Relevant bibliographies by topics / Economic aspects of Human fertility

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Academic literature on the topic 'Economic aspects of Human fertility'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 12 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Economic aspects of Human fertility"

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McAllister, Lisa S., Gillian V. Pepper, Sandra Virgo, and David A. Coall. "The evolved psychological mechanisms of fertility motivation: hunting for causation in a sea of correlation." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 371, no. 1692 (April 19, 2016): 20150151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2015.0151.

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Cultural, ecological, familial and physiological factors consistently influence fertility behaviours, however, the proximate psychological mechanisms underlying fertility decisions in humans are poorly understood. Understanding the psychological mechanisms underlying human fertility may illuminate the final processes by which some of these known predictors have their influence. To date, research into the psychological mechanisms underlying fertility has been fragmented. Aspects of reproductive psychology have been examined by researchers in a range of fields, but the findings have not been systematically integrated in one review. We provide such a review, examining current theories and research on psychological mechanisms of fertility. We examine the methods and populations used in the research, as well as the disciplines and theoretical perspectives from which the work has come. Much of the work that has been done to date is methodologically limited to examining correlations between ecological, social and economic factors and fertility. We propose, and support with examples, the use of experimental methods to differentiate causal factors from correlates. We also discuss weaknesses in the experimental research, including limited work with non-WEIRD (western, educated, industrialized, rich and democratic) populations.
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Gudmanian, Artur, Sergiy Yahodzinskyi, Uliana Koshetar, and Liudmyla Orochovska. "Social and economic aspects of environmental problems in the globalized world." E3S Web of Conferences 164 (2020): 11019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016411019.

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Globalization is the phenomenon that has made quite a loud statement about itself during the last decades of the 20th century and found its representation in the formation of global economic, financial, cultural, legal, and political areas. Having been the conglomerate of various national states for thousands of years, the world’s social, economic, ecological, cultural space is now transforming into space without borders. The formation of global economic relations, ecological, demographic challenges can’t be solved individually, with local measures and means. In the second half of the 20th century, the world faced global problems and crises (ecological, demographic, reorganization of the economic and political world order), which have become the challenges that can’t be solved with the help of local actions. The global community is forced to raise issues about the ecologization of the entire industrial activity taking into account its consequences at all levels: local, national, and international. That’s what common threats and problems require. The sustainable development paradigm requires both reviewing and changing the “human-nature” system and realizing the necessity of preserving nature for ensuring the existence of the next generations. Sustainable development is to provide the transfer to a new economic type – the green economy, which requires significant investments, particularly in the renewable-energy industry, industrial waste treatment, restoration of soil fertility, preservation of forests.
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Lieming, Fang. "Will China’s “Two-child in One Family” Policy to Spur Population Growth Work?" Population and Economics 3, no. 2 (June 30, 2019): 36–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/popecon.3.e37962.

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The population problem has always been a fundamental, overall and strategic issue faced by the human society. While China’s family planning policy has promoted China’s economic development and social progress, the “two-child” policy failed to receive satisfactory result. Confronted by China’s low fertility rate, efforts must be done from many aspects to spur population growth: establish the National Population Security Council, strengthen the selection and appointment of population policy makers, strengthen the family values, adopt incentive measures to increase fertility, and so on. The “two-child” policy has been carried out for more than three years, and the policy is still facing the test of time. China’s “two-child” policy is still a transitional policy, and the final solution will be to abandon birth control.
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Oksana Zakharova. "TRENDS OF HUMAN CAPITAL ACCUMULATION IN UKRAINE DURING THE PERIOD OF INDEPENDENCE." Proceedings of Scientific Works of Cherkasy State Technological University Series Economic Sciences, no. 59 (December 30, 2020): 85–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.24025/2306-4420.1.59.2020.222098.

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The article is devoted to the characteristics of trends in the accumulation of human capital in Ukraine over the period of independence. The purpose of the article is to study the key factors that caused the existing trends in the accumulation of human capital during the period of independence of Ukraine. The novelty of the study lies in the application of a systematic approach to establishing the influence of the main factors on the accumulation of human capital in the country over the past twenty years.The expediency of the study of factors that directly affect the course of the processes of accumulating human capital at regional and national levels has been substantiated. The relationship between the quality of life of the population, the socio-economic development of the country and the volume of human capital has been established.The conditions (the number and structure of the current population; the number of live births and deaths per year and per 1000 people of the population; natural population decline, the number of marriages registered per year; total annual fertility rate, average life expectancy at birth), typical for Ukraine at the time of its independence in 1991, in the dynamics of demographic and socio-economic processes in Ukraine during the period of its independence have been analyzed.The tendencies that have been achieved by Ukraine in the nineteen years of independence in the field of socio-economic development, such as: the annual decline in the population and the total fertility rate; an increase in the mortality rate of the population; drop in GDP per capita and human development index are established. The key aspects of stabilizing the situation in the field of human capital accumulation in Ukraine, which should be based on the intensive development of the business environment, improving the quality of education, and comprehensive social protection of the population, have been substantiated.
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Меркулов and Pavel Merkulov. "DEMOGRAPHIC FACTOR OF MODERNIZATION OF MODERN RUSSIA." Journal of Public and Municipal Administration 4, no. 4 (December 28, 2015): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/17937.

