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Lawgali, Fathia. "Economic aspects of population growth and water consumption in Libya." Thesis, Abertay University, 2009. https://rke.abertay.ac.uk/en/studentTheses/db1d8052-382b-490d-88b1-8377a5bb10f4.
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Large increases in water demand with very little recharge have strained Libya’s groundwater resources, resulting in serious declines in water levels and quality, especially along the Mediterranean coast where most of the agricultural, domestic and industrial activities are concentrated. To meet these increases, Libya turned to desalination as a supplementary water resource as early as 1964. Both thermal and membrane desalination technologies have been used. This study shows that the problem of water scarcity is likely to increase further in the future. This study has three aims: first, to estimate the historical relationship between population growth and the various uses of water; second, to forecast water consumption according to the various uses; third, to estimate the elasticities of water demand and examine the effect of price, income, population and temperature on water demand in Libya in the short and long-run. To achieve these aims, an econometric model of Libyan water demand is constructed and estimated for the period 1975-2005, using the Box-Jenkins approach to forecast water demand and the Engle-Granger two-step approach to estimate the short and long-run elasticities of water demand. As a result this study provides considerable information for policy makers concerning current and future Libyan water demand. By examining the relationships between population growth and the future consumption of water in Libya, it is possible to reach the following conclusions. • Population growth in Libya will be very high. • Population elasticities for water demand are elastic for agricultural, domestic and industrial purposes. Water demand for all purposes is extremely elastic. • Most of the population and agricultural lands are concentrated in the northern part of the country. • The Libyan economy depends heavily on underground water. • In Libya, as a whole, water demand will increase. Available water in 2020 will be less than half of water demands, implying an increase in the water scarcity problem over time. • The short and long-run price elasticties are negative, suggesting that there is an inverse relationship between water demands and price. Also, these elasticities indicate that water use is generally inelastic with respect to price. • The income elasticities are all positive in the short and long-run. This result accords with demand theory, implying that water is a normal good. • The estimation results suggest that, in the long-run, water demand for agricultural, domestic and industrial use is highly elastic for population and inelastic for price and income. • The short-run elasticities are less than the long-run elasticities, as economic theory suggests. Also, all elasticities in the short-run are less than one. This implies that water demand is inelastic in the short-run.
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Cheng, Hon-ting, and 鄭瀚婷. "Understanding rail-based transit-oriented development: the dynamics of metro systems, population and incomegrowth." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45865887.
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Farouk, Abdelhalim E. El. "Internal migration in the Sudan : some demographic and socio-economic aspects." Thesis, Durham University, 1991. http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/6171/.
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The outstanding characteristics of the population geography of the Sudan are seen in its vastness of the area, its low population density, its high population fertility, decreasing mortality rates and uneven distribution of developmental projects among its regions. All these have important effects upon the economic and de mographic characteristics of its population. They also underline the uneven distribution of the country's population, as a result of which large-scale migration movements occur. Three types of population movements in the Sudan are discussed; inter-provincial movements, rural-urban migration and seasonal migration for cotton picking in the Gezira scheme. In the discussion of the first type, the analysis covers issues related to the general levels of movements amongst the 18 provinces of the country, rates of in- and out-migration in each province and their net migration balances. Also, it discusses the spatial structure of the movement, and some gaining and losing provinces are singled out. The impacts of the movements and their selective nature are also revealed. Rural-urban migration to the capital city of Khartoum is studied using the 1983 census data, other published data and the author's 1988/89 survey of migrant households in the city. The scale of the migration and the characteristics of the migrants are analyzed. Additionally, the structure of the migrant households, literacy, occupation contrasts and links with the village are investigated. The reasons behind the migration decision and the reward of the rural-urban migration are also shown. Seasonal migration is discussed to disclose the nature of the movement and its patterns which are associated with the cotton picking operation in the Gezira scheme. The types of labour involved and labour market conditions are also investigated. The findings verified the seasonality of the movement to the scheme and the consistent relationship between migrants and tenants in the scheme.
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Elgaard, Emil. "The impact of demographic transition and aging on economic growth : a comparative study of Japan and China." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10722/211027.
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China is growing old before it is growing affluent. This situation is not unique to China; at least three other countries are in the same situation. While some of these had family planning campaigns, none had a one-child policy which implies that one-child policy is not the direct cause of this predicament.
While China’s working-age share of the population has peaked, any shortages of low-skill labor currently observed in China are primarily caused by the hukou system and its barriers to labor mobility. A reform of the hukou system would secure ample supplies of migrant labor even in the face of mildly declining working-age share of the population. The absence of reforms could mean the arrival of a policy-induced Lewis Turning Point, prompting a premature and potentially counterproductive reorientation of industry. China does not yet possess an advantage in capital and technology intensive production and thus risks falling into the middle-income trap if the reorientation of industry takes place too early. If the Lewis Point can be postponed and the current rate of capital stock growth can be maintained for another decade or two, China might be able to avoid the middle-income trap.
