and investments in services; Third, enhanced technological advance and skills transfer in the goods, services and investment. A free trade agreement between the EU and Indonesia provides a more stable, balanced, and long-term framework to enhance trade and investment.
Keywords: the EU, Indonesia, CEPA, liberalization, free trade
Abstrak
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan potensi efek dari Perjanjian Kemitraan Ekonomi Komprehensif (CEPA) mengenai perdagangan barang dan jasa antara Uni Eropa dan Indonesia, dan dalam penanganan isu-isu utama yang dianggap dapat menghambat perundingan CEPA. Seharusnya kesepakatan antara Uni Eropa dan Indonesia akan memperbaiki dinamika hubungan ekonomi yang ada, sekaligus menciptakan berbagai manfaat bagi keduanya. Indonesia dan Uni Eropa mulai melakukan negosiasi persiapan CEPA di tahun 2012. CEPA digambarkan memampukan kedua belah pihak memanfaatkan sepenuhnya hubungan ekonomi yang tidak saling mengeksploitasi hubungan ekonomi antara Uni Eropa dan Indonesia. CEPA diharapkan menjadi kesepakatan komprehensif dalam membahas berbagai aspek hubungan ekonomi tersebut, dan karenanya telah melampaui kesepakatan sederhana untuk penghapusan hambatan perdagangan. Sementara liberalisasi perdagangan internasional barang tetap sebagai aspek penting CEPA, promosi investasi dan fasilitasi, peningkatan perdagangan jasa, dan penciptaan praktik kebijakan persaingan yang lebih baik dalam promosi hubungan ekonomi yang lebih luas. Indonesia berharap adanya tiga kontribusi utama dari CEPA, yaitu: Pertama, yang paling nyata berkaitan dengan promosi peningkatan perdagangan antara Indonesia dan Uni Eropa. Fokus kesepakatan pada liberalisasi perdagangan dapat meningkatkan intensitas hubungan perdagangan dengan menurunkan berbagai hambatan dagang, dan dengan memfasilitasi perdagangan; Kedua, kontribusi CEPA diharapkan berdampak pada liberalisasi perdagangan dan investasi jasa; Ketiga, peningkatan kemajuan teknologi dan keterampilan di sektor barang, jasa dan investasi. Adanya perjanjian perdagangan bebas (FTA) antara Uni Eropa dan Indonesia akan memberikan kerangka kerjasama yang lebih stabil, seimbang, dan berjangka panjang dalam peningkatan hubungan perdagangan dan investasi antar kawasan.
Kata kunci: Uni Eropa, Indonesia, Perjanjian Kemitraan Ekonomi Komprehensif (CEPA), liberalisasi, pasar bebas
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MAGCAMIT, MICHAEL I. "Trading in Vain? Investigating the Philippines' Development-oriented National Security and Free Trade Linkages." Japanese Journal of Political Science 17, no. 1 (January 29, 2016): 84–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1468109915000407.
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AbstractThis paper examines the manner through which the Philippine government has utilized free trade in pursuing its development-oriented national security policies and strategies in the twenty-first century. It argues that against the backdrop of uneven economic development being perpetuated by a deeply entrenched oligarchic system and patronage culture, the primary referent of Philippine national security is its diminishing development space. Despite the government rhetoric with regard to the role of inclusive development in enhancing national security, the Philippine political economy remains highly oligarchic and patrimonial. Such a condition has resulted in institutionalized inequality and structural poverty that undermine the country's supposedly development-based security model. The ability of the very few yet very powerful Filipino elites to transform the country into an oligarchipelago underscores the inefficiencies emanating from this type of politico-economic arrangement. In light of this, the paper evaluates the impacts of the Philippines' free trade activities on its overall level of development space by focusing on several crucial aspects of free trade that the government has failed to properly consider. Moreover, it scrutinizes the key factors that affect the utility of free trade for securing and enhancing the Philippines' development space. The paper concludes by arguing that the Philippine government's attempts at linking its development-centric security interests and free trade objectives have resulted not only in the preservation of uneven economic development and but also the further reinforcement of the existing oligarchic system and patronage culture in the country.
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Cubillos T., Julieth P., Béla Soltész, and László Vasa. "Bananas, coffee and palm oil: The trade of agricultural commodities in the framework of the EU-Colombia free trade agreement." PLOS ONE 16, no. 8 (August 24, 2021): e0256242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256242.
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Generally, research and studies about commodities focus on price trends, analysis in terms of international competitiveness, market position structure, rate of net exports, market share, and concentration index. This paper has developed an analysis of the most influential agricultural commodities traded from Colombia to European Union, which are bananas, coffee, and palm oil. Analyzing the economic and commercial effects in two traditional agricultural commodities from Colombia (bananas and coffee) with the rise of palm oil as a commodity in the trade relation with its partner; the European Union. The structure draws from the overview of general aspects and the behavior of Colombian foreign trade, as diversification of export products and trade partners, to focus on the characteristics of the trade relationship between the European Union and Colombia. The aim is analyze the proportional relation between bananas, coffee, and palm oil exported to the EU, according to three indicators, the volume of production, exports share, and trade value, from 2008 until 2019, identifying the trends before and after the implementation of the free trade agreement. Finally, with the coefficient correlation, determine the agricultural commodity that has the strongest and positive relationship with the total agricultural exports value from Colombia to the European Union.
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Mireles, Luis Ramon. "Occupational Safety and Health on the U.S.-Mexico Border." NEW SOLUTIONS: A Journal of Environmental and Occupational Health Policy 13, no. 1 (May 2003): 115–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/5cdm-pmer-6jd9-952r.
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A number of trade agreements were adopted in the 1990s that promised economic growth for Mexico. The most significant was the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which promotes open trade between Mexico, the United States, and Canada. Like WTO, NAFTA focuses on the economic aspects of trade. Occupational safety and health issues were not specifically addressed by NAFTA. Despite the presence of domestic regulatory systems, concerns over working conditions persist on both sides of the U.S.-Mexico border and the workforces face similar health problems. The upsurge in trade between the United States and Mexico must be accompanied by an international commitment to occupational safety and health in border areas. If government agencies cannot or will not intervene to reduce rates of workplace injuries and illnesses, civil coalitions must assume this role.
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Burliai, A. P. ,., V. S. Kostyuk, L. W. Smoliy, and A. A. Osipova. "Modern theories of economic development: social aspects." Collected Works of Uman National University of Horticulture 2, no. 98 (June 20, 2021): 221–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31395/2415-8240-2021-98-2-221-231.