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The author reveals the problem of interdependence of demographic dynamics of social and economic development of the country. The features of demographic modernization of modern Russian society are shown. The demographic factor of modernization, considered both as quantitative and qualitative aspects, is the basis of innovative growth in Russia. In the first decade of the XXI century there were positive developments in the main indicators of the natural reproduction of population fertility and mortality. The author substantiated the tasks that would improve the human potential of the Russians, and linked them to the urgent need to change the paradigm of social policy.
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Haaland, Randi. "Say it in Iron. Symbols of Transformation and Reproduction in the European Iron Age." Current Swedish Archaeology 16, no. 1 (June 10, 2021): 91–110. http://dx.doi.org/10.37718/csa.2008.06.

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The European research on iron has traditionally focused on the technical and economic aspects of iron production, However, a view of metal working in a wider regional context shows that it is generally entrenched in symbolic meaning and ritual activity. In this paper, the author employs four ethnographic case studies to show the importance of symbolic and ritual aspects of iron working and how these are intertwined with technological factors. What comes across are also the metaphorical links between pottery vessels, food, and furnaces used to produce iron. When looking at the European material, one can discern the same associations in the ftnds of cauldrons used for offerings of food as in the finds of cauldrons used for offerings of iron, such as iron weapons. The former are placed in a context ofnurturing and human reproduction, while the latter are placed in a context of destruction. This indicates the ambiguity of iron as associated with nourishment-fertility and with destruction and death
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Robertson, Alexander F. "Regeneration in Rural Catalonia." European Journal of Sociology 49, no. 2 (August 2008): 147–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0003975608000064.

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AbstractThe efforts of rural communities around the world to survive in the face of economic and demographic decline dramatise the bio-cultural processes on which human regeneration routinely depends. This paper explores the very conspicuous symbolic aspects of regeneration in a village in Catalonia, Spain, and traces the long term physical and material processes that underlie them. Scrutiny of two different festivals reveals a passionate concern to renegotiate deeply fractured generational relationships. Having exported its fertility to the towns and cities, the community is now working to incorporate newcomers and devise new livelihoods. Public rituals have done much to sustain these efforts at regeneration, but how they may resist the “sterile growth” of Mieres as a village of mostly empty second homes is a provocative new issue.
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Goklany, Indur M. "Evidence to the House of Lords Select Committee on Economic Affairs on Aspects of the Economics of Climate Change." Energy & Environment 16, no. 3-4 (July 2005): 607–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1260/0958305054672312.

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Dependence of damage estimates upon assumptions of economic growth and technological development Greater economic growth could, by increasing emissions, lead to greater damages from climate change. On the other hand, by increasing wealth and advancing technological development and human capital, economic growth would also increase a society's adaptive capacity and reduce those damages. Although analyses of the impacts (or damages) of climate change generally incorporate economic growth into the emissions and climate change scenarios that they use as inputs, these analyses do not adequately account for the increase in adaptive capacity resulting from that very growth. Because of this inconsistency, these analyses generally tend to overstate impacts. For instance, the average GDP per capita for developing countries in 2100 is projected to be $11,000 (in 1990 US$, at market exchange rates) under A2, the slowest economic growth scenario, and $66,500 under A1, the scenario with both the greatest economic growth and largest climate change. By comparison, in 1990 the GDP per capita for Greece, for example, was $8,300 while Switzerland, the country with the highest income level at that time, had a GDP per capita of $34,000. Based on historical experience, one should expect that at the high levels of GDP per capita projected by the IPCC scenarios in 2100, wealth-driven increases in adaptive capacity alone should virtually eliminate damages from many climate-sensitive hazards, e.g., malaria and hunger, whether or not these damages are caused by climate change. Current damage estimates are inflated further because they usually do not adequately account for secular (time-dependent) improvements in technology that, if history is any guide, ought to occur in the future unrelated to economic development. A compelling argument for reducing greenhouse gases is that it would help developing countries cope with climate change. It is asserted that they need this help because their adaptive capacity is weak. Although often true today, this assertion becomes increasingly invalid in the future if developing countries become wealthier and more technologically advanced, per the IPCC's scenarios. Damage assessments frequently overlook this. Are scenario storylines internally consistent in light of historical experience? Regardless of whether the economic growth assumptions used in the IPCC scenarios are justified, their specifications regarding the relationship between wealth and technological ability are, in general, inconsistent with the lessons of economic history. They assume that the less wealthy societies depicted by the B1 and B2 scenarios would have greater environmental protection and employ cleaner and more efficient technologies than the wealthier society characterized by the A1F1 scenario. This contradicts general experience in the real world, where richer countries usually have cleaner technologies. Under the IPCC scenarios, the richer A1 world has the same population as the poorer B1 world, but in fact total fertility rates — a key determinant of population growth rates — are, by and large, lower for richer nations and, over time, have dropped for any given level of GDP per capita (Goklany 2001a). Merits of reallocating expenditures from mitigation to international development Halting climate change at its 1990 level would annually cost substantially more than the $165 billion estimated for the minimally-effective Kyoto Protocol. According to DEFRA-sponsored studies, in 2085, which is at the limit of the foreseeable future, such a halt would reduce the total global population at risk (PAR) due to both climate change and non-climate-change-related causes by 3 percent for malaria, 21 percent for hunger, and 86 percent for coastal flooding, although the total PAR for water shortage might well increase. The benefits associated with halting climate change — and more — can be obtained more economically through “focused adaptation”, i.e., activities focused on reducing vulnerabilities to the above noted climate-sensitive hazards, or through broadly advancing sustainable development in developing countries by meeting the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) by 2015. In fact, such efforts, which together could annually cost donor countries $150 billion according to UN Millennium Project and World Health Organization studies, should reduce global malaria, hunger, poverty, and lack of access to safe water and sanitation by 50 percent (each); reduce child and maternal mortality by at least 66 percent; provide universal primary education; and reverse growth in AIDS/HIV, and other major diseases. These numbers also indicate that no matter how important climate change might be in this century, for the next several decades it would be far more beneficial for human well-being, especially in developing countries, to deal with non-climate change related factors. Not only would either focused adaptation or adherence to the MDGs provide greater benefits at lesser costs through the foreseeable future than would any emission reduction scheme, they would help solve today's urgent problems sooner and more certainly. Equally important, they would also increase the ability to deal with tomorrow's problems, whether they are caused by climate change or other factors. None of these claims can be reasonably made on behalf of any mitigation scheme today. Accordingly, over the next few decades the focus of climate policy should be to: (a) broadly advance sustainable development, particularly in developing countries since that would generally enhance their adaptive capacity to cope with the many urgent problems they currently face, including many that are climate-sensitive, (b) specifically reduce vulnerabilities to climate-sensitive problems that are urgent today and might be exacerbated by future climate change, and (c) implement “no-regret” emission reduction measures, while (d) concurrently striving to expand the universe of no-regret options through research and development to increase the variety and cost-effectiveness of available mitigation options. Ancillary benefits associated with greenhouse gas (GHG) reductions Some GHG emission control options might provide substantial co-benefits by concurrently reducing problems not directly caused by climate change (e.g., air pollution or lack of sustained economic growth, especially in developing countries). However, in both these instances, the same, or greater, level of co-benefits can be obtained more economically by directly attacking the specific (non-climate change related) problems rather than indirectly through greenhouse gas control. On the other hand, a direct assault on the numerous climate-sensitive hurdles to sustainable development (e.g., hunger, malaria, and many natural disasters) would, as indicated, provide greater benefits more cost-effectively than would efforts to mitigate climate change.
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Ivanyshyn, Volodymyr, and Oksana Bialkovska. "Problems and prospects of human potential development in rural areas of Ukraine." University Economic Bulletin, no. 46 (September 1, 2020): 76–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.31470/2306-546x-2020-46-76-82.