Both China’s and Japan’s current pension systems are unsustainable and their PAYGO nature is detrimental to long-run economic growth, especially so for aging societies. It is possible for China to make the system sustainable in the long if reforms are implemented while the transition costs are manageable. Although China is aging, the pace will be relatively slow until 2030. It will still take many years before the country is as old as Japan is a present. A low debt-to-GDP ratio also offers China more flexibility than Japan currently enjoys.published_or_final_version
China Development Studies
Master
Master of Arts in China Development Studies
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Boyer, Nicole Renée Soldner. "Economic evaluation of population health interventions aimed at children and delivered at school." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2018. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/9012/.
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Background: Population health interventions by their nature affect an entire population and are typically delivered outwith of health services and within the community, such as in schools. An example of such interventions are those that aim to improve children’s social and emotional wellbeing, which have demonstrated effectiveness in the short-term and potentially the long-term. However, challenges arise when conducting economic evaluations of population health interventions, most notably the difficulties of identifying, measuring, and valuing broader intersectoral costs, health, and non-health outcomes. Economic evaluation in an education context is relatively novel, but could provide decision-makers with information to help them make transparent and consistent decisions about how to allocate limited funds. This thesis examined the role for economic evaluation in school-based interventions and sought to determine appropriate methods for its implementation in addition to examining appropriate child-focused outcome measures. Thus, the overarching research question asked, ‘How should the cost-effectiveness of school-based, population health interventions aimed at children be determined?’ Methods: A mixed methods approach to this thesis was used: (i) a systematic literature review and narrative synthesis to determine which evaluation methods (economic and non-economic) are currently being used in school-based population health interventions; (ii) a case study to illustrate an economic evaluation (including cost-utility and cost-effectiveness analysis) of a school-based intervention to reflect on the advantages and disadvantages for decision making in this context; and (iii) an exploration of outcome measures (through mapping validation) for valuing child health and social and emotional wellbeing in school-based programmes to support future evaluation work in this context. Data for the economic evaluation and mapping validation study were available from a cluster randomised controlled trial of the Roots of Empathy programme in Northern Ireland (Ref: 10/3006/02). Results: The systematic review found that the methods currently being utilised to evaluate school programmes are varied (including economic evaluation, cost only, and effectiveness only studies), with poor quality reporting for the economic evaluations. Of the few cost-utility analyses in school-based settings identified, none had directly measured health-related quality of life using child measures or values. The case study cost-utility analysis using Child Health Utility 9D of a school-based intervention was found to be cost-effective from the National Health Service perspective with an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of £11,000 per quality-adjusted life year (confidence interval: -£95,500 to £147,000), however the wide confidence interval demonstrates considerable uncertainty. This uncertainty is likely due to a lack of statistically significant effect that remained at the 36-month follow-up. Cost-effectiveness analysis using child behavioural descriptive measure, the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, resulted in an incremental cost-effectiveness ratio of £197 per unit decrease in total difficulties score (confidence interval: £77 to £471). The Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire is suitable for measuring social and emotional wellbeing, but is less advantageous for cost-effectiveness decision-making as no consensus has been reached as to what a clinically meaningful change in score represents, nor has a cost-effectiveness threshold been defined. It remains uncertain how these cost-effectiveness results will be interpreted in an education decision-making context where cost-effectiveness thresholds have not been set up. The mapping validation study validated a mapping algorithm to convert the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire into child health utility. Using this algorithm provides an option for valuing incremental changes in health-related quality of life against a generally accepted cost-effectiveness threshold from a health service perspective. Conclusions: Given the findings from the various aspects of work undertaken for this thesis to address population health issues, this thesis identified cost-benefit analysis as currently the most comprehensive method for determining the value for money of school-based public health interventions. Cost-benefit analysis incorporates monetary valuation of multisector outcomes in a final net benefit/loss result allowing clear, consistent, decision-making criteria to be set. Other methods such as cost-consequence analysis, cost-utility analysis, and multi-criteria decision analysis may also be suitable depending on the decision-making context and problem. This thesis demonstrates a lack of clear decision-making criteria in place for funding allocation decisions in education (e.g. education specific cost-effectiveness thresholds). Furthermore, there is no equitable method currently in place for apportioning the cost of funding public health interventions that generate benefits for multiple sectors. From a health service perspective, directly measuring child health utility using the Child Health Utility 9D is preferred as it is the only preference-based measure developed specifically for children and valued by young people. Mean child health utility can be predicted by mapping from the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire. This affords the opportunity to estimate longer-term utility by utilising long-term cohort data that routinely collects the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire, as long-term cost-effectiveness of school-based preventive programmes is an area in need of further research. The school setting plays an important role in shaping our young people’s futures. Economic evaluation of school-based population health interventions is justified, as schools need to maximise their existing resources in order to give children the best start in life.
