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Pshegusov, R. Kh, and V. A. Chadaeva. "Historical aspects of exploitation of mountain pasture resources in the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic." REPORTS ADYGE (CIRCASSIAN) INTERNATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES 20, no. 2 (2020): 16–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.47928/1726-9946-2020-20-2-16-23.
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The article presents an overview of materials on the pasture load dynamics on mountain meadow ecosystems of the Kabardino-Balkarian Republic in the XX-XXI centuries. The livestock number in the public sectors and private business in different periods of development of the pasture animal husbandry system are presented. The article describes the state of grassland and the main reasons for the degradation of pastures during the periods of collective farm animal husbandry, after the elimination of the collective farm-state system, in the conditions of the economic crisis of the late XX century and in current times. Widespread rental land use by economic entities of various forms without proper control over the intended use of land leads to re-degradation of previously long-time unused pastures.
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Gillingham, A. G., G. W. Sheath, M. H. Gray, and R. W. Webby. "Management and nitrogen fertiliser options for increased pasture productivity in dryland hill systems." NZGA: Research and Practice Series 11 (January 1, 2003): 43–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/rps.11.2003.3002.
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Legume productivity in dryland pastures is often less than 10% of the total annual growth and dominated by annual species. White clover content of these pastures is often less than 5% because the period of potentially most active growth coincides with that of low soil moisture levels. Therefore variations in summer rainfall have a dominant effect on the white clover content of the pasture in the following spring. Predictive relationships for white clover content are presented. Attempts to introduce alternative legumes into dryland hill pastures have generally been unsuccessful because of the harsh climate during late spring-summer and competition from resident species. It is unlikely that further research will change this situation. This paper compares improved legume productivity from dryland pastures with the use of N fertiliser as options to increase winter and spring pasture growth for increased economic gain. To optimise productivity and summer persistence of resident legumes, grazing management, especially in spring, must aim to avoid accumulation of surplus grass that will shade associated legumes. During winter and early spring, when soil moisture is adequate, pasture growth in dryland hill pastures is limited by inadequate soil nitrogen (N), due to low legume content and N fixation, even where soil phosphorus (P) is at moderate to high levels. Consequently, pasture responds well to applied N fertiliser. At Waipawa in Hawke's Bay, the magnitude of response to N fertiliser was inversely related to the legume content of the pasture and so was greatest (e.g. up to 47 kg DM/kg N) on steep north aspects with little clover, and much less (8-17 kg DM/kg N) on easy slopes. In winter, N fertiliser offers reliable and significant increases in pasture growth. To optimise economic returns from the additional pasture dry matter, winter stocking rates could be increased. However, a simulation study showed that the maximum economic benefit would be obtained by maintaining ewe numbers and increasing fecundity to produce more lambs. Key words: hill country, legumes, nitrogen fertiliser, pastoral dryland
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Yeates, SJ, DG Abrecht, TP Price, WS Mollah, and P. Hausler. "Operational aspects of ley farming systems in the semi-arid tropics of northern Australia: a review." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 36, no. 8 (1996): 1025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9961025.
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The ley farming systems proposed for the Australian semi-arid tropics involve rotating an annual pasture (usually legume) with crops sown using no-tillage. These systems were developed to overcome many of the climatic constraints that beset previous attempts at cropping in the region. However, difficulties in the timing of farm operations also contributed to past failures. No analysis of the operational aspects of ley farming had been made; this was the objective of this paper. During the transition between wet and dry seasons rainfall is extremely variable. These periods were shown to be the most critical time for operations in ley farming systems. During the dry-wet transition, management of ley pastures is very difficult because pastures must provide grazing for livestock as well as sufficient soil cover for timely sowing of a following crop. Legume pastures have reduced grazing value at this time due to spoilage by early rain. Similarly, during the wet-dry transition annual pastures must be allowed to set seed at a time when crops are yet to be harvested and stubbles are not available for grazing. It was suggested that including separate paddocks of perennial pasture could reduce the demand on annual pastures during the seasonal transitions. A limited number of days to sow a crop combined with severe yield penalties for late sowing restrict the area that can be sown in any season. Sowing opportunities were determined for 3 locations in the Northern Territory. No-tillage was shown to increase the potential number of sowing days. However, the time available to apply glyphosate before sowing using no-tillage was confined to the morning due to risk of afternoon rainshowers reducing efficacy. The number of seasons where a particular crop or cultivar could not be sown was independent of the method of tillage. The wet-dry transition was shown to be important for harvest operations. Our analysis of 3 sites in the Northern Territory suggests that for mungbean and sorghum, later maturity combined with prompt harvest will reduce the risk of poor seed quality due to weathering and could permit earlier sowing. However, for sorghum, an economic assessment of these practices required research that can quantify the interaction between sowing date, time-to-maturity and grain yield.
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Scott, J. F., O. J. Cacho, and J. M. Scott. "Economic risk analysis of different livestock management systems." Animal Production Science 53, no. 8 (2013): 788. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an11249.
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The Cicerone farmlet experiment, conducted on the Northern Tablelands of New South Wales, Australia, explored aspects of profitability and sustainability under three different whole-farmlet management regimes. The 5-year period over which the treatments were measured occurred over a period of generally below-average rainfall, hence responses to management treatments were limited. A modelling approach was used to estimate profitability over a longer period representing the variable climate of the region. A stochastic discounted cash flow model was developed to estimate economic returns of two of the Cicerone management system treatments scaled up from the farmlet scale (53 ha) to the size of a typical commercial farm in the region (920 ha) over a 20-year period. Several scenarios were used to estimate the commercial-scale returns under different rates of pasture improvement and stocking rates. Over the long-term, Farm A was found to be more profitable but also more risky (in terms of variation around the mean of cumulative discounted cash flow) than the ‘typical’ Farm B management system. If livestock managers choose to adopt a pasture improvement strategy based on renovating pastures and increasing soil fertility, they are more likely to achieve higher net worth with more moderate rates of pasture improvement than those explored on Farm A where a high rate of pasture improvement had been implemented in order to quickly differentiate treatments.
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Puyu, V., M. Bakhmat, Y. Khmelianchyshyn, V. Stepanchenko, O. Bakhmat, and H. Pantsyreva. "Social-and-Ecological Aspects of Forage Production Reform in Ukraine in the Early 21st Century." European Journal of Sustainable Development 10, no. 1 (February 1, 2021): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.14207/ejsd.2021.v10n1p221.
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On the basis of the "three sigma" rule, a statistical stratification of the Ukrainian effective community into economic welfare groups according to their social and economic status has been carried out, thus creating the basis for substantiating the expediency of reforming the forage production sector in order to further expand the production of organic livestock products through the up-to-date approaches to the formation and use of climate adaptive feed-related phytocenoses. In order to increase the productivity of grass fodder, an innovative model of the grass-grazing complex has been developed. Its structure includes a cyclic wedge of long-term cereal-bean pasture which involves perennial grasses of the botanical species adapted to the zonal ecological and technological conditions, a satellite wedge of traditional mixtures of annual crops and atypical pasture plants – burnet polygamous (Poterium poligamum Woldst. et Kit.), prairie dock (Silphium perfoliatum L.) and others, whose herbage is used during the off-season, when the main cyclic wedge is found to be low-yielding, as well as a sheltered base, equipped with outdoor hoppers and shelters designed to protect animals in bad weather. The introduction of meadows and pastures in the system of zonal fodder production will contribute to the improvement and stabilization of the production of cheap and adequately nutritious herbal feeds thus increasing the resource potential of the area.
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Lance, N. J., S. W. Breck, C. Sime, P. Callahan, and J. A. Shivik. "Biological, technical, and social aspects of applying electrified fladry for livestock protection from wolves (Canis lupus)." Wildlife Research 37, no. 8 (2010): 708. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr10022.
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Context. Wolf predation on livestock can cause economic hardship for livestock producers as well as reduce tolerance for wolves. Lethal control of wolves is often controversial; thus, development of effective non-lethal methods for reducing wolf–livestock conflict is important. Electrified fladry is a new tool that is similar to fladry (i.e. a barrier system that scares wolves), but electrified fladry also incorporates an electric shock designed to decrease the potential for wolves to habituate to the barriers. Aim. Evaluation of electrified fladry requires understanding of its effectiveness relative to fladry and the costs and benefits of applying it in the field. Methods. By using captive wolves, we compared the effectiveness of electrified fladry v. fladry for protecting a food resource during 2-week trials. We then performed a field trial with electrified fladry for managing wolves in Montana, USA. We measured livestock depredation and wolf activity on six treatment and six control pastures, calculated the cost of installation and maintenance, and surveyed all study participants about application of electrified fladry. Key results. We found electrified fladry 2–10 times more effective than fladry at protecting food in captivity and that hunger increased the likelihood of wolves testing fladry barriers. In field trials, we installed 14.0 km of EF systems in treatment pastures and detected wolves twice in control pastures but never in the treatment pastures. No livestock were killed by wolves in treatment or control pastures. A completed electrified fladry system cost $2303 for the first km and $2032 for each additional km, and required 31.8 person-hours per kilometre to install. We observed 18 failures (i.e. electrified system stopped working) during a total of 394 days of use. In total, 83% of ranchers who used fladry would continue to use it under certain conditions, indicating some psychological benefit to users. Conclusions and implications. The present study has demonstrated that electrified fladry offers superior protection compared with non-electrified fladry; however, further field tests are warranted to help determine whether benefits outweigh costs.
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Musiał, Wiesław, and Kamila Musiał. "DEANIMALISATION PROCESSES IN THE POLISH CARPATHIANS – PRODUCTION, ECONOMIC AND ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XXI, no. 4 (November 21, 2019): 331–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.5912.