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The subject of the research is theoretical and practical aspects of the formation, development and growth of human potential in rural areas of Ukraine. The purpose of the work is to identify the problems of forming the human potential of rural areas of the country and substantiate strategic guidelines and promising areas and means of solving them to ensure its growth and sustainable development. Methodological basis of the article is the use of modern theoretical provisions of the economy of the national economy, rural territories, the reproduction of human potential; General scientific and special methods of knowledge: demographic, statistical-economic, economic-mathematical, graphic. Results of work. It is determined that the human potential of rural areas of Ukraine is formed by demographic factors, employment and employment, income level, quality and social and environmental conditions of life. However, it is the narrowed natural reproduction, high unemployment and low incomes of rural residents that cause its deterioration and degradation. It is found that these and other problems should be solved by implementing state programs to support rural fertility, developing alternative activities and increasing employment, social and environmental development of rural areas. The field of application of results. The conclusions and suggestions of the article can be used by local governments, rural communities, public organizations, charitable foundations in solving problems of human development in rural areas, educational and scientific institutions in educational and scientific activities. Conclusions. Financial sources for the implementation of proposals can be monetary and other resources of agricultural enterprises, rural residents, rural communities, targeted state programs, public organizations and charitable foundations. Public-private partnership, social responsibility, social innovation, information and digital technologies should be used as tools for achieving these goals. When determining priorities for implementing these measures in practice, it is necessary to take into account the specifics of each locality, the region where they are located, as well as the decisions of rural communities. This will contribute to the revival of rural areas, increase the prestige of rural life, preserve the rural way of life, expand the reproduction of human capital and personal growth of human potential.
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Mahmood, Naushin, and Syed Mubashir Ali. "The Disease Pattern and Utilisation of Health Care Services in Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 41, no. 4II (December 1, 2002): 745–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v41i4iipp.745-757.

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Health is an important aspect of human life. In general terms, better health status of individuals reflects reduced illnesses, low level of morbidity, and less burden of disease in a given population. It is widely recognised that improved health not only lowers mortality, morbidity and level of fertility, but also contributes to increased productivity and regular school attendance of children as a result of fewer work days lost due to illness, which in turn have implications for economic and social well-being of the population at large. Hence investing in health is vital for promoting human resource development and economic growth in a country [World Bank (1993)]. A view of Pakistan’s health profile indicates that the sector has expanded considerably in terms of physical infrastructure and its manpower in both the public and private sector. This has contributed to some improvement in selected health status indicators over the years. However, the public health care delivery system has been inadequate in meeting the needs of the fast growing population and in filtering down its benefits to the gross-root level. As such, Pakistan still has one of the highest rates of infant and child mortality, total fertility and maternal mortality when compared with many other countries in the Asian region [UNDP (2000)]. Due to low priority given to social sector development in the past and low budgetary allocations made to the health sector, the evidence shows that mortality and morbidity indices have not reduced to the desired level and large gaps remain in the quality of care indicators, especially in rural areas [Federal Bureau of Statistics (2000)].
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Economic aspects of Human fertility"

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Clarke, Damian. "Essays on fertility and family size." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:94016283-a3dd-4b6a-8427-373b49a491be.