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Aguirre, sanchez Andrea carolina. "Urban crime in Ecuador : three essays on the role of economic inequalities, population density and emotions." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSES051/document.
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L’Amérique Latine et les Caraïbes sont l’une des régions plus violentes du monde. Le niveau de violence est particulièrement élevé dans les plus grandes villes de cette région (UNODC, 2013). La compréhension des déterminants de la criminalité urbaine est donc un défi majeur pour ces pays. Cette thèse a pour but d’explorer le rôle de trois déterminants de la criminalité en Équateur: les inégalités économiques, la taille des villes et le role des émotions liés aux évènements sportifs tels que les matchs de football.Avant d’entreprendre cette analyse empirique, nous proposons une revue des littératures théorique et empirique sur les déterminants de la criminalité urbaine. Une conclusion importante est que les incitations économiques conduisant à des activités criminelles sont influencées par les schémas de localisation des criminels et des victimes. Partant de ce constat, la thèse propose d’entreprendre trois analyses empiriques à différentes échelles géographiques. Tout d’abord, nous explorons l'effet des inégalités de revenus sur le risque de victimisation en Équateur, en utilisant des données individuelles issues de l’enquête nationale de victimisation. Le principal résultat est que, contrairement aux prédictions, le coefficient de Gini a un effet négatif sur la probabilité d’être victime de vols. Ce résultat pourrait être lié à une ségrégation résidentielle élevée ou à un contrôle social élevé contre la criminalité. De plus, les estimations révèlent une relation croissante et concave entre le niveau de revenu des victimes et la probabilité de victimisation concernant les vols de véhicule, qui augmente avec un revenu mensuel jusqu’à 5,100 dollars, et puis diminue.Ensuite, nous testons l'existence d'une prime de criminalité urbaine (criminalité plus élevée dans les zones urbaines) en Équateur, à l’échelle des paroisses. Le principal résultat indique que la taille des villes a une influence non-monotone sur le taux d’homicide. La probabilité de constater un ou plusieurs homicides est plus élevée dans les paroisses les plus peuplées. Toutefois, le taux d’homicide diminue avec le niveau de population dans les paroisses où se produisent des homicides. Concernant les crimes contre la propriété, les résultats confirment l’influence positive de la population sur le nombre de crime par habitant. Enfin, nous estimons l’impact des matchs de football sur le nombre d'homicides et de crimes contre la propriété dans 16 cantons d’Équateur, à l’échelle intra-urbaine. L’objectif est d’étudier l’influence des matchs de football sur les profils temporels et géographiques des crimes, ainsi que l’impact des émotions (frustration et euphorie) liées aux résultats des matchs sur la criminalité. Les résultats indiquent que le nombre d'homicides augmente 0.18% avant le match, tandis que le nombre de crimes contre la propriété augmente 12% après le match, à proximité du stade. Les matchs de football entraînent également une diffusion spatiale de la criminalité dans des quartiers éloignés des stades. Les jours de matchs, les crimes contre la propriété diminuent 0.88% avant le match et les homicides diminuent 0.05% pendant le match, dans les quartiers éloignés des stades. Après le match, les homicides et les crimes contre la propriété augmentent de manière significative dans les quartiers éloignés des stades. Enfin, l'effet des émotions sur les homicides et les crimes contre la propriété n'est pas significatif au niveau agrégé, alors qu’il est significatif en ce qui concerne les homicides commis dans la capitale de l'Équateur, QuitoLatin America and the Caribbean (LAC) is one of the most violent regions in the world. Importantly, higher levels of violence prevail in most urbanized LAC cities (UNODC, 2013). Understanding the determinants of urban crime is therefore a major challenge for those countries. The purpose of this dissertation is to explore the role of three crime determinants in Ecuador: economic inequalities, city size, and the emotions caused by soccer events.Before conducting this empirical analysis, we first review the theoretical and empirical literature on urban crime determinants. An important conclusion is that economic incentives that lead individuals to commit crime are influenced by the location pattern of criminals and victims. Building on these considerations, we perform three empirical analyses at different geographic levels.First, we explore the effect of income inequality on victimization in Ecuador, using data at the individual level thanks to the Ecuadorian Victimization survey. The main result is that, contrary to the predictions, the Gini coefficient has a negative effect on victimization by robbery. This result could be related to a high residential segregation or a high social control against crime. In addition, we provide evidence for an increasing and concave relationship between the income level of victims and the probability of victimization by vehicle theft, which first increases with a monthly household income up to $5,100, and then falls.Second, we test the existence of an urban crime premium (higher crime in urban areas) in Ecuador, at the parish level. Our main result is that population exerts a non-linear influence on the homicide rate. The probability that a homicide happens is higher in larger parishes. However, the homicide rate decreases with population in parishes with positive homicides. By contrast, the results regarding property crimes confirm that the level of population increases the number of pecuniary crimes per inhabitant.Third, we explore the effect of soccer matches on the number of homicides and property crimes in 16 cantons of Ecuador, at the intra-city level. The aim is to test whether soccer matches alter the temporal and spatial patterns of crime, and the role of emotions (frustration and euphoria) resulting from soccer matches on crime. Results reveal that the number of homicides increases by 0.18% before the match whereas the number of property crimes increases by 12% after the match, near the stadium. Soccer matches also cause spatial spillovers of crime in locations distant from stadiums. On game days, the number of property crimes falls by 0.88% before the match and the number of homicides falls by 0.05% during the match, in these distant locations. After the game, the homicides and property crimes significantly increase in locations distant from stadiums. Finally, the effect of emotions on homicides or property crimes is not significant at the aggregate level but it is significant regarding homicides that occur in the capital of Ecuador, Quito
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Li, Siu-ping, and 李小冰. "Crimes and high-density urban living: an empirical study." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2008. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B40887716.