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This paper addresses a current issue regarding the increasing problem of a decreasing cattle population in the Polish Carpathians. The problem exacerbated after 1990, as a result of changes in prices of the means of production and agricultural products. It intensified even further after Poland joined the EU. The decrease in cattle population is observed in all districts in the Carpathians. This article includes a diagnosis of four such districts: two with the highest decrease (Łańcut: -67.0% and Sucha: -52.6%) and two with the smallest decrease in cattle population (Bieszczdy: -8.1% and Wadowice: -11.5%). Expert assessments were used to this end. The article includes a definition and analysis of the deanimalisation process and an indication of the consequences of this process in agriculture, in the local environment and in the broadly understood ecological context. It follows from the research that favourable natural conditions, good for breeding ruminants, largely determine high cattle density but, at the same time, these conditions do not impact the decrease in the cattle population to such an extent. The decrease is related to the low concentration of herds, generational changes and the disappearance of local dairy markets. As a result of progressing deanimalisation, abandoned meadows and pastures, as well as part of arable lands, are being permanently lost. Instead, these lands become overgrown with invasive plant species and shrubbery.
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Omarova Aida, and Turguldinova Sabira,. "ENVIRONMENTAL ASSESSMENT OF PASTURE LAND QUALITY." BULLETIN 6, no. 388 (December 15, 2020): 108–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2020.2518-1467.189.
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In the Message of the President to the people of the Republic of Kazakhstan N. A. Nazarbayev "the Third modernization of Kazakhstan: global from January 2017, it is said "the agro-industrial complex of Kazakhstan has a promising future", "we will help to be one of the largest producers of agricultural export products" [1]. Kazakhstan ranks sixth in the world in terms of its grass resources. Pasture land is 189.0 million hectares, historically being the driving force in the country's economy, as a source of feed resources for the development of livestock [2]. According to the Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan, there are 27.1 million hectares of pastures that were shot down in an average and severe degree. In the zonal aspect, the destruction of pasture ecosystems is mostly observed in the flat part, where more than 95% of all downed pastures are located, including the desert and semi – desert zones-16.1 million hectares or 60% of their area. Downed pastures are the main consequence of changing environmental conditions and irrational human economic activity. It is manifested in the loss of valuable forage plant species from the herbage and their replacement with weeds, non-edible and annual species [3,4].
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Catrileo, A. R., P. M. Toro, C. D. Aguilar, and R. Vera. "Use of supplements and variation in the stocking rate in cow - calf systems on temperate pastures in Chile: a simulation approach." Animal Production Science 49, no. 12 (2009): 1059. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea08113.
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A simulation model was developed to evaluate the productive and economic effect of the variation in feed practices and stocking rate of a cow–calf system in Chile. Winter supplementation at grazing, stocking rate and economic aspects of the system were analysed. The supplementation of straw v. pasture hay at two different stocking rates was evaluated in the temperate pasture zone in La Araucania, Chile. Data were simulated using a decision support tool to help analyse the system. Simulations with the model involved 20 replicates of a factorial combination of two stocking rates (1.0 and 1.4 cows/ha) with differences in the initial weight (‘light’ v. ‘heavy’ with weights of heifers, primiparous and multiparous cows being 340 v. 380, 400 v. 450 and 440 v. 480 kg, respectively), at the same grazing pressure (kg liveweight/ha), two winter supplements (oat straw v. pasture hay) and two levels (6 v. 8 kg straw, and 5.1 v. 6.8 pasture hay). The model was validated with data collected from an experiment conducted with permanent pastures and a beef cattle cow–calf system from 1984 to 1989. The results indicate that there was a significant (P < 0.01) effect of a cow’s weight on the calves at 180 days, and on their reproductive performance, with the heavier cows increasing their calving rate by 20% relative to the lighter group. The stocking rate and the type and amount of supplement, however, did not influence (P > 0.05) the weight of female and male calves at the time of sale. Finally, supplementation with pasture hay, as opposed to oat straw, incurred a larger (P < 0.01) mean cost at an equivalent level of provision of metabolisable energy. Although difficult to analyse under real conditions, the economic and productive benefits of various feed practices and stocking rates were successfully evaluated in the present study using simulation tools.
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Caldeira, Flávio H. B., Geovanny B. G. Dias, Felipe P. de Arruda, Valdecy de M. Lourenço, Kalinne S. Bezerra, Franklin Riet-Correa, and Edson Moleta Colodel. "Sudden death associated with Niedenzuella stannea (Malpighiaceae) in cattle in the State of Mato Grosso, Brazil: importance and epidemiological aspects." Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira 37, no. 7 (July 2017): 662–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-736x2017000700002.
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ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to investigate the importance of an acute disease that was characterized by sudden death associated with exercise that affected cattle in the region of the Araguaia River, especially in the municipality of Torixoréu, southeastern Mato Grosso, Brazil. Between August and September 2013, eighty farms in the municipality were visited and the pastures of these farms were inspected. Epidemiological questionnaires were completed from 65 farms. A plant identified as Niedenzuella stannea (N. stannea) of the Malpighiaceae family was attributed to the cause of sudden death in cattle, what causes major economic losses. Sudden death reports have occurred since 1970, when livestock was introduced into the region, and sudden death reports still occur. Outbreaks were reported to occur from May to October, but mainly during the dry season between June and August. N. stannea was identified at 41 farms and was always found in near to rivers. The most effective plant control methods included plowing the pastures and fields followed by manual application of Tordon® (Picloram and 2.4D). The administration of 5g/kg of young leaves which were collected from a farm with a sudden death history in cattle also caused sudden death in a sheep. Thus, it is concluded that the sudden death of cattle in the region of the Araguaia River is caused by the consumption of N. stannea.
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Schlecht, E., M. Sangaré, and K. Becker. "Supplementation of Zebu cattle grazing Sahelian pasture- nutritional and economic aspects." CrossRef Listing Of Deleted DOIs 45, Suppl. 1 (1996): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/rnd:19960632.
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Schlecht, E., M. Sangaré, and K. Becker. "Supplementation of Zebu cattle grazing Sahelian pasture- nutritional and economic aspects." Annales de Zootechnie 45, Suppl. 1 (1996): 134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/animres:19960632.
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Bragaglio, Andrea, Ada Braghieri, Corrado Pacelli, and Fabio Napolitano. "Environmental Impacts of Beef as Corrected for the Provision of Ecosystem Services." Sustainability 12, no. 9 (May 8, 2020): 3828. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12093828.
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We aimed to assess whether the environmental impacts in terms of global warming potential (GWP), acidification potential (AP), eutrophication potential (EP), and land occupation (LO) of beef can be decreased when ecosystem and cultural/provisioning services are included in the evaluation. We used four Italian production systems: Fat, with beef imported calves kept in confinement; CoCaI, with beef cows and calves kept in confinement; SpEx, with beef cows and calves kept on pasture and finishing conducted in confinement; and Pod, with Podolian cows and calves kept on pasture and finishing conducted in confinement. After the economic allocation, the GWP of system Pod decreased considerably and showed values lower than those computed for systems CoCaI and SpEx (P < 0.05 and P < 0.001, respectively). System Pod showed the lowest AP and EP as compared with all the other systems (P < 0.01). Systems Fat and CoCaI showed the smallest LO, with values lower than systems Pod (P < 0.05) and SpEx (P < 0.001). We conclude that the environmental impacts of extensive and local beef production systems in terms of GWP, AP, and EP was markedly reduced when the provision of accessory services was included in the calculation. Conversely, LO did not markedly change due to the high absolute values needed to allow pasture-based feeding. The estimation of additional positive aspects linked to the use of natural pastures, such as removal of carbon dioxide, increased biodiversity, and exploitation of feeds nonedible by humans, may allow a further reduction of LO.
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Kirby, GWM, VJ Hristova, and S. Murti. "Conservation tillage and ley farming in the semi-arid tropics of northern Australia - some economic aspects." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 36, no. 8 (1996): 1049. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9961049.
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This paper examines some aspects of the economics of conservation tillage and ley farming in the semi-arid tropics of northern Australia. The distribution, 1 value and major trends in the enterprises comprising the agricultural sector of the semi-arid tropics are discussed in an industry context. The likely economic benefits for the farmer from the adoption of conservation tillage and ley farming come from mulch retention and increased yields. These benefits vary with the frequency of grain cropping, the legume species used and the commodity price relativities. The benefits are likely to be larger in drier growing seasons. Data on other factors, such as soil type and seasons, were inadequate for economic analysis. Some ley farming systems are more profitable than single enterprises in the short term. In the long term, the best choice for sustainable farming systems in the semi-arid tropics appears to be a legume pasture system or a legume pasture-crop system. Results to date from ley farming studies show that experimental designs need to be modified to incorporate higher cropping frequencies and more comprehensive joint product measures in order to allow a more critical economic assessment. Additional benefits to society from the adoption of conservation tillage and ley farming are likely to come from minimising adverse on-farm and off-farm effects of agricultural activities. There are strong arguments for continuing support for research and development in ley farming technology and a joint sharing of the costs between farmers and the community generally.
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Pembleton, K. G., R. P. Rawnsley, J. L. Jacobs, F. J. Mickan, G. N. O'Brien, B. R. Cullen, and T. Ramilan. "Evaluating the accuracy of the Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM) simulating growth, development, and herbage nutritive characteristics of forage crops grown in the south-eastern dairy regions of Australia." Crop and Pasture Science 64, no. 2 (2013): 147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp12372.