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In these papers I discuss the causal estimation of the effects of fertility and fertility planning developments on mother and child outcomes. A number of concerns are raised with existing identification techniques, and alternative methodologies to consistently estimate the effect of interest are proposed. These concerns and new techniques are illustrated using microdata on slightly more than 43,000,000 births ocurring between 1972 and 2013. In the first substantive chapter (written with Sonia Bhalotra), we discuss the validity of the use of twin births in fertility research. We demonstrate that twin births are not random. Successfully taking twins to term depends upon positive maternal health behaviours and investments in the periods preceding birth. We show that this is of considerable concern for estimation techniques which rely on twin births being (conditionally) randomly assigned to identify causal effects. To illustrate, we consider the estimation of the child quantity-quality (QQ) trade-off, and show that existing instrumental variable estimates are inconsistent in the contexts examined. Upon partially correcting for the fact that twin births are not random, a statistically significant QQ trade-off begins to emerge. We close by examining a number of partial identification techniques to bound the true effect of fertility on child outcomes. In the second substantive chapter, I examine the effect of fertility control policies on the fertility decisions and outcomes of women. I consider the case of the emergency contraceptive pill in Chile. The staggered arrival of this technology to Chile over the last decade has resulted in the availability of the first safe and legal post-coital birth control policies. In a context of high teenage pregnancy rates, difference-in-difference (DD) style estimates suggest that this policy has accounted for reductions in short-term teen childbearing by as much as 7%, an effect similar to the arrival of abortion in the USA. This policy is also shown to reduce fetal deaths reported in early gestation with no similar reduction in late gestation: suggestive evidence that an alternative fertility control policy may reduce costly and dangerous illegal abortions. Finally, I turn to the use of DD estimators as a policy-analysis tool. I discuss how such estimators perform in the case of reforms which may not be sharply demarcated to treatment and control clusters, but rather subject to local spillovers or externalities. I propose an extension of the typical DD estimator: a spillover-robust DD estimator. This methodology is applied to estimate the effect of two localised fertility control reforms in Mexico and Chile, where women close to treatment clusters who were not themselves subject to the reform may nonetheless travel to access treatment.
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SORENSON, ANN MARIE. "ETHNICITY AND FERTILITY: THE FERTILITY EXPECTATIONS AND FAMILY SIZE OF MEXICAN-AMERICAN AND ANGLO ADOLESCENTS AND ADULTS, HUSBANDS AND WIVES (BIRTHS, HISPANIC)." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/188137.

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Because pronatalist sentiments may be an important aspect of Mexican-American ethnic heritage, this research focuses on cultural as well as socioeconomic factors which may contribute to higher Mexican-American fertility. Language use and nativity are used as indirect indicators of identification with an ethnic culture. Wives' characteristics are generally considered adequate to the study of couples' fertility, but in light of earlier research by the author indicating the importance of cultural factors to the fertility expectations of Mexican-American adolescent males, characteristics of husbands as well as wives are included in this analysis. For this reason, the sample, which is drawn from the 1980 Census data for Arizona, Texas, and New Mexico, is limited to Mexican-American and Anglo women who have been married only once and live with their husbands. Two complementary methods of analysis are used. Linear regression describes the significance of husband's and wife's language use, nativity, and socioeconomic characteristics to mean family size. Parity progression ratios are used to study the contribution of these variables to the likelihood of the addition of one more child at each stage of the family building process. While wife's characteristics are sufficient to account for most of the variation observed in Anglo fertility, husband's socioeconomic characteristics significantly contribute to variation observed in the fertility of Mexican-American couples. Husbands' identification with Mexican-American culture may be somewhat more important to couples' fertility than that of their wives. This is consistent with research which suggests that children are more central to male sex role expectations as they are expressed in the context of Mexican-American culture than in that of Anglos. The measures of ethnic identity used in this study are clearly associated with socioeconomic status. The differential fertility of Anglos and Mexican Americans could be attributed to these differences. The association of Spanish language use and fertility has been linked to the lower opportunity costs represented by additional children to women who do not speak English proficiently. However, the analysis of these data, which compares structural and cultural explanations of fertility differentials, provides evidence of cultural effects as well as the effects of socioeconomic status on fertility.
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Appleton, Simon. "Socio-economic determinants of education, health and fertility in Africa." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.385346.

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McKenna, Kenneth A. (Kenneth Allen). "Assessing the Psychological Impact of Fertility Treatment." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1997. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc277704/.

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This controlled descriptive study was designed to investigate the psychological status of couples who are engaged in advanced fertility treatments. A battery of psychological test instruments, including the Millon Behavioral Health Inventory (MBHI), the Health Attribution Test (HAT), the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), and the Marlowe-Crowne Social Desirability Scale (MCSDS), was used to measure psychological variables that have been shown in the infertility research literature to be associated with the psychological experiences of infertility patients. The scores from the four assessment instruments were compared with those of pregnant couples in childbirth education classes to differentiate the impact of stress associated with fertility treatment from the stress experienced by third trimester pregnant couples. Eighty-five subjects (42 male and 43 female) volunteered for the study and completed packets of questionnaires. The groups were designated Treatment (infertile couples) and Control (pregnant couples). The resulting data were collected and analyzed on the basis of group mean scores on the test instruments.
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Childers, Ben D. "Explorations into England's economic-demographic history /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 1996. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9737897.

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Apostolova-Mihaylova, Maria R. "MACROECONOMIC EFFECTS AND MICROECONOMIC DETERMINANTS OF FERTILITY." UKnowledge, 2014. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/economics_etds/16.

