Relevant bibliographies by topics / Economic aspects of Pastures

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Academic literature on the topic 'Economic aspects of Pastures'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 18 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Economic aspects of Pastures"

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Pshegusov, R. Kh, and V. A. Chadaeva. "Historical aspects of exploitation of mountain pasture resources in the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic." REPORTS ADYGE (CIRCASSIAN) INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 20, no. 2 (2020): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.47928/1726-9946-2020-20-2-16-23.

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The article presents an overview of materials on the pasture load dynamics on mountain meadow ecosystems of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic in the XX-XXI centuries. The livestock number in the public sectors and private business in different periods of development of the pasture animal husbandry system are presented. The article describes the state of grassland and the main reasons for the degradation of pastures during the periods of collective farm animal husbandry, after the elimination of the collective farm-state system, in the conditions of the economic crisis of the late XX century and in current times. Widespread rental land use by economic entities of various forms without proper control over the intended use of land leads to re-degradation of previously long-time unused pastures.
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Gillingham, A. G., G. W. Sheath, M. H. Gray, and R. W. Webby. "Management and nitrogen fertiliser options for increased pasture productivity in dryland hill systems." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 11 (January 1, 2003): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.11.2003.3002.

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Legume productivity in dryland pastures is often less than 10% of the total annual growth and dominated by annual species. White clover content of these pastures is often less than 5% because the period of potentially most active growth coincides with that of low soil moisture levels. Therefore variations in summer rainfall have a dominant effect on the white clover content of the pasture in the following spring. Predictive relationships for white clover content are presented. Attempts to introduce alternative legumes into dryland hill pastures have generally been unsuccessful because of the harsh climate during late spring-summer and competition from resident species. It is unlikely that further research will change this situation. This paper compares improved legume productivity from dryland pastures with the use of N fertiliser as options to increase winter and spring pasture growth for increased economic gain. To optimise productivity and summer persistence of resident legumes, grazing management, especially in spring, must aim to avoid accumulation of surplus grass that will shade associated legumes. During winter and early spring, when soil moisture is adequate, pasture growth in dryland hill pastures is limited by inadequate soil nitrogen (N), due to low legume content and N fixation, even where soil phosphorus (P) is at moderate to high levels. Consequently, pasture responds well to applied N fertiliser. At Waipawa in Hawke's Bay, the magnitude of response to N fertiliser was inversely related to the legume content of the pasture and so was greatest (e.g. up to 47 kg DM/kg N) on steep north aspects with little clover, and much less (8-17 kg DM/kg N) on easy slopes. In winter, N fertiliser offers reliable and significant increases in pasture growth. To optimise economic returns from the additional pasture dry matter, winter stocking rates could be increased. However, a simulation study showed that the maximum economic benefit would be obtained by maintaining ewe numbers and increasing fecundity to produce more lambs. Key words: hill country, legumes, nitrogen fertiliser, pastoral dryland
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Yeates, SJ, DG Abrecht, TP Price, WS Mollah, and P. Hausler. "Operational aspects of ley farming systems in the semi-arid tropics of northern Australia: a review." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 36, no. 8 (1996): 1025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9961025.

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The ley farming systems proposed for the Australian semi-arid tropics involve rotating an annual pasture (usually legume) with crops sown using no-tillage. These systems were developed to overcome many of the climatic constraints that beset previous attempts at cropping in the region. However, difficulties in the timing of farm operations also contributed to past failures. No analysis of the operational aspects of ley farming had been made; this was the objective of this paper. During the transition between wet and dry seasons rainfall is extremely variable. These periods were shown to be the most critical time for operations in ley farming systems. During the dry-wet transition, management of ley pastures is very difficult because pastures must provide grazing for livestock as well as sufficient soil cover for timely sowing of a following crop. Legume pastures have reduced grazing value at this time due to spoilage by early rain. Similarly, during the wet-dry transition annual pastures must be allowed to set seed at a time when crops are yet to be harvested and stubbles are not available for grazing. It was suggested that including separate paddocks of perennial pasture could reduce the demand on annual pastures during the seasonal transitions. A limited number of days to sow a crop combined with severe yield penalties for late sowing restrict the area that can be sown in any season. Sowing opportunities were determined for 3 locations in the Northern Territory. No-tillage was shown to increase the potential number of sowing days. However, the time available to apply glyphosate before sowing using no-tillage was confined to the morning due to risk of afternoon rainshowers reducing efficacy. The number of seasons where a particular crop or cultivar could not be sown was independent of the method of tillage. The wet-dry transition was shown to be important for harvest operations. Our analysis of 3 sites in the Northern Territory suggests that for mungbean and sorghum, later maturity combined with prompt harvest will reduce the risk of poor seed quality due to weathering and could permit earlier sowing. However, for sorghum, an economic assessment of these practices required research that can quantify the interaction between sowing date, time-to-maturity and grain yield.
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Scott, J. F., O. J. Cacho, and J. M. Scott. "Economic risk analysis of different livestock management systems." Animal Production Science 53, no. 8 (2013): 788. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an11249.

