Relevant bibliographies by topics / Economic aspects of Indian Ocean Tsunami

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters

Academic literature on the topic 'Economic aspects of Indian Ocean Tsunami'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 5 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Economic aspects of Indian Ocean Tsunami"

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Mitra, Rimali, Hajime Naruse, and Shigehiro Fujino. "Reconstruction of flow conditions from 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami deposits at the Phra Thong island using a deep neural network inverse model." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 21, no. 5 (May 31, 2021): 1667–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1667-2021.

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Abstract. The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami caused significant economic losses and a large number of fatalities in the coastal areas. The estimation of tsunami flow conditions using inverse models has become a fundamental aspect of disaster mitigation and management. Here, a case study involving the Phra Thong island, which was affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, in Thailand was conducted using inverse modeling that incorporates a deep neural network (DNN). The DNN inverse analysis reconstructed the values of flow conditions such as maximum inundation distance, flow velocity and maximum flow depth, as well as the sediment concentration of five grain-size classes using the thickness and grain-size distribution of the tsunami deposit from the post-tsunami survey around Phra Thong island. The quantification of uncertainty was also reported using the jackknife method. Using other previous models applied to areas in and around Phra Thong island, the predicted flow conditions were compared with the reported observed values and simulated results. The estimated depositional characteristics such as volume per unit area and grain-size distribution were in line with the measured values from the field survey. These qualitative and quantitative comparisons demonstrated that the DNN inverse model is a potential tool for estimating the physical characteristics of modern tsunamis.
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Jibiki, Yasuhito, Dicky Pelupessy, Daisuke Sasaki, and Kanako Iuchi. "Implementation of Post Disaster Needs Assessment in Indonesia: Literature Review." Journal of Disaster Research 15, no. 7 (December 1, 2020): 975–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2020.p0975.

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This paper shares key findings from past studies on Post Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA) in Indonesia, to be used as inputs for future research. We used Google Scholar to identify the relevant articles for analysis. From the 297 results obtained, we selected 25 materials, which are reviewed in detail. We classified the findings in the selected literature into 4 topics. (1) Cases of PDNA implementation in Indonesia: many studies deal with the Indian Ocean Tsunami and the Central Java Earthquake. (2) Policy aspects: the previous literature demonstrated PDNA policies and regulations, on which not only the National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB) but also others (e.g., Ministry of Home Affairs) have primary jurisdiction. (3) Coordination of implementation: coordination by the local disaster management agencies (BPBD) when facing challenges. (4) Methodological issues: the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) methodology does not perfectly fit in practice. One of the most significant implications drawn from the review is that more research is needed to examine policy aspects. The existing studies tend to focus mainly on BNPB, and such BNPB-centric perspectives prevented a comprehensive identification of the relevant actors, leading to a narrow range of analysis on PDNA. Our review suggests that changing viewpoints, being mindful of the BNPB function, is beneficial for further understanding PDNA implementation in Indonesia.
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Schiller, Rachel. "Reconciliation in Aceh: Addressing the social effects of prolonged armed conflict." Asian Journal of Social Science 39, no. 4 (2011): 489–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853111x597297.

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Abstract Aceh, Indonesia is one of the few societies that have successfully navigated a post-disaster transition following simultaneous natural and man-made disasters. Since the August 2005 peace agreement, Aceh’s road to recovery from the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami and 30 years of separatist war has been largely successful. However, key challenges remain to consolidate the success of Aceh’s post-disaster transition and ensure sustainable peace in the province. Reconciliation is among the challenges that has to date been largely neglected. While significant political and economic change has occurred, prolonged armed conflict left behind a legacy of negative intergroup relations in Aceh that has yet to be addressed. As political realities have delayed implementation of mechanisms designed to promote reconciliation such as the Truth and Reconciliation Commission and the Human Rights Court, this paper argues that peacebuilding practitioners should adopt complementary approaches to reconciliation such as intergroup contact programs that are being proven effective in various international contexts. It will explore an important, and largely neglected aspect of Aceh’s post-disaster transition by providing an overview of the literature on reconciliation and intergroup contact, and highlighting key efforts to pilot these techniques and advance reconciliation in Aceh.
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Shaw, Rajib. "Environmental aspects of the Indian Ocean Tsunami recovery." Journal of Environmental Management 89, no. 1 (October 2008): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.04.001.

