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1

Visvikis-Siest, Sophie, Vesna Gorenjak, and Maria G. Stathopoulou. "Personalised Medicine: The Odyssey from Hope to Practice." Journal of Personalized Medicine 8, no. 4 (September 21, 2018): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jpm8040031.

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In this endeavour, inspired by the Odyssey, we aim to embark with the reader on a journey on a ship from Troy to Ithaca, coursing through the history of the momentous events and achievements that paved the way for personalised medicine. We will set sail amidst important genetic discoveries, beginning with the discovery of the first human genome, and voyage through the projects that contributed to the progress of pharmacogenomic studies. Concurrently, we will propose methods to overcome the obstacles that are slowing the potential full implementation of accumulated knowledge into everyday practice. This journey aims to reflect on the frontiers of current genetic knowledge and the practical use of this knowledge in preventive, diagnostic and pharmacogenomic approaches to directly impact the socio-economic aspects of public health.
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2

Costa, Tullia. "The Human Genome Project and the media. Case study: the relation between genetics and the media." Journal of Science Communication 02, no. 01 (March 21, 2003): A03. http://dx.doi.org/10.22323/2.02010203.

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Terms such as gmo, genetic tests and pharmacogenomics, which were once used only by experts, belong today to everyday language. The new vocabulary of molecular biology shows an increase in the interest of society in scientific problems, and in particular the recent cultural supremacy of molecular biology. For all of us, the gene symbolizes progress and power, the hope of fighting incurable diseases, and the fear of terrifying genetic manipulations. These aspects become real events and characters in the Human Genome Project. But this great international project has also shown that the relation between science and society is changing. This event can actually be seen as a metaphor of science leaving academic laboratories to settle new areas of society. From economics to sociology, from epistemological discourse to bioethical debate, from medicine to basic research, in all these fields genome becomes the main topic of discussion and food for thought. Public attention to this international project has grown constantly throughout its development, and it peaked when science came into contact with the press.
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Jain, KK. "Information on commercial aspects of pharmacogenomics." Pharmacogenomics 4, no. 6 (November 2003): 801–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/phgs.4.6.801.22820.

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4

Shah, R. R. "Regulatory aspects of pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics." Bundesgesundheitsblatt - Gesundheitsforschung - Gesundheitsschutz 46, no. 10 (October 1, 2003): 855–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00103-003-0697-z.

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5

Veenstra, DL, and MK Higashi. "CEB1: PHARMACOGENOMICS: EVALUATING THE ECONOMIC IMPACT." Value in Health 3, no. 2 (March 2000): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1098-3015(11)70342-4.

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6

Cohen, J., A. Wilson, and K. Manzolillo. "Clinical and economic challenges facing pharmacogenomics." Pharmacogenomics Journal 13, no. 4 (January 10, 2012): 378–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/tpj.2011.63.

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7

Deverka, Patricia A., John Vernon, and Howard L. McLeod. "Economic Opportunities and Challenges for Pharmacogenomics." Annual Review of Pharmacology and Toxicology 50, no. 1 (February 2010): 423–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.pharmtox.010909.105805.

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8

Cohen, Joshua P. "Overcoming regulatory and economic challenges facing pharmacogenomics." New Biotechnology 29, no. 6 (September 2012): 751–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nbt.2012.02.001.

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9

Rose, Nikolas. "Social and ethical aspects of pharmacogenomics in psychiatry." Psychiatry 6, no. 2 (February 2007): 80–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mppsy.2006.11.005.

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10

Bartfai, T. "Pharmacogenomics in drug development: societal and technical aspects." Pharmacogenomics Journal 4, no. 4 (May 4, 2004): 226–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.tpj.6500249.

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11

Karamperis, Kariofyllis, Maria Koromina, Panagiotis Papantoniou, Maria Skokou, Filippos Kanellakis, Konstantinos Mitropoulos, Athanassios Vozikis, Daniel J. Müller, George P. Patrinos, and Christina Mitropoulou. "Economic evaluation in psychiatric pharmacogenomics: a systematic review." Pharmacogenomics Journal 21, no. 4 (July 2, 2021): 533–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41397-021-00249-1.

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12

Kendell, Peter. "Economic aspects." Tourism Management 8, no. 2 (June 1987): 140–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(87)90020-3.

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13

Cecchin, Erika, and Gabriele Stocco. "Pharmacogenomics and Personalized Medicine." Genes 11, no. 6 (June 22, 2020): 679. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes11060679.