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Wang, Xiao. "Langevin, population density and moment-based modeling of local and global aspects of intercellular calcium signaling." W&M ScholarWorks, 2015. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1539624005.
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Markov chain models of the coupled gating of intracellular calcium (Ca 2+) channels are often used to study the stochastic dynamic of local Ca2+ release events and whole cell Ca2+ homeostasis. However, the runtime of the Markov chain description of Ca2+ channel gating is exponential in the number of Ca2+ channel states and may thus result in a combinatorial state space explosion when the number of channel states is large. This dissertation presents several novel stochastic modeling approaches that capture important aspects of Ca 2+ signaling while improving computational efficiency. This dissertation presents several novel stochastic modeling approaches that capture important aspects of calcium Ca2+ signaling. First, we present a Ca 2+ release site modeling approach based on a Langevin description of stochastic Ca2+ release. This Langevin model facilitates our investigation of correlations between successive puff/spark amplitudes, durations and inter-spark intervals, and how such puff/spark statistics depend on the number of channels per release site and the kinetics of Ca2+ -mediated inactivation of open channels. Second, we show that when the Ca2+ channel model is minimal, Langevin equations in a whole cell model involving a large number of release sites may be replaced by a single Fokker-Planck equation. This yields an extremely compact and efficient local/global whole cell model that reproduces and helps interpret recent experiments investigating Ca2+ homeostasis in permeabilized ventricular myocytes. Last but not least, we present a population density and moment-based approach to modeling L-type Ca2+ channels. Our approaches account for the effect of heterogeneity of local Ca2+ signals on whole cell Ca currents. Moreover, they facilitate the study of domain Ca-mediated inactivation of L-type Ca channels.
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Ng, Hung-fai, and 吳鴻輝. "Population and building densities: a probit analysis of the Town Planning Board's decisions." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2009. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B42841860.
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Wong, Ming-sum, and 黃明沁. "Socio-economic determinants of breastfeeding rates in Hong Kong: evidence from a population-based childhealth survey." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2010. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45174623.
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Golaz, Valérie. "Croissance démographique, pression foncière et diversification économique : une analyse biographique des stratégies de survie à Magenche (Gucha District, Kenya)." Paris, Institut d'études politiques, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002IEPP0003.
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La région de Magenche est située à la limite sud de l'ancienne réserve gusii, au sud-ouest du Kenya. Les densités de population y dépassent déjà, au début des années 1990, les 700 hb/km2. Les ménages de Magenche s'intègrent dans une dynamique régionale d'échanges marchands, fonciers et matrimoniaux. Mais depuis le début des années 1990, des vagues de conflits ethniques ont perturbé l'équilibre régional et les ressources locales, modifiant les relations établies entre démographie et économie locale. Alors que le délitement de l'institution du mariage pouvait déjà être perçu il y a plus de 30 ans, ce n'est qu'au cours de la dernière décennie que la fécondité commence à baisser à Magenche, à une période où la mortalité recommence à croître. L'essor migratoire tardif des Gusii, à la fin des années 1980, s'interrompt brutalement dans les années 1990. L'expansion foncière gusii, par la location de terres situées en pays maasai, est remise en question, et le repli soudain de la population sur les ressources situées du côté gusii de la frontière entraîne l'apparition de stratégies économiques nouvelles
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Chung, Yat-nork Roger, and 鍾一諾. "The impact of socioeconomic development on population health now and into the future." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45696937.
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Sadie, J. L. (Johannes L. ). 1918. "The economic demography of South Africa." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51963.