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Pasture-based dairy farms are a complex system involving interactions between soils, pastures, forage crops, and livestock as well as the economic and social aspects of the business. Consequently, biophysical and farm systems models are becoming important tools to study pasture-based dairy systems. However, there is currently a paucity of modelling tools available for the simulation of one key component of the system—forage crops. This study evaluated the accuracy of the Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM) in simulating dry matter (DM) yield, phenology, and herbage nutritive characteristics of forage crops grown in the dairy regions of south-eastern Australia. Simulation results were compared with data for forage wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), oats (Avena sativa L.), forage rape (Brassica napus L.), forage sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench), and maize (Zea mays L.) collated from previous field research and demonstration activities undertaken across the dairy regions of south-eastern Australia. This study showed that APSIM adequately predicted the DM yield of forage crops, as evidenced by the range of values for the coefficient of determination (0.58–0.95), correlation coefficient (0.76–0.94), and bias correction factor (0.97–1.00). Crop phenology for maize, forage wheat, and oats was predicted with similar accuracy to forage crop DM yield, whereas the phenology of forage rape and forage sorghum was poorly predicted (R2 values 0.38 and 0.80, correlation coefficient 0.62 and –0.90, and bias correction factors 0.67 and 0.28, respectively). Herbage nutritive characteristics for all crop species were poorly predicted. While the selection of a model to explore an aspect of agricultural production will depend on the specific problem being addressed, the performance of APSIM in simulating forage crop DM yield and, in many cases, crop phenology, coupled with its ease of use, open access, and science-based mechanistic methods of simulating agricultural and crop processes, makes it an ideal model for exploring the influence of management and environment on forage crops grown on dairy farms in south-eastern Australia. Potential future model developments and improvements are discussed in the context of the results of this validation analysis.
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Bhatti, Muhammad Azher, Lars Olav Eik, Geir Steinheim, Tormod Ådnøy, David L. Hopkins, and Leif Jarle Asheim. "Management Strategies to Improve the Economics of Sheep Farms in Norwegian Coastal and Fjord Areas—The Effect of Animal Size and Capacities for Rangeland Utilisation." Sustainability 12, no. 9 (May 4, 2020): 3713. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12093713.
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The morphological and productive aspects of Norwegian sheep have developed over time and adapted to the diverse environment of the country. Before 1900, native Norwegian sheep were crossed with UK breeds to attain higher body weight and reproductive efficiency. Subsequent selection programs eventually led to the creation of the heavier (adults often >90 kg) Norwegian White Sheep (NWS), today constituting 70% of the recorded ewes. The modern Norwegian (White) Spæl (NS) sheep, mostly <75 kg and accounting for 10% of the recorded ewe population, originated from the native short-tailed breeds that are smaller and are believed to prefer grazing at higher altitudes than NWS. Other registered breeds of the short-tailed spæl type account for another 12% of the recorded sheep. Rugged Norwegian terrain with rich summer pastures makes the NS a complementary breed to the NWS. Increasing demand for year-round fresh meat requires changes at the farm level. Efficient use of local feed resources by extensive feeding of smaller size ewes is an opportunity for attaining economic gains and for year-round fresh meat production. The NS has a lighter bodyweight, requiring less housing space, is efficient in grazing rangeland and local pastures, and is better suited to outdoor winter grazing in coastal and fjord areas. In this paper, we compare the farm profitability (gross margin) of two Norwegian sheep breeds (NS and NWS) using a linear programming model designed for the coastal and fjord areas. The impact of ewe body weight, housing capacity, and meat produced per unit of concentrate are discussed.
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van Zyl, J., and N. Vink. "STRUCTURAL ASPECTS OF BEEF PRODUCTION ON PASTURES IN THE SUMMER RAINFALL GRAIN PRODUCING AREAS OF SOUTH AFRICA." Agrekon 28, no. 3 (October 1989): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03031853.1989.9524155.
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Buck, Stuart, Joe Rolfe, Craig Lemin, and Bernie English. "Adoption, profitability and future of leucaena feeding systems in Australia." Tropical Grasslands-Forrajes Tropicales 7, no. 4 (September 3, 2019): 303–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17138/tgft(7)303-314.
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Keynote paper presented at the International Leucaena Conference, 1‒3 November 2018, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.Leucaena (Leucaena leucocephala ssp. glabrata) is a highly palatable and productive forage used mainly by beef producers on extensive properties in northern Australia. When sown into native or sown grass pastures, leucaena provides significant production, economic, environmental and social benefits. Adoption of leucaena was slow initially due to a range of technical, agronomic and landscape factors. These have now been largely overcome through extensive research, development, producer experience and other advances, resulting in around 130,000 ha of cultivated leucaena being utilized across northern Australia.A range of aspects will need to be addressed if the adoption of leucaena is to be accelerated into the future. These include environmental concerns, especially potential weediness, and a range of technological needs, including soil nutritional requirements, grazing and toxicity management, opportunities for companion fodder systems and conservation options. Advances in technology and the ongoing need for a high-quality, profitable and sustainable perennial forage will ensure the continued adoption of leucaena across northern Australia for the foreseeable future.
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Fedotova, Anastasia, and Elena Korchmina. "Cattle pasturing as a traditional form of forest use and conflicts between peasants and forestry administration in the long nineteenth century (the case of Białowieza Primeval Forest)." Global Environment 13, no. 3 (October 1, 2020): 525–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3197/ge.2020.130302.
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The article deals with one of the key resources for peasants of Eastern Europe, wood pastures. Relying on new archival material, we demonstrate that peasant communities, in the spirit of James Scott, consistently sabotaged state efforts to ban livestock pasturing in the forests. The state, over the long nineteenth century, strengthened control over many aspects of the economic life of the village, which gradually made the conflicts of the peasants with the state forest administration more acute. We apply a case study approach to investigate the relations between peasants and the local and metropolitan administration in the Białowieża Forest. A unique feature of the Białowieża Forest is its long and continued history of effective protection measures, which facilitated finding sources on this topic. Our research reveals the motivation in the struggle for control over forest resources between the peasants and the administration, as experts in 'rational' forestry. Throughout the long nineteenth century, the peasants used all means of resistance available to them: petitions to the authorities at all levels, sabotage of administrative orders, bribes to forestry personnel and direct violations of orders. These conflicts, which lasted for many decades, demonstrate that peasant communities only partially followed the rules introduced by the state administration, which tried to change the principles of forestry management, making forests more profitable and 'rational' from the point of view of the experts of the time. The administration spent significant resources on the control of wood pasturing, but achieved very modest results, both in terms of reducing the number of livestock in the forest and in terms of collecting compensation for damage made by ungulates. The most important changes occurred in the second half of the nineteenth through the early twentieth century and were associated with more consistent and strict control over the traditional forest resources, especially during the final appanage period (1889–1915). If we consider the reaction of the administration to peasant petitions regarding wood pastures, we see sympathy and positive reactions both at the provincial and at the ministerial levels. Obviously, this tolerance was connected with both the shortage of pasture and fodder, and the general paternalistic sentiments of the Russian government. The administration tried not so much to increase the income from wood pasturing as to 'accustom' the peasants to the idea that the forests were not public, but rather private, state or appanage property.
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Wiltshire, Karie, Kathleen Delate, Jan Flora, and Mary Wiedenhoeft. "Socio-cultural aspects of cow–calf operation persistence in a peri-urban county in Iowa." Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 26, no. 1 (December 10, 2010): 60–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1742170510000505.
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AbstractCow–calf operations in grass-based agricultural systems in Marion County, Iowa, are multifunctional in their provision of agronomic, ecological, economic and social uses. Since 1992, however, pastureland and cow–calf operations have decreased because of urban encroachment, leading to a speculative loss of some beneficial functions. The goal of this interdisciplinary project, conducted from 2003 to 2005, was to employ a farming systems research and evaluation platform to investigate grassland multifunctionality at farm, field and community levels. A socio-cultural analysis was conducted with the objective of identifying motivations of cow–calf operators to remain on the land despite increasing urban pressure. Environmental, as well as socio-economic, parameters were evaluated in understanding grassland multifunctionality in semi-structured interviews and a focus group. Typology classes derived from the study placed the majority of participants as maintaining integrated cattle and grain operations as full-time income sources. At the farm and community levels, themes from participants’ responses suggested that the relevance of profit from a cow–calf operation is mediated by a wide range of livelihood and lifestyle choices, and that operators have diverse criteria regarding the suitability of land for pasture. Themes encompassing farm preservation and building intergenerational social capital were particularly evident among the full-time, integrated cattle/grain crop family farm members. At the community level, governmental policies rewarding practices that increase field and farm biodiversity, as demonstrated by a prairie pasture system implemented in a follow-up on-farm experiment, will facilitate greater support of grass-based systems from local institutions. In order to address the educational needs expressed by study participants, extension and federal environmental agencies are encouraged to provide relevant design and implementation recommendations in recognition of local knowledge related to farmland multifunctionality and sustainable land usage for integrated crop and livestock operations.
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Gunaev, Evgeniy A. "Исторические аспекты административно-территориального устройства Калмыкии в контексте взаимоотношений с Астраханской областью по вопросу реабилитации калмыцкого народа." Монголоведение (Монгол судлал) 13, no. 1 (April 26, 2021): 56–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.22162/2500-1523-2021-1-56-67.