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Pharmacogenomics is one of the emerging approaches to precision medicine, tailoring drug selection and dosing to the patient’s genetic features. In recent years, several pharmacogenetic guidelines have been published by international scientific consortia, but the uptake in clinical practice is still poor. Many coordinated international efforts are ongoing in order to overcome the existing barriers to pharmacogenomic implementation. On the other hand, existing validated pharmacogenomic markers can explain only a minor part of the observed clinical variability in the therapeutic outcome. New investigational approaches are warranted, including the study of the pharmacogenomic role of the immune system genetics and of previously neglected rare genetic variants, reported to account for a large part of the inter-individual variability in drug metabolism. In this Special Issue, we collected a series of articles covering many aspects of pharmacogenomics. These include clinical implementation of pharmacogenomics in clinical practice, development of tools or infrastractures to support this process, research of new pharmacogenomics markers to increase drug efficacy and safety, and the impact of rare genetic variants in pharmacogenomics.
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14

Stallings, Sarah C., Dan Huse, Stan N. Finkelstein, William H. Crown, Whitney P. Witt, Jon Maguire, Arthur J. Hiller, Anthony J. Sinskey, and Geoffrey S. Ginsburg. "A framework to evaluate the economic impact of pharmacogenomics." Pharmacogenomics 7, no. 6 (September 2006): 853–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/14622416.7.6.853.

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15

M⊘ldrup, Claus. "When pharmacogenomics goes public." New Genetics and Society 21, no. 1 (March 2002): 29–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14636770220122755.

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16

Blum, Kenneth, Thomas J. H. Chen, Seth H. Blum, Bernard W. Downs, Eric R. Braverman, Julie F. Mengucci, and Brian Meshkin. "Nutrigenomics and pharmacogenomics: a scientific wonderland." Social Science Information 45, no. 1 (March 2006): 35–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0539018406061102.

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English As scientists engaged in understanding the potential of drug/nutrient responses as a function of our genome and all of its ramifications including academic and commercial aspects, our future looks bright. While, however, being cautious about our future especially in terms of regulatory issues, gene-nutrition interactions especially related to genome-based response will indeed be the next cornerstone of solid scientific approaches to assist individuals in choosing dietary supplements, functional foods, and even nutritional beverages on an individualized basis. Nutrigenomics is the key to what we have termed “nutritional gene therapy” and from its origin will spring gene mapping as the wave of the future in nutrition. The information provided in this article will serve as evidence of our conviction of this scientific wonderland of opportunity (see Daniel, 2002). French Dès lors que les scientifiques ont commencé à s'intéresser aux réactions potentielles aux médicaments/aliments en fonction de notre génome ainsi qu'à tous leurs aspects, y compris académiques et commerciaux, notre futur s'éclaire. Tout en restant prudent à l'avenir, en particulier en termes de problèmes de régulation, il est clair que les interactions gènes-nutrition, en particulier celles liées aux réactions en fonction du génome, seront la pierre angulaire d'approches scientifiques solides, qui guideront les individus dans le choix de suppléments nutritionnels, d'une alimentation fonctionnelle, et même de boissons nutritionnelles, de façon individualisée. La "Nutrigénomique'' est la clé de ce que nous appelons la "thérapie génique nutritionnelle'' et placera d'emblée la carte génique au coeur de l'avenir de la nutrition. Cet article présente des données propres à étayer notre conviction de ce "pays des merveilles'' scientifique qui se trouve à notre portée (Daniel, 2002).
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17

Festel, G. W. "Biofuels – Economic Aspects." Chemical Engineering & Technology 31, no. 5 (May 2008): 715–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.200700335.

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18

Rogers, Sara L., George P. Patrinos, Christina Mitropoulou, Christine M. Formea, J. Shawn Jones, and Benjamin G. Brown. "Inaugural Pharmacogenomics Access and Reimbursement Symposium." Pharmacogenomics 22, no. 9 (June 2021): 515–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/pgs-2021-0016.

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The Pharmacogenomics Access & Reimbursement Symposium, a landmark event presented by the Golden Helix Foundation and the Pharmacogenomics Access & Reimbursement Coalition, was a 1-day interactive meeting comprised of plenary keynotes from thought leaders across healthcare that focused on value-based strategies to improve patient access to personalized medicine. Stakeholders including patients, healthcare providers, industry, government agencies, payer organizations, health systems and health policy organizations convened to define opportunities to improve patient access to personalized medicine through best practices, successful reimbursement models, high quality economic evaluations and strategic alignment. Session topics included health technology assessment, health economics, health policy and value-based payment models and innovation.
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19

Castrillon, Jessica A., Charis Eng, and Feixiong Cheng. "Pharmacogenomics for immunotherapy and immune-related cardiotoxicity." Human Molecular Genetics 29, R2 (July 3, 2020): R186—R196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/hmg/ddaa137.