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Thesis (DCom)--Stellenbosch University, 2000.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: It is remarkable that population, which is at the centre of the economic problem - the Wealth if not the Poverty of Nations - has received scant attention in economic research in South Africa. Which is probably why we can have a NEW - so designated in the Draft Report - population policy propounded by government (in 1997) which manifests little appreciation of the economics of population. This dissertation is an attempt to demonstrate why the void should be filled and to bring to light specific topics within the broader subject matter that could be fruitfully researched. The demographic scene in South Africa lends itself to a telling demonstration of the economic effects of population movements by way of contrasting the experience of the high fertility, youthful Black population - with a total fertility rate of around 37 after having been 6,75 in the 1950s - and that of the demographically older non-Blacks, among whom the Whites exhibit a fertility level way below the replacement rate of 2,1, while that of the Asians (Indians) and Coloureds has almost reached that rate. Since the former has a share of more than a dominant three-quarters in the aggregate South African population, the emphasis is inevitably on the economic consequences of rapid population growth and its attendant demographic magnitudes: fertility, mortality, migration, age and sex composition, spatial distribution and, what is called "economic quality" of the population as manifested in its supply of enterprise. The analysis is presented in the traditional supply and demand paradigm. Supply is examined by linking demographic forces to the five factors of production whose co-operation is responsible for the generation of the national product: entrepreneurship, (ordinary) labour, natural resources, technology and capital. The population has to generate an adequate supply of entrepreneurs, and the two human factors of production have to have one or more of the non-human factors at their disposal to accommodate the population economically. Proliferating human numbers can be destructive of natural resources, and in conflict with the formation of capital, the accumulation of technology and their potential economic welfare-enhancing operation. The demand aspects are analysed by linking on to the four macro demand components in the national accounts system: Household consumption, Government consumption, Investment (visa- vis saving) and foreign trade. Some of the issues discussed are: the stability deriving from a population elasticity of demand close to 1,0; the comparative significance of the population versus the affluence factor; the role of high fertility in the acquisition, at the election polls, of economic power via political power, and its consequences for the diversion of demand; the capital absorbed in "demographic investments"; and the significance of the South African factor endowment for its foreign trade. From the above analyses conclusions could be drawn about econormc growth, poverty, unemployment and the economic value of a life. In human populations, in sub-Saharan Africa at least, quantity is the adversary of quality.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Dit is merkwaardig dat Bevolking, wat aan die middelpunt staan van die Rykdom van Volkere indien nie van die Armoede nie, so weinig aandag in die ekonomiese literatuur van Suid-Afrika geniet. Dit is waarskynlik waarom die regering in 1997 'n NUWE bevolkingsbeleid - so gespesifiseer in die konsepwitskrif - kan voorstel wat weinig aanduiding toon van 'n waardering vir die Ekonomie van Demografiese tendense. Hierdie dissertasie is 'n poging om te demonstreer waarom die leemte gevul moet word, en om spesifieke onderwerpe, binne die breëre raamwerk, vir verdere ondersoek aan die lig te bring. Die demografiese toneel in Suid-Afrika leen homself tot 'n treffende demonstrasie van die ekonomiese gevolge van demografiese tendense by wyse van 'n kontrastering van die ondervinding van die snelgroeiende, jeugdige Swart bevolking - met 'n totale fertiliteitsyfer (TFS) van nagenoeg 3.7, nadat dit gedurende die vyftigerjare 6,75 was - en dié van die demografies-ouer nie-Swart bevolking, onder wie die Blankes, met 'n TFS wat reeds ver benede verplasingskoers van 2,1 is, en Asiërs (Indiërs) en Kleurlinge wat alreeds byna daardie peil bereik het. Aangesien eersgenoemde etniese groep ook nog 'n oorheersende aandeel van meer as driekwart in die totale SA bevolkingsgrootte het, is dit onvermydelik dat die nadruk sal val op die ekonomiese gevolge van snelle bevolkingsgroei met die daarmee samehangende demografiese groothede: fertiliteit, mortaliteit, migrasie, leeftyd- en geslagsamestelling, geografiese verspreiding en ook "ekonomiese kwaliteit" soos dit in die aanbod van ondernemerskap gemanifesteer word. Die analise word in die tradisionele vraag en aanbod paradigma aangebied. Aanbod word ontleed deur demografiese faktore te koppel met die vyf produksiefaktore waarvan die samewerking vir die skepping van die nasionale produk verantwoordelik is: ondernemers, arbeid, natuurlike hulpbronne, tegnologie en kapitaal. Die bevolking moet 'n voldoende aantalondernemers verwek, en die twee menslike produksiefaktore benodig die bystand van een of meer van die niemenslike faktore, om die bevolking ekonomies te kan akkommodeer. Vermenigvuldigende mensegetalle kan vernietigend inwerk op natuurlike hulpbronne en kan in konflik verkeer met kapitaalvorming en tegnologie-akkumulasie en hul ekonomiese welsynsbevorderende werking. Die vraag-aspekte word analiseer deur aan te sluit by die vier makro vraagkomponente in die nasionale boekhoudingstelsel : huishoudelike verbruik, regeringskonsumpsie, belegging (vis-a-vis besparing) en buitlandse handel. Aangeleenthede wat onder die loep geneem word, sluit, onder andere, die volgende in: stabiliteit wat voorspruit uit 'n bevolkingselastisiteit van vraag wat nagenoeg 1 is; die vergelykende invloed van ekonomiese oorvloed teenoor die menslike getallefaktor; die rol van hoë fertiliteit in die verkryging van ekonomiese mag deur middel van die stembus en sy gevolge vir die omleiding van vraag; die kapitaal wat in "demografiese beleggings" geabsorbeer word; en die betekenis van die Suid-Afrikaanse produksiefaktorbegunstiging vir sy internasionale handel. Uit bogenoemde ontledings kan gevolgtrekkinge gemaak word ten opsigte van ekonomiese groei, armoede, werkloosheid en die ekonomiese waarde van 'n menselewe. In menslike bevolkings - minstens sover dit sub-Sahara-Afrika betref - staan kwantiteit in 'n adversatiewe houding teenoor kwaliteit.
