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Mitra, Rimali, Hajime Naruse, and Shigehiro Fujino. "Reconstruction of flow conditions from 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami deposits at the Phra Thong island using a deep neural network inverse model." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 21, no. 5 (May 31, 2021): 1667–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-21-1667-2021.
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Abstract. The 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami caused significant economic losses and a large number of fatalities in the coastal areas. The estimation of tsunami flow conditions using inverse models has become a fundamental aspect of disaster mitigation and management. Here, a case study involving the Phra Thong island, which was affected by the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami, in Thailand was conducted using inverse modeling that incorporates a deep neural network (DNN). The DNN inverse analysis reconstructed the values of flow conditions such as maximum inundation distance, flow velocity and maximum flow depth, as well as the sediment concentration of five grain-size classes using the thickness and grain-size distribution of the tsunami deposit from the post-tsunami survey around Phra Thong island. The quantification of uncertainty was also reported using the jackknife method. Using other previous models applied to areas in and around Phra Thong island, the predicted flow conditions were compared with the reported observed values and simulated results. The estimated depositional characteristics such as volume per unit area and grain-size distribution were in line with the measured values from the field survey. These qualitative and quantitative comparisons demonstrated that the DNN inverse model is a potential tool for estimating the physical characteristics of modern tsunamis.
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Jibiki, Yasuhito, Dicky Pelupessy, Daisuke Sasaki, and Kanako Iuchi. "Implementation of Post Disaster Needs Assessment in Indonesia: Literature Review." Journal of Disaster Research 15, no. 7 (December 1, 2020): 975–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2020.p0975.
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This paper shares key findings from past studies on Post Disaster Needs Assessment (PDNA) in Indonesia, to be used as inputs for future research. We used Google Scholar to identify the relevant articles for analysis. From the 297 results obtained, we selected 25 materials, which are reviewed in detail. We classified the findings in the selected literature into 4 topics. (1) Cases of PDNA implementation in Indonesia: many studies deal with the Indian Ocean Tsunami and the Central Java Earthquake. (2) Policy aspects: the previous literature demonstrated PDNA policies and regulations, on which not only the National Disaster Management Agency (BNPB) but also others (e.g., Ministry of Home Affairs) have primary jurisdiction. (3) Coordination of implementation: coordination by the local disaster management agencies (BPBD) when facing challenges. (4) Methodological issues: the United Nations Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) methodology does not perfectly fit in practice. One of the most significant implications drawn from the review is that more research is needed to examine policy aspects. The existing studies tend to focus mainly on BNPB, and such BNPB-centric perspectives prevented a comprehensive identification of the relevant actors, leading to a narrow range of analysis on PDNA. Our review suggests that changing viewpoints, being mindful of the BNPB function, is beneficial for further understanding PDNA implementation in Indonesia.
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Schiller, Rachel. "Reconciliation in Aceh: Addressing the social effects of prolonged armed conflict." Asian Journal of Social Science 39, no. 4 (2011): 489–507. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853111x597297.
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Abstract Aceh, Indonesia is one of the few societies that have successfully navigated a post-disaster transition following simultaneous natural and man-made disasters. Since the August 2005 peace agreement, Aceh’s road to recovery from the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami and 30 years of separatist war has been largely successful. However, key challenges remain to consolidate the success of Aceh’s post-disaster transition and ensure sustainable peace in the province. Reconciliation is among the challenges that has to date been largely neglected. While significant political and economic change has occurred, prolonged armed conflict left behind a legacy of negative intergroup relations in Aceh that has yet to be addressed. As political realities have delayed implementation of mechanisms designed to promote reconciliation such as the Truth and Reconciliation Commission and the Human Rights Court, this paper argues that peacebuilding practitioners should adopt complementary approaches to reconciliation such as intergroup contact programs that are being proven effective in various international contexts. It will explore an important, and largely neglected aspect of Aceh’s post-disaster transition by providing an overview of the literature on reconciliation and intergroup contact, and highlighting key efforts to pilot these techniques and advance reconciliation in Aceh.
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Shaw, Rajib. "Environmental aspects of the Indian Ocean Tsunami recovery." Journal of Environmental Management 89, no. 1 (October 2008): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2007.04.001.
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RIGG, JONATHAN, LISA LAW, MAY TAN-MULLINS, and CARL GRUNDY-WARR. "The Indian Ocean tsunami: socio-economic impacts in Thailand." Geographical Journal 171, no. 4 (December 2005): 374–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1475-4959.2005.00175_3.x.
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Athukorala, Prema-chandra, and Budy P. Resosudarmo. "The Indian Ocean Tsunami: Economic Impact, Disaster Management, and Lessons." Asian Economic Papers 4, no. 1 (January 2005): 1–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/asep.2005.4.1.1.
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This paper documents and analyzes the immediate economic impact of the Indian Ocean tsunami generated by the Sumatra-Andaman earthquake of 26 December 2004, with a focus on Indonesia (Aceh province) and Sri Lanka, and assesses the disaster management process. The preliminary findings point to the importance of educating the public about simple precautions in the event of a disaster and enforcing coastal environmental regulations. The findings also argue for designing policies and programs, as an integral part of national development strategies, for mitigating the impact of natural disasters on the poor and highlight the need for combining international aid commitments with solutions to the limited aid-absorptive capacity in disaster-affected countries.
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Matsutomi, Hideo, Tsutomu Sakakiyama, Sindhu Nugroho, and Masafumi Matsuyama. "Aspects of Inundated Flow Due to the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami." Coastal Engineering Journal 48, no. 2 (June 2006): 167–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0578563406001350.
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WANG, XIAOMING, and PHILIP L. F. LIU. "NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF THE 2004 INDIAN OCEAN TSUNAMIS — COASTAL EFFECTS." Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 01, no. 03 (September 2007): 273–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s179343110700016x.
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The 2004 Sumatra earthquake and the associated tsunamis are one of the most devastating natural disasters in the last century. The tsunamis flooded a huge coastal area in the surrounding countries, especially in Indonesia, Thailand and Sri Lanka, and caused enormous loss of human lives and properties. In this paper, tsunami inundations in Trincomalee, Sri Lanka and North Banda Aceh, Indonesia were simulated by using a finite-difference model based on nonlinear shallow-water equations. The calculated tsunami heights and inundations in these two regions are compared with the field measurements and observations. Fairly good agreement is observed. Numerical results confirm again that the local bathymetric and topographic characteristics play important roles in determining the inundation area. Numerical simulations further indicate that although nonlinearity becomes important in many dynamic aspects when tsunamis approach the shore, its influence on determining the inundation area is relatively small in the regions examined for this tsunami event. Finally, the potential capability of sediment transport and a force index on a virtual structure in flooded areas are introduced and discussed.
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Nirupama, N. "Socio-economic implications based on interviews with fishermen following the Indian Ocean tsunami." Natural Hazards 48, no. 1 (May 9, 2008): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11069-008-9242-6.
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Heger, Martin Philipp, and Eric Neumayer. "The impact of the Indian Ocean tsunami on Aceh’s long-term economic growth." Journal of Development Economics 141 (November 2019): 102365. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jdeveco.2019.06.008.
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Maheshwari, B. K., M. L. Sharma, and J. P. Narayan. "Geotechnical and Structural Damage in Tamil Nadu, India, from the December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami." Earthquake Spectra 22, no. 3_suppl (June 2006): 475–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2206148.