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RIGG, JONATHAN, LISA LAW, MAY TAN-MULLINS, and CARL GRUNDY-WARR. "The Indian Ocean tsunami: socio-economic impacts in Thailand." Geographical Journal 171, no. 4 (December 2005): 374–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4959.2005.00175_3.x.

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Athukorala, Prema-chandra, and Budy P. Resosudarmo. "The Indian Ocean Tsunami: Economic Impact, Disaster Management, and Lessons." Asian Economic Papers 4, no. 1 (January 2005): 1–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/asep.2005.4.1.1.

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This paper documents and analyzes the immediate economic impact of the Indian Ocean tsunami generated by the Sumatra-Andaman earthquake of 26 December 2004, with a focus on Indonesia (Aceh province) and Sri Lanka, and assesses the disaster management process. The preliminary findings point to the importance of educating the public about simple precautions in the event of a disaster and enforcing coastal environmental regulations. The findings also argue for designing policies and programs, as an integral part of national development strategies, for mitigating the impact of natural disasters on the poor and highlight the need for combining international aid commitments with solutions to the limited aid-absorptive capacity in disaster-affected countries.
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Matsutomi, Hideo, Tsutomu Sakakiyama, Sindhu Nugroho, and Masafumi Matsuyama. "Aspects of Inundated Flow Due to the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami." Coastal Engineering Journal 48, no. 2 (June 2006): 167–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0578563406001350.

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WANG, XIAOMING, and PHILIP L. F. LIU. "NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF THE 2004 INDIAN OCEAN TSUNAMIS — COASTAL EFFECTS." Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 01, no. 03 (September 2007): 273–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s179343110700016x.

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The 2004 Sumatra earthquake and the associated tsunamis are one of the most devastating natural disasters in the last century. The tsunamis flooded a huge coastal area in the surrounding countries, especially in Indonesia, Thailand and Sri Lanka, and caused enormous loss of human lives and properties. In this paper, tsunami inundations in Trincomalee, Sri Lanka and North Banda Aceh, Indonesia were simulated by using a finite-difference model based on nonlinear shallow-water equations. The calculated tsunami heights and inundations in these two regions are compared with the field measurements and observations. Fairly good agreement is observed. Numerical results confirm again that the local bathymetric and topographic characteristics play important roles in determining the inundation area. Numerical simulations further indicate that although nonlinearity becomes important in many dynamic aspects when tsunamis approach the shore, its influence on determining the inundation area is relatively small in the regions examined for this tsunami event. Finally, the potential capability of sediment transport and a force index on a virtual structure in flooded areas are introduced and discussed.
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Nirupama, N. "Socio-economic implications based on interviews with fishermen following the Indian Ocean tsunami." Natural Hazards 48, no. 1 (May 9, 2008): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-008-9242-6.

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Heger, Martin Philipp, and Eric Neumayer. "The impact of the Indian Ocean tsunami on Aceh’s long-term economic growth." Journal of Development Economics 141 (November 2019): 102365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2019.06.008.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Economic aspects of Indian Ocean Tsunami"

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Heger, Martin. "The causal effects of the Indian Ocean tsunami and armed conflict on Aceh's economic development." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2016. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3402/.