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Abstract Immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) has become a standard of care in a subset of solid tumors. Although cancer survivorship has extended, rates of durable response of ICB remain poor; furthermore, cardiac adverse effects are emerging, which impact several mechanical aspects of the heart. Cardio-oncology programs implement a clinical assessment to curtail cardiovascular disease progression but are limited to the current clinical parameters used in cardiology. Pharmacogenomics provides the potential to unveil heritable and somatic genetic variations for guiding precision immunotherapy treatment to reduce the risk of immune-related cardiotoxicity. A better understanding of pharmacogenomics will optimize the current treatment selection and dosing of immunotherapy. Here, we summarize the recent pharmacogenomics studies in immunotherapy responsiveness and its related cardiotoxicity and highlight how patient genetics and epigenetics can facilitate researchers and clinicians in designing new approaches for precision immunotherapy. We highlight and discuss how single-cell technologies, human-induced pluripotent stem cells and systems pharmacogenomics accelerate future studies of precision cardio-oncology.
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20

Shah, Jai. "Economic and regulatory considerations in pharmacogenomics for drug licensing and healthcare." Nature Biotechnology 21, no. 7 (July 2003): 747–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nbt0703-747.

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21

Roman, Youssef M., Dave L. Dixon, Teresa M. Salgado, Elvin T. Price, Kristin M. Zimmerman, Lana Sargent, and Patricia W. Slattum. "Challenges in pharmacotherapy for older adults: a framework for pharmacogenomics implementation." Pharmacogenomics 21, no. 9 (June 2020): 627–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2217/pgs-2019-0198.

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Older adults are at high risk for inappropriate prescribing, developing polypharmacy, adverse drug events and poor treatment outcomes due to multimorbidity and geriatric syndromes. Pharmacogenomics could allow healthcare professionals to provide optimal patient care while minimizing the risk of adverse drug events and simplifying complex medication regimens. The implementation of pharmacogenomics in geriatrics medicine requires a broad multilayered bottom-up approach. These include curriculum redesign, rethinking experiential education and patient and provider education. There are barriers associated with adopting pharmacogenomics into clinical practice. These barriers may include economic factors, workflow and informatics support. However, addressing these barriers primarily requires creating a culture of innovative practices in patient care, ongoing interprofessional continuing education and an interdisciplinary approach for patient care.
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22

Kaur, Prabhsimran, Bidwan Sekhar Behera, Sandeep Singh, and Anjana Munshi. "“The pharmacological profile of SGLT2 inhibitors: Focus on mechanistic aspects and pharmacogenomics”." European Journal of Pharmacology 904 (August 2021): 174169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejphar.2021.174169.

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23

Świeboda, Halina. "ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF CRYPTOCURRENCIES." Ekonomiczne Problemy Usług 131 (2018): 371–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.18276/epu.2018.131/1-36.

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24

Hanson, Philip. "Economic aspects of Helsinki." International Affairs 61, no. 4 (1985): 619–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2617707.

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25

Ribeiro, Francisco Carlos. "Economic Aspects of Omnipotence." Theoretical Economics Letters 04, no. 03 (2014): 167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/tel.2014.43024.

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26

Beker, Emilija. "Economic aspects of globalization." Privredna izgradnja 48, no. 3-4 (2005): 135–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/priz0504135b.

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Economic aspects of globalization are related to the increasing economic integration and interdependence on a global level through the processes of overall trade and financial liberalization and deregulation, minimization the role of the state, domination of market principles and mechanisms, and appearance of new actors on international economic scene. Ideological background of the new globalization wave is neoliberalism or market fundamentalism that is institutionalized in the form of trilateralism in international economic relations. Trilateralism includes concentrating the power of governing and regulation of international relations on three regional blocks in the world economy (SAD, Western Europe and Asia) and three international economic institutions (IMF, WTO and WB) that regulate specific area of international economic relations. Although globalization represents huge potential for creation of enormous economic prosperity these benefits aren't evenly distributed, so there exists an increasing gap between the wealthy and the poor that deepens the discontents of the globalization process. Considering that the only alternative is autarky and isolation of economy, globalization cannot be an option, but a reality that must be accepted, however, not at the cost of annulling national interests and sovereignty, degrading economic positions and initiating enormous social tensions.
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27

Carson, Scott Alan. "Economic Aspects of Obesity." Social Science Journal 50, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 264–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2013.05.001.