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A reconnaissance team surveyed the geotechnical and structural engineering aspects of tsunami damage on the coast of Tamil Nadu in India. The area surveyed was from Chennai on the east coast to Thiruvananthapuram on the west coast. There was practically no major evidence of damage from direct ground shaking, although damage from the tsunami was extensive. The geotechnical engineering damage observed was mostly due to erosion of soil, settlement of soil, damage to port and harbor facilities, and damage to lifelines. The structural engineering damage involved damage to compound walls, collapse of rural houses, failure of columns, and toppling of roofs; some of the damage occurred because reinforcement details were lacking. Analyses of damage and its causes were performed, and the level of damage correlated well with the tsunami runup for the localities visited.
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Bandara, Jayatilleke S., and Athula Naranpanawa. "The Economic Effects of the Asian Tsunami on the ‘Tear Drop in the Indian Ocean’." South Asia Economic Journal 8, no. 1 (January 2007): 65–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/139156140600800104.
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Sehgal, Shaina, and Suresh Babu. "Economic Transformation of the Nicobar Islands Post-tsunami." Ecology, Economy and Society–the INSEE Journal 4, no. 2 (July 31, 2021): 119–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.37773/ees.v4i2.331.
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Natural disasters can have lasting impacts on regional economies. Island economies, in particular, have protracted recoveries from disasters due to their location, size, and economic dependence on trading partners. As imports and exports are especially explicit and discernible in ports, islands facilitate investigations on the long-term effects of disaster relief, reconstruction, and redevelopment on trade. In this paper, we examine the transformational impact of the 2004 Indian ocean earthquake and tsunami. We examine changes to physical imports and exports in the archipelago to reflect on the social, economic, and ecological impacts of the 2004 disaster and subsequent recovery. We analyse disaggregated physical import and export data for 2003–2017 from revenue ports in the Nicobar Islands in India along with data from field surveys and interviews conducted on the islands. We find that while the archipelago’s physical trade balance has been continuously growing since 2003, it increased at a higher rate after the disaster and thereafter stabilized to levels comparable to the pre-tsunami period. However, further analysis indicates that the nature and quantity of physical imports during this period, such as of fuel and construction materials, are unprecedented; and there are diverging trajectories of redevelopment within the archipelago...
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RIYAZ, MAHMOOD, and KYUNG-HO PARK. ""SAFER ISLAND CONCEPT" DEVELOPED AFTER THE 2004 INDIAN OCEAN TSUNAMI: A CASE STUDY OF MALDIVES." Journal of Earthquake and Tsunami 04, no. 02 (June 2010): 135–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793431110000704.
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This study deals with the "safer island concept" implemented for the reconstruction and rehabilitation works after the 26 December 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami in the Maldives. The safer island concept has been developed as an important adaptation strategy for tsunamis as well as the sea-level rise due to climate change. Reconstruction work in Dhuvaafaru Island to rehabilitate the entire population of Kandholhudhoo Island of Raa atoll is chosen as a case study. The appropriateness of the functionality of the redesigned island to provide security and safety for the island communities is evaluated using the digital elevation model. The study results show that the design enhanced mitigation measures of the island might show some resilience for less frequent natural disasters such as smaller tsunamis, while the implementation of the concept may create greater vulnerability for more frequent disasters, such as flash floods and storms. An integrated approach with appropriate risk assessment of floods, storms, and other physical aspects of the island is recommended for the future development of the safer island concept.
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Ruddock, Les, Dilanthi Amaratunga, Nadeeshani Wanigaratne, and Roshani Palliyaguru. "POST‐TSUNAMI RECONSTRUCTION IN SRI LANKA: ASSESSING THE ECONOMIC IMPACT." International Journal of Strategic Property Management 14, no. 3 (September 30, 2010): 217–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/ijspm.2010.16.
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The “construction output shock” that was generated by the massive reconstruction programmes after the Indian Ocean tsunami in Sri Lanka spread through the economic system and was reflected in economic indicators due to the multiple linkages that the construction industry has with other economic sectors. On the ground, it was observed that the prices of construction materials, labour and plant rose suddenly in the affected regions making the reconstruction effort more costly. This paper considers the responses of major economic and construction indicators to the construction shock due to post‐tsunami reconstruction and the amount of time needed before they returned to an equilibrium state. Empirical results indicate that the construction output shock had a significant impact on material, labour and equipment price indices in the short run but other indicators showed only a very marginal response indicating that the remoteness of the disaster would have delayed the propagation. Santruka Del didžiuliu atstatymo programu, prasidejusiu Šri Lankoje po cunamio Indijos vandenyne, atsirades statybu šokas apeme ekonomine sistema ir padare poveiki ekonominiams rodikliams, nes statybos pramone turi daugybe sasaju su kitais ūkio sektoriais. Pastebeta, kad nukentejusiuose regionuose statybiniu medžiagu, darbo ir irangos kainos staiga išaugo, o atstatomoji veikla pabrango. Šiame straipsnyje nagrinejama, kaip pagrindiniai ekonominiai ir statybos rodikliai reaguoja i statybu šoka, patirta del atstatomuju darbu po cunamio, kiek laiko reikia, kad rodikliai grižtu i pusiausvyros būkle. Iš empiriniu rezultatu matyti, kad trumpuoju laikotarpiu statybu apimties šokas gerokai paveike medžiagu, darbo ir irangos kainu rodiklius, bet kiti rodikliai kito labai nedaug, vadinasi, nelaimes atokumo atveju rodikliu sklaida būtu buvusi sulaikyta.
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RAHAYU, SLAMET MARDIYANTO, and ARISTA SUCI ANDINI. "STUDY OF TSUNAMI MITIGATION BASED ON VEGETATION IN SERENTING BEACH, MANDALIKA SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONE, LOMBOK ISLAND." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 8, no. 12 (December 25, 2020): 60–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i12.2020.2473.
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Serenting Beach is one of the beaches in the Mandalika Special Economic Zone (MSEZ), Central Lombok Regency. The MSEZ is located in the southern part of Lombok Island and faces the Indian Ocean. The Mandalika Special Economic Zone is prospected to expedite the sector of tourism at Province of West Nusa Tenggara which is very potential. A few hundred kilometers to the south part of Lombok Island is one of the large tectonic plates meeting zones which is a major source of potential tsunami earthquakes. With the geological conditions of Lombok Island which is prone to tsunamis and the existence of environmental degradation in Serenting Beach, MSEZ, it is necessary to conduct research about study of tsunami mitigation based on vegetation in Serenting Beach, MSEZ, Lombok Island. Based on the research, there are several types of plants that need to be planted as a tsunami disaster mitigation effort in Serenting Beach, MSEZ, namely: Casuarina equisetifolia, Pandanus odoratissimus, Cocos nucifera, Hibiscus tiliaceus, and Terminalia catappa. The government and various related parties need to provide education to the public, tourism managers, and tourists to take an active role in protecting vegetation and not through illegal logging.
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Prakoso, Septyanto Galan, Andriyansyah Perdana Murtyantoro, and Meisya Putri Intan Cahyani. "China-Pakistan Economic Corridor: China's Strategic Ambition." JURNAL ILMU SOSIAL 18, no. 1 (November 23, 2019): 81–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/jis.18.2.2019.81-92.
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China’s Silk Road concept known as Belt and Road Initiative (B&R) by Xi Jinping aims at strengthening China’s economic power. One part of the initiative is the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC). Using a qualitative descriptive method, we attempt to explain how China and Pakistan integrate themselves in several aspects such as economic, military and politics. The CPEC establishment falls under the intention of both countries to gain more advantage in several aspects. The main objective of this journal is to explain non-economic and also economic interests behind China and Pakistan relations especially China’s strategic and geopolitical interests. This journal also analyzes Chinese counter-measures against Indian influence in the Indian Ocean. The conclusion of this research shows that China gain more benefits from CPEC especially after the deployment of China’s Navy into the Gwadar Sea Port.