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The Cicerone farmlet experiment, conducted on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia, explored aspects of profitability and sustainability under three different whole-farmlet management regimes. The 5-year period over which the treatments were measured occurred over a period of generally below-average rainfall, hence responses to management treatments were limited. A modelling approach was used to estimate profitability over a longer period representing the variable climate of the region. A stochastic discounted cash flow model was developed to estimate economic returns of two of the Cicerone management system treatments scaled up from the farmlet scale (53 ha) to the size of a typical commercial farm in the region (920 ha) over a 20-year period. Several scenarios were used to estimate the commercial-scale returns under different rates of pasture improvement and stocking rates. Over the long-term, Farm A was found to be more profitable but also more risky (in terms of variation around the mean of cumulative discounted cash flow) than the ‘typical’ Farm B management system. If livestock managers choose to adopt a pasture improvement strategy based on renovating pastures and increasing soil fertility, they are more likely to achieve higher net worth with more moderate rates of pasture improvement than those explored on Farm A where a high rate of pasture improvement had been implemented in order to quickly differentiate treatments.
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Puyu, V., M. Bakhmat, Y. Khmelianchyshyn, V. Stepanchenko, O. Bakhmat, and H. Pantsyreva. "Social-and-Ecological Aspects of Forage Production Reform in Ukraine in the Early 21st Century." European Journal of Sustainable Development 10, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2021.v10n1p221.

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On the basis of the "three sigma" rule, a statistical stratification of the Ukrainian effective community into economic welfare groups according to their social and economic status has been carried out, thus creating the basis for substantiating the expediency of reforming the forage production sector in order to further expand the production of organic livestock products through the up-to-date approaches to the formation and use of climate adaptive feed-related phytocenoses. In order to increase the productivity of grass fodder, an innovative model of the grass-grazing complex has been developed. Its structure includes a cyclic wedge of long-term cereal-bean pasture which involves perennial grasses of the botanical species adapted to the zonal ecological and technological conditions, a satellite wedge of traditional mixtures of annual crops and atypical pasture plants – burnet polygamous (Poterium poligamum Woldst. et Kit.), prairie dock (Silphium perfoliatum L.) and others, whose herbage is used during the off-season, when the main cyclic wedge is found to be low-yielding, as well as a sheltered base, equipped with outdoor hoppers and shelters designed to protect animals in bad weather. The introduction of meadows and pastures in the system of zonal fodder production will contribute to the improvement and stabilization of the production of cheap and adequately nutritious herbal feeds thus increasing the resource potential of the area.
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Lance, N. J., S. W. Breck, C. Sime, P. Callahan, and J. A. Shivik. "Biological, technical, and social aspects of applying electrified fladry for livestock protection from wolves (Canis lupus)." Wildlife Research 37, no. 8 (2010): 708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr10022.

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Context. Wolf predation on livestock can cause economic hardship for livestock producers as well as reduce tolerance for wolves. Lethal control of wolves is often controversial; thus, development of effective non-lethal methods for reducing wolf–livestock conflict is important. Electrified fladry is a new tool that is similar to fladry (i.e. a barrier system that scares wolves), but electrified fladry also incorporates an electric shock designed to decrease the potential for wolves to habituate to the barriers. Aim. Evaluation of electrified fladry requires understanding of its effectiveness relative to fladry and the costs and benefits of applying it in the field. Methods. By using captive wolves, we compared the effectiveness of electrified fladry v. fladry for protecting a food resource during 2-week trials. We then performed a field trial with electrified fladry for managing wolves in Montana, USA. We measured livestock depredation and wolf activity on six treatment and six control pastures, calculated the cost of installation and maintenance, and surveyed all study participants about application of electrified fladry. Key results. We found electrified fladry 2–10 times more effective than fladry at protecting food in captivity and that hunger increased the likelihood of wolves testing fladry barriers. In field trials, we installed 14.0 km of EF systems in treatment pastures and detected wolves twice in control pastures but never in the treatment pastures. No livestock were killed by wolves in treatment or control pastures. A completed electrified fladry system cost $2303 for the first km and $2032 for each additional km, and required 31.8 person-hours per kilometre to install. We observed 18 failures (i.e. electrified system stopped working) during a total of 394 days of use. In total, 83% of ranchers who used fladry would continue to use it under certain conditions, indicating some psychological benefit to users. Conclusions and implications. The present study has demonstrated that electrified fladry offers superior protection compared with non-electrified fladry; however, further field tests are warranted to help determine whether benefits outweigh costs.
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Musiał, Wiesław, and Kamila Musiał. "DEANIMALISATION PROCESSES IN THE POLISH CARPATHIANS – PRODUCTION, ECONOMIC AND ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XXI, no. 4 (November 21, 2019): 331–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.5912.