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This PhD thesis investigates the causal long-term economic effects of the Indian Ocean Tsunami and the armed conflict in Aceh, Indonesia (chapters 2, 3 and 4). It also contains an analysis of land use change and the consequences for soil-organic carbon (SOC) in Eastern Panama that is unrelated to previous chapters. Chapter 2 stands at the core of my PhD thesis; it is the equivalent of a job market paper. In chapter 1, I provide an introduction to and summary of my PhD thesis. In particular, I describe why I believe that I make original contributions to knowledge that are significant and rigorous. In chapter 2, I carry out a quasi-experimental analysis investigating the causal effects of Tsunami flooding on long-term per capita economic output. The existing literature suggests that natural disasters are growth depressing in the short-term, and in the longterm, natural disasters either cause a continued shortfall of economic output, or an eventual convergence to the pre-disaster counterfactual trend. I picked the Indian Ocean Tsunami in Aceh as a case study for this PhD thesis, because I posit that if there is one case for which there is evidence that goes against the conventional wisdom, namely in the form of increased economic output in the long run, it probably is Aceh. The reason why I expect to see creative destruction is that Aceh received a windfall of aid and was the stage of the largest reconstruction effort the developing world has ever seen. I conclude that natural disasters are not necessarily the cause of output reductions and that they can be windows of opportunity for the economy. In chapter 3, I investigate the reasons behind the creative destruction, and take a closer look at different sectors and subcomponents of the economy. I examine three channels through which the Tsunami may have affected per capita economic output. First, I find that the Tsunami causally accelerated the structural transformation process, a process through which people and the economy move out of agriculture, and into more productive sectors such as services. Second, I show that the Tsunami brought with it a windfall of aid and other funds, which allowed for a building back better of physical capital and increased capital formation. Third, I show that aggregate private consumption not only was smoothed in a reaction to the Tsunami, but even boosted to sustainably higher levels, compared to the no-Tsunami counterfactual. In chapter 4, I investigate whether the 30 years long armed conflict in Aceh left any negative economic legacy effects, once the fighting stopped and the peace agreement was signed. The separatist war took a toll on the Acehnese economy. Even though the conflict has ended, did the negative economic effects also end? Aceh’s economy has higher per capita growth rates in times of peace than in times of war, which can be either a sign of a peace dividend or creative destruction from the Tsunami. But does the armed conflict leave a negative legacy for future growth rates, even after peace has officially been declared? I find that that peacetime growth rates are negatively affected by the wartime conflict intensity. Using violence data on the incidence of killings, injuries, and other ‘measurable human suffering’, I assess whether districts that were heavily affected by armed conflict grew systematically differently from those that were spared from the brunt of the violence. I find that there are severe negative economic legacy effects of violence, and the more violence occurred in a district during the separatist war, the slower it was growing during times of peace. Chapter 5, topically unrelated to the previous chapters, is looking at land use change in Eastern Panama and the consequences for soil organic carbon (SOC). In this chapter, I compare SOC concentrations of primary forests to two competing land use alternatives: Forest-to-pasture conversion for cattle grazing versus indigenous forest-to-crop conversion. I find that both land use changes reduce SOC concentrations significantly, yet the pasture land use has lower levels of SOC than indigenous crop cultivation. The soil carbon levels of secondary forests are not statistically different from primary forests, implying that the forest conversions are reversible, in terms of their impact on SOC, which suggests that allowing secondary forests to re-grow in former cultivated areas in the Eastern part of Panama holds promise for climate change mitigation. In the concluding chapter 6, I present a summary of the main findings and an outline for future research.
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Alestad, Linda, and Catrine Bergqvist. "A natural economic experiment : An analysis of the macroeconomic consequenses of the Indian Ocean tsunami in Sri Lanka." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Economics, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7024.

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In this thesis we analyze the macroeconomic impact of the tsunami in 2004 on the Sri Lankan economy. The theoretical framework we use, the Australian model of a developing economy, gives direct or indirect predictions for the development of a number of variables after a natural disaster. In our case, we believe that the main reason for developments of the output variables and the exchange rate is the extraordinary large and rapid inflow of foreign aid money. In summary, we find the overall impact of the tsunami on the Sri Lankan economy to be minor.

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Abayasekara, Abayasekara Wannaku Arachchige Don Rohitha. "Economic analysis of the behaviour of Sri Lankan coconut markets 1980-2012 : an econometric approach." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 2015. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk:80/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=230076.

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This thesis explores three topics relating to price transmission in economic theory. The broad aim is to understand the price adjustment processes of the domestic and export coconut markets of Sri Lanka during the 1980 to 2012 period. The three topics investigated were the changing role of coconut oil exports due to changes in the global oil markets. Second the functioning of the domestic district coconut markets and finally the impact of the tsunami 2004 on the coastal district coconut markets. The analytical framework for the study is the economic theory of the Law of One Price. The first issue was examined using cointegration, vector error correction and impulse response methodologies. To address the function of the domestic district coconut markets at wholesale, retail and vertical levels Hansen and Seo econometric model was used. To test the effects of the tsunami on the coastal district coconut markets and to assess whether “rockets and feathers” phenomenon rose as a result of the tsunami Enders and Siklos econometric model was applied. The results confirmed that cointegration pattern of vegetable oils in the international market changed with the emergence of bio fuel around 2000. Cointegration of coconut oil with other oils also did change with the emergence of biofuel. The results of the domestic market showed that Colombo market was cointegrated with district coconut markets. . The results of market structures at all levels showed mixed results with more symmetrical markets at wholesale level and more asymmetric markets at the vertical level Results of the impact of tsunami showed that markets were disrupted unevenly with highest disruption in the vertical markets due to tsunami. The tsunami does not seem to have lead to rocket and feather phenomenon.
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Steinberg, Abby D. "Personal narratives : collective grief, the echoes of a disaster." Thesis, McGill University, 2007. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=112612.