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This dissertation focuses on the relationship between the education-based fertility gap and economic growth and on policy as a determinant of fertility. In the first essay I evaluate the impact of differential fertility (the difference between fertility rates of women with high educational attainment and women with low educational attainment) on economic growth by accounting for critical marginal effects and the general level of educational attainment in a given country. I also examine the possibility that this effect varies based on level of inequality and income levels. I find that for a less developed country with high income inequality, higher fertility rates of women with lower education has a favorable impact on economic development. In the second essay I examine the transmission and magnitude of the effect of differential fertility on economic growth at the subnational level. I explore the relationship between differential fertility and economic growth in a cross-U.S. state context. I find that a larger gap in fertility rates between highly-educated and less-educated women is strongly associated with a decrease in the rate of long-run economic growth across U.S. states, even after accounting for the levels of inequality and overall fertility. In the third essay I explore policy as a determinant of the education-based fertility gap. I use the 2007 Massachusetts healthcare reform which provides a good setting for evaluating the effect of an exogenous policy on the fertility. I find that fertility increases among young married women and decreases among young unmarried women but that there is no asymmetrical fertility response based on the education level of the mother.
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Rahim, Abdur. "Effects of women's education on fertility in rural Bangladesh : an empirical test of a causal model." Thesis, McGill University, 1988. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=61713.

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Neri, Frank. "Schooling quality and economic growth." Title page, contents and abstract only, 2001. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phn445.pdf.

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Bibliography: leaves 148-155. This thesis investigates whether cross-country variations in schooling quality (the productivity of the time spent studying) affect the empirical results in studies of economic growth based on an augmented method of Solow. It was found that schooling quality is positively and statistically significantly associated with mean economic growth rates in regressions which control for physical capital investment rates, population growth rates and secondary school enrolment rates. Education levels of parents, hours of homework and the non-teaching duties of teachers were also significant determinants.
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Aksan, Anna-Maria 1982. "Three Essays on Disease and Economic Development." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/10865.

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ix, 88 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.
This dissertation addresses the high disease burden in developing countries today by examining the role of disease in economic development through its impact on productivity, fertility and human capital investment. In the second chapter of this dissertation, I model the impact on labor productivity of a change in disease susceptibility that results from intellectual property rights (IPR) reform. I develop a North-South model in which the disease environments differ between the rich and poor countries, and individuals consume innovated health goods to avoid the cost (labor time lost) of getting a disease. Southern welfare is shown to increase with the imposition of IPR protection when health needs in the South differ sufficiently from those in the North, and when health goods are accessible (in terms of adequate health care infrastructure) and effective (in counteracting disease). In the third chapter of this dissertation, I model the impact of child disease burden on fertility and human capital investment. The fertility response to a decline in child mortality depends on the morbidity effect of the disease, the level of disease burden, and whether prevalence rates or case fatalities decline. Fertility rates follow mortality and morbidity, but since mortality and morbidity do not always move in the same direction, the fertility response may be dampened or non-monotonic. Using a 20-year panel data set on malaria prevalence for 44 countries in sub-Saharan Africa, I find empirical support for the cases defined by the model; changes in malaria prevalence affect fertility more in non-endemic areas, where cases are more severe and more fatal relative to endemic areas. Historical and biological evidence suggest a link between (infectious) diseases early in life and (non-infectious) diseases later in life. In Chapter IV I model this link using a three-period overlapping generations model in which childhood disease outcomes affect longevity. Simulations in a general equilibrium framework duplicate the defining characteristics of the epidemiological-demographic transition as it occurred in many industrialized countries: as disease declines parents engage in a quantity-quality tradeoff for children, longevity rises and population declines after an initial jump. This dissertation includes unpublished co-authored material.
Committee in charge: Shankha Chakraborty, Chairperson, Economics; Bruce Blonigen, Member, Economics; Peter Lambert, Member, Economics; Laura Leete, Member, Planriing Public Policy & Mgmt; Jean Stockard, Outside Member, Planning Public Policy & Mgmt
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Addo, M. K. "The implications for some aspects of contemporary international economic law of international human rights law." Thesis, University of Essex, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.378354.

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Books on the topic "Economic aspects of Human fertility"

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Becker, Gary Stanley. Human capital, fertility, and economic growth. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1990.

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Weale, Martin. Education, externalities, fertility, and economic growth. Washington, DC (1818 H St., NW, Washington 20433): Population and Human Resources Dept., World Bank, 1992.

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Shusshōryoku no keizaigaku: The economics of fertility. Tōkyō-to Hachiōji-shi: Chūō Daigaku Shuppanbu, 1988.

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Wakam, Jean. De la pertinence des théories "économistes" de fécondité dans le contexte socio-culturel camerounais et negro-africain. [Yaoundé]: Institut de formation et de recherche démographiques, 1994.

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Blau, Francine D. The fertility of immigrant women: Evidence from high fertility source countries. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1991.

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Blackburn, McKinley L. Fertility timing, wages, and human capital. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1990.

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Population dynamics and economic development: A case study in Manipur. New Delhi: Mittal Publications, 2007.

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La fécondité en France: Analyse microéconomique. Paris: Editions du CNRS, 1985.

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Galor, Oded. The gender gap, fertility, and growth. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1993.

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Kravdal, Øystein. Sociodemographic studies of fertility and divorce in Norway with emphasis on the importance of economic factors. Oslo: Statistisk sentralbyrå, 1994.

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Book chapters on the topic "Economic aspects of Human fertility"

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Galor, Oded. "human capital, fertility and growth." In Economic Growth, 141–47. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230280823_21.