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This paper addresses a current issue regarding the increasing problem of a decreasing cattle population in the Polish Carpathians. The problem exacerbated after 1990, as a result of changes in prices of the means of production and agricultural products. It intensified even further after Poland joined the EU. The decrease in cattle population is observed in all districts in the Carpathians. This article includes a diagnosis of four such districts: two with the highest decrease (Łańcut: -67.0% and Sucha: -52.6%) and two with the smallest decrease in cattle population (Bieszczdy: -8.1% and Wadowice: -11.5%). Expert assessments were used to this end. The article includes a definition and analysis of the deanimalisation process and an indication of the consequences of this process in agriculture, in the local environment and in the broadly understood ecological context. It follows from the research that favourable natural conditions, good for breeding ruminants, largely determine high cattle density but, at the same time, these conditions do not impact the decrease in the cattle population to such an extent. The decrease is related to the low concentration of herds, generational changes and the disappearance of local dairy markets. As a result of progressing deanimalisation, abandoned meadows and pastures, as well as part of arable lands, are being permanently lost. Instead, these lands become overgrown with invasive plant species and shrubbery.
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Omarova Aida, and Turguldinova Sabira,. "ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF PASTURE LAND QUALITY." BULLETIN 6, no. 388 (December 15, 2020): 108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2020.2518-1467.189.

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In the Message of the President to the people of the Republic of Kazakhstan N. A. Nazarbayev "the Third modernization of Kazakhstan: global from January 2017, it is said "the agro-industrial complex of Kazakhstan has a promising future", "we will help to be one of the largest producers of agricultural export products" [1]. Kazakhstan ranks sixth in the world in terms of its grass resources. Pasture land is 189.0 million hectares, historically being the driving force in the country's economy, as a source of feed resources for the development of livestock [2]. According to the Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan, there are 27.1 million hectares of pastures that were shot down in an average and severe degree. In the zonal aspect, the destruction of pasture ecosystems is mostly observed in the flat part, where more than 95% of all downed pastures are located, including the desert and semi – desert zones-16.1 million hectares or 60% of their area. Downed pastures are the main consequence of changing environmental conditions and irrational human economic activity. It is manifested in the loss of valuable forage plant species from the herbage and their replacement with weeds, non-edible and annual species [3,4].
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Catrileo, A. R., P. M. Toro, C. D. Aguilar, and R. Vera. "Use of supplements and variation in the stocking rate in cow - calf systems on temperate pastures in Chile: a simulation approach." Animal Production Science 49, no. 12 (2009): 1059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea08113.

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A simulation model was developed to evaluate the productive and economic effect of the variation in feed practices and stocking rate of a cow–calf system in Chile. Winter supplementation at grazing, stocking rate and economic aspects of the system were analysed. The supplementation of straw v. pasture hay at two different stocking rates was evaluated in the temperate pasture zone in La Araucania, Chile. Data were simulated using a decision support tool to help analyse the system. Simulations with the model involved 20 replicates of a factorial combination of two stocking rates (1.0 and 1.4 cows/ha) with differences in the initial weight (‘light’ v. ‘heavy’ with weights of heifers, primiparous and multiparous cows being 340 v. 380, 400 v. 450 and 440 v. 480 kg, respectively), at the same grazing pressure (kg liveweight/ha), two winter supplements (oat straw v. pasture hay) and two levels (6 v. 8 kg straw, and 5.1 v. 6.8 pasture hay). The model was validated with data collected from an experiment conducted with permanent pastures and a beef cattle cow–calf system from 1984 to 1989. The results indicate that there was a significant (P < 0.01) effect of a cow’s weight on the calves at 180 days, and on their reproductive performance, with the heavier cows increasing their calving rate by 20% relative to the lighter group. The stocking rate and the type and amount of supplement, however, did not influence (P > 0.05) the weight of female and male calves at the time of sale. Finally, supplementation with pasture hay, as opposed to oat straw, incurred a larger (P < 0.01) mean cost at an equivalent level of provision of metabolisable energy. Although difficult to analyse under real conditions, the economic and productive benefits of various feed practices and stocking rates were successfully evaluated in the present study using simulation tools.
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Caldeira, Flávio H. B., Geovanny B. G. Dias, Felipe P. de Arruda, Valdecy de M. Lourenço, Kalinne S. Bezerra, Franklin Riet-Correa, and Edson Moleta Colodel. "Sudden death associated with Niedenzuella stannea (Malpighiaceae) in cattle in the State of Mato Grosso, Brazil: importance and epidemiological aspects." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 37, no. 7 (July 2017): 662–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2017000700002.

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ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to investigate the importance of an acute disease that was characterized by sudden death associated with exercise that affected cattle in the region of the Araguaia River, especially in the municipality of Torixoréu, southeastern Mato Grosso, Brazil. Between August and September 2013, eighty farms in the municipality were visited and the pastures of these farms were inspected. Epidemiological questionnaires were completed from 65 farms. A plant identified as Niedenzuella stannea (N. stannea) of the Malpighiaceae family was attributed to the cause of sudden death in cattle, what causes major economic losses. Sudden death reports have occurred since 1970, when livestock was introduced into the region, and sudden death reports still occur. Outbreaks were reported to occur from May to October, but mainly during the dry season between June and August. N. stannea was identified at 41 farms and was always found in near to rivers. The most effective plant control methods included plowing the pastures and fields followed by manual application of Tordon® (Picloram and 2.4D). The administration of 5g/kg of young leaves which were collected from a farm with a sudden death history in cattle also caused sudden death in a sheep. Thus, it is concluded that the sudden death of cattle in the region of the Araguaia River is caused by the consumption of N. stannea.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Economic aspects of Pastures"

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Sounness, Marcus Neil. "Alternative grazing systems and pasture types for the South West of Western Australia : a bio-economic analysis." University of Western Australia. School of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 2005. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2005.0054.