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28

Drummond, Michael F. "Economic Aspects of Cataract." Ophthalmology 95, no. 8 (August 1988): 1147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0161-6420(88)33063-0.

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29

Göran Karlsson, Peter Nygren, Bengt. "Economic Aspects of Chemotherapy." Acta Oncologica 40, no. 2-3 (January 2001): 412–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02841860118330.

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Karlsson, Göran, Peter Nygren, and Bengt Glimelius. "Economic Aspects of Chemotherapy." Acta Oncologica 40, no. 2 (March 1, 2001): 412–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02841860151116501.

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31

Snape, Richard H. "Economic aspects of APEC." Australian Journal of International Affairs 46, no. 2 (November 1992): 198–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10357719208445085.

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32

Nelzèn, O. "Leg Ulcers: Economic Aspects." Phlebology: The Journal of Venous Disease 15, no. 3-4 (December 2000): 110–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026835550001500305.

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Objective: To review what is known about the cost of leg ulcers, and venous leg ulcers in particular. Method: Searches of the Medline and Cochrane Library databases. Reviewing reference lists of personally gathered articles in the field of chronic leg ulcers. Synthesis: Most publications dealing with the economics of leg ulcers are cost studies assessing the cost of different dressings or bandages, and only a few have given estimates of the total costs of leg ulcer management. The latter, in conjunction with accurate epidemio-logical data, are essential to estimate the nationwide costs of leg ulcer management. The costs consist of direct and indirect costs for society. Direct costs are mainly staff costs for managing dressing-changes. Based on the few estimates made, approximately 1% of the total health care costs in the western world are likely to be used for management of chronic leg ulcers. To reduce the costs of leg ulcer management a reduction in the frequency of dressing-change is recommended. Improved use of high technology, such as duplex Doppler diagnostics and varicose vein surgery, is also likely to be cost-effective. On the basis of two health economic analyses leg ulcer clinics alone do not appear to reduce the costs of leg ulcer management, mainly because of an inability to prevent recurrent ulceration. Conclusion: The cost implications of chronic leg ulcers are insufficiently studied but there is no doubt that managing patients with leg ulcers takes a substantial proportion of the health care budget. More health economic analyses are needed to define the best treatment in order to reduce total costs.
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McGrath, Graeme. "Economic aspects of psychotherapy." Current Opinion in Psychiatry 7, no. 3 (May 1994): 241–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001504-199405000-00008.

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34

Tuli, Karunesh. "Economic Aspects of Obesity." JAMA 306, no. 12 (September 28, 2011): 1382. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1369.

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35

Schondelmeyer, Stephen W. "Economic Aspects of Switch." Drug Information Journal 24, no. 1 (January 1990): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009286159002400111.

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36

McKillop, William. "Critique of Economic Aspects." Journal of Forestry 92, no. 4 (April 1, 1994): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jof/92.4.37.

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37

Máca, V., A. Daňková, J. Jedlička, and R. Haitmarová. "Economic Aspects of Transportation." Transactions on Transport Sciences 4, no. 2 (June 1, 2011): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10158-011-0008-6.

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38

Day, M. J. "Economic aspects of biotechnology." Endeavour 11, no. 2 (January 1987): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-9327(87)90271-7.

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39

Jacobs, Philip. "Economic aspects of health." Economics of Education Review 4, no. 2 (January 1985): 150–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0272-7757(85)90061-5.

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40

Nelzén, O. "Leg Ulcers: Economic Aspects." Phlebology 15, no. 3 (December 2000): 110–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s005230070005.

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41

Demicheli, Vittorio, and Tom Jefferson. "Economic aspects of vaccination." Vaccine 14, no. 10 (July 1996): 941–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0264-410x(96)00088-6.

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42

Shaderkin, I. A. "Economic aspects of telemedicine." Russian Journal of Telemedicine and E-Health 7, no. 3 (September 6, 2021): 65–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.29188/2712-9217-2021-7-3-65-72.

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Introduction. For the recent years telemedicine (TM) has been actively integrated into daily life, and its growth was especially significant during COVID-19 pandemic. However, its economic component has its own specificities depending on the health financing system. The aim of this article is to analyze reasons of economical inefficiency of TM technologies in different health financing systems and to determine its further development path in economic terms. Results. It’s not justified to expect cost reduction of health care after integrating TM technologies into medical practice. In private health-care system TM technologies in the form of TM consultation aren’t cost-effective for beneficiaries. Representatives of private clinics use TM as a part of lead generation. From private clinics’ point of view, it’s cost-effective to use distant monitoring technologies integrated into programs of patients’ management. It’s economically appropriate to apply all varieties of TM including TM consultation on the voluntary health insurance (VHC) system. However, due to the low prevalence of VHC in Russia we can’t expect significant growth of TM in Russia based on using this sector. Conclusions. TM technologies require financing in its formative stage, implementation, development and further functioning phases.
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43

Фесина, Елена, and Elena Fesina. "NATIONAL AND ECONOMIC SECURITY: SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS." Russian Journal of Management 7, no. 1 (June 19, 2019): 31–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/article_5d0a4295bef536.18059343.