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Introduction. The paper explores historical aspects of Kalmykia’s administrative and territorial structure with due regard of its relations to Astrakhan Oblast in the context of the Kalmyk people’s territorial rehabilitation initiated in the early 1990s. Materials and Methods. The work employs the historical descriptive and comparative research methods. It focuses on one archival document — the opinion letter of September 20–23, 1991 by Yu. Oglaev, Cand.Sc. (history) and Associate Professor at Kalmyk State University, dealing with ‘Working Papers on Territorial Rehabilitation of the Kalmyk People’ issued by the Commission of Astrakhan Oblast Soviet of People’s Deputies. Results. The article examines arguments of Astrakhan Oblast authorities aimed at undermining attempts of Kalmykia’s government to raise the question of territorial rehabilitation. Specifically, it gives some data on territorial transformations of ‘enclave’ settlements in Kalmykia before December 1943 and after the 1957 restoration of the ethnic autonomy. Conclusions. The historical aspect of territorial disputes between the two Lower Volga regions after 1957 basically rests on that Astrakhan Oblast government refused to recognize the proclaimed (reclaimed) borders (some part) of Kalmykia as of 1957. The idea of returning two districts integral to the Kalmyk ASSR as of 1943 back to the republic was articulated by Kalmykia’s executives in the Government of the RSFSR after 1957, and the era of perestroika attached somewhat sociopolitical features to the issue — only to eventually end in nothing. However, the history of territorial transformations of settlements in the border areas of Kalmykia and Astrakhan Oblast do require further scientific insights, as well as the use of distant pastures by neighboring regions — special emphasis thereto be laid on economic, environmental and land-related consequences experienced by the republic.
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Oliveira, Patrícia Perondi Anchão. "Gases de efeito estufa em sistemas de produção animal brasileiros e a importância do balanço de carbono para a preservação ambiental (Greenhouse gases in brazilian livestock production systems and the importance of the carbon balance for environmental)." Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física 8 (December 15, 2015): 623. http://dx.doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v8.0.p623-634.
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O aquecimento global, acentuado por ações antrópicas de emissão de gases de efeito estufa, tem como consequência as mudanças climáticas, que causam muitos transtornos ambientais para a humanidade. A atividade pecuária produz gases de efeito estufa na forma de metano (CH4) e óxido nitroso (N2O) principalmente, com tendência de aumento de emissão atrelado ao aumento da produção pecuária. A degradação de pastagens, o mais importante problema ambiental da pecuária, também pode contribuir para a emissão desses gases e pode levar à desertificação. Ações de mitigação dessas emissões podem amenizar o problema e devem ser observadas considerando-se o balanço de carbono dos sistemas de produção pecuários, onde, além da emissão de gases de efeito estufa, o sequestro de carbono é também considerado. Na pecuária, existe possibilidade de mitigação das emissões pela redução da emissão do CH4 e do N2O, entretanto, o maior potencial de mitigação das emissões está no sequestro de carbono devido à recuperação das pastagens. Apesar disso, grande ênfase é dada aos aspectos envolvendo a emissão de CH4 entérico pelos ruminantes e suas formas de mitigação. Também é importante ressaltar que a adoção das tecnologias que promovem a mitigação das emissões de gases de efeito estufa depende mais de questões econômicas do que da viabilidade técnica das ações de mitigação propostas. Global warming is intensified by greenhouse gases emissions from human activities, resulting in climate change and causing many environmental disorders for humanity. The livestock produces greenhouse gases such as methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) mainly and the increasing in emissions is linked to increased livestock production. The degradation of pastures had been the most important issue of livestock contributing to the greenhouse gases emissions and leading the desertification. Mitigation actions can reduce these emissions and the carbon balance of livestock production systems, which also considerate carbon sequestration besides the emission of greenhouse gases. Mitigating emissions of CH4 and N2O are possible in livestock but the carbon sequestration that occurs during the recovery of pasture is the greatest potential for mitigating greenhouse. Nevertheless, great emphasis can be found in literature related to the aspects involving the issue of enteric methane by ruminants and its methods of mitigation. Importantly, the adoption of technologies that promote mitigation of greenhouse gases emissions is most dependent of economic issues than technical feasibility of the mitigation actions proposed. Keywords: livestock, desertification, degradation, methane, nitrous oxide.
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Ítavo, Luis Carlos Vinhas, Alexandre Menezes Dias, Camila Celeste Brandão Ferreira Ítavo, Gumercindo Loriano Franco, Maria da Graça Morais, Andréa Roberto Duarte Lopes Souza, Ériklis Nogueira, et al. "Mineral-nitrogen supplementation to finishing Nellore steers in deferred pasture." Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal 18, no. 4 (December 2017): 576–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-99402017000400008.
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SUMMARY The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of two protein levels in mineral-protein-energy supplements on the productivity and economic performance of Nellore steers. Ninety animals weighing 382.35±32.95 kg on average, were treated with mineral-nitrogen supplements containing 30% crude proteins (CP; 75% ground maize, 8.91 % urea and 16.09% mineral) and 40% CP (66.67 % ground maize, 11.90% urea, and 21.43% mineral). The animals were housed in two paddocks of Uruchloa brizantha ‘MG-5’ (syn. Brachiaria brizantha) and were weighed at the beginning, at 45 days, and at 94 days of the experiment, when they were slaughtered at an average weight of 451±35.38 kg. We evaluated supplement intake, weight gain and economic aspects. The 40 and 30% CP treatments significantly affected supplement intake (P<0.05), with averages of 0.69 and 2.26 kg/day, respectively. The average total weight gain was higher (P<0.01) in animals receiving the supplement containing 30 % CP (71.46 kg / animal) than in animals receiving 40% CP (64.33 kg/animal). Greater slaughter weight was attained in the animals treated with 30% CP (456.66 vs. 443.84 kg). The mineral-nitrogen supplementation in both CP levels provided satisfactory animal performance and carcass characteristics. Owing to economic considerations, it is recommended to use 40% CP mineral-nitrogen supplements on finishing steers on pasture, although success in reducing production costs of livestock ultimately depends on the variations in prices between the different regions of the country and market opportunities.
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Bethune, M., O. A. Gyles, and Q. J. Wang. "Options for management of saline groundwater in an irrigated farming system." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 44, no. 2 (2004): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea02179.
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Groundwater pumping is used to control salinity problems in many irrigation regions of Australia. Options for managing the pumped groundwater are required to be consistent with achieving high farm production levels and minimising salt export from irrigation regions. In this study, pasture production and economic aspects of 6 options for managing pumped groundwater are compared. The 6 options include (i) complete farm reuse of pumped groundwater for irrigation; (ii) complete export to river system; (iii) complete disposal to evaporation basin; (iv) partial farm reuse with reduced salt export; (v) partial farm reuse with reduced disposal to evaporation basin; and (vi) partial farm reuse with disposal to a salt tolerant forage crop. The comparison between the 6 options is made for a hypothetical 100 ha dairy farm that has a perennial pasture based production system. Complete farm reuse was the most economic option in areas where groundwater salinity is low (<5 dS/m). Partial farm reuse with disposal of surplus groundwater to a salt tolerant forage species was the most economical option for managing higher salinity groundwater.
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Rajović, Goran, and Jelisavka Bulatović. "Some Aspects of Geographic Views on Motivational Factor the Tourist Movements: The Case Northeastern Montenegro." International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences 12 (October 2013): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilshs.12.51.
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The paper presents some aspects of geographical view of the motivational factor tourist movements in northeastern Montenegro on example, the municipality Berane, Andrejevica and Plav. Bjelasica, high mountain range Komova, spatial zone Berane and Mountain system Prokletija providing opportunities for development of various types of mountain tourism, such as the sports and recreation, health, summer pasture, hiking, hunting, fishing ... As another important group of attractive values of, appear attractive and social factors, which allow the counted among the following elements: cultural and historical monuments, cultural institutions, various cultural events ... Significant cultural and historical heritage of this part of north-eastern Montenegro, not yet adequately valorized. In order to achieve desired economic growth, change, renewal and improvement of the overall economy, it is understood and tourism, it is appropriate and adequate conception of development strategies. Assessment of the state of tourism is a prerequisite for defining the development goals, which fit into the overall vision of progress and active involvement in the immediate environment and the wider European mainstream.
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Malatinszky, Ákos. "Stakeholder Perceptions of Climate Extremes’ Effects on Management of Protected Grasslands in a Central European Area." Weather, Climate, and Society 8, no. 3 (May 2, 2016): 209–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/wcas-d-15-0029.1.
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Since meteorological data have been regularly recorded in Hungary, 2010 has been the rainiest year, whereas 2011 and 2012 have been the driest years. Protected grasslands and their management by low-intensity livestock farming are seriously affected by climatic changes. This paper seeks to shed light on stakeholder perceptions of recent extreme weather events, in order to better understand how to adapt the management of vulnerable habitats to anticipated changes. The status of vulnerable habitats is strongly affected by land use change as well; therefore, this process requires stakeholder involvement. Opinions on what aspects are presumed to be affected most by changes in climate were gathered during semistructured interviews from farmers and conservationists in the Körös-Maros National Park in Hungary. Stakeholders revealed negative impacts resulting from extreme floods, droughts, and changes in rainfall and temperature, and they highlighted challenges relating to conflicting management objectives and perverse incentives arising from policy-level issues (such as regulatory structures and implementation). Subjects noted that years with high precipitation caused adverse conditions for livestock, late mowing due to inaccessible pastures, poor quality of hay, and undergrazing (but still compaction damage). Years with negative precipitation records show decreased quantity and quality of hay, loss of valuable forage, winter shortage of green fodder, land degradation, increased water demand, shifting grazing seasons, decreasing carrying capacity, overgrazing, heat stress, declines in physical activities, expansion of invasive alien species, and conflicts between economic interests and nature conservation objectives. In only a few cases was the awareness of these issues converted into practical adaptation or mitigation activities.
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Anderson, William, Michelle Negus Cleary, Jessie Birkett-Rees, Damjan Krsmanovic, and Nikoloz Tskvitinidze. "Gateway to the Yayla: The Varneti Archaeological Complex in the Southern Caucasus Highlands." European Journal of Archaeology 22, no. 1 (June 13, 2018): 22–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/eaa.2018.26.