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The article examines modern theories of economic development in the context of social aspects. The aim of the study is to generalize the social aspects of modern economic theories of development to determine the trajectory and possible directions of social policy. The essence and evolution of models of economic development according to the concepts of welfare are determined. Many well-known foreign researchers are interested in the causes of the wealth of some nations and the poverty and decline of others. Thus, D. Acemoglu and J. Robinson proved that the main condition for achieving the well-being of nations are economic institutions – rules that determine the social efficiency of the economy, incentives and motivations of people, rather than natural and geographical factors. Norwegian A. Reinert believes that rich countries have become rich through a combination of government intervention, strategic investment and protectionism, rather than free trade. American economist M. Olson pointed to the role of private property, taxation, public goods, collective action and contractual rights in economic development. N. Rosenberg and L. Birzdel, A. Sen, E. Duflo and A. Banerjee emphasize that the only issue they focus on is how to increase the material well-being of people, which is measured by the presence of most opportunities to choose and shape the quality of their own lives, to fight not with the consequences of poverty, but with its causes, that is, starting with public education, basic medicine and hygiene. New theoretical approaches to the interpretation of social factors of economic development and social transformations in Ukraine have also been formed in the works of Ukrainian researchers. It is established that a prerequisite for the successful development of the national economic system is to ensure the priority of man, education, health care, environmental protection, which, in turn, stimulate significant economic potential and long-term prosperity of society.
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Kinney, Eleanor D. "Realization of the International Human Right to Health in an Economically Integrated North America." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 37, no. 4 (2009): 807–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2009.00452.x.
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During World War II, the Allies created the United Nations and its associated international institutions to stabilize the post-war world. The Allies envisioned a coordinated world in which human rights for all were respected, economic and social progress for all promoted, and global warfare prevented. This was a phenomenally fantastic vision that seemed unattainable in the wake of the most devastating global war in history.Today, the world is witnessing some of the fruits of these mid-20th century events and aspirations, especially since the collapse of Communism in 1989. Economic integration and free trade has become much more prevalent as exemplified by astounding developments such as the European Union. And there is a greater appreciation of human rights, including the international human right to health. This article examines the evolution of trade policy and the impact of free trade policies on the health care sectors of the three countries of North America and the realization of the human right to health in North America.
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Zhdanova, V. Р. "PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF CUSTOMS AFFAIRS: EXCHANGE OF INFORMATION ON COUNTRY OF ORIGIN OF GOODS." Legal horizons, no. 17 (2019): 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/legalhorizons.2019.i17.p:119.
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Today, for the State Fiscal Service of Ukraine, one of the priority areas of international customs cooperation is cooperation with the customs authorities of other countries on the fulfillment of the terms of current free trade agreements. In this context, the exchange of information on the country of origin of goods moving across the customs border of Ukraine is of particular importance, which is one of the important factors for intensifying trade between Ukraine and the European Union. The Association Agreement between Ukraine and the European Union defines a number of obligations that Ukraine must fulfill in order to harmonize national legislation with the requirements of the relevant legislation of the European Union. Please note that there are now over 400 аgreements about free trade and preferential trade agreements that reduce customs tariffs on certain goods, provided they meet the specified origin criteria. However, many participants in foreign economic activity ignore the fact that they may claim tariff preferences or are uninformed in determining whether the goods they buy or sell are entitled to preferential treatment. As a result, many international trade participants pay a fee for goods originating in countries that are parties to the Free Trade Agreements, losing a financial advantage over their competitors. However, many exporters also lose business opportunities, and micro, small and medium-sized enterprises are particularly affected. This article is aimed at exploring the main aspects of legal and organizational support for the exchange of information on issues of the country of origin of goods in the course of customs in Ukraine. The author also intends to explore aspects of international cooperation of the State Fiscal Service of Ukraine with other customs authorities in determining the country of origin of goods moving across the customs border of Ukraine. Determine the possibility of further application of the preferential conditions provided for in the Free Trade Agreements concluded with the participation of Ukraine in the prevention, detection, and/or termination of customs-related violations of the origin of goods. Keywords. information, exchange of information, product, country of origin of the product, international trade.
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Córdova González, Claudia Angélica, and Mónica Guadalupe Chávez Elorza. "Review of the International Patent System: From the Venice Statute to Free Trade Agreements." Mexican Law Review 13, no. 1 (July 2, 2020): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/iij.24485306e.2020.1.14810.
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The current international patent system emerged within certain economic, political and social conditions in specific territories and periods. It has its historical roots in the Statute of Venice (1474), the Statute of Monopolies (1624), the United States Patent Law (1790), the French Patent Law (1791) and the Paris Convention (1883). Over time, these laws shaped a new model, which currently prevails. To strengthen the analysis of this article, the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (1994), as well as free trade twentieth century agreements are integrated into the discussion. It is worth noting that each amendment stressed the economic relevance of the patent and its use to benefit certain economic elites through the creation of monopolies. Consequently, the debate on the purposes and nature of the international patent system has also been constant from its emergence to the present. This article provides basic elements for reflection about the origin, purposes and scope of national patent models implemented in Latin America within the global trend of scientific-technological innovation for development.
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Francois, Joseph F., and Ganeshan Wignaraja. "Economic Implications of Asian Integration." Global Economy Journal 8, no. 3 (July 29, 2008): 1850139. http://dx.doi.org/10.2202/1524-5861.1332.
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The Asian countries are once again focused on options for large, comprehensive regional integration schemes. In this paper we explore the implications of such broad-based regional trade initiatives in Asia, highlighting the bridging of the East and South Asian economies. We place emphasis on the alternative prospects for insider and outsider countries. We work with a global general equilibrium model of the world economy, benchmarked to a projected 2017 sets of trade and production patterns. We also work with gravity-model based estimates of trade costs linked to infrastructure, and of barriers to trade in services. Taking these estimates, along with tariffs, into our CGE model, we examine regionally narrow and broad agreements, all centered on extending the reach of ASEAN to include free trade agreements with combinations of the northeast Asian economies (PRC, Japan, Korea) and also the South Asian economies. We focus on a stylized FTA that includes goods, services, and some aspects of trade cost reduction through trade facilitation and related infrastructure improvements. What matters most for East Asia is that China, Japan, and Korea be brought into any scheme for deeper regional integration. This matter alone drives most of the income and trade effects in the East Asia region across all of our scenarios. The inclusion of the South Asian economies in a broader regional agreement sees gains for the East Asian and South Asian economies. Most of the East Asian gains follow directly from Indian participation. The other South Asian players thus stand to benefit if India looks East and they are a part of the program, and to lose if they are not. Interestingly, we find that with the widest of agreements, the insiders benefit substantively in terms of trade and income while the aggregate impact on outside countries is negligible. Broadly speaking, a pan-Asian regional agreement would appear to cover enough countries, with a great enough diversity in production and incomes, to actually allow for regional gains without substantive third-country losses. However, realizing such potential requires overcoming a proven regional tendency to circumscribe trade concessions with rules of origin, NTBs, and exclusion lists. The more likely outcome, a spider web of bilateral agreements, carries with it the prospect of significant outsider costs (i.e. losses) both within and outside the region.