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Alternative grazing systems and pasture types for wool production in the south west of Western Australia were analysed using bio-economic modelling techniques in order to determine their relative productivity and profitability. After reviewing the experimental and modelling literature on perennial pastures and grazing systems, seven case studies of farmers were conducted in order to investigate the practical application of innovative grazing systems and use of perennial pastures. Together these case studies provided information for identifying relevant variables and for calibrating the modelling work which followed. The core of the work lies in a bio-economic model for investigating the comparative value of the three grazing systems and two pasture families mentioned above. A baseline scenario using currently available and reliable scientific data provides baseline results, after which a number of sensitivity analyses provide further insights using variations of four key parameters: persistence, heterogeneity, water soluble carbohydrates, and increased losses. Results show that perennial pastures are in the studied region more profitable than annual pastures. Under current baseline conditions, continuous grazing with perennial pastures is the most profitable enterprise, but this superiority is not robust under parameter variations defined by other scenarios. The more robust solution in terms of enterprise profitability is cell grazing with perennial pastures. The results indicate that intensive grazing systems such as cell grazing have the potential to substantially increase the profitability of grazing operations on perennial pasture. This result is an encouraging one in light of its implications for water uptake and salinity control. It means that economics and land care can go hand in hand, rather than be competitive. It is to be noted that it is the choice of the grazing system in combination with the pasture species, rather then the pasture species itself, that allows for such complementarity between economics and sustainable land use. This research shows that if farmers adopt practices such as cell grazing they may be able to increase the area that they can profitably plant to perennial pasture thus reducing the impacts of dryland salinity. This finding is consistent with the findings of the case studies where the farmers perceived that, provided grazing was planned, increasing the intensity of their grazing management and the perenniallity of their pastures would result in an increase in the profitability of their grazing operation. As a result this research helps to bridge a gap which has existed in this area of research, between the results of scientific research and those reported in practice.
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Neudert, Regina [Verfasser]. "Pasture use of mobile pastoralists in Azerbaijan under institutional economic, farm economic and ecological aspects / Regina Neudert." Greifswald : Universitätsbibliothek Greifswald, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1079532250/34.

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Maluf, Cintia 1980. "Análise do crédito do Programa para Redução da Emissão de Gases de Efeito Estufa na Agricultura para o setor pecuário." [s.n.], 2014. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/257123.

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Orientador: Mara de Andrade Marinho
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Agrícola
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T22:47:44Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Maluf_Cintia_M.pdf: 1111592 bytes, checksum: e0d85a87354d7219b73f0892099372c4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014
Resumo: Esse trabalho aborda o tema da política de crédito rural no Brasil, tratando particularmente do Programa para Redução da Emissão de Gases de Efeito Estufa na Agricultura (Programa ABC), instituído pelo Governo Federal em 2010. O objetivo geral da pesquisa foi analisar as condições gerais de financiamento do Programa ABC. Os objetivos específicos foram analisar a oferta e contratação de crédito no período de 2010/2011 a 2012/2013, e realizar uma análise setorial sobre a bovinocultura de corte, uma das principais cadeias produtivas da agropecuária brasileira e maior emissor de gases de efeito estufa. Com relação ao objetivo geral, verificou-se o protagonismo da ação e a característica inovadora do Programa ABC, como uma política de crédito rural na qual o consentimento do recurso é condicionado à adoção de boas práticas de manejo. Variações anuais nas condições de financiamento do Programa ABC, a saber a taxa de juros e prazos de carência e pagamento, tornaram-no mais atrativo ao longo do tempo. A respeito da contratação do crédito, os dados de execução do Programa ABC evidenciaram uma crescente demanda. Do montante ofertado no período entre as safras 2010/2011 a 2012/2013, de R$13,05 bilhões, foram executados 37% distribuídos em 16.445 contratos. No entanto, foram identificados como fatores limitantes ao seu desenvolvimento, a escassez de informações acerca do retorno financeiro de práticas preconizadas como ILP e ILPF, as especificidades da elaboração e análise dos projetos, bem como os entraves decorrentes da regularização ambiental e fundiária das propriedades contratantes. Os resultados obtidos da análise setorial da bovinocultura de corte no âmbito do Programa ABC, permitiram concluir que os prazos estabelecidos ao crédito são adequados aos ciclos de produção; e que suas linhas apresentaram características competitivas em relação aos demais programas de crédito rural para investimentos na bovinocultura de corte. Foi verificado ainda que os estados de Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Rio Grande do Sul e São Paulo podem vir a apresentar maior demanda para a contratação de recursos financeiros com vistas à implantação de sistemas integrados como ILP e ILPF. Contudo, a relação histórica entre a oferta de crédito oficial e o desenvolvimento da bovinocultura de corte brasileira sugere a necessidade de desenvolvimento de formas alternativas ao estímulo da mitigação da emissão de gases de efeito estufa, que não exclusivamente a oferta de financiamento. Neste contexto, ressalta-se a importância das pesquisas acerca das ações de coordenação da cadeia produtiva, a fim de sensibilizar consumidores quanto às externalidades positivas das atividades de baixo impacto, permitindo a precificação diferenciada dos produtos e consequente agregação de valor ao pecuarista
Abstract: This paper addresses the impact of rural credit policy in Brazil, in the area of Planning and Sustainable Rural Development, particularly in relation to the Federal-sponsored Program for the Reduction of Greenhouse Gases Emissions in Agriculture (so-called ABC Program). Established in 2010, the Program aims to set nation-wide targets for reducing greenhouse gases emissions. This research was based on the overall objective to analyze the general conditions of financing the ABC Program. The specific objectives were based on the analyzes of the supply financial credit and contracting credit in the period 2010/2011 a 2012/2013, and a sectoral analysis of beef cattle breeding ¿ the sector is a major emitter of greenhouse gases (carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and fluorinated). With respect to the results, there was the role of action and innovative feature of the ABC Program as a rural credit policy in which the resource is conditional upon adoption of good management practices. Changes on the financing conditions offered by the ABC Program (i.e. interest rates and payback schedule) made it more attractive over time. Performance data of the ABC Program showed increased supply and borrowing of credit. The amount offered by the ABC Program between the 2010/2011 and 2012/2013 crops was U.S. $ 13.05 billion, of which 37 % were non-perfoming loans, distributed in 16,445 contracts. The main barriers for hiring ABC Program credit are the lack of knowledge about the Program, difficulties for developing and analyzing the projects, and barriers related to environmental and land regularization. In the time frame of the study, the hiring of credit increased, and the conditions for concession were adequate to finance production cycles from breeding to the complete cycle. The ABC Program showed competitive characteristics comparing with the other rural credit lines offered for beef cattle production. It was found that the states of Goiás, Mato Grosso do Sul, Mato Grosso, Rio Grande do Sul, and São Paulo may present increased demand financing integrated systems such as Integrated Crop-Livestock Systems and Integrated Crop-Livestock-Forestry Systems, as advocated by the Program. However, the historical relationship between the supply of rural credit and development of beef cattle in Brazil suggests the need to develop alternative forms of stimulus for mitigating the effects of greenhouse gases emissions. In this context, it emphasizes the importance of researching supply chain coordination; alerting consumers about the positive externalities of low-impact activities and allowing for differentiated product pricing and, ultimately, adding value to the farmer
Mestrado
Planejamento e Desenvolvimento Rural Sustentável
Mestra em Engenharia Agrícola
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Suutari, T. (Tero). "Economic aspects in education." Master's thesis, University of Oulu, 2015. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-201504021231.