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Recent ground surveys in the Samtskhe-Javakheti region of southern Georgia have investigated a previously undocumented group of sites along a ridge overlooking the upper Kura river valley. Features and artefacts recorded at Varneti suggest long but episodic occupation from the Chalcolithic to the later medieval periods, with prominent phases in the Early to Middle Bronze Age and the Late Bronze Age to Early Iron Age. Varneti has the potential to contribute to understanding economic and strategic aspects of the long-term settlement pattern in the southern Caucasus, especially the interplay between lowland and highland zones. Its position in the landscape, at a transitional point between the river valley and the upland pasture (yayla), may explain its persistent use by agro-pastoral communities that operated in varied cultural situations. The survey results help us frame a series of questions regarding economic and social dynamics at a local and regional scale and the continuity and discontinuity of practice in highland environments through long timespans.
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Lee, Julia M., Cory Matthew, Errol R. Thom, and David F. Chapman. "Perennial ryegrass breeding in New Zealand: A dairy industry perspective." Crop and Pasture Science 63, no. 2 (2012): 107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp11282.
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Genetic improvement programs for livestock and pasture plants have been central to the development of the New Zealand (NZ) pastoral industry. Although genetic improvement of livestock is easily shown to improve animal production on-farm, the link between genetic improvement of pasture plants and animal production is less direct. For several reasons, gains in farm output arising from improved plant performance are more difficult to confirm than those arising from livestock improvement, which has led to some debate in the livestock industries about which plant traits to prioritise in future breeding programs to deliver the greatest benefit. This review investigates this situation, with the aim of understanding how genetic improvement of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.), the predominant pasture grass, may more directly contribute towards increased productivity in the NZ dairy industry. The review focuses on the dairy industry, since it is the largest contributor to the total value of NZ agricultural exports. Also, because rates of pasture renewal are greater in the dairy industry compared with the sheep and beef industries, genetic gain in pasture plants is likely to have the greatest impact if the correct plant traits are targeted. The review highlights that many aspects of ryegrass growth and ecology have been manipulated through breeding, with evidence to show that plant performance has been altered as a result. However, it is not clear to what extent these gains have contributed to the economic development of the NZ dairy industry. There are opportunities for breeders and scientists to work together more closely in defining economic traits that positively influence pasture performance and to translate this information to objectives for breeding programs, systematically linking information on the measured traits of ryegrass cultivars to economic values for those traits to assist farmer decision-making regarding the most appropriate cultivars to use in their farm system, and better defining genotype × environment interactions in key productivity traits of modern ryegrass cultivars. Changes in priorities for investment of public- and industry-good funds in forage improvement research and development will be needed if these opportunities are to be captured.
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Spiridonov, S. I., V. V. Ivanov, I. E. Titov, and V. E. Nushtaeva. "Radioecological assessment of forage agricultural land in the southwestern areas of the Bryansk region based on a set of statistical models." "Radiation and Risk" Bulletin of the National Radiation and Epidemiological Registry 30, no. 2 (2021): 38–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.21870/0131-3878-2021-30-2-38-49.
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This paper presents a radioecological assessment of forage agricultural land in the southwestern districts of the Bryansk region based on data characterizing the variability of the radionuclides content in the soil. Concentration of 137Cs in forage was calculated taking into account the proba-bility distributions of 137Cs soil contamination density and the soil to plant transfer factor. The pro-cessing data of the radioecological survey has shown the soil contamination density with 137Cs of agricultural lands in the southwestern areas of the Bryansk region obeys a lognormal law. The authors have used statistical models and software modules for the radioecological assessment of forage lands. Risks of exceeding the 137Cs content standards in forage obtained on soils with different texture have been calculated. The limiting levels of contamination of pastures and hay-fields with 137Cs, ensuring compliance with the specified risks for forage, have been estimated. The lowest limiting soil contamination density is characteristic of organic soils, which can be con-sidered “critical” from the point of view of 137Cs intake into forage. The authors have predicted the time of remediation of forage lands in the southwestern districts of the Bryansk region in the ab-sence of protective measures based on a probabilistic approach. The time period during which the risk of forage contamination for sandy, sandy loam and clay loam soils will decrease to 10% varies for the areas under consideration in a wide range, not exceeding 64 years. It is concluded that it is advisable to substantiate the value of the acceptable risk of forage contamination, taking into account radiological and socio-economic aspects.
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Palacios, C., I. Revilla, M. A. Lurueña-Martínez, S. Álvarez, and J. A. Abecia. "Technical-economical aspects of the Alcarreña sheep farms in Spain and characterization of their meat products." Animal Genetic Resources/Ressources génétiques animales/Recursos genéticos animales 58 (May 31, 2016): 83–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2078633616000011.
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SummaryAlcarreña is an endangered Spanish sheep breed (8 009 breeding animals) characterized by its adaptation to a particularly harsh environment and by having a sustainable pasture-based, small-scale, production model. The first objective of this study was to identify the technical-economic aspects of the Alcarreña farms, based on information obtained from surveys. The second objective was to quantify the influence of slaughter weight (12, 19 and 23 kg) on the sensory characteristics of the lamb meat. The mean age of the Alcarreña sheep farmers was lower than the average age of Spanish sheep farmers; however, generational renewal is not assured because most of the farmers’ children were still in school. Mean flock size was higher than the average Spanish sheep flock. Alcarreña sheep were reared under an extensive management system, grazed year-round and had a reproductive schedule of three lambings within 2 years. The carcass and meat qualities of the 12 and 19 kg lambs did not differ significantly, although the lightest lambs had the softest meat and the clearest subcutaneous fat. The most important differences between the lighter lambs and the 23-kg lambs were in meat and fat colour and lipid composition. Among the sensorial characteristics, the 19-kg lambs had the lowest meat fibrosity, and meat colour and slaughter weight were negatively correlated.
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Kirchner, Jardel Henrique, Adroaldo Dias Robaina, Marcia Xavier Peiter, Rogério Ricalde Torres, Wellington Mezzomo, and Luis Humberto Bahú Ben. "INDICADORES DE VIABILIDADE ECONÔMICA DE PRODUÇÃO IRRIGADA DE SORGO FORRAGEIRO PARA BOVINOCULTURA DE CORTE1." IRRIGA 24, no. 4 (December 16, 2019): 843–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.15809/irriga.2019v24n4p843-860.
Full textAbstract:
INDICADORES DE VIABILIDADE ECONÔMICA DE PRODUÇÃO IRRIGADA DE SORGO FORRAGEIRO PARA BOVINOCULTURA DE CORTE1
JARDEL HENRIQUE KIRCHNER2; ADROALDO DIAS ROBAINA3; MARCIA XAVIER PEITER4; ROGÉRIO RICALDE TORRES5; WELLINGTON MEZZOMO6; LUIS HUMBERTO BAHÚ BEN7
¹ Trabalho retirado da tese intitulada: “Aspectos produtivos e viabilidade econômico-financeira da irrigação em sorgo forrageiro”, do autor Jardel Henrique Kirchner
2 Eng. Agrônomo, Doutor, Professor do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Nelsi Ribas Fritsch, nº 1111, bairro Esperança, Ibirubá, RS, Brasil, CEP: 98200-000, jardel.kirchner@ibiruba.ifrs.edu.br
3 Eng. Agrônomo, Doutor, Professor Titular do Departamento de Engenharia Rural, UFSM, Avenida Roraima, nº 1000, bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil, CEP: 97195-000, diasrobaina@gmail.com
4 Eng. Agrônoma, Doutora, Professora Associada do Departamento de Engenharia Rural, UFSM, Avenida Roraima, nº 1000, bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil, CEP: 97195-000, mpeiter@gmail.com
5 Eng. Agrônomo, Doutor, Professor do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Rio Grande do Sul, Rua Eng. João Viterbo de Oliveira, nº 3061, Zona Rural, Vacaria, RS, Brasil, CEP: 95219-899, rogerio.torres@vacaria.ifrs.edu.br
6 Eng. Agrônomo, Mestre, Doutorando no Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia Agrícola, UFSM, Avenida Roraima, nº 1000, bairro Camobi, Santa Maria, RS, Brasil, CEP: 97195-000, wmezzomo@hotmail.com
7Eng. Agrônomo, Doutor, Madruga Consultoria Agronômica, Rua Silveira Martins, nº 967, bairro Centro, Santiago, RS, CEP: 97700-000, luishumbertoben@gmail.com
1 RESUMO
A bovinocultura de corte é uma das principais atividades agropecuárias no Rio Grande do Sul. Contudo, os produtores preocupam-se com a alimentação dos animais, pois irregularidades das chuvas causam falta de alimento. As pastagens cultivadas são amplamente utilizadas, principalmente o sorgo forrageiro, usando a irrigação para suprir as necessidades hídricas. Porém, necessita-se determinar a viabilidade econômica da irrigação da pastagem através de indicadores econômicos. O trabalho objetivou avaliar a viabilidade econômica da irrigação em sorgo forrageiro através de indicadores (Valor Presente Líquido (VPL), Taxa Interna de Retorno (TIR) e relação Benefício/Custo (B/C)) para a bovinocultura de corte. Conduziram-se dois experimentos em 2015/2016 e 2016/2017 em Santa Maria (RS) e avaliaram-se as produtividades com lâmina de 100 % da ETo. Determinou-se a carga animal possível de ser alimentada com a produção, simularam-se três cenários de ganho de peso diário por animal (0,5, 1 e 1,5 kg x animal x dia-1) e determinaram-se os custos e a viabilidade econômica. Verificou-se que há viabilidade econômica da irrigação em todos os indicadores avaliados: VPL entre 2.421,00 e 82.105,00 R$ ha-1, TIR entre 9 e 82% e relação B/C entre 1,21 e 4,74 atrelando os resultados à rentabilidade dos diferentes cenários de ganho de peso diário animal.