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Zuev, Vladimir, Elena Ostrovskaya, and Ekaterina Vasilyeva. "The Trade Service Agreement Between Vietnam and the EAEU and the Formation of Negotiation Strategies on New Agreements in the Service Sector: The First Results." International Organisations Research Journal 16, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 183–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.17323/1996-7845-2021-02-09.
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n the last decades, the importance of trade in services in global trade flows has grown from strength to strength. This trend has stimulated the proliferation of bilateral and multilateral trade agreements aimed at ensuring equal and fair access for service providers to foreign markets. The states of the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU) are no exceptions to this global trend and strive to ensure free trade in services with foreign partners as a part of trade policies. This article analyzes theoretical and practical aspects of implementing the provisions on trade in services of the free trade agreement (FTA) between the EAEU and Vietnam, specifically applied to Russia and Vietnam. The results of the agreement’s implementation are instrumental in formulating the main contributions of the strategy that will increase the efficiency of future agreements on trade in services between the EAEU and foreign partners. The following strategy has already been applied to the example of service sector cooperation between Russia and Singapore. The emphasis of the study is quite universal, and the contributions of the strategy are applicable to other regional associations.
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Chochorelou, Maria. "The European Identity Rationale in the EU Free Trade Agreements: Economic rather than Cultural Objectives?" Cuadernos Europeos de Deusto, no. 02 (February 27, 2019): 227–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.18543/ced-02-2019pp227-249.
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In recent years, we can observe an increase of the EU Free Trade Agreements (FTAs) addressing cultural matters. The focus of the Union seems to lie on the audiovisual services sector, which is excluded by the scope of all these Agreements. This so-called ‘cultural exception’ clause does not apply to other cultural sectors, which are however still regulated in EU FTAs. The regulation takes the form of either commitments and reservations made by the Parties to a specific sector, or cooperative provisions mainly found in the Protocols of Cultural Cooperation supplementing some EU FTAs. Although not explicitly mentioning culture, other EU FTA Chapters, such as Subsidies and Intellectual Property, also entail cultural considerations. Rhetorically, the EU has considered the inclusion of cultural aspects into its FTAs as a tool to protect and promote the European identity and cultural diversity. However, both the negotiations as well as the texts of these Agreements illustrate that the motives behind this exclusion are mainly economic and political.Received: 02 July 2018 Accepted: 16 July 2018 Published online: 27 February 2019
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Halasiuk, Viktor. "Theoretical and applied aspects of restructuring the national economy of Ukraine." Economics ecology socium 3, no. 1 (March 31, 2019): 75–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/2616-7107/2019.3.1-8.
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Introduction. The article deals with problems and consequences of the Ukrainian economy deindustrialization under the neoliberal paradigm dominance in government's economic policy. The problems of deindustrialization in transition economies during the period of postindustrial transformation in developed countries and the neoliberal economic thought dominance has so far been overlooked. The subject-matter of the study is structural shifts caused by deindustrialization and diversification of the economy. The methodological principles of research involve joint application of a set of well-known common scientific methods as well as special research methods in economics, such as retrospective analysis method to investigate the origin of modern neoliberal economic doctrines.
Aim and tasks. The purpose of the article is to distinguish the fundamental differences in structural changes in the economy of Ukraine and developed countries and to identify key areas for restructuring the domestic economy on the basis of modernization and reindustrialization policy.
Results. The fundamental differences between dramatic reduction of the industrial sector share in the Ukrainian economy and economy diversification with a relative decrease in the share of industry that occurs in mature economic systems under transition to the postindustrial stage of development are revealed. It’s proved that formal signs of a transition to a postindustrial society may reflect diametrically opposed trends of economic development. A critical analysis of the theoretical postulates of economic thought that underlies leading international organizations’ cooperation with individual countries is conducted. It’s argued that neoliberal economic paradigm relies on abstract, sterile, and unfeasible hypotheses based on ideology, not the experience of successful structural transformations. Key areas of Ukraine's economic policy transformation include a set of tools of budget, infrastructure, tax, customs and foreign trade policies to ensure structural changes in output and export. It’s argued that such measures, as introducing a local component criterion in public procurements, free connection of industrial objects to engineering networks, tax incentives for industrial park residents, barriers to raw materials exports, revision of Ukraine’s obligations under WTO, launching of an export-credit agency, deploying a network of official trade missions in key partner countries, etc., will trigger reindustrialization of Ukrainian economy.
Conclusions. Implementation of a full-fledged industrial policy in developing countries is hampered by the rule of neo-liberal economic ideology, which denies the possibility of effective state governance of structural changes in the national economy. The article puts forward a critical view on the mainstream economic ideology and discusses its destructive impact on the Ukrainian economy that is worth to be introduced in masters’ graduation programs in economics. Implementation of author’s recommendations on reforming governmental economic and industrial policy is a basis for launching reindustrialization processes in the Ukrainian economy.
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Shchebarova, Natalya N., Nadezhda L. Tropnikova, Andrey R. Gafurov, Mariia A. Utkova, Anna Yu Fofanova, and Elena O. Chepurina. "Impact of Economic Sanctions on the Volume and Structure of Russia's Foreign Trade Turnover." Revista Gestão Inovação e Tecnologias 11, no. 4 (July 29, 2021): 3904–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.47059/revistageintec.v11i4.2415.
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The goal is to present a comparative analysis of statistical data on the indicators of the foreign trade turnover of the Russian Federation under the conditions of economic sanctions and anti-sanctions, as well as the results of expert assessments on the current import substitution policy. Design/methodology/approach – methods for comparing and grouping indicators that allow comprehensively and dynamically considering the state of Russia's foreign trade turnover, taking into account changes in the country and commodity aspects in the volume of exports and imports in the context of economic sanctions and a counter food embargo. Conclusions – the paper proves that the decline rate in foreign trade turnover in relation to the pre-sanctioned 2013 has slowed down, which indicates the relative adaptation of the Russian economy and the effectiveness of the anti-crisis measures taken. The main recommendations have been formulated that require the concentration of protective adaptation measures on the instruments of selective protectionism with free trade measures. Originality/significance – the paper provides a comprehensive analysis of the impact of economic sanctions on the volume and structure of Russia's foreign trade in the context of growing pressure on foreign trade in a gradual increase in sanctions, and this trend should be timely detected.
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Masumova, N. R. "TURKEY’S FOREIGN TRADE AS A DRIVER OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT." MGIMO Review of International Relations, no. 2(47) (April 28, 2016): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.24833/2071-8160-2016-2-47-111-117.