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Leading theme in this master’s thesis is adaptation and preparation to ever changing requirements of skills and knowledge in the working life. These changes of requirements in the working life are implied by the changes in the occupational structure in Finland that is presented in the thesis. The data used in thesis to show the changes in the occupational structure in Finland Finnish Longitudinal Employer-Employee Data, FLEED, which is gathered by Statistics Finland and it shows changes in occupational structure of Finland between years 1995 and 2007. Education is considered in this thesis so that its object is to prepare children and future generations for working life with suitable skills and knowledge. The variety of other, equally important, objects that education has and possibly contradictions as well as problems that might arise in the course of achieving all the objects is beyond of this study. Changing occupational structure arises a question that how education prepares itself to the unknown changes? To answer the question asked, I will introduce Economics of education and Educational planning and how these two relate to each other, especially how economics of education has affected education and educational planning. Therefore I will first take historical review of the economics of education and introduce two main theories; human capital theory and screening theory. The main difference of these two will be explained and also what kind of difference it would make to education if either one could be proved right. It would also have an effect on how education should be arranged in the society. Educational planning has had, in its course, different approaches to analyze and predict future. I will review those approaches; also these approaches have been influenced by economics of education. In the last part of the thesis I bring up studies in Finland has tried to prepare and project changing work life. Also I discuss about can education bring something new to economics of education
Tämän Pro gradu-tutkielman johtava teema on mukautuminen ja valmistautuminen muuttuviin vaatimuksiin tiedoista ja taidoista työelämässä. Ammattirakenteen muutos Suomessa viittaa siihen että vaatimukset erilaisille tiedoille ja taidoille työelämässä on tapahtumassa. Aineisto ammattirakenteen muutoksesta on Tilastokeskuksen yhdistetty työntekijä-työnantaja-aineisto (Finnish Longitudinal Employer-Employee Data FLEED). Ammattirakenteen muutos ajoittuu vuosien 1995 ja 2007 välille. Koulutus mielletään tässä Pro gradu-tutkielmassa sellaiseksi toiminnaksi jonka tavoite on valmistaa lapsia sekä tulevia sukupolvia työelämään oikeanlaisilla taidoilla ja tiedoilla. Yhtälailla tärkeät muut tavoitteet, mitä koulutukselle ja kasvatukselle on annettu, sekä mahdollisesti syntyviä ristiriitoja tavoitteita saavuttamisessa ovat tämän tutkielman ulkopuolella. Muutokset ammattirakenteessa luo kysymyksen, että miten koulutus on valmistautunut tällaisiin tuntemattomiin muutoksiin? Vastatakseni kysymykseen esittelen koulutusekonomian ja koulutussuunnittelun, sekä erityisesti miten koulutusekonomia on vaikuttanut koulutussuunnitteluun. Aluksi käyn läpi koulutusekonomian ja esittelen sen kaksi pääteoriaa: inhimillisen pääoman teorian ja siiviläteorian. Selitän millä tavoin nämä teoriat eroavat toisistaan ja mikäli jompikumpi voidaan todistaa oikeaksi millainen vaikutus sillä olisi koulutukseen. Koulutussuunnittelussa on käytetty monenlaisia analysointivälineitä tulevaisuuden ennakoimiseksi. Esittelen nämä eri tavat ja työkalut, sekä miten koulutussuunnittelu on historiansa aikana muuttunut ja miten taloudellinen ajattelu on muuttanut koulutussuunnittelua. Viimeisessä osassa tuon esille tutkimuksia siitä miten Suomessa pyritään ennakoimaan ja valmistautumaan muutoksiin työelämässä. Käyn myös keskustelua siitä voiko kasvatustiede tuoda jotain uutta koulutusekonomiaan
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Aguilar, Bobadilla Silvia E. "ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF HISTORICAL CONTAMINATION." Doctoral thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-161826.