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Wisner, Ben, and Peter Walker. "Getting Tsunami Recovery and Early Warning Right." Open House International 31, no. 1 (March 1, 2006): 54–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ohi-01-2006-b0007.
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The massive human and economic impact of the Asian tsunami in later 2004 is mirrored in the aftershocks felt among humanitarian organisations, development agencies, and policy makers. This paper raises a number of these troubling, fundamental issues. Firstly, the call for an Indian Ocean tsunami warning system raises fundamental issues about what warning systems can, and cannot, do. Secondly, one is also forced to consider why in the first place so many people live on exposed coasts today, vulnerable not only to tsunamis but tropical storms and rainy season flooding among other hazards. Thirdly, one is challenged to question the very meaning of “recovery”. Such massive damage has been done and so many people and their livelihoods have been dislocated, is it actually possible to imagine a return to the status quo ante? Fourthly, reconstruction of the magnitude now underway in the affected areas raises many difficult questions about accountability, transparency, and the unevenness with which the international community responds to crises. The paper finishes with some recommendations.
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Silviana, Mery. "Tsunami Vulnerability and Risk Assessment of Banda Aceh City through ArcGIS Software." Jurnal Inotera 5, no. 1 (May 12, 2020): 35–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.31572/inotera.vol5.iss1.2020.id100.
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This research produced a tsunami risk map of village’s community in Banda Aceh from a low level to a high level risk. Disaster risk analysis techniques involve a set of multi-criteria and Geographic Information Systems (GIS). GIS is used as a method to evaluate the multi-criteria which are made into spatial data and combining them into a risk map. Disaster risk assessment involves two factors: the tsunami hazard assessment and vulnerability of community. Tsunami hazard’s level is measured based on the map of the tsunami’s intensity by the number of damaged buildings that is produced by JICA study team on the Indian Ocean Tsunami in 2004, while the vulnerability of community is evaluated from hazard exposure and coping capacity of society in social, economic and physical dimension. Result of study shows two villages that have an extremely high degree of risk, 36 villages have a high degree of risk, 11 villages have a medium risk, 12 villages have a low risk and 29 villages have no risk at all.
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Satake, Kenji, Craig McLean, and Irasema Alcántara-Ayala. "Understanding Disaster Risk: The Role of Science and Technology." Journal of Disaster Research 13, no. 7 (December 1, 2018): 1168–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2018.p1168.
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“Understanding disaster risk” is the first priority action of the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030. During the Global Forum on Science and Technology for Disaster Resilience, held in Tokyo in November 2017, one of the working groups focused on this priority action and discussed the key aspects associated with understanding disaster risk. These included root causes and disaster risk drivers, disaster risk data, disaster risk assessment, disaster risk mapping, and collaboration among stakeholders. This paper reviews and illustrates the above topics by using three examples of the most devastating disasters of recent times: the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, the 2010 Haiti earthquake, and the 2011 Great East Japan (Tohoku) Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster. The Indian Ocean tsunami, generated by the gigantic Sumatra-Andaman earthquake (magnitude M 9.1), caused 228,000 casualties from 14 countries because of its unexpected magnitude, the lack of knowledge on tsunamis and absence of an early warning system, and high levels of vulnerable populations, particularly elderly people, children, women, and foreign tourists. The 2010 Haiti earthquake, despite its smaller magnitude of M 7.0, also caused a similar number of casualties because of very high levels of vulnerability and exposure. Particularly relevant was the non-existence of building codes, political instability, extreme poverty, and poor health conditions. The 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster, caused by the gigantic Tohoku earthquake (M 9.0), produced approximately 22,000 casualties with a large proportion of elderly people, mostly because of wide spread, huge tsunamis. It also triggered the accident at the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Station, which is an example of a natural hazard triggering technological disaster. By examining these cases and based on the discussions carried out during the Forum, the working group adopted five recommendations.
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Abir, Mahshid, Sue Anne Bell, Neha Puppala, Osama Awad, and Melinda Moore. "Setting Foundations for Developing Disaster Response Metrics." Disaster Medicine and Public Health Preparedness 11, no. 4 (February 6, 2017): 505–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/dmp.2016.173.
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AbstractThere are few reported efforts to define universal disaster response performance measures. Careful examination of responses to past disasters can inform the development of such measures. As a first step toward this goal, we conducted a literature review to identify key factors in responses to 3 recent events with significant loss of human life and economic impact: the 2003 Bam, Iran, earthquake; the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami; and the 2010 Haiti earthquake. Using the PubMed (National Library of Medicine, Bethesda, MD) database, we identified 710 articles and retained 124 after applying inclusion and exclusion criteria. Seventy-two articles pertained to the Haiti earthquake, 38 to the Indian Ocean tsunami, and 14 to the Bam earthquake. On the basis of this review, we developed an organizational framework for disaster response performance measurement with 5 key disaster response categories: (1) personnel, (2) supplies and equipment, (3) transportation, (4) timeliness and efficiency, and (5) interagency cooperation. Under each of these, and again informed by the literature, we identified subcategories and specific items that could be developed into standardized performance measures. The validity and comprehensiveness of these measures can be tested by applying them to other recent and future disaster responses, after which standardized performance measures can be developed through a consensus process. (Disaster Med Public Health Preparedness. 2017;11:505–509)
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Satria, Fayakun, John Haluan, Eko Sri Wiyono, and Wudianto Wudianto. "BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS, DENSITY AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE ALFONSINO (Beryx splendens) lN THE INDIAN OCEAN EKSLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE OF INDONESIA." Indonesian Fisheries Research Journal 14, no. 2 (May 29, 2017): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/ifrj.14.2.2008.75-82.
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Deep water fisheries resources in the Indian Ocean ekslusive economic zone of Indonesia, has been investigated extensively in the year of 2004 to 2005. Recently a fishing operation of deep sea bottom trawl vessel F/B.
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Karczewski, Maciej. "Wielka Gra” na Oceanie Indyjskim. Chiny, Indie i Stany Zjednoczone w regionalnej rywalizacji mocarstw." Refleksje. Pismo naukowe studentów i doktorantów WNPiD UAM, no. 5 (October 31, 2018): 25–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/r.2012.5.2.
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The Indian Ocean constitutes an area which is rich in resources and vital to shipping. In this region there are some strategic sealines that enable communication of China and India with this resourceful area. Due to the fact that the Indian Ocean region is rich in oil, China and India seek dominance in this part of the world. The article explains and describes the dynamic of greatpower rivalry in various aspects. It also analyzes the role of the Unites States as stabilizing power in the new political and economic environment in Asia.
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Römer, H., P. Willroth, G. Kaiser, A. T. Vafeidis, R. Ludwig, H. Sterr, and J. Revilla Diez. "Potential of remote sensing techniques for tsunami hazard and vulnerability analysis – a case study from Phang-Nga province, Thailand." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 12, no. 6 (June 28, 2012): 2103–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-12-2103-2012.