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Turkey now is a regional leader due to economic success story of the past decade, changes in the economy's structure and dynamic. Since 1980th foreign trade has become the main driver of the economic growth. Due to liberalization policy Turkey was able to overcome the system crisis. The negative economic trends had contributed to the political instability. That's why it will be interesting to highlight some aspects of Turkish foreign trade policy, which influence the value, geographical and product orientation of foreign trade. Negative balance of trade is the result of its oil import dependence. But the export of goods with more value added has the trend to growth - 30% of exports come to machineries and transport equipments. After the collapse of the USSR Turkish-Russian economic relationship was facing revival. Trade and investment cooperation was developing rapidly. But the conflict of interest during the war in Syria led to growing differences between Russia and Turkey. 24th of November 2015 became a turning point for the Russian-Turkish relations, when Turkish fighter jet F-16 shot down a Russian military jet along the Syrian border. This tragedy had serious consequences for the bilateral economic relations. Huge investment pipeline project "Turkish stream" is freezed, the work of intergovernmental authorities is stopped, certain agricultural goods originated from Turkey is banned to the territory of the Russian Federation. Russia also suspended the visa-free regime for Turkish citizens, all charter flights to Turkey are prohibited. Nevertheless economic sanctions inevitable affect both the Turkish and Russian economies, but Russia is still one of the main partners of Turkey.
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Andronova, Inna V., Natalia V. Dyuzheva, and Kirill A. Andronov. "Foreign trade relations between the Republic of Korea and the United States in the context of the development of integration processes." RUDN Journal of Economics 28, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 826–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2329-2020-28-4-826-841.
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The article examines the process of concluding, implementing and updating the Free Trade Agreement between the USA and South Korea, highlights the main problematic aspects of the functioning of the free trade area and the consequences for the bilateral trade of countries. The study found that South Korea benefited significantly from the negotiated liberal trade regime with the USA. The trade balance surplus of South Korea with the USA sharply increased - to a historic maximum of 25 billion dollars (in 2015), also South Korean exports of high-tech goods and high value-added goods increased significantly. For the USA, participation in the agreement led to an increase in the trade balance deficit and in the export of resources, agricultural goods and low value-added products. The observed consequences led to the use of a tough discriminatory policy by the USA, to the revision of the provisions of the Free trade agreement and to the military and political concessions from South Korea. As a result, the deficit of the US trade balance with South Korea decreased by 17.3% over the year, changes in the commodity structure of the countries' mutual trade are expected. The analysis proves the formation of a unified approach in US foreign trade policy towards partner countries within the framework of Free trade agreements, which lies in the mainstream of new protectionism and aimed at ensuring American geopolitical and economic interests.
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Sidorenko, T. V. "European Union — Mexico: The Conclusion of a “New Generation” Trade Agreement." World of new economy 13, no. 4 (December 4, 2019): 72–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.26794/2220-6469-2019-13-4-72-78.
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The article analyses the main innovations of the modernised free trade agreement between the European Union and Mexico, signed in April 2018. The author examined such aspects of the agreement as the liberalisation of trade in food, telecommunications, financial services, as well as e-commerce, providing access to the market of government procurement, protection of intellectual property rights, investment facilitation and other. Members of the EU emphasised that the conclusion of a “new generation” trade agreement with Mexico is in line with the updated foreign economic strategy of this integration association, aimed at promoting the commercial interests of the European business outside the EU. They also argue that Mexico is a desirable market for the European companies, given the size of its economy, its population, and its membership in NAFTA. Therefore, the entry into force of the modernised agreement will allow the intensification of the trade and investment relations between the partners. The latter should provide an additional incentive for their economic development, especially for Mexico.
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POTEMKIN, Leonid, and Antonina POTEMKINA. "ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THE MANAGERIAL PROCESS IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION." Ukrainian Journal of Applied Economics 4, no. 4 (October 30, 2019): 234–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.36887/2415-8453-2019-4-27.
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Introduction. The article discusses the most pressing scientific issues, basic economic laws and concepts that affect the process of management and motivation of hired personnel, based on the position of increasing the efficiency of agricultural enterprises functioning. Results. In modern conditions, interests between the actual owners of enterprises and operating personnel have sharpened. The first strive to maximize profits. To do this, they use official, and mainly shadow income. In the second category, they apply simple management methods (dismissal from work, violation of labor laws, payment of salaries in envelopes, etc.). In this situation, it is necessary to clearly monitor the actions of the owners. It is advisable to assign this function to the personnel of the enterprise and trade union bodies. Conclusions. The relationship process of the concepts of expanded market production, distribution by labor and the cost of agricultural products, as well as labor prices is considered. The article proves that the interconnection of the concepts of value and labor regulation is reduced to free pricing and acceleration of the cash flow rate. Effective organization of the personnel management process reduces the cost of production and products sales and, automatically, increases the income of the owner. Therefore, it becomes possible to form motivation funds and accrue dividends. In the article, the authors substantiate the opinion that the interaction level of the concept of distribution according to work and the law of value is due to their essence and manifestation form in specific economic reality. The distribution process can be based on a specific or abstract work, as well as their combination. There is no consensus among economists on this issue. Key words: economic laws, concepts, industrial enterprises, factors, interconnection, material motivation, employees, employees, management.
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Botvina, Natalia. "INTEGRATION OF DOMESTIC BANKS IN THE WORLD FINANCIAL SYSTEM." Economic Analysis, no. 30(3) (2020): 56–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/econa2020.03.056.
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The article reveals the integration of domestic banks into the global financial system. An urgent issue today is the integration of the activities of domestic commercial banks into the global financial system, which is characterized by globalization processes. Globalization is a process of global economic, political and cultural integration, the main characteristics of which are the world division of labor, global migration of monetary, human and productive resources, standardization of legislation, economic and technological processes, as well as the convergence of cultures of different countries. The economic aspects of globalization are characterized by free trade, free movement of capital, reduction of taxes on the profits of enterprises, ease of movement of industries between different states in order to reduce the costs of labor and natural resources.
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Davydchuk, Serhii. "History of creation of the free trade area between Ukraine and Israel." Socio-Economic Problems and the State 22, no. 1 (2020): 101–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.33108/sepd2020.01.101.
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An important aspect of Ukraine-Israel relations – the history of the creation of a free trade zone between the two states is revealed in the article. Based on materials from current archives and open source data, the dynamic work process of preparation for signing the corresponding interstate agreement, its ratification by the parliaments of the countries is shown. It was found that it is a voluminous and labor-intensive process that requires consideration of the interests of the national economies of the two states; the creation of a free trade area has been the subject of many bilateral negotiations. Even the ratification of the agreement by the parliaments of the states for some objective reasons did not become a quick process. The national interests of the parties are taken into account in the relevant interstate document. Economic connections have always been an important and promising component of Ukrainian-Israeli relations. However, the parties have repeatedly pointed to the unsatisfactory level of economic relations. The interstate agreement on the establishment of a free trade zone between Ukraine and the State of Israel has its pros and cons, but in general we can talk about a significant improvement in many indicators that it can potentially bring. Although the process of creating a free trade area is incomplete, its study all the same is important in view of the importance of creating such a zone for both foreign economic relations of Ukraine and Israel and for development of friendly bilateral relations between them in general. While the agreement is not implemented, we have to be satisfied with the positive dynamics of economic relations, which is reflected in statistical indicators. They testify that the State of Israel is a very important trade partner of Ukraine in the Middle East. The Free trade area should bring beneficial results to Ukraine and Israel.