Palavras chave: Sorghum bicolor L. (Moench), irrigação de pastagem, indicadores econômicos.
KIRCHNER, J. H.; ROBAINA, A. D.; PEITER, M. X.; TORRES, R. R.; MEZZOMO, W.; BEN, L. H. B.
ECONOMIC FEASIBILITY INDICATORS OF IRRIGATED PRODUCTION OF FORAGE SORGHUM
2 ABSTRACT
Beef cattle raising is one of the main agricultural activities in Rio Grande do Sul. However, producers are concerned with feeding the animals, as rainfall irregularities cause lack of food. Cultivated pastures are widely used, especially forage sorghum, using irrigation to meet water needs. However, it is necessary to determine the economic viability of pasture irrigation through economic indicators. The objective of this study was to evaluate the economic viability of forage sorghum irrigation through indicators (Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR) and Benefit / Cost ratio (B / C)) for beef cattle. Two experiments were conducted in 2015/2016 and 2016/2017 in Santa Maria/RS and the 100% productivity of ETo was evaluated. The animal feedable feedstock was determined, three scenarios of daily weight gain per animal (0.5, 1 and 1.5 kg x animal x day-1) were simulated and costs and economic viability were determined. It was verified that there is economic viability of irrigation in all indicators evaluated: NPV between 2,421.00 and 82,105.00 R$ ha-1, IRR between 9 and 82% and B/C ratio between 1.21 and 4.74 the profitability results from the different scenarios of daily animal weight gain.
Keywords: Sorghum bicolor L. (Moench), pasture irrigation, economic viability.
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Vorozheykina, T. M., and T. Y. Bobovnikova. "Management accounting of agricultural land fertility in the Kursk region of the Russian Federation." E3S Web of Conferences 247 (2021): 01058. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202124701058.
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In the conditions of competition and limited resources, sources of income, lean production has recently been developing and, at the same time, lean management accounting is developing. Agriculture in the Russian Federation is characterized by a slow movement of capital, high dependence on natural and climatic conditions, low economic manoeuvrability, and the predominance of collective and shared ownership of land. Agricultural production uses natural factors for the cultivation of biological assets and the production of agricultural products free of charge: the natural fertility of agricultural land, natural pastures for grazing, solar and wind energy, etc. Chernozem lands are the most important fertile lands in the world. 40% of the most fertile chernozem lands are concentrated in Russia, in five regions, one of which is the Kursk region. The processes of land degradation are mainly inherent in agricultural land, or rather arable land. The economic state of agriculture in Russia does not allow for the full implementation of measures to preserve soil fertility, and even more so to take them into account. The purpose of the study is to study the state of agricultural land fertility from the point of view of management accounting. In accordance with the set goal, the following tasks were identified: fertility was identified as an object of management accounting for agricultural land, and the indicators that should be taken into account were determined. The novelty of the research conducted by the authors consists in the development of management accounting that is appropriate for long-term planning of measures for the effective use of agricultural land. In the course of the study, general scientific and special research methods were used on the basis of systematization of theoretical and practical material. The natural fertility of agricultural land is not taken into account anywhere in the costs of agricultural production, as well as its cost price, is not reflected in the accounting. Currently, there is no data collection system that covers all aspects of agricultural land and should serve as a basis for improving the agricultural sector. Results: the analysis of land resources in Russia, in the Kursk region is presented; the comparative characteristics of land in accordance with IAS and AR 6/01 are shown. It is proposed to keep records of soil fertility, to allocate "agricultural land" in the reporting, to distribute subsidies depending on changes in the level of fertility, but taking into account zoning.
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Mudrak, Halyna, and Oleksandr Mudrak. "SCIENTIFIC AND PRACTICAL ASPECTS OF RATIONAL USE OF AGRICULTURAL SCAPES OF THE MIDDLE TRANSPORT IN THE CONTEXT OF THE STRATEGY OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF THE REGION." Agriculture and Forestry, no. 4 (December 18, 2020): 159–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2707-5826-2020-4-14.
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The necessity of studying the current condition of agro-landscapes of Middle Transnistria in the context of the strategy of sustainable development of rural territorial communities of the region has been analysed. After all, ecologically safe use of agroecosystems of any region should become one of the necessary conditions for ecologically balanced development of its agrosphere. The authors note that the current condition of agro-landscapes has been characterized by significant diversity and complex landscape-typological structure. The differences of agro-landscapes in economic use have been presented, which led to the allocation of such subclasses: field, meadow-pasture, garden. The authors used different approaches and methods to study the modern agricultural landscapes of Middle Transnistria. The most significant were general scientific and specific scientific approaches. Among them the following were used: traditional or classical (comparative, historical, genetic, evolutionary) and specific (constructive, socio-economic, systemic, ecological, landscape-typological, informational, sociological) research approaches. Among the research methods most used: systemic, genetic, cartographic, morphometric, predictive and comparative. It has been established that the economic use of different subclasses of agrolandscapes of the region depends on the climatic, hydrological, orographic, edaphic and landscape-ecological conditions of the region. The characteristics of garden landscapes have been determined, which are located mainly on steep slopes, leveled terraces of river valleys, territories of former field landscapes. Location on the appropriate types of areas, species composition of plantations and specific agronomic regime, determine the formation of these unique garden landscapes. Here certain favorable microclimatic conditions, plant and animal groups which are inherent in specific garden landscape complexes are created. Among them are unique palmette orchards and those within which there are rare and adapted to the natural conditions of the region varieties of fruit trees. The uniqueness of the garden landscapes of Middle Transnistria is considered on the example of a natural area near the village. Dmytrashkivka, Vinnytsia region, where valuable plots of palm gardens are located. A set of measures proposed to promote the rational use of agricultural landscapes of Middle Transnistria in the context of implementing strategies for sustainable development of the region
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Morantes-Toloza, Javier Leonardo, and Luis Miguel Renjifo. "Cercas vivas en sistemas de producción tropicales: una revisión mundial de los usos y percepciones." Revista de Biología Tropical 66, no. 2 (May 24, 2018): 739. http://dx.doi.org/10.15517/rbt.v66i2.33405.
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Live fences in tropical production systems: a global review of uses and perceptions. The expansion of agricultural and livestock production has been a key factor in deforestation in the world and especially in the tropical region. Currently, more than half of the Earth’s surface is used for the establishment of production systems; in this context, live fences can generate positive effects on the environment and provide environmental goods and services. In this work, we reviewed the effects of live fences on production systems from the tropical regions of America, Africa, Asia and Australia, analyzing the uses and perceptions of farmers that have made use of these fences. It was found that live fences were mainly related to the delimitation of farms and pastures. However, their uses and benefits are manifold, among which we found: provide forage, wood extraction, fruit supply, windbreaks, medicinal, to avoid soil erosion, moisture retention and nutritional support. In addition, other positive perceptions were: increasing landscape connectivity, increasing economic incomes, reducing production costs, reducing pressure on remaining vegetation, keeping maintenance costs down, contributing to pest control, and improving fertility. However, negative perceptions included the excessive work in repairing or pruning them, shade negative impact on agricultural production, lack of information discourages establishment, high establishment costs, generation of property conflicts and management difficulty. It was found that the uses by farmers are focused on improving the yields of productive systems, but also on the conservation of natural resources especially soil and biodiversity. We proposed research topics for the future, as determining the criteria in the selection of native species to establish and enrich living fences valuing ecological and socioeconomic aspects; in additionally, we must deepen the benefits they produce on the yields of productive systems. We suggest the development of live fences studies in the tropical region of Australasia, because no data was found for this region, in order to know the biodiversity and services status that they provide to the rural communities. As a conclusion, it will be important to generate initiatives that encourage the formulation of rural policies, the creation of programs that encourage the establishment of live fences, whether through payments for environmental services, tax compensation or other mechanisms. Providing adequate information to farmers and livestock farmers is a key aspect on dynamizing the establishment of live fences. Rev. Biol. Trop. 66(2): 739-753. Epub 2018 June 01.
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Morton, Jd, and A. Gillingham. "Variable and differential application of nutrients to a hill country farm." Journal of New Zealand Grasslands 79 (January 1, 2017): 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.33584/jnzg.2017.79.565.
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Abstract Traditionally fertiliser has been aerially applied at a uniform rate to hill country, but the technology now exists to apply nutrients at a variable rate (VR) and each nutrient differentially, depending on the production potential and pasture composition of each part of the hill. A hypothetical case study of a sheep farm was modelled to show the economic benefits of VR application of phosphorus (P) and sulphur (S) and differential application of nitrogen (N), compared with application of a uniform rate of P and S. The financial analysis demonstrates that the VR strategy of less P and S to steeper slopes where there is low legume and more on easier slopes where there is more legume, costs less than the application of P and S at a uniform rate over all slopes. The cost saving could be used to apply N to steep land on both sunny and shady aspects and easy land on sunny aspects. This differential N application in late winter/early spring ensures better pasture cover for lactating ewes to improve ewe condition at weaning. When this gain in condition was maintained through to mating, lambing percentage increased in the following spring. The benefit from this increased lamb production was an increase in financial returns of $63/ha/year. A qualitative sensitivity analysis indicated that this value remains stable in response to changes in the proportion of each slope class, soil Olsen P level, the relative cost of fertiliser P and N and sheep to cattle ratio. Keywords: differential application, hill country, lamb production, nitrogen, phosphorus, aerial topdressing, variable rate
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Mancinelli, Alice Cartoni, Alessandro Dal Bosco, Simona Mattioli, David Ranucci, and Cesare Castellini. "Mobile Poultry Processing Unit as a Resource for Small Poultry Farms: Planning and Economic Efficiency, Animal Welfare, Meat Quality and Sanitary Implications." Animals 8, no. 12 (November 30, 2018): 229. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani8120229.