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Reynolds, Dennis Paul. "The effects of financing and development methods on the design of moderate density housing." Thesis, Kansas State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/14011.
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林嘉麗. "以多元流程理論分析澳門超齡子女政策." Thesis, University of Macau, 2011. http://umaclib3.umac.mo/record=b2554440.
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Kofi, Ampofo-Twumasi. "Distribution of income among South African population groups." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52240.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The primary objective of this study was to verify the extent to which income distribution among the population groups in South Africa has changed since the 199! population census. These were the findings: It was established in this study that, at October 1996 the income share of Whites had dropped from 71.2 percent (1970) to 51.9 percent. The White population constitute 12.6 percent of South Africa population in 1996 but they received more than 50 percent of personal income in the country. At October 1996 the per capita income of Whites was 8.8 times that of Africans, 4.5 times that of Coloureds and 2.3 times that of Indians. The study found that income disparities between the population groups have narrowed, but there are a lot left to be done to remove income inequalities in the country. The study found that the income which accrued to each population group was not uniformly distributed within the group. In all population groups, the poorest 40%, and the next 41-70% household income classes suffered losses in household income shares between 1991 and 1996. In all population groups it was the richest 10% households who received the lion's share of income which accrued to the group, between 1991 and 1996. The study further found a shift in African employees from elementary occupations to artisan and machine operators. Between 1995 and 1999 the proportion of Coloureds in elementary jobs declined in favour of artisans, machine operators, managers and professionals. Indians and Whites had the smallest proportion of their workforce engaged in elementary occupations Only 5.4 percent of Africans aged 20 and above were found to possess degrees, diplomas and certificates in 1999, compared to 6.5 percent Coloureds, 14.3 percent Indians, 31.5 percent Whites. As high as 15.5 percent of Africans had not received any formal education at October 1999 compared to 7.9 percent Coloureds, 3.5 percent Indians and 0.3 percent Whites. Unemployment in all population groups has increased since the 1996 South African population census.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die primêre doelwit van hierdie studie was om die verandering in die omvang van die inkomsteverdeling tussen die bevolkingsgroepe sedert die 1991 bevolkingsopname te bevestig. Daar is bevind dat die inkomste aandeel van Blankes vanaf 71.2 persent in 1970 na 51.9 persent in 1996 afgeneem het. Die Blanke bevolking het 12.6 persent van die Suid-Afrikaanse bevolking in 1996 uitgemaak, maar hulle ontvang meer as 50 persent van persoonlike inkomste in die land. In Oktober 1996 was die per capita inkomste van Blankes 8.8 keer meer as dié van Swart Suid-Afrikaners en 6.8 keer meer as dié van Kleurlinge. Die studie het gevind dat inkomsteverskille tussen die bevolkingsgroepe verminder het, maar dat daar nog groot inkomste ongelykhede is. Die studie het verder bevind dat die verdeling van inkomste binne elke bevolkingsgroep ongelyk verdeel is. Tussen 1991 en 1996 het in alle bevolkingsgroepe, die armste 40%, en die volgende 41-70% huishoudelike inkomsteklasse 'n daling in hul aandeel van huishoudelike inkomste ondervind. In alle bevolkingsgroepe was dit die rykste 10% huishoudings wat die grootste aandeel aan inkomste ontvang het tussen 1991 en 1996. Die studie het ook gevind dat daar 'n verskuiwing van swart Suid-Afrikaanse werknemers van elementêre beroepe na ambagsmanne en masjienoperateurs plaasgevind het. Tussen 1995 en 1999 het die verhouding van anderskleuriges in elementêre beroepe afgeneem ten gunste van ambagsmanne, masjienoperateurs, bestuurders en professionele beroepe. Asiate en Blankes het die kleinste verhouding van hulle werksmag in elementêre beroepe gehad. In 1999 was slegs 5.4 persent van swart Suid-Afrikaners, ouderdom 20 en ouer, in besit van grade, diplomas en sertifikate, in vergelyking met 6.5 persent Kleurlinge, 14.3 persent Asiate en 31.5 persent Blankes. Tot en met Oktober 1999 het 15.5 persent van swart Suid-Afrikaners geen formele opleiding ontvang in vergelyking met 7.9% Kleurlinge, 3.5% Asiate en 0.3% Blankes. Werkloosheid het sedert 1996 in alle bevolkingsgroepe toegeneem sedert die 1996 Suid-Afrikaanse bevolkingsopname.