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Kerner, Andrew, Jane Sumner, and Brian Richter. "Offshore production's effect on Americans’ attitudes toward trade." Business and Politics 22, no. 3 (March 3, 2020): 539–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/bap.2019.36.
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AbstractAmerican discontent with offshore production features heavily in trade policy debates. But Americans more typically encounter offshore production in apolitical contexts as consumers. We argue that these ostensibly apolitical encounters with offshore production are, in fact, freighted with political consequences. This paper asks: When and for whom does consumer-based exposure to offshore production reduce support for free trade? This is an important in its own right, but also sheds light on the contexts in which more overtly political references to offshore production are likely to find the most fertile ground. We answer these questions using a survey experiment that embeds an offshoring “prime” into an advertisement for pet furniture, varying the location of production across different treatment groups. We find that our experimental exposure to offshore production depressed enthusiasm for free trade, but only when production occurred in China, and mainly among white men living near trade-related job loss. That heterogeneity resonates with work on the economic and social aspects of the decline in American manufacturing employment.
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VON GRAEVENITZ, FRITZ GEORG. "Exogenous Transnationalism: Java and ‘Europe’ in an Organised World Sugar Market (1927–37)." Contemporary European History 20, no. 3 (July 8, 2011): 257–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0960777311000312.
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AbstractHistorians of the inter-war period usually view economic nationalism (in the form of protectionism) and internationalism (in the form of free trade policy) as conflicting concepts. This article argues that the transnational networks of sugar interest groups provided a new form of internationalism compatible with the policy of agricultural protectionism. By tracing the origins of the concept of international market intervention, the article also suggests a new perspective on the economic aspects of the League of Nations’ work and offers an insight into early attempts at agricultural Europeanisation.
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Yakovlev, P. "Russia and Spain in the midst of global trade wars." Cuadernos Iberoamericanos, no. 4 (December 28, 2019): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2019-4-58-66.
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In recent years, the world economy has become more unstable and relations between countries in different regions have deteriorated. As a result, we can talk about an international economic confrontation. The main reasons for this situation seem to be traceable: so-called trade wars, neo-protectionism, financial and other sanctions. Many countries around the world, including Russia and Spain, are victims of one or more aspects of the phenomenon. Trade wars are undoubtedly at the heart of economic battles. They have a long history, but the current wave of trade wars has been driven by President Donald Trump’s economic policies. In his opinion, the root of the U.S. economic problems lies in its trade deficit with China, the European Union, Mexico and some other countries of the world. With the idea that “trade wars are good and easy to win”, Washington unilaterally tore up the agreements reached: the Paris climate accord, the Trans-Pacific Partnership, the nuclear deal with Iran, the free trade agreement with Mexico and Canada. In addition, Trump has raised tariffs on hundreds of manufactured goods imported by the United States (steel, aluminum, washing machines, solar panels, etc.) and threatened the European Union with higher tariffs on cars. The trade wars unleashed by the White House will have long-term direct and indirect consequences for the state of the world economy. Russia and Spain are heavily dependent on international markets. That is why complications in world trade are contrary to the interests of both countries.
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Jain, P. K., and Manmohan Yadav. "Developing Economies in A Borderless World." Foreign Trade Review 35, no. 1 (April 2000): 47–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0015732515000104.
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The “Death of Distance” will be the single most important economic force shaping the society over the next half century with geography, borders and time zones becoming irrelevant with the new communication revolution. The world trade has increased manifolds since World War II and the merchandise exports have increased to about $6,000 billion today from just $50 billion in 1950 while the trade in services is increasing faster and stands at about $1,450 billion as the economies are opening up and integrating with the world economy. As evident from the experience of the countries that followed open-market and free trade policies, achieved higher growth rates in their GDP, per capita GDP, and the exports than the closed economies. As more and more countries are opening their economies and integrating with the world economy and the revolution in IT, we are heading towards a “borderless” world with free flow of trade and resources. The autarkic strategies for economic development followed by India since its independence inevitably cut the economy off from the technological advancements in rest of the world and as a result India still remains way behind the industrialised economies. Also, despite above average growth in India's GDP and exports since 1970s than the world average, India's per capita GDP is among the lowest at $370. Even the most populous country in the world, China has per capita GDP of $860. The balance-of-payments crisis in mid-1991 forced the Indian policymakers to make a paradigm shift, though under IMF-led bail out package and prescription for structural adjustments, in its economic, industrial, and trade policies more commonly known as the “economic reforms”- liberalisation and globalisation of Indian economy. While the reforms have helped overcome the liquidity crisis and the economy broadly got back to the growth charted in 1980s, yet the structural adjustments have propelled investment in non-traded goods and in buying out of well performing Indian companies and brands by the MNCs than actually increasing the gross fixed capital formation in the manufacturing sector with the modern technologies. It is under this background and the similarities in cultural, political, ethnic and alike factors among the South Asian countries, that the present paper aims at analysing and learning lessons from the progressive aspects as well as failures of India's economic reforms, while the South Asian countries emulated the same.
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Wandel, Jürgen. "Do free trade agreements promote sneaky protectionism? A classical liberal perspective." International Journal of Management and Economics 55, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 185–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ijme-2019-0017.
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Abstract A neglected aspect of regional trade agreements (RTAs) is their protectionist potential. In times of a stagnating World Trade Organization (WTO), growing economic nationalism and skepticism about the merits of free trade and trade agreements, the paper examines to what extent recently signed RTAs really promote genuine free trade or rather foster sneaky protectionism under the guise of free trade. For this, the paper proposes an ideal-type free trade agreement benchmark model based on a classical liberal perspective and applies it in a multiple case study approach to assess three cases of recently concluded mega-RTAs: the Comprehensive and Progressive Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP), the renegotiated North American trade agreement USCMA, and the Canada–European Union (EU) agreement CETA. The article shows that all of them are far from the classical liberal ideal of totally free trade and have a high content of back door protectionism suitable to raise trade barriers when politically opportune. In particular, the United States–Mexico–Canada Agreement (USMCA) includes many clear protectionist provisions that might even outweigh its liberalizing stipulations, whereas CPTPP and CETA can be deemed net liberalizing. It concludes that given political economy constraints, RTAs can nevertheless remain a second-best solution to the classical liberal ideals of completely unhampered trade and unilateral liberalization provided that they remove more impediments to free exchange than they cement or create.
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Srisangnam, Piti, Chayodom Sabhasri, Surat Horachaikul, Jirayudh Sinthuphan4and, and Jittichai Rudjanakanoknad. "Development of BIMSTEC Free Trade Area for Thailand in Indo-Pacific." Journal of Asian Economic Integration 2, no. 2 (August 18, 2020): 192–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2631684620945192.