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Abstract. Recent tsunami disasters, such as the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami or the 2011 Japan earthquake and tsunami, have highlighted the need for effective risk management. Remote sensing is a relatively new method for risk analysis, which shows significant potential in conducting spatially explicit risk and vulnerability assessments. In order to explore and discuss the potential and limitations of remote sensing techniques, this paper presents a case study from the tsunami-affected Andaman Sea coast of Thailand. It focuses on a local assessment of tsunami hazard and vulnerability, including the socio-economic and ecological components. High resolution optical data, including IKONOS data and aerial imagery (MFC-3 camera) as well as different digital elevation models, were employed to create basic geo-data including land use and land cover (LULC), building polygons and topographic data sets and to provide input data for the hazard and vulnerability assessment. Results show that the main potential of applying remote sensing techniques and data derives from a synergistic combination with other types of data. In the case of hazard analysis, detailed LULC information and the correction of digital surface models (DSMs) significantly improved the results of inundation modeling. The vulnerability assessment showed that remote sensing can be used to spatially extrapolate field data on socio-economic or ecological vulnerability collected in the field, to regionalize exposure elements and assets and to predict vulnerable areas. Limitations and inaccuracies became evident regarding the assessment of ecological resilience and the statistical prediction of vulnerability components, based on variables derived from remote sensing data.
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Hawkes, Andrea D., Micheal Bird, Susan Cowie, Benjamin Horton, Jonathan Nott, Ruth Robinson, and Lee Wan Aik. "Indian Ocean tsunami deposits along the West Coast of the Malay-Thai Peninsula: foraminiferal and grain size analysis." Anuário do Instituto de Geociências 29, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 420–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.11137/2006_1_420-421.
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Kitzbichler, Stephan. "Built back better? Housing reconstruction after the Tsunami disaster of 2004 in Aceh." Asian Journal of Social Science 39, no. 4 (2011): 534–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853111x597314.
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Abstract The Tsunami disaster on the morning of December 26th, 2004 caused thousands of casualties and created enormous destruction in the twelve affected countries around the Indian Ocean. The hardest hit region was the conflict ridden province of Aceh in Indonesia, with an estimated 165,000 people dead or missing and around 15 percent of the surviving population made homeless (see BRR 2005). The Tsunami catastrophe was followed by — at least for developing countries — an unprecedented scale of relief, rehabilitation and reconstruction operations. A multitude of actors from all over the world took action in the affected areas and contributed to the rebuilding of the devastated areas, following a “build back better” policy. In the light of the huge number of people made homeless, one of the most prominent aspects of the reconstruction process was housing, where about 130,000 reconstruction homes were built in Aceh alone after the disaster (see UNORC-IAS 2009). This paper discusses the housing reconstruction approach based on a case study in a Tsunami affected village on the north-east coast of Aceh. In conclusion this case demonstrates the benefits of more participation in reconstruction.
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Sengara, I. Wayan, Nanang Puspito, Engkon Kertapati, and Hendarto. "Survey of Geotechnical Engineering Aspects of the December 2004 Great Sumatra Earthquake and Indian Ocean Tsunami and the March 2005 Nias–Simeulue Earthquake." Earthquake Spectra 22, no. 3_suppl (June 2006): 495–509. http://dx.doi.org/10.1193/1.2205199.
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Reconnaissance surveys of building and infrastructure damage related to geotechnical engineering aspects were conducted four to six weeks after the 26 December 2004 earthquake and five weeks after the 28 March 2005 earthquake. These surveys identified many instances of building collapse and infrastructure damage that were probably caused by strong ground shaking and/or liquefaction-induced foundation or embankment failures. The survey results suggest the need for earthquake engineering research that identifies likely future earthquakes and their ground motion characteristics. Because of the observed variation in the level of damage, a seismic microzonation study should be performed to identify the spatial variability of strong ground shaking for the purpose of reconstruction and future planning of cities in Nangroe Aceh Darrusalam Province and Nias Island.
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Swamy, Raja. "Humanitarianism and Unequal Exchange." Journal of World-Systems Research 23, no. 2 (August 11, 2017): 353–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/jwsr.2017.681.
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This article examines the relationship between humanitarian aid and ecologically unequal exchange in the context of post-disaster reconstruction. I assess the manner in which humanitarian aid became a central part of the reconstruction process in India's Tamil Nadu state following the devastating 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. This article focuses on how the humanitarian “gift” of housing became a central plank of the state's efforts to push fishers inland while opening up coastal lands for various economic development projects such as ports, infrastructure, industries, and tourism. As part of the state and multilateral agency financed reconstruction process, the humanitarian aid regime provided “free” houses as gifts to recipients while expecting in return the formal abandonment of all claims to the coast. The humanitarian “gift” therefore helped depoliticize critical issues of land and resources, location and livelihood, which prior to the tsunami were subjects of long-standing political conflicts between local fisher populations and the state. The gift economy in effect played into an ongoing conflict over land and resources and effectively sought to ease the alienation of fishers from their coastal commons and near shore marine resource base. I argue that humanitarian aid, despite its associations with benevolence and generosity, presents a troubling and disempowering set of options for political struggles over land, resources, and social entitlements such as housing, thereby intensifying existing ecological and economic inequalities.
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Yokkaichi, Yasuhiro. "The Maritime and Continental Networks of Kīsh Merchants under Mongol Rule: The Role of the Indian Ocean, Fārs and Iraq." Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient 62, no. 2-3 (March 18, 2019): 428–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685209-12341484.
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AbstractBased on a variety of literary and archaeological sources, notably the tariff lists produced in Rasulid Yemen, this study reconstructs the trade routes of the Kīsh merchants, demonstrating that the Persian Gulf route—between South and West India (Coromandel, Malabar, and Gujarat) and Iraq via the Persian Gulf—and the Red Sea route—between South and West India and Egypt via the Red Sea—were closely connected in the Mongol period. This not only manifests aspects of the proto-globalization in Mongol Eurasia but also argues against the supposed economic decline of post-1258 Baghdad and the economic centrality of Cairo in the post-Abbasid Muslim world.
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NADRI, GHULAM A. "Sailors,Zielverkopers, and the Dutch East India Company: The maritime labour market in eighteenth-century Surat." Modern Asian Studies 49, no. 2 (September 9, 2014): 336–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x13000449.
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AbstractIn the second half of the eighteenth century, the Dutch East India Company (VOC) employed hundreds of Indian sailors in Surat in western India to man its ships plying the Asian waters. TheMoorse zeevarenden(Muslim sailors) performed a variety of tasks on board ships and in the port of Batavia, and made it possible for the Company to carry out its commercial ventures across the Indian Ocean. The relationship between the two, however, was rather complex and even contentious. Based on Dutch sources, this article investigates the political-economic contexts of this relationship, examines the structure and organization of the maritime labour market in Surat, and illuminates the role and significance ofzielverkopers(labour contractors) and of the local administration. The analysis of the social, economic, and familial aspects of the market and labour relations in Surat sheds light on pre-capitalist forms of labour recruitment and the institutional dynamics of the Indian labour market.
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Jauhola, Marjaana. "Scraps of Home." Asian Journal of Social Science 43, no. 6 (2015): 738–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685314-04306005.
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Global vulnerability to natural hazards has increased in recent years but, as they represent complex intersection of social, political and economic factors, their impacts do not affect people equally. Simultaneously, a paradigm of “build back better” has emerged as a global agenda to promote resilience and continuum of relief, recovery and longer-term development. This article offers insights into the complexities of rebuilding by focusing on personal narratives collected between 2012 and 2015 in the aftermath of the December 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and ensuing tsunami. It offers seven accounts of how lived and embodied experiences of home and belonging in the post-disaster city of Banda Aceh offer modes of contestation for the concept of an Aceh that “is built back better”. Following the lives of people through their everyday experiences offers insights into the relations of power and the potential structures of violence that are embedded in the aftermath: layered exiles and displacement; hidden narratives of violence and grief; struggles over gendered expectations of being a good and respectable woman and man; the hierarchical political economy of post-conflict and tsunami reconstruction; and multiple ways of arranging lives and remembrance, cherishing loved ones and forming caring and loving relationships outside the normative notions of nuclear family and home.