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The main scope of the work is to support a wider understanding of the achievements and limitations of economic analysis in historical contamination issues. The work describes how various schools of economics focus their study on environmental problems, specifically on Brownfields redevelopment. It presents the ideas of environmental economics, resource economics, free market environmentalism, institutional economics, political economy and ecological economics. The work includes a case study from the region of Ralsko in North Bohemia.
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Heintz, Emelie. "Health economic aspects of diabetic retinopathy." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Utvärdering och hälsoekonomi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-76283.

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To ensure that the resources of the health care sector are used effectively, new technologies need to be evaluated before implementation to examine if they generate health outcomes at an acceptable cost. This information can be collected by performing health economic evaluations in which the costs and health outcomes of different technologies are compared. To estimate the effect on health care budgets, there is also a need for information about the prevalence of the specific disease. Health outcomes in health economic evaluations are often measured in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), which are calculated by multiplying the remaining life years after an intervention by a weight representing the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) during those years. This thesis aims to provide deeper knowledge of the health economic aspects of diabetic retinopathy (DR), an eye complication that affects patients with diabetes and may in the worst case lead to blindness. The focus is on three empirical and two methodological health economic research questions. The empirical research areas cover prevalence, costs, and HRQoL related to patients with DR. The methodological research questions explore the performance of different methods for estimation of QALY weights. This is of interest since it has been argued that the most common methods for estimating QALY weights may not capture all relevant vision-related aspects of quality of life. The analyses comprehend the validity of different methods for estimating QALY weights among patients with DR and if the results of one of the specific methods for estimating QALY weights, the time trade-off (TTO) exercise, are affected by patients’ subjective life expectancy (SLE). The empirical results demonstrate that DR is seen in approximately 40% and 30% of patients with type I and type II diabetes respectively, indicating that the prevalence of DR has decreased in both of these patient groups. Healthcare costs vary considerably between different severity levels of the disease, being estimated at €26, €257, €216, and €433 per patient per year for background retinopathy, proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), diabetic macular oedema (DMO), and PDR combined with DMO respectively. Blindness due to DR is associated with an increased use of transportation services, caregiving services, and assistive technologies as well as productivity losses. This suggests that preventing the progression of DR may lower healthcare costs. Patients with vision impairment due to DR have lowered HRQoL in various dimensions, but the diagnosis of DR in itself has only a limited effect on HRQoL. The results on the methodological research questions show that different methods for estimating QALY weights seem to give different results. In comparison to EQ-5D, the Health Utilities Index Mark 3 (HUI-3) is the most sensitive method for detecting differences in QALY weights due to DR, and if decisions are to be made based on values from the general public, it can be recommended for use in cost-utility analyses of interventions directed at DR. Neither of the direct methods, TTO and the visual analogue scale, seems to be sensitive to differences in visual function, and more research is needed concerning the role of vision in people’s responses to the TTO exercises. In TTO exercises with time frames based on actuarial life expectancy, the patients’ SLE has an effect on their willingness to trade off years for full health. Thus, applying time frames deviating from patients’ SLE may result in biased QALY weights. Such bias may appear stronger within patient populations than within the general public. In conclusion, this thesis offers estimates for prevalence, costs, and QALY weights that can be used in economic evaluations of interventions directed at DR and as benchmarks for future DR research in order to follow up consequences of changes in diabetes care. In addition, it demonstrates that the choice of method for estimating QALY weights may have an impact on whether an intervention is considered cost-effective.
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Santos, Alvaro K. "Economic aspects of airport security measures." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1999. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA366334.

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Sach, Tracey Helen. "Economic aspects of paediatric cochlear implantation." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.403949.

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Echevarne, R. "Economic aspects of the Spanish airports." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.309617.

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Miltz, David. "Economic aspects of targeting environmental policy." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.235914.