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Zhelo, Inessa. "Impact of Economic, Political, and Socio-Demographic Factors on the Parliamentary Election Outcomes in Central and Eastern European Countries." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2008. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/29712.
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This study determines how economic, political, and socio-demographic factors impact the parliamentary election outcomes in central and eastern European countries in transition period. A one-way fixed-effect method has been applied to analyze two main economic models. The dependent variables are share of the Western-oriented and traditional-oriented parties. Data of sixteen countries have been used in the thesis. According to the results of this study, it is possible to conclude that outcomes of parliamentary elections in central and eastern European countries depended on political and socio-demographic factors from I 990-2001. Factors such as loans, received from the United States, per capita in the pre-election year, as a measure of external pressure, and share of agriculture in GDP, as a measure of country`s level of development, demonstrate consistent significance in both variations of the model.
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Labbe, Eric Christopher. "A downtown revitalization strategy for Winamac, Indiana." Virtual Press, 2000. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1180779.
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Winamac, Indiana is a small, rural town, much like many rural towns. The community is full of pride and heritage, while the downtown is full of vacancies. The National Main Street Program, founded by the National Trust for Historic Preservation, has proven a successful strategy for downtown revitalization. This study examined the current market place for Winamac using an in-depth market analysis. Demographics, trends, perceptions, clusters, sales leakages and many other aspects of the market place were studied. It was found that many aspects of the current market could be improved. The data collected and conclusions drawn from the market analysis lead into a Main Street Winamac Plan. This plan was written to address the four fundamental aspects of downtown revitalization: Design, Organization, Promotion, and Economic Restructuring.Department of Urban Planning
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Karakaya, Gungor. "Essays on population ageing, dependency and overeducation." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210405.
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The main objective of this thesis is to analyze the problem of population ageing in terms of the cessation of professional activity (and especially premature labour market withdrawals) and non-medical care needs of persons who are dependent or have lost their autonomy, in order to provide the various public and private administrations active in these fields with some food for thought.Doctorat en Sciences économiques et de gestion
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
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Pouyanne, Guillaume. "Forme Urbaine et Mobilité Quotidienne." Phd thesis, Université Montesquieu - Bordeaux IV, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00071608.
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L'application du cadre du développement durable à la question de l'interaction entre la forme urbaine et la mobilité quotidienne aboutit à une stigmatisation de l'étalement. Par contraste, en réduisant les distances parcourues et en favorisant l'usage des modes alternatifs à l'automobile, la Ville Compacte se présente comme la forme « économe » de la croissance urbaine. Cependant, les contradictions nées de sa formulation comme de son application provoquent l'émergence d'une controverse sur les avantages de la compacité. Les liens entre densité et mobilité quotidienne sont explicités, puis analysés empiriquement à partir de l'étude de six aires urbaines françaises. Les résultats corroborent le sens attendu de cette relation, mais l'appréciation de ses modalités remet en cause sa validité. L'émergence d'une structure urbaine polycentrique, dont l'effet sur la mobilité est ambigu, invite à caractériser plus précisément les usages du sol urbain. Le problème est alors de comprendre l'interaction entre la forme urbaine et la mobilité quotidienne à l'échelle de l'agglomération. En raison de la nécessaire prise en compte des caractéristiques socio-démographiques des individus, cette interaction est à placer au cœur d'interdépendances complexes qui compliquent la mise en évidence de liens de causalité. L'utilisation d'une technique économétrique fondée sur le contrôle statistique d'un type de facteurs et son application à l'agglomération bordelaise permettent de préciser la contribution de la forme urbaine à la détermination des pratiques de mobilité.
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Duarte, Marcela Marcelino. "Danos causados pelo percevejo barriga-verde, Dichelops melacanthus (Dallas, 1851) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae) nas culturas do milho, Zea mays L. e do trigo, Triticum aestivum L." UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DA GRANDE DOURADOS, 2009. http://tede.ufgd.edu.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/281.