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Badrudin, Badrudin, Ali Suman, and Awwaludin Awwaludin. "SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND MATURITY OF THE SLIMEHEADS (Hoplostethus crassispinus) lN THE DEEP SEA AROUND SIMEULEU ISLAND, WESTERN SUMATERA, EASTERN INDIAN OCEAN." Indonesian Fisheries Research Journal 13, no. 1 (May 29, 2017): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.15578/ifrj.13.1.2007.9-16.
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The slimeheads (Hoplosfefhus spp.) provide one of the likely economic important deep sea demersal fish resources in the near future. The fish was caught in western part of Sumatera, in the depth of more than 500 m deep, and was found in substantial amount in the deep waters around Simeuleu lsland and the western off Banda Aceh. Data analysis was limited to the biological aspects, including length relationship, and maturity.
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Robnett, Kathrine. "How Antibiotic Resistance Impacts Responses to Public Health Emergencies and Strategies to Mitigate the Impacts." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 34, s1 (May 2019): s136. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x1900298x.
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Introduction:Antibiotic resistance is when bacteria change and adapt in response to antibiotics, becoming able to defeat these drugs when used to treat infections. A direct consequence of this adaptation is an increased difficulty in treating multiple diseases. Because of increased antibiotic resistance, the World Health Organization has declared it a significant threat to public health.Aim:One frequent consequence of natural disasters is infections, as seen in the December 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. Survivors sustained a variety of wound infections that ranged from common pathogens to rarely seen organisms including fungi.Methods:This research analyzes the microbiology observed in wound infections associated with exposure to freshwater, seawater, soil, fecal, and other contamination after Hurricane Harvey in 2017 and Hurricane Florence in 2018.Discussion:Therapies for infections will also be discussed in addition to how the utilization of rapid detection technology for antimicrobial resistance and correct treatments require antimicrobial susceptibility knowledge to improve health outcomes, lower economic costs, prevent further spread of multi-drug resistant outbreaks and assist with antimicrobial stewardship.
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Satake, Kenji, and Yujiro Ogawa. "Special Issue on Multi-disciplinary Hazard Reduction from Earthquakes and Volcanoes in Indonesia." Journal of Disaster Research 7, no. 1 (January 1, 2012): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2012.p0003.
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Natural disasters and their mitigation are global issues, especially in Asian countries, which have suffered from such geohazards as earthquakes, tsunamis, and volcanic eruptions and such hydrometeorological hazards as typhoons, cyclones, storm surges, and floods. Research on natural hazards and disasters is multidisciplinary. Scientists from a wide variety of disciplines study hazards, their causes, their mechanisms, and prediction. Engineers study infrastructures and measures to reduce vulnerability. Social and humanitarian scientists study cultural and societal aspects of disasters. Educators study effective ways to raise people’s awareness and action. In addition to such research activities, practitioners work to implement the results of scientific research into practical policymaking. This special issue of JDR contains 12 papers on multidisciplinary studies concerning geohazards in Indonesia taken from a Science and Technology Research Partnership for Sustainable Development (SATREPS) project supported by the Japan Science and Technology Agency (JST) and the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA). SATREPS projects focus on both the scientific aspect, namely, acquiring new knowledge, and the Official Development Aids (ODA) aspect, namely, implementing such knowledge in societal applications. Following the first review article, which is a project overview, the next four papers report findings on natural hazards – the slip rate on the Lembang fault in Java, tsunami simulation for Java’s Palabuhanratu, the Sinabung volcano eruption in Sumatra, and methods of predicting and evaluating eruptions. One paper reports engineering studies on tsunami disaster mitigation in Padang city and two social science papers present hazards in the contexts of communities and human mobility. Two papers on disaster education cover disaster education development since the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami and the use of tsunami simulation in disaster education. The last research paper and review article deal with policymaking related to the 2010 Mentawai and 2011 Japan tsunamis, respectively. All of these papers, including the review articles, have been peer-reviewed by two nonproject reviewers. We thank the authors for their timely contributions and revisions, and the reviewers for their invaluable and wide-ranging comments.
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Mutmainah, Herdiana, and Aprizon Putra. "Identification of Coastal Vulnerability at The North Pagai Island of Mentawai Using Smartline Method." Sumatra Journal of Disaster, Geography and Geography Education 1, no. 2 (December 12, 2017): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/sjdgge.v1i2.98.
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Climate change and global warming have a negative impact on coastal, especially small islands. Abration and floods can be very danger and need response to minimize the disaster risks. A simple and practical method is needed to inform the location and type of coastal vulnerability and its risks along coastal segments. Smartline is a coastal management method that represents the geomorphology of coastal, hinterland and shoreline. The North Pagai is a small island, a part of the Mentawai Islands that located at the west offshore of Sumatra Island and one of the under developed areas in Indonesia. The island is surrounded by the Hindia Ocean and located on a subduction path of tectonic plate that prone to earthquakes and Tsunami. High rainfall, strong winds, the complexity of coastal morphology and also the majority of coastal residents and limited infrastructure make the problems more complicated. Tsunami in 2010 (7.7 Mw) caused the change of shoreline getting worst on The East Coast of The North Pagai Island. This study aims to identify the coastal vulnerability using Smartline method. The research was conducted on April and September 2016. The result concludes that physical aspect shows Saumangaya and Matobe Village at high and also very high level of vulnerability hence Sikakap Village at very high level. The socio-economic aspect shows that The Sikakap Village is more advanced but contrary more vulnerable to disaster in terms of population density and complex activities. The North Pagai Island is a vulnerable island from physical and socio-economic aspects.
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Marra, John, Tashya Allen, David Easterling, Stephanie Fauver, Thomas Karl, David Levinson, Douglas Marcy, et al. "An Integrating Architecture for Coastal Inundation and Erosion Program Planning and Product Development." Marine Technology Society Journal 41, no. 1 (March 1, 2007): 62–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4031/002533207787442321.
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The need for data and information that can be used to enhance community resilience to coastal inundation and erosion has been highlighted by the devastating impacts of recent events such as Hurricane Katrina and the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. The physical systems causing coastal inundation and erosion are governed by a complex combination of oceanic, atmospheric, and terrestrial processes interacting across a broad range of temporal and spatial scales. Depending on time and place the expression of these processes may variously take the form of episodic storm-induced surge or wave overtopping and undercutting, chronic flooding and erosion associated with long-term relative sea level rise, or catastrophic inundation attributable to tsunami. Differences related to geographic setting, such as sea ice in Alaska or coral reefs in Hawai'i and the Pacific Islands, enhance this phenomenological variability. Anticipating the expression of these phenomena is also complicated by observed and projected changes in climate. Combined with these physical systems are social systems made up of diverse cultural, economic, and environmental conditions. Like the physical systems, the social systems are changing, largely because of increases in population and infrastructure along coastlines. These diverse conditions and systems reveal wide-ranging needs for the content, format, and timing of data and information to support decision-making. In addition, other considerations complicate these requirements for data and information: (1) the decentralized acquisition of information from a variety of platforms (e.g., tide gauges, wave buoys, satellites, radars); (2) data and models of varying complexity and spatial and temporal application; and (3) gaps and overlaps in agency, institutional, and organizational activity and authority. This systemic complexity presents a challenge to scientists, planners, managers, and others working to increase community resilience in the face of the risks associated with inundation and erosion. This paper describes a conceptual framework for an integrating architecture that would support program planning and product development toward hazard resilient communities. Central to this framework is a comprehensive, horizontally and vertically integrated view of the physical and social systems that shape the risks associated with coastal inundation and erosion, and the kinds of information needed to manage those risks. Equally important, the framework addresses the necessary connections among systems and scales. This integrated approach also emphasizes the needs of planners, managers, and decision-makers in a changing physical and social environment, as well as the necessity of an iterative, nested, collaborative, and participatory process.