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Hinde, P. R. Andrew. "English Fertility, 1600–1900: Is an Economic Analysis Tenable?" In Human Reproductive Decisions, 160–79. London: Macmillan Education UK, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-23947-4_8.

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Mariani, Fabio, Agustín Pérez-Barahona, and Natacha Raffin. "Population and the Environment: The Role of Fertility, Education and Life Expectancy." In Human Capital and Economic Growth, 295–322. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-21599-6_9.

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Gries, Thomas, and Henning Meyer. "Information Technology, Endogenous Human Capital Depreciation and Unemployment." In Economic Aspects of Digital Information Technologies, 31–46. Wiesbaden: Deutscher Universitätsverlag, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-322-85190-1_3.

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Teutsch, Georges. "Analogues of RU 486 for the Mapping of the Progestin Receptor: Synthetic and Structural Aspects." In The Antiprogestin Steroid RU 486 and Human Fertility Control, 27–47. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-1242-0_2.

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Bendzioch, Sven, Dominic Bläsing, and Sven Hinrichsen. "Comparison of Different Assembly Assistance Systems Under Ergonomic and Economic Aspects." In Human Systems Engineering and Design II, 20–25. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-27928-8_4.

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Fraser, Alastair I. "Social, Economic and Political Aspects of Forest Clearance and Land-Use Planning in Indonesia." In Human Activities and the Tropical Rainforest, 133–50. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1800-4_7.

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Buevich, Angelika P., Svetlana A. Varvus, and Galina A. Terskaya. "Investments in Human Capital as a Key Factor of Sustainable Economic Development." In The 21st Century from the Positions of Modern Science: Intellectual, Digital and Innovative Aspects, 397–406. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32015-7_44.

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Slatov, D., and L. Slatova. "Precariat as a Challenge to the Development of Regional Human Resources: Economic and Medical Aspects." In Smart Technologies and Innovations in Design for Control of Technological Processes and Objects: Economy and Production, 42–49. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-18553-4_6.

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Shaw, Shih-Lung. "Urban Human Dynamics." In Urban Informatics, 41–57. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-8983-6_5.

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AbstractUrban areas are places where people concentrate in a relatively high density built environment to carry out a wide range of activities. Each urban area should provide adequate infrastructure and services to support the needs of its population. Since various resources, services, and facilities are at different locations, urban areas manifest a complex system of flows of people, goods, and information to support the economic, social, cultural, and political systems in human society. These activities, flows, and systems are driven by various processes and exhibit various spatiotemporal patterns that are the outcomes of human dynamics. However, how we investigate the various dynamic processes and complex systems in urban areas has been and continues to be a challenging research topic. Urban human dynamics cover multiple aspects and can be studied from different perspectives. This chapter discusses urban dynamics and human dynamics in terms of their respective approaches and methods, along with some selected examples. It then connects urban human dynamics research with urban informatics to highlight their relationships and how together they could lead to urban areas that can better serve human needs and improve the quality of life.
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Conference papers on the topic "Economic aspects of Human fertility"

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Nişancı, Murat, Aslı Cansın Doker, Adem Türkmen, and Ömer Selçuk Emsen. "The Determinants of Labor Productivity: Analyses on Chosen Countries (1960-2010)." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c07.01550.

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Discussions on economic productivity, in micro analysis aspects there is direct causal relationship between increases or decreases in the production and productivity, whereas it can be said that productivity is based on economic recession or growth in macro analysis aspects. In the literature, while Classical theoreticians is attributed that the source of growth is the marginal productivity of capital, neoclassic school claims that marginal productivity difference provide benefit the country from behind for realization of the convergence hypothesis. Furthermore, increasing efficiency and as the factors this increase efficiency human capital, learning by doing concepts and technology are focused in the endogenous growth theories. In this study, human capital, physical capital per worker, exports per worker, gender differences, fertility, life expectancy and dependent population ratio were determined as determinants of labor productivity. In respect to labor productivity, variables are divided to three main groups in order to economic demographic and social and psychological factors. The variables are placed with taking five years average due to the fact that those variables’ effects reveal themselves more clearly in the long term. In the paper, it was investigated by panel data analysis considering groups of developed and developing countries between 1960 and 2010 period. In this context the degree of efficiency may well be discussed with parameters of selected variables for productivity of labor. Additionally, within framework of descriptive statistics the differences and similarities between countries were interpreted for political recommendations to developing countries how to increase productivity for catching developed countries’ growth trend.
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Tepecik, Filiz. "Economic and Legal Aspects of Trafficking in Human Beings." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c04.00780.

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In the next decade, trafficking in human beings is expected to be the largest part of the illegal markets such as drug and arms trafficking. Trafficking in human beings can be done in many different purposes which includes the sexual exploitation, the practices similar to slavery or servitude. The problem is becoming visible both for the Eurasian countries and for Turkey. Despite being an inhuman trade, all parties of the trafficking in human beings are rational economic agents and they are acting according to the rules of supply and demand. Therefore in this paper, this economic structure that nourish the illegal market is primarily be discussed. It is focused on the push and pull factors to this market members and this is tried to shown in a quantitative dimension of the market. Secondly, in order to combat trafficking in human beings, legal and social measures are being taken. These regulations generally aim to find and punish perpetrators, and /or protect victims of trafficking. But these regulations always cause a change of the benefits and the costs of the parties involved in trafficking in human beings. Thus the economic perspective are convenient to analyze these results. Finally, with this paper it is aimed to produce a common ground for people who want to work in this academic field.
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Frolova, Elena A., and Veronika A. Malanina. "The Foundations of Human Pro-Social Behaviour: Some Economic Aspects." In II International Scientific Symposium on Lifelong Wellbeing in the World. Cognitive-crcs, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2016.02.54.