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: Nowadays there is an increasing demand for poultry products from alternative rearing systems. These systems, commonly named pastured poultry production (PPP), are more expensive than intensive rearing system but sustain biodiversity, local economies and farm multi-functionality besides providing meat to which consumers attribute high ethical value and quality. PPP generally uses large outdoor runs, small number of animals and requires chickens adapted to natural environment. One of the most relevant obstacles to further development of PPP systems is related to the slaughtering of animals economically and at the same time complying with the sanitary regulations to maintain food safety standards. A possible solution could be represented by a Mobile Poultry Processing Unit (MPPU), which directly reaches the poultry farms. MPPU can consider a good compromise for the niche production providing an opportunity to small farmers to exploit the full potential of their production system. The aim of this review is to analyse the essential requisites and MPPU economic viability in an Italian system. Qualitative, societal aspects are discussed together with bird welfare and hygiene implications. The case study indicates the viability of MPPUs but notes that up scaling to medium sized operations would not be permissible under current EU regulations.
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Sharafatdin Kengeshovich, Narbaev. "ECOLOGO-ECONOMIC ESSENCE OF PASTURES." European Journal of Research 6, no. 6 (June 6, 2017): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.26739/2521-3253-2017-6-6-2.
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Nääs, Irenilza de Alencar, Carlos Eduardo Bites Romanini, Douglas D'Alessandro Salgado, Karla Andrea Oliveira Lima, Marcos Martinez do Vale, Marcelo Ricardo Labigalini, Silvia Regina Lucas de Souza, Adriana Gomes Menezes, and Daniella Jorge de Moura. "Impact of global warming on beef cattle production cost in Brazil." Scientia Agricola 67, no. 1 (February 2010): 01–08. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162010000100001.
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Global warming is affecting agribusiness in its economic aspects. Therefore, the prediction of the evolution of Brazilian beef cattle production cost was made using the IPCC forecast scenario for global warming. The methodology consisted of two steps: (i) the development of a fuzzy model that estimated the grazing land capacity (RP) decrease risk as a function of the changes in the average total rain index, air temperature and increase in extension of the dry season; and (ii) the design of an algorithm for predicting the decrease in production as function of the RPfuzzy model, that results in the impact in beef cattle productivity, and consequent increase in production costs. Historical environmental data from important producing counties in the Cerrado were organized and a set of fuzzy Gaussian functions were developed, and three possible settings (optimistic, medium and pessimistic) were considered. The decrease in beef cattle productivity was estimated using the losses in production due to the increase in air temperature and vulnerability of pasture capacity. The boundary settings for the total increase of production cost scenario used the number of animals per area of grazing land, the adoption of grain supplement and its future scenario; and the result output function pointed to a threshold within a variation from an increase in production cost of 80% (optimistic) to 160% (pessimistic). Under the optimistic scenario the total cost of Brazilian beef cattle production in the Cerrado became near to US$ 2.88 kg-1, while in the pessimistic scenario this cost reached US$ 4.16 kg-1, challenging the international competitiveness of this economic segment.
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Vere, D. T., R. E. Jones, and M. H. Campbell. "Long-term change in the economic productivity of four major pasture categories on the south-eastern Tablelands of New South Wales." Rangeland Journal 23, no. 2 (2001): 148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj01002.
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The perception of change or decline in the productivity of temperate pastures in south-eastern Australia is an important concern to livestock producers and pasture scientists. Much of this concern relates to reductions in the proportions of desirable species in the composition of pasture systems as a result of increased soil and weed problems. The purpose of this paper is to investigate trends in the long-term economic productivity of four categories of temperate pastures (all introduced pastures, introduced perennial grasses, introduced legumes and all native pastures) on the central and southern tablelands of New South Wales. The results provide evidence of economic productivity decline in the all introduced pastures category in relation to sheep production, but this has been due to productivity decline in the dominant legume component of the introduced pastures. In contrast, there has been strong growth in the economic productivity of the introduced perennial grass pastures. Abnormally high beef cattle numbers in the mid-1970s appear to have created an illusion of high productivity and subsequent decline in all introduced pastures. In contrast, the economic productivity of the native pastures which are the bulk of the region's grazing areas, has fallen substantially.
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Vere, D., and P. Dowling. "An economic analysis of sown pasture trends on the tablelands of south-eastern New South Wales." Rangeland Journal 25, no. 1 (2003): 56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj03005.
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The latter part of the 20th century has seen a persistent decline in the productivity of some types of sown pastures on the central and southern tablelands of New South Wales. Currently, much research effort is directed to stabilising the perennial grass component of these pastures. This paper evaluates the economic justification of that emphasis. It is argued that trends in livestock production can usefully represent increases or decreases in the stocks of three broad categories of sown pastures that are defined as being those pastures sown to introduced perennial grasses and legumes (perennial grasses), introduced legumes only (legumes), and the total of both these categories. Regression methods were used to determine the changes that have occurred in the livestock production from these pastures that could be explained by changes in a range of economic and other variables. The estimated models were then used to forecast wool, beef and lamb production from each pasture type. The results indicate that changes in prices and costs have influenced the trends in animal production from these pastures and that the structures of these influences have changed over time. Production from perennial grass-legume pastures has remained high relative to production from legume pastures despite adverse cost-price trends. The forecasts indicated a continuation of present levels of perennial grass-legume pasture areas but a decline in production from the legume pastures. The results support the concerns about the continued deterioration in the legume only pastures and the thrust of R&D programs that promote the benefits of perennial grass-legume pastures. The use and analysis of public data to improve understanding of the economic factors that influence the long-term stability of intensively grazed rangelands is highlighted.
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Albuquerque, Maisa Gomes, Mikaele do Nascimento Campos, and Mauricio Santana Moreau. "Caracterização Ambiental e Socioeconômica da Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Santana (Socioeconomic and Environmental Characterization of the Santana River Watershed)." Revista Brasileira de Geografia Física 4, no. 4 (January 22, 2012): 805. http://dx.doi.org/10.26848/rbgf.v4i4.232718.
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A Bacia hidrográfica do rio Santana (BHS) está inserida na Mata Atlântica na região Sul da Bahia. Esta bacia possui grande importância em sua região, pois além de abastecer parte dos municípios onde ela está inserida, encontra-se em uma das áreas mais ameaçadas do planeta. A BHS se depara com vários problemas de cunho ambiental decorrentes do impacto gerado por algumas atividades econômicas e pela pressão antrópica. Na tentativa de amenizar os conflitos gerados por esses impactos e garantir a conservação ambiental dessa área tão importante para a região, faz-se necessário o conhecimento da área para, assim, haver uma aproximação maior com o ambiente em questão. Desse modo, esse trabalho faz uma caracterização dos aspectos socioeconômicos e fisiográficos (geologia, geomorfologia, pedologia, clima e uso do solo) da BHS. Para tal, foi elaborada a base cartográfica da área de estudo, além de um mapeamento em escala de detalhes de 1:100.000, do uso do solo através de imagem de alta resolução do INPE. Os resultados da pesquisa indicam uma severa diminuição das coberturas arbóreas da BHS, as quais, de forma gradual, foram convertidas em pastagens.Palavras-chave: Bacia hidrográfica do rio Santana; caracterização ambiental; atividades socioeconômicas. Socioeconomic And Environmental Characterization Of The Santana River Watershed ABSTRACTThe Santana River Watershed (BHS) is inserted in the Atlantic Forest in southern Bahia. This basin has great importance in its region, as well as supplying the municipalities where it is located, it is one of the most threatened areas on the planet. The BHS is faced with several problems of environmental nature arising from the impact generated by some economic activities and human pressure. In an attempt to mitigate the conflicts generated by these impacts and ensure the conservation of this very important area for the region, it is necessary to know the same. Thus, this work is a characterization of the socio-economic and physiographic features (geology, geomorphology, pedology, climate and land use) of the BHS. To this end, the base map was developed from the study area, and a mapping scale of 1:100,000 details, land use through high-resolution image of INPE. The survey results indicate a severe reduction in tree cover of the BHS, which gradually were converted into pastures. Keywords: Santana River Watershed; socioeconomic activities; Santana River.
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Kendell, Peter. "Economic aspects." Tourism Management 8, no. 2 (June 1987): 140–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(87)90020-3.
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Fryza, Stefanie, Jared G. Carlberg, Mohammad Khakbazan, Clayton D. Robins, Hushton C. Block, Shannon L. Scott, John Huang, and Obioha N. Durunna. "An economic analysis of resting versus nonresting perennial pastures during the critical acclimation period." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 96, no. 3 (September 1, 2016): 364–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjas-2015-0118.
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Economic evaluations were carried out on stochastically simulated production systems using data from a grazing systems’ trial, which evaluated the impact of resting (i.e., grazing cessation) alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) – bromegrass (Bromus riparius Rehm. ‘Fleet’) and grass-only (G) pastures during the critical prefrost period on beef cattle (Bos taurus) productivity. Grazing systems were compared on the basis of calculated net present value of returns analysis. Lower production costs through reduced fertilization requirements resulted in alfalfa–grass (AG) preference over G pastures, while returns from increased calf sale weights resulted in nonrested systems being preferred over rested systems. However, low presence of alfalfa in the AG pastures likely limited the potential for resting pastures to improve production through increased alfalfa persistence. This evaluation found nonrested grazing of AG pastures to be preferred over other treatments on the basis of increased returns and reduced risk.
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Vere, D. T., R. E. Jones, and M. H. Campbell. "The economics of temperate pasture systems on the central and southern Tablelands of New South Wales." Rangeland Journal 23, no. 2 (2001): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rj01003.