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Darmawan, I. Gede Surya. "IDENTIFICATION OF IMAGE AREA CONCEPT OF TSUNAMI DISASTER RESPONSE IN COASTAL SPATIAL Case Study : Serangan Island, Denpasar, Bali." Journal of Architectural Research and Education 2, no. 2 (December 18, 2020): 176–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17509/jare.v2i2.29274.
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Serangan Island is one of the favourite tourist destinations in Bali which is the result of reclamation in 1995-1998, famous for its image as "Turtle Island", the presence of Sakenan Temple, white sand beaches, marine tourism, watersport, coral reef cultivation and seaweed, and the the fishing village of Bugis and Bali. However, behind the many tourism potentials, Serangan Island is threatened with earthquakes and tsunamis because the island is located on the south coast facing the Indian Ocean and the island's relatively low topography and inland elevation. In 2014, the Provincial Government of Bali through the Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD) built a communal space in the form of a Temporary Evacuation Place (TES) which is integrated with the Serangan Village Market. This research will identify in detail the implementation of the concept of the image of the disaster response area in the coastal area of Serangan Island. The research method used is descriptive qualitative with purposive sampling, with the use of the image theory of the area and disaster response architecture as the basis of this research. The results of the study show that the concept of the image of the Serangan Island area has also applied the concept of disaster mitigation both in architecture and in spatial planning. This identification has been seen in the concept of paths, edges, districts, nodes and landmarks. The main attacks are on residential areas, although in some parts the potential and function of disaster mitigation aspects need to be maximized.Keywords – image area concept, tsunami disaster response, coastal spatial
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Anas Ismail, Febrin, Masrilayanti, and Tria Yuli Anggraini. "Accessibilty analysis of tsunami evacuation route to self supported shelter in sub-district Pasie Nan Tigo, Padang City." E3S Web of Conferences 156 (2020): 04007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202015604007.
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The city of Padang, the capital of West Sumatra, has 1 million populations and located on the west coast of Sumatra. The city situated at two earthquake sources that are subduction zone in the Indian Ocean and Sumatra fault inland of Sumatra. Since the year 2006, Padang city is often experiencing an earthquake from both sources. In Mentawai island, about 200 km from Padang City westward, there is still what so-called seismic gap that very potential to generate big earthquake followed by a tsunami. To anticipate this, the mitigation measurements are needed to prepare the people on the west coast of Sumatra, especially in Padang city. One of the activities is to prepare the shelter that can cover around 600,000 people prone to tsunami near the beach. The infrastructures for shelter are very limited. There are only 4 shelters that have been built that have capacity about 2000-3000 people. To anticipate this condition, it needs to build what so-called self-supported shelter. The self-supported shelter is an idea or concept of utilizing a mosque or musholla to be a shelter by participating in the community surrounding its construction and management. The shelter will have a function as the ritual of religion and the tsunami evacuation place. Mosque or musholla is selected to shelter since it does not need to buy land, available in the near residence area, and easy to get funds in its construction. There are some aspects need to be prepared in order to function a shelter well, that is, the selection of location, the evacuation system, the construction method, the accessibility, and the structural design. This paper focus on analysis of the accessibility of evacuation routes to self-supported shelter in terms of time estimation, road facilities, and barrier during evacuation. The case study is chosen as the sub-district of Pasie Nan Tigo that has about 12,000 populations. The result can be a model in designing accessibility to self-supported shelters in the other area.
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Morton, Melinda, and J. Lee Levy. "Challenges in Disaster Data Collection during Recent Disasters." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26, no. 3 (June 2011): 196–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x11006339.
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AbstractGathering essential health data to provide rapid and effective medical relief to populations devastated by the effects of a disaster-producing event involves challenges. These challenges include response to environmental hazards, security of personnel and resources, political and economic issues, cultural barriers, and difficulties in communication, particularly between aid agencies. These barriers often impede the timely collection of key health data such as morbidity and mortality, rapid health and sheltering needs assessments, key infrastructure assessments, and nutritional needs assessments. Examples of these challenges following three recent events: (1) the Indian Ocean tsunami; (2) Hurricane Katrina; and (3) the 2010 earthquake in Haiti are reviewed. Some of the innovative and cutting-edge approaches for surmounting many of these challenges include: (1) the establishment of geographical information systems (GIS) mapping disaster databases; (2) establishing internet surveillance networks and data repositories; (3) utilization of personal digital assistant-based platforms for data collection; (4) involving key community stakeholders in the data collection process; (5) use of pre-established, local, collaborative networks to coordinate disaster efforts; and (6) exploring potential civil-military collaborative efforts. The application of these and other innovative techniques shows promise for surmounting formidable challenges to disaster data collection.
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Chhibber, Ajay. "China's Belt and Road Initiative and India's options: Competitive cooperation." Journal of Infrastructure, Policy and Development 1, no. 2 (August 1, 2017): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.24294/jipd.v1i2.83.
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India and China have a competitive yet cooperative relationship. India has not signed on to the Belt and Road Initiative as it has concerns over some aspects of it-especially the China-Pakistan Economic Corridor and the Maritime Silk Road-and has proposed its own "Spice Route" or SAGAR project, with India at the centre of Indian Ocean relations. Nevertheless, India has joined the new financial institutions of the New Development Bank, the Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) (as its second largest shareholder after China) and most recently the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO). These new banks are a potential source of long-term infrastructure finance for India, however small in magnitude. China and India have growing, yet somewhat unbalanced, economic linkages-with a large trade deficit in favour of China. This paper explores how China and India can contain their contentious issues as they find ways to cooperate for mutual benefit.
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Parianos, John, Ian Lipton, and Matthew Nimmo. "Aspects of Estimation and Reporting of Mineral Resources of Seabed Polymetallic Nodules: A Contemporaneous Case Study." Minerals 11, no. 2 (February 14, 2021): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/min11020200.
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Exploration of seabed polymetallic nodules identifies the Clarion Clipperton Zone and the Indian Ocean Nodule Field to be of economic interest. Mineral resource estimation is important to the owner of the resource (all of mankind; and managed by the International Seabed Authority; ISA) and to developers (commercial and government groups holding contracts with the ISA). The Committee for Mineral Reserves International Reporting Standards was developed for the land-based minerals industry and adapted in 2015 for ISA-managed nodules. Nodules can be sampled in a meaningful manner using mechanical devices, albeit with minor issues of bias. Grade and moisture content are measured using the established methodology for land-based minerals. Tonnage of resource is determined via the abundance of nodules in kilograms per square metre of seabed. This can be estimated from physical samples and, in some cases, from photographs. Contemporary resource reporting for nodules classify the level of confidence in the estimate, by considering deposit geology, sample geostatistics, etc. The reporting of estimates also addresses reasonable prospects for eventual economic extraction, including factors such as mining technology, the marine environment, metallurgical processing, and metals markets. Other requirements are qualified persons responsible for estimation and reporting, site inspection, and sample chain of custody.
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Muhammad Javed Iqbal, Kanwar, and Baber Bilal Haider. "Geo-political and Geo-economic Dynamics of the Region in Developing the Sea-based Economy of the IOR Countries." Polaris – Journal of Maritime Research 2, no. 1 (December 20, 2020): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.53963/pjmr.2020.002.2.