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Pilishvili, Anatoly, and Tatiana Pilishvili. "HUMAN CAPITAL MANAGEMENT IN RUDN UNIVERSITY- INDUSTRY COLLABORATION: ECONOMIC AND PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECTS." In International Technology, Education and Development Conference. IATED, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/inted.2017.0463.

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Nikolov, Georgi, Elka Vasileva, and Veselina Lyubomirova. "REGIONAL HUMAN CAPITAL MANAGEMENT – ASPECTS OF INTERACTION WITH THE ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE TERRITORY." In Sixth International Scientific-Business Conference LIMEN Leadership, Innovation, Management and Economics: Integrated Politics of Research. Association of Economists and Managers of the Balkans, Belgrade, Serbia, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31410/limen.2020.253.

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The development and modernization of societies define new approaches in managing human resources and, in particular, their characteristic - human capital. There is a growing need for its study and characterization and analysis of the extent to which it is crucial for the economic development of European regions, particularly Bulgaria. Human capital is a specific public resource phenomenon that creates added value based on education, knowledge, skills, intelligence, acquired professional experience, and many other components. The object of study is the targeted promotion of these components through public policies, programs, and initiatives, which creates prerequisites for improving the regions' overall economic performance. The authors set the task to analyze the stated public policies presented in the integrated territorial strategies to develop the planning regions, emphasizing the specific dimensions of human capital management in the different territories.
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McGee, Ethan T., Matthew Krugh, John D. McGregor, and Laine Mears. "Designing for Reuse in an Industrial Internet of Things Monitoring Application." In WASHES '17: 2nd Workshop on Social, Human, and Economic Aspects of Software. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3098322.3098323.

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da Silva Amorim, Simone, John D. McGregor, Eduardo Santana de Almeida, and Christina von Flach G. Chavez. "The Architect's Role in Software Ecosystems Health." In WASHES '17: 2nd Workshop on Social, Human, and Economic Aspects of Software. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3098322.3098324.

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Fontão, Awdren, Oswald M. Ekwoge, Rodrigo Santos, and Arilo Claudio Dias-Neto. "Facing up the primary emotions in Mobile Software Ecosystems from Developer Experience." In WASHES '17: 2nd Workshop on Social, Human, and Economic Aspects of Software. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3098322.3098325.

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de Sá Leitão Júnior, Nelson G., Ivaldir H. de Farias Junior, Sabrina Marczak, Rodrigo Santos, Felipe Furtado, and Hermano P. de Moura. "Evaluation of a Preliminary Assessment Method for Identifying the Maturity of Communication in Distributed Software Development." In WASHES '17: 2nd Workshop on Social, Human, and Economic Aspects of Software. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3098322.3098326.

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Gumerov, Lenar. "Human Rights and Freedoms in the Science and Technology Field: Systemic Relations And Implementation Aspects." In “New Silk Road: Business Cooperation and Prospective of Economic Development” (NSRBCPED 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.200324.189.

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Reports on the topic "Economic aspects of Human fertility"

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Becker, Gary, Kevin Murphy, and Robert Tamura. Human Capital, Fertility, and Economic Growth. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, August 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w3414.

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Ehrlich, Isaac, and Jinyoung Kim. The Evolution of Income and Fertility Inequalities over the Course of Economic Development: A Human Capital Perspective. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, November 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w10890.

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Quak, Evert-jan. The Link Between Demography and Labour Markets in sub-Saharan Africa. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.011.

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This rapid review synthesises the literature from academic, policy, and knowledge institution sources on how demography affects labour markets (e.g. entrants, including youth and women) and labour market outcomes (e.g. capital-per-worker, life-cycle labour supply, human capital investments) in the context of sub-Saharan Africa. One of the key findings is that the fast-growing population in sub-Saharan Africa is likely to affect the ability to get productive jobs and in turn economic growth. This normally happens when workers move from traditional (low productivity agriculture and household businesses) sectors into higher productivity sectors in manufacturing and services. In theory the literature shows that lower dependency ratios (share of the non-working age population) should increase output per capita if labour force participation rates among the working age population remain unchanged. If output per worker stays constant, then a decline in dependency ratio would lead to a rise in income per capita. Macro simulation models for sub-Saharan Africa estimate that capital per worker will remain low due to consistently low savings for at least the next decades, even in the low fertility scenario. Sub-Saharan African countries seem too poor for a quick rise in savings. As such, it is unlikely that a lower dependency ratio will initiate a dramatic increase in labour productivity. The literature notes the gender implications on labour markets. Most women combine unpaid care for children with informal and low productive work in agriculture or family enterprises. Large family sizes reduce their productive labour years significantly, estimated at a reduction of 1.9 years of productive participation per woman for each child, that complicates their move into more productive work (if available). If the transition from high fertility to low fertility is permanent and can be established in a relatively short-term period, there are long-run effects on female labour participation, and the gains in income per capita will be permanent. As such from the literature it is clear that the effect of higher female wages on female labour participation works to a large extent through reductions in fertility.
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Rajarajan, Kunasekaran, Alka Bharati, Hirdayesh Anuragi, Arun Kumar Handa, Kishor Gaikwad, Nagendra Kumar Singh, Kamal Prasad Mohapatra, et al. Status of perennial tree germplasm resources in India and their utilization in the context of global genome sequencing efforts. World Agroforestry, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5716/wp20050.pdf.