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To develop a policy for creation of economic value and utilise the development of Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation (BIMSTEC) free trade area for Thailand, two research tools are adopted in this article. The first one is based on the Global Trade Analysis Project (GTAP) model, adopted as a tool to explore quantitative impacts from the implementation of free trade area. Due to the limitations of the model, however, we have adopted a complementing qualitative analytical framework to ensure that the research must be as comprehensive as possible in every aspect. The qualitative analytical framework chosen in this article is called PEST analysis. Having completed field research, in-depth interviews, focus group meetings and model studies, this article concludes that BIMSTEC is a large-scale market with high purchasing power and growth rate as well as a great source of vast natural and human resources. It is situated not far from Thailand, and at the same time, its social and cultural conditions are very close to those of Thailand’s. It concludes that a stronger BIMSTEC is an essential foundation of Indo-Pacific. JEL Codes: F13, F 15
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Solís, Mireya. "Japan's New Regionalism: The Politics of Free Trade Talks with Mexico." Journal of East Asian Studies 3, no. 3 (December 2003): 377–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1598240800001570.
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Since late 1998, Japan reversed its exclusive support for the multilateral trade regime and endorsed for the first time bilateral and preferential trade pacts, signing one with Singapore, negotiating another with Mexico, and announcing free trade talks with South Korea. The newfound Japanese interest in pursuing free trade agreements (FTAs) therefore represents one of the most significant departures in Japanese trade diplomacy of the past half-century. This article seeks to explain the birth of a preferential trading policy in a country that until recently had been a staunch multilateralist, and to analyze the reasons for the launch of FTA negotiations between Japan and Mexico. Indeed, one of the most remarkable aspects of Japan's new trade bilateralism is its cross-regional orientation, seeking preferential trade with a Latin American nation. Trade negotiations with Mexico are of great consequence to the development of Japan's FTA strategy for one more reason. Japan has embarked on this new regionalism to offset the negative effects of competing FTAs, but at the same time it has tried to minimize agricultural concessions to bilateral trade partners. Mexico is the first large agricultural exporter that Japan has approached for trade negotiations and is therefore an important test for the success of the Japanese FTA strategy.
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Shumsky, N. "The Common Free Market Zone of Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia and Ukraine: Problems and Prospects." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 8 (August 20, 2005): 114–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2005-8-114-123.
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The article describes the main aims, objectives, principles and tendencies of formation of the Common Free Market Zone of Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia and Ukraine. The detailed analysis of economic prerequisites of the said zone creation including the possibilities of the removal of existing barriers between states for the movement of goods and services that interfere with the creation of a viable free trade zone without any exemptions or restrictions is presented. The approaches of the states-participants to the coordination of their talks positions concerning the WTO accession are analyzed. The aspects of formation of the Common Free Market Zone taking into account geopolitical orientation and objectives of the states-participants are considered.
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Mazreku, Ibish, and Donjeta Morina. "TRADE ECONOMIC COOPERATION OF KOSOVO WITH THE WESTERN BALKAN COUNTRIES." Knowledge International Journal 26, no. 6 (March 18, 2019): 1611–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij26061611m.
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With the rapid development of manufacturing forces, national markets are becoming very small, while the need for economic cooperation between countries is becoming ever greater. Economic and trade cooperation between countries is the only way for small countries to benefit from large markets. Viewed from the aspect of transition countries, this collaboration offers domestic producers the opportunity to link to global chains. For a small and new country like Kosovo, good economic and trade relations with neighboring countries are of great importance. Free trade with the countries of the region is of the utmost importance for Kosovo because it not only allows the import of raw materials and products that are not produced domestically, but it also provides potential markets for its exports. However, we recognize the fact that in terms of carrying out trade activities in relation to other countries, Kosovo faces a continuing problem that is the trade balance deficit as a result of its dependence on imports and as a result of its, in development constraints of exports. Kosovo is the smallest country in the region due to its size, but also by its economic and trade impact in the region. It is characterized by a lack of domestic economic development, namely with lack of the manufacturing sector and industry, and as a result, it can not satisfy domestic demand, which the demand is then forced to cover mainly by imports, by thus affecting the growth of the trade balance deficit.The purpose of this paper is to analyze the trends in Kosovo's foreign trade through various data published by relevant institutions, in order to look at the directions and trends in the development of trade activities with other countries, mainly with the countries of the Western Balkans (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia) and to seen the importance of this economic and trade cooperation. Based on this database and the comparisons made over the years, conclusions are drawn regarding the current trade conditions between Kosovo and these countries, their economic relations within CEFTA and the EU and their long-term economic orientation. Given the unfavorable trade situation in the region, it is necessary for the Balkan countries to strengthen their friendly bridges and to increase economic cooperation with a view to the mutual development of trade. This will most certainly contribute to an accelerated economic development for these countries as well as to improving the relations of the countries of the region. Creating a good relationship between the countries of the region is also the main goal of CEFTA, which enables the creation of a free trade zone for the Western Balkan countries. The path to prosperity for the Western Balkans depends on the progress of regional and international economic integration by linking with global markets through trade, transport, and investment.
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IHNATENKO, Т., V. PARKHOMENKO, and А. TARASENKO. "Ukraine in the Contemporary Integration Processes: Preconditions and Problems." Scientific Bulletin of the National Academy of Statistics, Accounting and Audit, no. 4 (February 20, 2020): 83–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.31767/nasoa.4.2019.08.
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Given that the economic and social recovery of Ukraine is largerly conditional on its integration in the international economic system and effective involvement in the international division of labor, the article’s objective is to analyze preconditions and problems specific to the Ukraine’s integration in the global economic area. Intergration-specific aspects and problems in operation of the transport infrastructure and mining industry of Ukraine, strong and weak sides of Ukraine on the global energy market, the potentials of Ukraine in the agrarian sector are highlighted. It is emphasized that a priority mechanism for increasing the share of Ukraine’s trade on the European agrarian market is Free Trade Zone with EU, but a factor constraining growth in the agricultural exports of Ukraine to EU is failure of the most part of domestic producers to comply with technical, sanitary etc. terms for exporters to EU. The analysis covers statistical data on foreign trade of Ukraine in goods and services in 2016–2018, the commodity structure of Ukraine’s foreign trade in 2018, key indicators of the international trade of Ukraine in 2016–2018. It, above all, shows the negative balance of the Ukrainian foreign trade, which tendency is upward. The tradability index for the Ukrainian economy fell in this period from 81.0% до 79.9%, giving evidence of the decreasing participation of Ukraine in the international division of labor. The essential factors underlying the negative balance of foreign trade in goods are highlighted; measures to reduce the negative balance of foreign trade are proposed. The data showing the progress in Ukraine’s implementation of Association Agreement with EU are summed up. It is concluded that in spite of a series of steps towards the openness of Ukraine for the global market, the processes involved in the formation of the national foreign economic relations mechanism have been contradictory and ineffective. It calls for optimization of regulatory forms for foreign economic relations and implementation of a mechanism complying with the current terms of international economic relations.