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The geo-politics and geo-economics of the Indian Ocean Region (IOR) littoral are interconnected to each-other with a large scale of Afro-Asian population and a tremendous maritime economic potential. Welfare interests of the populations of IOR littoral states demand tapping of the Sea-based economic potential, but the geo- political dynamics of the region are not conducive due to diverse dimensions of multiplayers in the region and gradual Sino-Asian power shift, where philosophy of enhanced cooperation for peace and sustainability is highly needed. The addition of Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) has provided new avenues to harness the true potential and uplift the poverty by improving existing socio – economic ties. The BRI has many challenges, and its opportunities can be exploited by China, Pakistan and Iran, through an extra efforts on diplomatic front. Based on qualitative research and content analysis method, this paper aims to analyse the various aspects of the geo-politics and geo-economics of the IOR viz-a-viz Sea-based economic potential and rationalizes the need of enhanced cooperation for peace and sustainability in order to promote socio- economic uplift and prosperity across Afro-Asian region.
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Ahmed, Iftekhar, and Darryn McEvoy. "Post-tsunami resettlement in Sri Lanka and India: site planning, infrastructure and services." International Journal of Disaster Resilience in the Built Environment 5, no. 1 (March 4, 2014): 53–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijdrbe-08-2012-0028.
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Purpose – After the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami, major resettlement programmes were implemented in the affected countries including Sri Lanka and India. New settlements were built from scratch on vacant land, which consisted of building new houses and provision of infrastructure and services. Some of these programmes in Sri Lanka and India were reviewed in an Australian Research Council (ARC) funded research and this paper presents and analyses some of the findings of the research. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – The research is based on interviews of residents and representatives of agencies involved in planning and implementing the resettlement programmes, and on-site observations. The investigation examined critical aspects of settlement development including site planning, transport, drainage, water supply, sanitation, waste management and security. Findings – Very little site planning guidelines were available specifically for resettlement programmes; in both the case study countries, general planning guidelines were applied. Provision and management of infrastructure and services presents great challenges in developing countries as high capital investment and good technical skills for design, implementation and maintenance are required. Some of the resettlement schemes had the advantage of being centrally located and hence had access to schools, health centres and other facilities. However, others were in isolated locations and beneficiaries faced problems in accessing basic facilities. Drainage was a problem – most schemes did not have any surface drainage plan; low areas had not been elevated, slopes not levelled, and land not compacted before construction. Electricity and water supply had been provided in all the programmes, but conditions and quality varied. In many of the schemes, sanitation presented a problem. However, in Chennai, the sewage system worked well and this was one achievement all interview respondents praised. Solid waste management and security posed additional problems. Originality/value – In the global context of increasing frequency and intensity of disasters due to climate change, adequate planning and implementation of reconstruction and resettlement programmes has become more important than ever. In this regard, the lessons gained in this paper should be of value and can provide guidance to post-disaster resettlement programmes in developing countries.
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Kapteijns, Lidwien, and Alessandra Vianello. "Women’s Legal Agency and Property in the Court Records of Late Nineteenth-Century Brava." History in Africa 44 (April 3, 2017): 133–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/hia.2017.2.
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Abstract:Drawing on the Islamic court records of Brava, a small Indian Ocean port city on the southern Benadir coast of Somalia, dating from the period 1893–1900, this essay analyzes the legal agency and economic roles of the women of Brava and sheds new light on social (especially family) relations in this town. The qāḍī’s court records give evidence of married women’s fully recognized (even if qualified) legal personhood and their full-fledged financial and economic agency. The free, married women of Brava of this period contributed fully and autonomously to the economic endeavors of their families and also interacted with non-related businessmen in and beyond Brava. They also had the legal and social capacity to defend their interests in court and to get a fair hearing in accordance with the law. Given that both Somali women’s history and East African legal history suffer from a scarcity of concrete evidence for this time-period, the aspects of everyday life in Brava that come into view in the town’s qāḍī’s court records are of great interest.
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Yeh, Harry, and Nobuo Shuto. "Tsunami Forces and Effects on Structures." Journal of Disaster Research 4, no. 6 (December 1, 2009): 375–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2009.p0375.
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The 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami claimed more than 220,000 lives. It was a low-probability high-consequence event. A similar disaster could strike elsewhere, particularly in the Pacific but also in Caribbean, Atlantic, and Mediterranean regions. Unlike in seismic ground shaking, there is usually a short lead-time precedes tsunami attack: from a few minutes for a local source to several hours for a distant source. Because mega-tsunamis are rare and because forewarning of these events is possible, the primary mitigation tactic to date has been evacuation. Hence, most efforts have focused on the development of effective warning systems, inundation maps, and tsunami awareness. This strategy makes sense from the standpoint of saving human lives. However, it does not address the devastating damage to buildings and critical coastal infrastructure, such as major coastal bridges, oil and LNG storage facilities, power plants, and ports and harbors. Failure in critical infrastructure creates enormous economic setbacks and collateral damage. The accelerating construction of critical infrastructure in the coastal zone demands a better understanding of design methodology in building tsunamiresistant structures. In some coastal areas such as low-elevation coastal spits or plains, evacuating people to higher ground may be impractical because they have no time to reach safety. In these situations, the only feasible way to minimize human casualties is to evacuate people to the upper floors of tsunami-resistant buildings. Such buildings must be designed and constructed to survive strong seismic ground shaking and subsequent tsunami impacts. The primary causes of structural failure subject to tsunami attack can be categorized into three groups: 1) hydrodynamic force, 2) impact force by water-born objects, and 3) scour and foundation failure. Tsunami behaviors are quite distinct, however, from other coastal hazards such as storm waves; hence the effects cannot be inferred from common knowledge or intuition. Recent research has addressed tsunami forces acting on coastal structures to develop appropriate design guidelines, and mechanisms leading to tsunamigenerated scour and foundation failures. This special issue is a compilation of 14 papers addressing tsunami effects on buildings and infrastructure. The four main groupings begin with two papers on tsunami force acting on vertical walls. Arikawa experimentally investigates the structural performance of wooden and concrete walls using a large-scale laboratory tank in Japan. Also using a similar large-scale tsunami flume but in the US, Oshnack et al. study force reduction by small onshore seawalls in front of a vertical wall. The second grouping focuses on tsunami force on 3-D structures. Arnason et al. present a basic laboratory study on the hydrodynamics of bore impingement on a vertical column. Fujima et al. examine the two types of formulae for tsunami force evaluation: the one calculated from flow depth alone and the other based on the Euler number. Lukkunaprasit et al. demonstrate the validity of force computation recommended in a recently published design guideline (FEMA P646) by the US Federal Emergency Management Agency. The other two papers look into the specific types of structures: one is for light-frame wood buildings by van de Lindt et al, and the other is for oil storage tanks by Sakakiyama et al. The topic of debris impact force is the focus of the third grouping. Matsutomi summarizes his previous research on impact force by driftwoods, followed by the collision force of shipping containers by Yeom et al. Yim and Zhang numerically simulate tsunami impact on a vertical cylinder; this paper is included in this grouping because their numerical approach is similar to that of Yeom et al. As for the fourth grouping, Shuto presents field observations on foundation failures and scours, and Fujii et al. discuss the erosion processes of soil embankments. There are two more papers: those are the application of fragility analysis to tsunami damage assessment by Koshimura et al. and evaluation of an offshore cabled observatory by Matsumoto and Kaneda. The topics presented here are undoubtedly in progress, and many revisions and improvements are still needed in order to achieve better predictability for tsunami effects on buildings and infrastructure. We hope you find the papers in this issue intriguing and the information useful, and become further interested in this important natural hazard. Lastly, we wish to express our appreciation to the authors for their timely contributions, and to the reviewers for their diligent and time-consuming efforts.