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This thesis is composed of two parts; the first addresses theoretical aspects of the economics of targeting pollution control policy, whilst the second is an illustrative case study designed to embellish the more abstract insights of the first section.
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Books on the topic "Economic aspects of Pastures"

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Procházka, Natálie T. Pastures: Dynamics, economics and management. New York: Nova Science Publishers Inc., 2011.

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Nation, Allan. Pasture profits with stocker cattle. Ridgeland, Miss: Green Park Press, 1998.

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Nation, Allan. Pa[s]ture profit[s] with [s]tocker cattle. Jackson, Miss: Green Park Press, 1992.

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Choksi, Archana. Pastoralism in a changing world: Patterns of adaptation among the rabaris of Kutch, Gujarat. London: International Institute for Environment and Development, 1996.

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John, Jones. Cash rents for farms, cropland, and pasture, 1960-89. Washington, DC (1301 New York Ave., NW, Washington 20005-4788): U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, 1990.

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Nation, Allan. Land, livestock and life: A grazier's guide to finance. Ridgeland, Miss: Green Park Press, 2007.

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Cirillo, Giuseppe. Il vello d'oro: Modelli mediterranei di società pastorali: il Mezzogiorno d'Italia (secc. 16.-19.). Manduria (Taranto) [etc.]: P. Lacaita, 2003.

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Juan de la Cruz Gómez Rodríguez. Tecnología del pastoreo en las comunidades del Cañon del Colca. Arequipa: Central de Credito Cooperativo, 1985.

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Obermiller, Frederick W. Costs incurred by permittees in grazing cattle on public and private rangelands and pastures in Eastern Oregon: 1982 and 1990. [Corvallis, Or.]: Oregon State University Extension Service, 1992.

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Peeters, Alain. Temperate grasses: Description, ecology and agronomic properties. Oxford: Blackwell Science, 2003.

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Book chapters on the topic "Economic aspects of Pastures"

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Jakobi, G., P. Krings, and E. Schmadel. "Economic Aspects." In Surfactants in Consumer Products, 504–16. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71545-7_10.

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Beissel, Stefan. "Economic Aspects." In Cybersecurity Investments, 79–141. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30460-1_4.

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Hasegan, Diana, and Alan Perks. "Economic Aspects." In Engineering for Sustainable Communities, 67–85. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784414811.ch07.

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Gebhardt, Andreas, and Jan-Steffen Hötter. "Economic Aspects." In Additive Manufacturing, 457–73. München: Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/9781569905838.008.

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Gebhardt, Andreas. "Economic Aspects." In Rapid Prototyping, 283–93. München: Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/9783446402690.006.

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Burg, Tsjalle. "Economic Aspects." In Joint Implementation to Curb Climate Change, 71–126. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8370-1_3.

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Bajpai, Pratima. "Economic Aspects." In Anaerobic Technology in Pulp and Paper Industry, 87–90. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-4130-3_9.

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Kühn, Klaus-Dieter. "Economic Aspects." In Management of Periprosthetic Joint Infection, 5–24. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-54469-3_2.

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Boot, Elisa Aimo. "Economic Aspects." In Plasma Technology for Hyperfunctional Surfaces, 333–46. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527630455.ch11.

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Chillemi, Claudio, Alessandro Castagna, and Marcello Osimani. "Economic Aspects." In Arthroscopic Transosseous Rotator Cuff Repair, 133–36. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-76153-4_13.

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Conference papers on the topic "Economic aspects of Pastures"

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Shchannikova, Maria, and Dalhat Teberdiev. "AGROENERGY AND ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY OF CREATION OF GRASS AND LEGUME-GRASS PASTURES IN THE NORTH-EAST OF THE NON-CHERNOZEM ZONE." In Multifunctional adaptive feed production. ru: Federal Williams Research Center of Forage Production and Agroecology, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.33814/mak-2020-22-70-26-33.

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In the article presents the agro-energy and economic assessment of the creation and use of grass and legume-grass herbages in the initial period of the organization of cultural pastures in the North-East of the Non-chernozem zone of the Russian Federation. Fodder production was 53–61 GJ/ha on grass pastures and 56–75 GJ/ha on legume-grass pastures. The total expenditure of anthropogenic energy was 43.1–46.8 GJ/ha on grass herbages and 23.4–25.0 GJ/ha on legume-grass herbages. The agro-energy coefficient on legume-grass herbages (239–300 %) was higher than on grass herbages (123–132 %). The cost of produced feed was 35.9–43.5 thousand rubles / ha on grass pastures and 39.8–54.5 thousand rubles/ha on legume-grass pastures. Total expenditures were 40.5–42.5 thousand rubles/ha on grass pastures and 30.2–32.5 thousand rubles/ha on legume-grass pastures. The cost of producing 100 fodder units legume-grass pastures was in 1.4–1.7 times lower than grass pastures ones.
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Genov, Stefan. "SUSTAINABLE USE OF PASTURES IN BEEF CATTLE." In SUSTAINABLE LAND MANAGEMENT - CURRENT PRACTICES AND SOLUTIONS 2019. University publishing house "Science and Economics", University of Economics - Varna, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36997/slm2019.173.