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The purpose of this thesis is to locate the experience of individuals in the shared experience of a cultural community, to reveal a collective experience. Further, this thesis aspires to demonstrate that the experience of trauma is transmitted, often silently, intergenerationally. This is an attempt to define a community of distant survivors, and to locate the echoes of the voice of trauma hidden in the narratives of its members. The study explores the events of the December 2004 Southeast Asian tsunami. At the moment of the tsunami disaster all the participants in this study, Indonesian International Students, were studying in Montreal Canada. The impetus behind this qualitative inquiry into the essential experience of trauma is the desire to bring the experience of distant survivors to the foreground; to recognize vicarious victims by listening for echoes in their narratives. The aim of this thesis is to (1) locate personal narratives in the context of collective grief, (2) detect the re-creation of that grief in subsequent generations. This project has been undertaken with the hope of determining ever more effective social work practices for today's survivors, and of sparking interest in trauma research for tomorrow's victims.
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Setiawan, Dorita. "International aid’s role in Indonesia’s social work professionalization process: a narrative analysis." Thesis, 2015. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8VX0G37.

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A massive tsunami hit Aceh in December 26, 2004. It was one of the biggest natural disasters of the century. The tsunami’s unprecedented destruction of the area attracted the biggest influx ever of international aid and highlighted the nearly non-existent social service system at local levels. The abundance of international aid served as an impetus for the Indonesian government to review their social service system. This is the first time that resources from international aid in Indonesia were allocated for professionalization of social workers. This dissertation utilizes a qualitative narrative analysis to explore the questions: How do Indonesian social workers understand and express their experience of the social work professionalization process post-2004 tsunami? How do they interpret the process of professionalization? How do the systems available influence their professional interpretation of the experience and affect their strategies to gain public recognition and resources to claim professional jurisdiction in a society? Interviews were conducted of fifteen Indonesian social workers who were involved in the 2004 tsunami recovery efforts and are still active in the social work professionalization efforts today. The findings show that the international aid and 2004 tsunami in Aceh, Indonesia was the impetus for professionalization of social work in Indonesia. This study explores how Indonesian social workers understand and interpret their experience during the tsunami 2004 recovery efforts using Abbott’s system of professions concepts to frame the professionalization process as impacted by international aid during the 2004 tsunami. The findings revolve around formal public recognition, community sanction and a systematic knowledge base in Indonesia’s social work professionalization process.
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Books on the topic "Economic aspects of Indian Ocean Tsunami"

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Naik, Asmita. Migration, development and natural disasters: Insights from the Indian Ocean Tsunami. Geneva: IOM, 2007.

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Naik, Asmita. Migration, development and natural disasters: Insights from the Indian Ocean Tsunami. Geneva: IOM, 2007.

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International Centre for Ethnic Studies, ed. Tsunami in a time of war: Aid, activism & reconstruction in Sri Lanka & Aceh. Colombo: International Centre for Ethnic Studies, 2009.

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United Nations. Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean. Subsede en México, ed. The 2004 hurricanes in the Caribbean and the tsunami in the Indian Ocean: Lessons and policy changes for development and disaster reduction. México, D.F: Naciones Unidas, Comisión Económica para América Latina y el Caribe-CEPAL, 2005.

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Sakhrōbānēk, Siriphō̜n. Chonchan, chāikhō̜p, phētsaphāp læ phaiphibat: Karanī sưnāmi kap phonkrathop tō̜ phūying. Krung Thēp: Mūnnithi Phūying, 2007.