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The problem of national and economic security is of particular relevance in the period of the formation and development of a market economy, which in modern conditions is characteristic of both Russia and the CIS countries. In the event of an economic stagnation, the possibility of its resilience and adaptability to internal and external threats is sharply reduced. Violation of proportions and connections between different components of the system leads to its destabilization and is a signal of the economy's transition from a safe state to a dangerous one.Economic security is fully achieved when its degree of dependence on the dominant economy does not exceed the limit that threatens to lose national sovereignty, a significant weakening of economic power, a significant decrease in the standard of living and health of the nation, disrupting the achievement of global strategic goals.
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44

Snedden, Robert. "The challenge of pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics." New Genetics and Society 19, no. 2 (August 2000): 145–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/713687598.

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45

Kahn, Jonathan. "The Troubling Persistence of Race in Pharmacogenomics." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 40, no. 4 (2012): 873–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-720x.2012.00717.x.

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In 1878, Friedrich Engels famously wrote that on the road to realizing the communist utopia, “the state is not abolished, it withers away.” In a similar manner, biomedical researchers telling us that come the promised land of individualized genomic medicine, the need for using race will also “wither away” in the face of scientific progress. Such millennial hopes are, no doubt, sincere, but they enable the continued casual proliferation of racial categories throughout biomedical research, product development, marketing, and clinical practice. My contrasting quotation to frame this article is drawn from the 20th century pioneer of rock and roll, Buddy Holly (né Charles Hardin Holley) whose 1957 hit “Not Fade Away” begins with the line, “I’m gonna tell you how it's gonna be” — the point being that far from withering away, race is persisting even as genomic milestones are being reached and passed.
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Kahn, Jonathan. "Race, Pharmacogenomics, and Marketing: Putting BiDil in Context." American Journal of Bioethics 6, no. 5 (October 2006): W1—W5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15265160600755789.

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47

Brown, Lisa. "PSYCHIATRIC PHARMACOGENOMICS: THE STATE OF THE EVIDENCE IN CLINICAL AND ECONOMIC UTILITY." European Neuropsychopharmacology 51 (October 2021): e9-e10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2021.07.028.

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48

Fakruddin, M., and A. Chowdhury. "Pharmacogenomics- The Promise of Personalized Medicine." Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science 12, no. 4 (October 26, 2013): 346–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v12i4.11041.

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Introduction: Pharmacogenomics (PGx) is the study of the genetic basis of variability among individuals in response to drugs. It is the newest discipline of medicine and is becoming a very active area of research, with the pharmaceutical industry gaining experience applying it, integrating it into the drug development process, and also learning to better manage the expectations of the medical community. Methodology: A comprehensive review of the literature on the principles, applications, challenges and prospects of pharmacogenomics was performed. Results: Pharmacogenomics tailors therapies to the genetic makeup of an individual and can therefore offer treatments that are more efficacious and have fewer side effects. Despite these benefits, personalized medicine has not been embraced by large pharmaceutical companies. It is expected that the first wave of successful pharmacogenomics products will be used in acute treatments for which current therapies have and severe side effects. These products should also be good candidates for premium pricing. Personalized medicine (PM), based on the genetic makeup of a patient, may result in not only an improved therapeutic response but also a clinically important reduction in adverse drug reactions. The experience to date is mixed, with a few successes but many frustrations. Conclusion: However, for pharmacogenomics to be truly embraced, the benefits of this technology must become more widely accepted in terms of economic, public, regulatory and ethical issues. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjms.v12i4.11041 Bangladesh Journal of Medical Science Vol. 12 No. 04 October ’13 Page 346-356
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49

Hedgecoe, A. "Pharmacogenomics: Social, Ethical, and Clinical Dimensions." Journal of Medical Ethics 30, no. 6 (December 1, 2004): e6-e6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jme.2003.004960.

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50

Hallberg, P., and H. Melhus. "Candidate Genes in the Pharmacogenomics of Antihypertensive Treatment - A Review and Future Aspects." Current Pharmacogenomics 2, no. 1 (March 1, 2004): 83–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570160043476123.

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