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Pastures are a major low cost source of feed in beef cattle. Their sustainable use and management affect to the economic performance of farms and to their conservation as a natural resource. Pastures are the subject of agronomic, zoos engineering and economic research, which report negative trends in their territorial scope, composition and productivity as a whole. In beef cattle breeding, the long-term goal is to use high-productivity pastures, which will increase the yield of meat from them, because poor pastures require feeding the cattle with other feed, which reduces profitability. The purpose of this paper is to offer a sustainable pasture management model incorporating agro-technical and organizational activities in beef cattle farms that can increase their economic effectiveness.
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Fidrich, Marta, Tibor Gyimothy, Janos Borbas, and Gusztav Stubnya. "Structured telemedicine: Economic aspects." In 2017 IEEE 30th Neumann Colloquium (NC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nc.2017.8263261.

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Vorob'ev, V. V., and E. V. Mirzoeva. "Economic aspects of sports clubs." In Scientific dialogue: Economics and Management. ЦНК МОАН, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/sciencepublic-08-07-2019-10.

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Крохичева, Галина, Galina Krohicheva, Екатерина Сиденко, and Ekaterina Sidenko. "STRATEGIC ASPECTS OF ECONOMIC SECURITY." In Modern problems of an economic safety, accounting and the right in the Russian Federation. AUS PUBLISHERS, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.26526/conferencearticle_5c5060dd15f2f6.41826656.

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The article presents the main strategic aspects of economic security, the Strategy of economic security until 2030. The classification of normative legal acts regulating economic security is carried out. The concept of the term "economic security"is given
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Gontar, Anastasia. "Ensuring economic safety: regional aspects." In International Scientific Conference "Competitive, Sustainable and Secure Development of the Regional Economy: Response to Global Challenges" (CSSDRE 2018). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/cssdre-18.2018.149.

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Feofilova, Tatyana, Evgeny Radygin, Julia Alekseeva, and Fedor Ivanov. "Economic aspects of national security." In SPBPU IDE '19: International Scientific Conference on Innovations in Digital Economy 2019. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3372177.3373346.

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Kacetl, Jaroslav. "Philosophical and Economic Aspects of Cultural Tourism." In Hradec Economic Days 2018, edited by Petra Maresova, Pavel Jedlicka, and Ivan Soukal. University of Hradec Kralove, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.36689/uhk/hed/2018-01-036.

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Марков, Владимир Петрович. "ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF WATER TRANSPORT SAFETY." In Национальная безопасность России: актуальные аспекты: сборник избранных статей Всероссийской научно-практической конференции (Санкт-Петербург, Июль 2020). Crossref, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.37539/nb186.2020.45.74.006.

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В связи с нововведениями обостряются существующие проблемы безопасности водного транспорта. Обращается внимание на тот факт, что существующая система безопасности водного транспорта не учитывает географический, технологический и отраслевой факторы. Реализация концепции транспортной безопасности на водном транспорте взывает немало вопросов, определяющих существование отрасли. In connection with the innovations, the existing problems of the safety of water transport are aggravated. Attention is drawn to the fact that the existing water transport safety system does not take into account geographical, technological and sectoral factors. The implementation of the concept of transport security in water transport raises many questions that determine the existence of the industry.
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Sadovnikova, Natalya N., Olga A. Zolotareva, Svetlana G. Babich, and Mikhail V. Karmanov. "SCO Economic Security Factors: Methodological Aspects." In Proceedings of the External Challenges and Risks for Russia in the Context of the World Community’s Transition to Polycentrism: Economics, Finance and Business (ICEFB 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icefb-19.2019.22.

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Reports on the topic "Economic aspects of Pastures"

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J.A. Schmidt. Socio-economic Aspects of Fusion. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/835924.

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Heal, Geoffrey. Economic Aspects of the Energy Transition. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w27766.

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Feldstein, Martin. Aspects of Global Economic Intergration: Outlook for the Future. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w7899.

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Evans, David, and Richard Schmalensee. Some Economic Aspects of Antitrust Analysis in Dynamically Competitive Industries. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w8268.

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Campling, Liam. Fisheries Aspects of ACP-EU Interim Economic Partnership Agreements: Trade and Sustainable Development Implications. Geneva, Switzerland: International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.7215/nr_ip_20081013.

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Abhyankar, Nikit, Nihar Shah, Amol Phadke, and Won Young Park. Technical and Economic Aspects of Designing an Efficient Room Air-Conditioner Program in India. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1430684.

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Fowler, T. K., E. Greenspan, and J. P. Holdren. Code development incorporating environmental, safety and economic aspects of fusion reactors; Annual progress report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/140924.

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Ho, S., T. Fowler, and J. Holdren. Code development incorporating environmental, safety, and economic aspects of fusion reactors (FY 89--91). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6087992.

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Holdren, J. P., D. H. Berwald, R. J. Budnitz, J. G. Crocker, J. G. Delene, R. D. Endicott, M. S. Kazimi, R. A. Krakowski, B. G. Logan, and K. R. Schultz. Report of the senior committee on environmental, safety, and economic aspects of magnetic fusion energy. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5006294.

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Roth, Alvin, and Elliott Peranson. The Redesign of the Matching Market for American Physicians: Some Engineering Aspects of Economic Design. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, February 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w6963.

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