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Yakutin, Yu. "Admiral Mordvinov: «Where the government itself distorts the good morals of the people, it cannot succeed in anything». Dissenting opinions." Management and Business Administration, no. 2 (July 5, 2021): 115–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.33983/2075-1826-2021-2-115-160.
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The article continues the series of publications devoted to the academicians-economists of the Russian Academy of Sciences, who actively worked with the Free Economic Society of Russia — the VEO of Russia. Telling about the life milestones and stages of state and public activity of a member of the Imperial Academy of Sciences, Admiral Nikolai Semyonovich Mordvinov, the article reveals the essence and meaning of the admiral's special opinions on key aspects of the socio-economic policy of the Russian Empire in the first half of the XIX century. N.S. Mordvinov's reflections on property, serfdom, industry, trade, and tariffs are summarized; about finance, banks, and insurance. The role of N.S. Mordvinov in the practical activities of the Imperial Free Economic Society of Russia is emphasized. N.S. Mordvinov's vision of the goals and objectives of the VEO as an important institution of Russian civil society is revealed.
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Wendler, Eugen. "Friedrich List (1789–1846) – Vordenker der Sozialen Marktwirtschaft!" Der Betriebswirt: Volume 61, Issue 1 61, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.3790/dbw.61.1.55.
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Abstract Friedrich List (1789–1846) is one of the three leading economists who founded their own economic system. In short: Adam Smith (1723–1790) is regarded as the father of free trade and economic liberalism, Karl Marx (1818–1883) the father of central administration economy and socialism, and in the middle Friedrich List, a pioneer of the social market economy and infant industry policy. This article focuses the difficulties of the definition of List’s maxim “From prosperity to liberty” as well as his social conscience and the characteristics of the social market economy in the context of List’s approach and with his aspects of the Magical Hexagon of the social market economy. His main work “The national system of political economy” of 1841, which has been translated into many languages, became the first German classic in the field of economics in the first half of the 19th century.
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Barrows, Samuel D. "NAFTA Country Impacts: 25 Years After Implementation." Asian Social Science 15, no. 6 (May 31, 2019): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v15n6p7.
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This study reviews research on various aspects of trade, free trade agreements, and NAFTA specifically. With the twenty-fifth anniversary of the NAFTA enactment in January of 2019 between Canada, Mexico and the U.S., it is an opportune time to review some of the history and expectations leading up to the agreement. The economic performances of the three countries are also evaluated over the twenty-five year study time frame. Eleven metrics are used to make a general assessment as to whether the actual country performances matched the expectations. Based on the data, NAFTA was a positive influence on the three countries. Tariffs were reduced; FDI was increased; trade grew between the three countries especially intermediate trade related to supply chains; savings rates increased; inflation was reduced; unemployment also fell for two of the three countries while GDP per person soared for those same two countries. In summary, NAFTA was a success.
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Lositska, Tetyana. "Methodical aspects of determining the efficiency of grain production in modern conditions." Economics ecology socium 3, no. 3 (September 30, 2019): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31520/2616-7107/2019.3.3-6.
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Introduction. The pace of development of the agro-food market of Ukraine is extremely volatile, due to the determinants of the external environment and internal factors. In the context of accelerated integration processes, the potential of free trade areas and regional trade associations have an impact on the structure of the internal market as a whole and the agro-food market in particular. Given the leading position of the agro-food sector in the national economy and the significant share of grain exports in total exports of Ukraine, the problem of ensuring the efficiency of grain production is of particular relevance for the domestic economy.
Aim and tasks. The purpose of this paper is is to systematize the methodological bases for determining the efficiency of grain production in modern conditions. According to the stated purpose, the main objectives of the study are: to generalize the instrument of production efficiency estimation in the market of agro-food products and to identificate the determinants of influence on efficiency of grain production in the conditions of increasing openness of national economies.
Results. The results of the study of theoretical foundations of problems of ensuring the efficiency of agricultural production from the standpoint of economic and socio-economic approach made it possible to identify the determinants of increasing the efficiency of grain farming in the context of natural and climatic conditions, biological and organizational and technological features of its production. Based on the generalization of indicators of economic efficiency of placement and specialization of grain production, it is determined that the efficiency of grain production can be calculated on the basis of indicators in the context of quantitative and qualitative indicators.
Conclusions. Given the prospect of maintaining its strategic importance not only in agriculture, but in the Ukrainian economy as a whole, grain will continue to remain dominant in the development of the agro-industrial complex, both in terms of the need to provide food security and in view of the potential for increasing export potential in Ukraine in this area. Forecasts of future world trade trends by major agricultural commodities are favorable for Ukraine in the medium term, given the potential of domestic grain exports. Prospects for further study of this issue are to identify the ways of strengthening the export orientation of Ukrainian enterprises in the grain market.
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Buono, R. A. Dello. "The Crisis of US Hegemony in the Era of Obama: Four Views from Latin America." Critical Sociology 38, no. 2 (September 9, 2011): 153–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0896920511419902.
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The unraveling of the Washington Consensus in Latin America is part of a broader decline of US hegemony in the region and beyond. Four distinct approaches by Latin American analysts from Argentina, Chile, Mexico, and Cuba are introduced that examine different aspects of this decline. It is argued that any serious analysis of regional hegemony must include consideration of the interrelationship between economic and military factors; the emergent modalities of exercising hegemony such as free trade agreements; the power structure of the hegemonic state; and the broader context of the global political economy.
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Vorona, Anastasiуa, Lyudmila Kopteva, and Anna Trushevskaya. "The Eurasian economic union: trends and prospects for development in digital economy." E3S Web of Conferences 210 (2020): 13025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021013025.
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Currently the Eurasian Economic Union defines its main tasks as the creation of an image of the significant center for the development of international trade, enhancement of mutually beneficial partnership with member states and other countries, the creation of new formats for international cooperation. At the present days the Eurasian Economic Union is filled with real economic content. Multilateral projects are being implemented, primarily in key sectors of the economy, that are energy and transport. In the long run, the formation of a monetary union is possible. Development of currency integration, as a component of economic unity, presupposes the process of implementing a coordinated policy of the EAEU countries, as well as the creation and functioning of the organizations performing interstate currency regulation. In the article the dynamics of the main economic indicators of the Eurasian Economic Union functioning is considered. The data on the trade turnover of the EAEU member countries for 2019 is provided. The main directions of EAEU cooperation with third countries and integration associations are revealed, with particular attention being paid to the creation of free trade zones with Vietnam and Singapore. In the context of the organization and functioning of interstate unions, each of the member states of such unions, while ensuring their own security, also needs to manage both the threats to the security of other partners that have an indirect adverse effect and the threats that directly impact the whole union. The directions of digital transformation of the economies of the Eurasian Economic Union member states are considered. The problematic aspects of its functioning are highlighted.