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Pastures are the basis of most forms of agricultural production on the New South Wales central and southern tablelands. Pastures occupy the bulk of the region's landmass and pasture-based livestock production annually contributes more than three-quarters of the regional gross value of rural production. Throughout the region, there is substantial variation in pasture composition, ranging from high quality introduced perennial grasses and legumes to pastures comprising mainly low quality native species. This paper examines the economics of the main categories of temperate pastures over a range of soil fertility-rainfall environments on the south-eastern tablelands areas of New South Wales. Using a linear programming model and discounted development budgets, the results demonstrate the strong influence of the environment on the economics of the individual pasture systems. The highest economic returns in both the short and longer-terms were to the introduced perennial grass pastures in most of the environments. Pastures based on introduced legumes and the high quality native species also generated sound economic returns, although there are recognised problems with the persistence of the legume pastures. Over time, the returns to the better quality native pastures compare favourably with the introduced legumes and are better suited to acidic soils than the perennial grasses. Low quality native species produced relatively poor economic returns in all environments and unfortunately, are the main pasture type in the region's less favourable environments.
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Silva, Edvan Costa da, Léo Vieira Leonel, Fabrício De Oliveira Reis, Paulo Henrique Aragão Catunda, Luciana Sabini da Silva, and Wagner Menechini. "Silvopastoral system compared to other conventional production systems in the Maranhão State Cerrado." Scientia Agraria Paranaensis 19, no. 2 (July 16, 2020): 175–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.18188/sap.v19i2.22215.
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Silvipastoral systems are identified as options for land use due to the high potential they offer to increase the level of income from agronomic, social, economic, and ecological aspects. Given the above, this study aimed to evaluate the environmental benefits of implementing a silvopastoral system in Cerrado Maranhense, in comparison to other conventional production systems. The same was done in 2013 from February to May on a private property located in São Francisco do Brejão (MA) during the rainy season. The experiment evaluated three types of system: a) silvopastoral, composed of leucaena, grasses, and beef cattle, b) rotational system, and c) extensive system. A randomized block design in a 3x3 factorial scheme with three replications was used. Three pasture management systems (silvopastoral system, rotational system with native regeneration and extensive system) and three evaluation times (08:00 h, 12:00 h, and 16:00 h) were evaluated. After sample collection, dry biomass was determined. In the evaluation of ecophysiological parameters, the photochemical efficiency and estimate of the relative chlorophyll content in brachiaria plants of the three systems were determined. The photochemical efficiency was determined in the grasses of each system, being randomly evaluated three leaves per plant. The silvopastoral system was the one that showed the greatest increase in dry biomass of forage and the best results for the photochemical parameters, standing out as the best system for livestock.
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Maraveas, Chrysanthos, Dimitrios Loukatos, Thomas Bartzanas, and Konstantinos G. Arvanitis. "Applications of Artificial Intelligence in Fire Safety of Agricultural Structures." Applied Sciences 11, no. 16 (August 22, 2021): 7716. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11167716.
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Artificial intelligence applications in fire safety of agricultural structures have practical economic and technological benefits on commercial agriculture. The FAO estimates that wildfires result in at least USD 1 billion in agriculture-related losses due to the destruction of livestock pasture, destruction of agricultural buildings, premature death of farm animals, and general disruption of agricultural activities. Even though artificial neural networks (ANNs), genetic algorithms (GAs), probabilistic neural networks (PNNs), and adaptive neurofuzzy inference systems (ANFISs), among others, have proven useful in fire prevention, their application is limited in real farm environments. Most farms rely on traditional/non-technology-based methods of fire prevention. The case for AI in agricultural fire prevention is grounded on the accuracy and reliability of computer simulations in smoke movement analysis, risk assessment, and postfire analysis. In addition, such technologies can be coupled with next-generation fire-retardant materials such as intumescent coatings with a polymer binder, blowing agent, carbon donor, and acid donor. Future prospects for AI in agriculture transcend basic fire safety to encompass Society 5.0, energy systems in smart cities, UAV monitoring, Agriculture 4.0, and decentralized energy. However, critical challenges must be overcome, including the health and safety aspects, cost, and reliability. In brief, AI offers unlimited potential in the prevention of fire hazards in farms, but the existing body of knowledge is inadequate.
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Schuenemann, G. M., J. L. Edwards, F. M. Hopkins, N. R. Rohrbach, H. S. Adair, F. N. Scenna, J. C. Waller, J. W. Oliver, A. M. Saxton, and F. N. Schrick. "Fertility aspects in yearling beef bulls grazing endophyte-infected tall fescue pastures." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 17, no. 4 (2005): 479. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd05005.
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During a 2-year study, yearling beef bulls were used to determine the effects of grazing on endophyte-infected tall fescue on endocrine profiles, semen quality and fertilisation potential. Bulls were allotted to graze tall fescue pastures infected with Neotyphodium coenophialum (E+; n = 20 per year) or Jesup/MaxQTM (Pennington Seed, Atlanta, GA, USA; NTE; n = 10 per year). Bulls were grouped by scrotal circumference (SC), bodyweight (BW), breed composites and age to graze tall fescue pastures from mid-November until the end of June (within each year). Blood samples, BW, SC and rectal temperatures (RT) were collected every 14 days. Semen was collected from bulls every 60 days by electroejaculation and evaluated for motility and morphology. The developmental competence of oocytes fertilised in vitro with semen from respective treatments was determined. Bulls grazing E+ pastures had decreased BW gain (P < 0.01), increased overall RT (P < 0.01) and decreased prolactin (P < 0.01) compared with animals grazing NTE pastures. Neither percentage of normal sperm morphology nor motility differed between bulls grazed on the two pasture types. Semen from E+ bulls demonstrated decreased cleavage rates (P = 0.02) compared with semen from NTE bulls. However, development of cleaved embryos to the eight-cell and blastocyst stages did not differ between the two groups. In conclusion, semen from bulls grazing E+ tall fescue resulted in decreased cleavage rates in vitro, which may lower reproductive performance owing to reduced fertilisation ability.
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Festel, G. W. "Biofuels – Economic Aspects." Chemical Engineering & Technology 31, no. 5 (May 2008): 715–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.200700335.
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Nasiyev, Beybit, Askhat Bekkaliyev, Ivan Manolov, and Vladimir Shibaikin. "Influence of grazing technologies on the indices of chestnut soils in Western Kazakhstan." Polish Journal of Soil Science 53, no. 1 (June 22, 2020): 163. http://dx.doi.org/10.17951/pjss.2020.53.1.163.
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<p>Degradation of pastures caused by anthropogenic and climatic factors leads to desertification, loss of soil fertility, reduces productivity of the pasture grass and it is a prerequisite for socio-economic problems. Pastures of Western Kazakhstan cover more than 70% of the lands under economic use and are the main fodder source for the farm animals. In the late years, degradation of pastures in Western Kazakhstan takes place due to intensive animal grazing. The aim of research is to study the impact of technology for grazing the farm animals on the pastures soil cover to prevent the processes of degradation and desertification, as well as the rational use of pasture ecosystems. Through these studies, experimental data were obtained on the current state of the pastures soil cover in Western Kazakhstan with different types of chestnut soils depending on the grazing technology. An excess intensive grazing of the farm animals has negative influence on physical and chemical factors of the chestnut soil types.</p>
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Singh, D. K., N. McGuckian, R. A. Routley, G. A. Thomas, R. C. Dalal, Y. P. Dang, T. J. Hall, et al. "Poor adoption of ley-pastures in south-west Queensland: biophysical, economic and social constraints." Animal Production Science 49, no. 10 (2009): 894. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an09015.
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The present review identifies various constraints relating to poor adoption of ley-pastures in south-west Queensland, and suggests changes in research, development and extension efforts for improved adoption. The constraints include biophysical, economic and social constraints. In terms of biophysical constraints, first, shallower soil profiles with subsoil constraints (salt and sodicity), unpredictable rainfall, drier conditions with higher soil temperature and evaporative demand in summer, and frost and subzero temperature in winter, frequently result in a failure of established, or establishing, pastures. Second, there are limited options for legumes in a ley-pasture, with the legumes currently being mostly winter-active legumes such as lucerne and medics. Winter-active legumes are ineffective in improving soil conditions in a region with summer-dominant rainfall. Third, most grain growers are reluctant to include grasses in their ley-pasture mix, which can be uneconomical for various reasons, including nitrogen immobilisation, carryover of cereal diseases and depressed yields of the following cereal crops. Fourth, a severe depletion of soil water following perennial ley-pastures (grass + legumes or lucerne) can reduce the yields of subsequent crops for several seasons, and the practice of longer fallows to increase soil water storage may be uneconomical and damaging to the environment. Economic assessments of integrating medium- to long-term ley-pastures into cropping regions are generally less attractive because of reduced capital flow, increased capital investment, economic loss associated with establishment and termination phases of ley-pastures, and lost opportunities for cropping in a favourable season. Income from livestock on ley-pastures and soil productivity gains to subsequent crops in rotation may not be comparable to cropping when grain prices are high. However, the economic benefits of ley-pastures may be underestimated, because of unaccounted environmental benefits such as enhanced water use, and reduced soil erosion from summer-dominant rainfall, and therefore, this requires further investigation. In terms of social constraints, the risk of poor and unreliable establishment and persistence, uncertainties in economic and environmental benefits, the complicated process of changing from crop to ley-pastures and vice versa, and the additional labour and management requirements of livestock, present growers socially unattractive and complex decision-making processes for considering adoption of an existing medium- to long-term ley-pasture technology. It is essential that research, development and extension efforts should consider that new ley-pasture options, such as incorporation of a short-term summer forage legume, need to be less risky in establishment, productive in a region with prevailing biophysical constraints, economically viable, less complex and highly flexible in the change-over processes, and socially attractive to growers for adoption in south-west Queensland.