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Tatsumi, Kazuko, Imran Zulhamsyah, and Masahiro Yamao. "MUTUAL SUPPORT IN COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT FOR EARTHQUAKE RECONSTRUCTION IN ACEH BESAR, INDONESIA." Journal of Asian Rural Studies 4, no. 2 (July 15, 2020): 119. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/jars.v4i2.2239.
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On December 26, 2004, the Indian Ocean earthquake, which had its epicenter off the northern coast of Sumatra, was followed by a series of huge tsunami waves, which caused considerable damage to many coastal communities in Asia. In Indonesia, Aceh and North Sumatra suffered the greatest. Many residents rapidly lost their families, homes, fishing boats, farmland, well-being, and self-confidence. Numerous donors provided considerable support, and many victims gradually recovered. Through these tremendous efforts, the victims have gradually regained their well-being; in the over fifteen years since the tsunami, reconstruction has resulted in sustainable community development. This study aimed to determine how the victims have rebuilt their livelihoods and how communities have supported them. The fieldwork comprised interviews with key members of affected local communities in Aceh Besar District in 2006–2018. Some respondents were selected for interview and focus group discussions. This study examines the recovery process, how victims developed social relations, and how they were encouraged and developed self-confidence and independence. The results showed that for the victims, the most important factors in the reconstruction were (1) a firm relationship with family and relatives and (2) a strong sense of community. This study found that women’s activities were supported by Panglima Laot Lhok (fishing communities’ leaders), Toke Bangku (financial traders), and a fish processing association. Those actors were important for the economic, financial, and social institutions in the community. Mutual support in the community and indigenous institutions played roles in strengthening social resilience. The income-generating activities in the mutual system empowered victims—especially women—and their families. The victims developed a feeling of self-confidence and independence that has gradually increased. Through community-based activities, the victims improved their livelihoods.
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Nakayama, Mikiyasu, Nicholas Nicholas Bryner, and Satoru Mimura. "Return Migration after Natural Disasters." Journal of Asian Development 3, no. 1 (February 27, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jad.v3i1.10742.
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This special issue features policy priorities, public perceptions, and policy options for addressing post-disaster return migration in the United States, Japan, and a couple of Asian countries. It includes a series of case studies in these countries, which are based on a sustained dialogue among scholars and policymakers about whether and how to incentivize the return of displaced persons, considering social, economic, and environmental concerns. The research team, composed of researchers from Indonesia, Japan, Sri Lanka, and the United States, undertook a collaborative and interdisciplinary research process to improve understanding about how to respond to the needs of those displaced by natural disasters and to develop policy approaches for addressing post-disaster return. The research focused on the following three key issues: objectives of return migration (whether to return, in what configuration, etc.), priorities and perceptions that influence evacuees’ decision-making regarding return, and policies and practices that are used to pursue return objectives. This special issue includes ten articles on the following disaster cases: the Great East Japan Earthquake in 2011, Hurricane Katrina in 2005 and Hurricane Sandy in 2012, the Great Indian Ocean Tsunami in 2004, and the Great Sumatra Island Earthquake in 2009. Important lessons for the future were secured out of these case studies, covering the entire phase of return, namely planning, implementation, and monitoring.
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Oven, Katie J., and Jonathan D. Rigg. "The Best of Intentions?" Asian Journal of Social Science 43, no. 6 (2015): 685–712. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15685314-04306003.
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Drawing on research on landslide risk reduction in Nepal and the impacts of the Indian Ocean tsunami of 2004 in southern Thailand, this paper considers how risk, in the context of natural hazards, is produced by processes of social and economic transformation; understood and experienced by vulnerable groups; and framed by governments and experts. In so doing, we propose an agenda for more effective disaster risk management. We open the discussion by exploring the spatiality of risk, vulnerability and opportunity in the two research contexts, in particular, why people live in hazardous places and the processes that explain the intersection of human settlement and livelihoods on the one hand, and risk on the other. The paper then turns to consider the way that “risk”—and the framing and prioritisation of risk(s) by governments, experts and by vulnerable groups themselves—plays a role in setting the disaster risk management agenda. Underpinning this is the hidden question of what evidence is used—and valued—in the identification and delineation of risk. In order to understand disaster vulnerability, we argue that it is necessary to look beyond the immediate “hazardscape” to understand the wider risk context both spatially and structurally. Effective disaster risk management requires not only an appreciation of the different framings and understandings of risk, but a true integration of knowledge and expertise.
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Gajdos, Petr Simeon. "Ozonum—The Global Impact." Homœopathic Links 33, no. 04 (December 2020): 283–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0040-1715866.
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AbstractThe remedy Ozonum has become the highest-ranking prescription in my practice during the coronavirus pandemic. Respiratory tract illnesses represent a smaller percentage of cases that have responded well to the remedy. Most cases I have seen were predominantly affected by the indirect impact of the pandemic. I have noticed a similar increase in Ozonum prescriptions following former global events, for example, the terrorist attack on the Twin Towers on 11th September 2001 in New York, the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, the 2010 eruption of Iceland's Eyjafjallajökull volcano which paralysed flights across Europe and the severe 2017 to 2018 flu season. Ozone is a gas, called 'activated oxygen', formed by three atoms of oxygen instead of the two that we normally breathe. We are familiar with the protective function of the ozone layer in the atmosphere. The life cycle of ozone and its connection to ocean and marine life, to trees, habitat, and life in general, is less commonly known. A dynamic constellation of the homeopathic remedy becomes clear once we understand the ozone life cycle and its ecosystem in its natural and disrupted form. Ozonum—the homeopathic remedy—was used by our forefathers but has almost been forgotten until Anne Schadde's proving in nineties of the last century. Ozonum as a remedy has a wide range of applications such as pandemics, mass casualties and disasters, as well as routine clinical uses. Within different levels of context, the main feeling of Ozonum dynamic is exemplified by the statement—'I can't breathe!' It may be considered a 'polychrest' of our time evidently resonating with contemporary climatic, medical, socio-political and economic global challenges. We need to adopt a global view to keep up with the times and perceive a link between individual and global health in a broader perspective.
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Miller, DeMond Shondell, Christopher Gonzalez, and Mark Hutter. "Phoenix tourism within dark tourism." Worldwide Hospitality and Tourism Themes 9, no. 2 (April 10, 2017): 196–215. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/whatt-08-2016-0040.
Full textAbstract:
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to address the knowledge gap in the field of dark tourism by understanding the phenomena of phoenix tourism, which focuses on the transformation and rebirth of places following death and disasters. Design/methodology/approach The paper builds on existing theoretical understanding of dark tourism and disaster recovery to explore destination image recovery within the tourism industry. It uses phoenix tourism as a lens to understand the social, cultural and economic context of post-disaster tourism destination recovery and rebranding in the aftermath of the Indian Ocean Tsunami and Hurricane Katrina. Findings A presentation of post-disaster strategies and recommendations are given with attention to the re-branding of images once associated with death and darkness to enhance a destination’s resilience. Practical Implications For local policymakers, tourism leaders, researchers and community developers, this research describes strategies that facilitate rebranding dark tourism sites, such as areas of rebirth or “phoenix tourism”, to enhance destination recovery image and to promote a more disaster- and risk-resilient tourism industry. Originality/value This paper bridges the knowledge gap by defining and contributing to the theoretical understanding of phoenix tourism as it identifies the what, how and why elements of the phenomena of phoenix tourism. Furthermore, the authors propose how to overcome negative destination images to preserve, present or redefine an image of a tourist destination “overcoming”, and eventual “rebirth” serves to re-calibrate resilience of the tourism industry and regional redevelopment.