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Borisova, Yu М. "Future common power market in the EEU countries: problems and prospects." Post-Soviet Issues 6, no. 1 (April 11, 2019): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.24975/2313-8920-2019-6-1-43-52.
Full textAbstract:
Regional and sub regional markets development is one of the main aspects of integration, which is common in modern world. Integration process affects greatly global economic, trade, infrastructure and energy cooperation between the states.Energy markets become less manageable, energy security global structure is also changing. EEU is a part of this trend, country-members of which is one of the world’s biggest energy regions. Union countries has already formed common customs territory, which allows to provide free finance flow and people’s movement. Mutual trade in 2017 increased by 19% compared to 2015 year. But there are few problems, which slow down integrational process. All country’s equal rights to affect decision — making on the one hand provide to smaller countries an ability to protect their interests, on the other — delay common decision making.Common power market is important step forward to complex integration, which anticipated EEU common gas and oil markets. EEU energy sector operates common soviet-period infrastructure using unified standards. Creation of common power market will boost trade and economic cooperation between the EEU members. However, different energy potential, level of industry development, different schemes of EEU energy market operations complicate the whole EEU integration process.
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WILSON, GAIL. "Globalisation and older people: effects of markets and migration." Ageing and Society 22, no. 5 (September 2002): 647–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x02008747.
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This paper discusses the material aspects of globalisation and the effects of the movements of trade, capital and people around the world on older men and women. While some older people have benefited, most notably where pensions and health care are well developed, the majority of older men and women are among the poor who have not. Free trade, economic restructuring, the globalisation of finance, and the surge in migration, have in most parts of the world tended to produce harmful consequences for older people. These developments have been overseen, and sometimes dictated, by inter-governmental organisations (IGOs) such as the International Monetary Foundation (IMF), the World Bank and the World Trade Organisation (WTO), while other IGOs with less power have been limited to anti-ageist exhortation. Globalisation transfers resources from the poor to the rich within and between countries. It therefore increases social problems while simultaneously diminishing the freedom and capacity of countries to make social policy. Nonetheless, the effects of globalisation, and particularly its financial dimensions, on a nation's capacity for making social policy can be exaggerated. Political will can combat international economic orthodoxy, but the evident cases are the exception rather than the rule.
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Hankla, Charles R. "Party Strength and International Trade." Comparative Political Studies 39, no. 9 (November 2006): 1133–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0010414005281936.
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What explains the variation of trade protection across countries and years? The author argues that other things equal, democracies with strong parties will choose freer trade policies. He focuses on two aspects of party strength—organizational centralization and stable party linkages to large groups of the electorate. He contends that legislative logrolls leading to high protection are significantly less likely when parties are centralized. Furthermore, because parties with stable connections to the electorate have longer time horizons, the author argues that they will generally support more open trade policies that provide long-run economic benefits. Finally, he contends that parties linked to large electoral groups—as measured by district size—will prefer public goods such as freer trade over trade patronage. After coding a measure of party centralization developed by Cary and Shugart (1995), the author conducts a quantitative analysis of democracies from 1975-2000. His results support the theory and highlight an understudied institution in trade policy.
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Ramescu, Doriana Andreea, and Nicoleta Sirghi. "THE PRICE EVOLUTION IN THE CONTEXT OF ECONOMIC CRISIS." Oradea Journal of Business and Economics 2, no. 1 (March 2017): 72–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.47535/1991ojbe019.
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The economic crisis is a negative macroeconomic phenomenon with consequences both at European Union level and worldwide. The main objective of this paper is to analyse the variation of price levels in Romania, during the economic crisis until the end of 2015, compared with the Member States of the European Union and the countries of the European Free Trade Association. For this research, information provided by EUROSTAT was used, such as price level indices for actual individual consumption per capita, and for different goods and services, calculated based on purchasing power parity. The aim is to identify solutions to rising living standards, compared with more developed countries of the European Union. This paper presents possible solutions for avoiding a future economic crisis, caused by overconsumption. The paper is divided into four sections: introduction, part two which presents aspects of the economic crisis in Romania and in the European Union, the third part presents price level indices for different products and services in 2015, and the last part, the conclusions of the research.
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Sterling, Dahlia Patricia, and Ma Yingxin. "Theoretical Understanding of the Specifics and Relevance of the RCEP Trade Agreement and Forging a New Path Based on the Digitalization of Trade and Investment in This Era. Will RCEP be the Road Map for the Future of World Trade?" Studies in Social Science Research 2, no. 2 (April 23, 2021): p21. http://dx.doi.org/10.22158/sssr.v2n2p21.
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The recently signed Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP), considered of great significance, is not the first trade agreement signed by ASEAN member countries, or either any of their five (5) Free Trade Agreement (FTA) partners, China, Japan, New Zealand, Australia, and South Korea. But what makes this newly signed trade agreement between its participating countries unique and different from all other trade agreements signed in the past? Of interest, RCEP is currently the second major trade agreement with pronounced emphasis on Asia. Respectively, RCEP is now perceived as the world’s largest trade alliance, and is envisioned to facilitate economic trade integration in the Asian region. Correspondingly, the participating member countries have all agreed to reduce or completely eliminate tariff and non-tariff barriers on imports and exports within the free trade zone. Deciphered to be a milestone, RCEP is intended to link about thirty (30%) percent of the world’s population and output, which is expected will generate meaningful benefits. Given the continued rapid development of digital technologies in this era, it is certainly unavoidable if companies want to move forward in the future. This, most likely is one reason, why RCEP members included a chapter in the trade agreement relating to e-commerce and trade. Without a doubt, the tremendous impact of technology on the way economic activities are conducted worldwide has been a catalyst, forcing companies to redirect their businesses, to lean more towards the inclusion of technology in every aspects of their daily operation.Thus, as part of the continued development of digital technologies, it means the fifteen (15) Asia-Pacific members of RCEP has the added responsibility to play a vital role in facilitating the smooth integration of digital technology in this trade agreement, which clearly will be beneficial for all. Therefore, on what basis can this be made possible? On a whole, it is anticipated that the prospect of trade digitalization will reduce the cost of engaging in international trade and create opportunities for businesses and consumers regionally and globally. Today, many activities are increasingly conducted by way of digital technology. For example: Nowadays, people rely greatly on computers and mobile phones with internet to conduct research and purchase goods and services, in effect transforming the way we acquire and spread information, communicate, and conduct business in this twenty first (21st) century. Nonetheless, in what way and how can RCEP facilitate the digitalization of trade and investment in goods and services to make it advantageous to the region? Accordingly, within this context, this paper intends to explore the specifics and relevance of RCEP, and whether it is destined to be the roadmap for the future of reshaping world trade. Equally, how can trade digitalization facilitate the expansion of trade and investment in the Asia-Pacific region in this digital era?