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Abdul Aziz bin Awang Juned. Tsunami: Satu i'tibar. [Bandar Seri Begawan]: Jabatan Mufti Kerajaan, Jabatan Perdana Menteri, Negara Brunei Darussalam, 2005.

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Transnational and national media in global crisis: The Indian Ocean Tsunami. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press, 2010.

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Development, Maldives Ministry of Planning and. Tsunami impact assessment, 2005: A socio-economic countrywide assessment at household level, six months after the Tsunami. Malé: Ministry of Planning and National Development, 2006.

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Baabud, Said Faisal. Economy: Turning the wheel of life. Banda Aceh, Indonesia: Executing Agency of Rehabilitation and Reconstruction for Aceh and Nias, 2009.

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Kabatznick, Ronna. Who by water: Reflections of a tsunami psychologist. [Place of publication not identified: publisher not identified], 2014.

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Book chapters on the topic "Economic aspects of Indian Ocean Tsunami"

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Rizzolli, Helmut, and Federico Pigozzo. "Economic and Social Aspects of the Trade of Luxury Goods between Africa and Europe: Ostrich Feather." In Atti delle «Settimane di Studi» e altri Convegni, 507–17. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-6453-857-0.26.

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In Europe, in the Middle Ages, ostrich feathers were used for the decoration of military headgear, as a representation of the high lineage of the possessor and his military virtues. They were imported from the coasts of West Africa, from Egypt and Syria into Italian and Spanish ports and from there exported to England and continental Europe. Venice, at the end of the fourteenth century, began to color feathers and soon the new fashion was spread throughout Europe. During the fifteenth century, even women began to use ostrich feathers on their hats or in their fans. When European ships reached America, Central Africa and the islands of the Indian Ocean, a huge amount of exotic bird feathers became available and ostrich feather fad spread through the population.
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Smith Fowler, H., and C. Amaratunga. "Social and Political Aspects of Tsunami Response, Recovery, and Preparedness Planning." In The Indian Ocean Tsunami, 445–54. Taylor & Francis, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203964439.ch37.

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"Social and Political Aspects of Tsunami Response, Recovery, and Preparedness Planning: A Transdisciplinary Approach from Canada c. amaratunga and h. smith fowler." In The Indian Ocean Tsunami, 479–88. CRC Press, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203964439-54.

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Eyre, Anne, and Pam Dix. "New Millennium, New Dimensions – Responding to Further Disasters." In Collective Conviction, 113–28. Liverpool University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3828/liverpool/9781781381236.003.0010.

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This chapter explores how, as new members joined Disaster Action, they brought with them different experiences. While these were inevitably devastating, sometimes aspects of these experiences reflected the difference Disaster Action had been able to make. There were instances when individuals and families were referred directly and quickly to Disaster Action, giving them the opportunity to make contact early on with people who could offer valuable information, support, and guidance. The chapter then considers the September 11 attacks in 2001; the Bali bombings in 2002; the 2004 terrorist attacks in Al Khobar, Saudi Arabia; the Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004; the London bombings in 2005; the Sharm El Sheikh bombings in 2005; and the North Sea helicopter crashes in 2009 and 2013. Disasters do not happen every day or week in the UK and yet there is always work to be done, keeping Disaster Action members busy, particularly at the office and within their informal and internal networks. This includes supporting each other and other individuals who may contact them for support at significant times such as anniversaries or when personal experiences and emotions are triggered through new disasters.
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Hurley-Hanson, Amy E. "The Role of HRIS in Crisis Response Planning." In Encyclopedia of Human Resources Information Systems, 764–69. IGI Global, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-59904-883-3.ch112.

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“On Sept. 11, 2001, terrorists attacked the World Trade Center, killing 2,749 people. The attack resulted in severe economic impact, especially to airlines, and a stock market loss of $1.2 trillion. On December 26, 2004, a tsunami from a 9.1 earthquake overran the shores of many countries along the vast rim of the Indian Ocean. Over 283,000 people died. On August 29, 2005, Katrina, a category-5 hurricane, knocked out electric and communication infrastructure over 90,000 square miles of Louisiana and Mississippi and displaced 1.5 million people.” (Denning, 2006, p. 15). This past decade has been catastrophic, and there are still three more years to go. Many American businesses have not responded to the call for better human resource crisis planning, while a few corporations have risen to the challenge. It is necessary and extremely important for organizations to understand the importance of implementing crucial changes in the organizational structure of businesses, primarily in the human resource sector. The human resource sector is the area most responsible for the safety of personnel and therefore best equipped to foster the communication requirements any crisis will necessarily exact.
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"Mitigating Impacts of Natural Hazards on Fishery Ecosystems." In Mitigating Impacts of Natural Hazards on Fishery Ecosystems, edited by Dwayne Meadows and Deborah Brosnan. American Fisheries Society, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874011.ch26.