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Tree species are characterized by their perennial growth habit, woody morphology, long juvenile period phase, mostly outcrossing behaviour, highly heterozygosity genetic makeup, and relatively high genetic diversity. The economically important trees have been an integral part of the human life system due to their provision of timber, fruit, fodder, and medicinal and/or health benefits. Despite its widespread application in agriculture, industrial and medicinal values, the molecular aspects of key economic traits of many tree species remain largely unexplored. Over the past two decades, research on forest tree genomics has generally lagged behind that of other agronomic crops. Genomic research on trees is motivated by the need to support genetic improvement programmes mostly for food trees and timber, and develop diagnostic tools to assist in recommendation for optimum conservation, restoration and management of natural populations. Research on long-lived woody perennials is extending our molecular knowledge and understanding of complex life histories and adaptations to the environment, enriching a field that has traditionally drawn its biological inference from a few short-lived herbaceous species. These concerns have fostered research aimed at deciphering the genomic basis of complex traits that are related to the adaptive value of trees. This review summarizes the highlights of tree genomics and offers some priorities for accelerating progress in the next decade.
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Mushongera, Darlington, Prudence Kwenda, and Miracle Ntuli. An analysis of well-being in Gauteng province using the capability approach. Gauteng City-Region Observatory, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36634/2020.op.1.

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As countries across the globe pursue economic development, the improvement of individual and societal well-being has increasingly become an overarching goal. In the global South, in particular, high levels of poverty, inequality and deteriorating social fabrics remain significant challenges. Programmes and projects for addressing these challenges have had some, but limited, impact. This occasional paper analyses well-being in Gauteng province from a capability perspective, using a standard ‘capability approach’ consistent with Amartya Sen’s first conceptualisation, which was then operationalised by Martha Nussbaum. Earlier research on poverty and inequality in the Gauteng City-Region was mainly based on objective characteristics of well-being such as income, employment, housing and schooling. Using data from the Gauteng City-Region Observatory’s Quality of Life Survey IV for 2015/16, our capability approach provides a more holistic view of well-being by focusing on both objective and subjective aspects simultaneously. The results confirm the well-known heterogeneity in human conditions among South African demographic groups, namely that capability achievements vary across race, age, gender, income level and location. However, we observe broader (in both subjective and objective dimensions) levels of deprivation that are otherwise masked in the earlier studies. In light of these findings, the paper recommends that policies are directly targeted towards improving those capability indicators where historically disadvantaged and vulnerable groups show marked deprivation. In addition, given the spatial heterogeneities in capability achievements, we recommend localised interventions in capabilities that are lagging in certain areas of the province.
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Barquet, Karina, Elin Leander, Jonathan Green, Heidi Tuhkanen, Vincent Omondi Odongo, Michael Boyland, Elizabeth Katja Fiertz, Maria Escobar, Mónica Trujillo, and Philip Osano. Spotlight on social equity, finance and scale: Promises and pitfalls of nature-based solutions. Stockholm Environment Institute, June 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.51414/sei2021.011.

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Human activity has modified and deteriorated natural ecosystems in ways that reduce resilience and exacerbate environmental and climate problems. Physical measures to protect, manage and restore these ecosystems that also address societal challenges in sustainable ways and bring biodiversity benefits are sometimes referred to as “nature-based solutions” (NBS). For example, reducing deforestation and restoring forests is a major opportunity for climate mitigation, while protecting or restoring coastal habitats can mitigate damage to coastal areas from natural hazard events, in addition to potentially providing co-benefits related to livelihood, recreation, and biodiversity. There is now an impetus to shift towards greater deployment of nature-based solutions. Not only do they offer an alternative to conventional fossil fuel-based or hard infrastructure solutions but, if implemented correctly, they also hold great promise for achieving multiple goals, benefits and synergies. These include climate mitigation and resilience; nature and biodiversity protection; and economic and social gains. 2020 saw an explosion in publications about NBS, which have contributed to filling many of the knowledge gaps that existed around their effectiveness and factors for their success. These publications have also highlighted the knowledge gaps that remain and have revealed a lack of critical reflection on the social and economic sustainability aspects of NBS. Building on these gaps, we decided to launch this mini-series of four briefs to provoke a more nuanced discussion that highlights not only the potential benefits, but also the potential risks and trade-offs of NBS. The purpose is not to downplay the importance of NBS for biodiversity, ecosystems, and coastal mitigation and adaptation, but to ensure that we establish a dialogue about ways to overcome these challenges while leaving no one behind.
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Family Planning Programs for the 21st Century: Rationale and Design. Population Council, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh11.1016.

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Family planning improves health, reduces poverty, and empowers women. Yet, today, more than 200 million women in the developing world want to avoid pregnancy but are not using a modern method of contraception. They face many obstacles, including lack of access to information and health-care services, opposition from their husbands and communities, misperceptions about side effects, and cost. Family planning programs are among the most successful development interventions of the past 50 years. They are unique in their range of potential benefits, encompassing economic development, maternal and child health, educational advances, and women’s empowerment. Research shows that with high-quality voluntary family planning programs, governments are able to reduce fertility and produce large-scale improvements in health, wealth, human rights, and education. This book is a comprehensive resource for policymakers and donors. It makes the case for increased funding and support of voluntary family planning, and details how to design programs to operate both ethically and effectively.
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