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<em>Abstract</em>.—The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami left a vast amount of destruction in its wake on land and in the sea. About 60% of coral reefs in the affected areas of Thailand were damaged, at least in the shallowest 10–20-m (33–66-ft) depth zones. Many damaged reef, beach, and mangrove areas in Thailand and Sri Lanka were high value tourist attractions or provided other important ecosystem goods and services. We were part of a fortuitous partnership of people with experience in reef restoration, coral reef science, marine debris removal, construction, professional scuba diving, business, marketing, and environmental nongovernmental organizations. We helped organize and fund multiple restoration and cleanup projects that restored damaged and detached sea fans in Similan Islands Marine National Park, restored hard corals, removed more than 453.59 metric tons of marine debris, and provided sustainable management advice to local stakeholders and decision makers. We later became involved in advising emergency management agencies on disaster preparedness and response. We use our reef-dominated experiences as a case study to suggest broader lessons learned for natural scientists to be involved in, and for emergency managers to consider, for mitigating and planning for future natural disaster impacts on fishery ecosystems. We also provide some coral-reef specific lessons regarding reattachment of large sea fans, triaging and organizing large-scale volunteer marine debris recovery, and other coral ecosystem restoration efforts. We argue that “natural” disasters can cause significant damage to reefs and other ecosystems and that much damage results from human sources that are not natural and can be mitigated or prevented (such as siting and land-use decisions that lead to debris affecting reefs). Thus, we disagree with those who say natural events like hurricanes or tsunamis “are not appropriate for reef restoration” (Precht 2006; Symons et al. 2006). Further, governments need to recognize the economic and inherent values of ecosystem goods and services in natural disaster response legislation and policies (e.g., The Stafford Act in the United States) to improve outcomes for society. We also argue that ecosystem advocates need to adopt the language of emergency management.
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Mitchell, Peter. "New Worlds for the Donkey." In The Donkey in Human History. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198749233.003.0013.

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One of the signature historical phenomena of the past 500 years has been the global expansion of European societies and their trans-Atlantic offshoots. The mercantile networks, commercial systems, and empires of conquest and colonization that formed the political and economic framework of that expansion involved the discovery and extraction of new mineral and agricultural resources, the establishment of new infrastructures of transport and communication, and the forcible relocation of millions of people. Another key component was the Columbian Exchange, the multiple transfers of people, animals, plants, and microbes that began even before Columbus, gathered pace after 1492, and were further fuelled as European settlement advanced into Africa, Australasia, and the Indian and Pacific Oceans. Donkeys evolved in the Old World and were confined there until the Columbian Exchange was underway. This chapter explores the introduction of the donkey and the mule to the Americas and, more briefly, to southern Africa and Australia. In keeping with my emphasis on seeking archaeological evidence with which to illuminate the donkey’s story, I omit other aspects of its expansion, such as the trade in animals to French plantations on the Indian Ocean islands of Réunion and Mauritius or, on a much greater scale, India to meet the demands of the British Raj. These examples nevertheless reinforce the argument that mules and donkeys were instrumental in creating and maintaining the structures of economic and political power that Europeans and Euro- Americans wielded in many parts of the globe. From Brazil to the United States, Mexico to Bolivia, Australia to South Africa, they helped directly in processing precious metals and were pivotal in moving gold and silver from mines to centres of consumption. At the same time, they aided the colonization of vast new interiors devoid of navigable rivers, maintained communications over terrain too rugged for wheeled vehicles to pose serious competition, and powered new forms of farming. Their contributions to agriculture and transport were well received by many of the societies that Europeans conquered and their mestizo descendants. However, they also provided opportunities for other Native communities to maintain a degree of independence and identity at and beyond the margins of the European-dominated world.
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