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Previous issue date: 2009-03-13The aims of this work were to evaluate the effect of different population levels of the green belly stink bug D. melacanthus on corn and wheat plants and also to estimate the damage level of this pest for both crops. The experiments were carried out in an experimental area of Embrapa Western Region Agriculture in Dourados, Mato Grosso do Sul State. Corn was sown in February 2006 and wheat in May 2007. In the corn trial, experimental units were iron cages of 1 m length, 0.9 m width and 0.9 m height that had five corn plants. In the wheat trial, the experimental unit was a wood cage with 160 plants distributed in three rows of 1.12m length and 0.2 m between them. At the moment when the wheat plants showed three leaves they were submitted to different infestation levels of D. melacanthus (0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 bugs/cage) for a period of 15 days. In the corn trial, plants were submitted to the same infestation levels at the moment when showed one leaf (V1) and the period of infestation was 10 days. For both experiments, the experimental design was a completely randomized block with five replicates. Experiments were carried out until harvest and the following measurements were done: number of corn grains row in the ears, ear weight, weight of 100 corn seeds, corn grain yield, ear number, weight of 100 wheat seeds and wheat grain yield. All these measurements were submitted to variance analysis and averages compared by Tukey test at 5%. For determination of the economic threshold level of this pest for both crops, grain yield data were submitted to regression analysis. The cost to control the stink bug on corn and wheat crops was considered in the calculation of the damage level. For the corn crop, number of corn grains row in the ears and the weight of 100 seeds were not significantly influenced by different population densities of the stink bug. For wheat, ear number and the weight of 100 seeds were not significantly different for the different infestation levels of the stink bug. The economic threshold levels were 0.58 and 1 bug/m2 for corn and wheat crops, respectively
O objetivo desse trabalho foi de avaliar o efeito de diferentes níveis populacionais do percevejo barriga-verde Dichelops melacanthus nas plantas de milho e de trigo, visando estimar o Nível de Dano (ND) dessa praga para essas culturas. Os experimentos foram conduzidos em campo na área experimental da Embrapa Agropecuária Oeste em Dourados, MS. O milho foi semeado em fevereiro de 2006 e o trigo em maio de 2007. No ensaio com milho, as unidades experimentais consistiram de uma gaiola em armação de ferro de 1,0 m de comprimento por 0,90 m de largura e 0,90 m de altura, a qual continha cinco plantas de milho. No ensaio com trigo a unidades experimentais consistiram de uma gaiola de madeira que abrangia 160 plantas distribuídas em três fileiras, espaçadas de 0,20 m por 1,12 m de comprimento. Quando as plantas de trigo apresentaram três folhas estas foram submetidas a diferentes níveis populacionais de D. melacanthus (0, 2, 4, 6 e 8 percevejos/gaiola) por um período de infestação de 15 dias. No ensaio de milho, quando as plantas apresentavam uma folha (V1), foram submetidas aos mesmos níveis populacionais do percevejo utilizados no experimento de trigo durante um período de infestação de 10 dias. Ambos os ensaios foram conduzidos no delineamento de blocos casualizados com cinco repetições. Os experimentos foram conduzidos até a colheita para determinação das seguintes variáveis: número de fileiras de grãos nas espigas, peso da espiga, peso de cem sementes e rendimento de grãos do milho e número de espigas, peso de cem sementes e rendimento de grãos do trigo, sendo estas os dados obtidos submetidos à análise de variância e as médias dos tratamentos comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de significância. Para determinação do NDE da praga nas duas culturas, os valores de rendimento de grãos foram submetidos à análise de regressão. Para o cálculo do nível de dano considerou-se o custo de controle do percevejo na cultura do milho e do trigo. No milho os valores de número de fileiras de grãos por espiga e o peso de cem sementes não foram significativamente influenciados pelas diferentes densidades populacionais do percevejo. No trigo o número de espigas e peso de cem sementes não diferiram estatisticamente entre as diferentes densidades populacionais do percevejo. O NDE encontrado para a cultura do milho foi de 0,58 percevejo/m² e para a cultura do trigo ficou em torno de 1,0 percevejo/m²
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Mitzel, Gina Marie. "The Impact of Genetics, Socioeconomic Status, and Lifestyle Factors on Visual Health in an Adult Population." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2010. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc33187/.
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The purpose of this dissertation was to understand how genetics, socioeconomic status (SES), and lifestyle factors influence the development of age-related macular degeneration (AMD), glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy in an adult population in Dallas County. Two hundred fifty-three older adults participated in this study as the sample. Crosstabulation and binary logistic regression were utilized to analyze the data. Results indicated a disparity among participants' test scores, visual health status, and perceptions of their visual impairment and highlighted the fact that many seniors are not educated about age-related retinal disorders. Furthermore, variables reaching statistical significance were consistent with the literature included race/ethnicity, age, having a family history of both AMD and diabetes, frequency of eye exams, and level of education. The results not consistent with the literature as affecting visual health included health insurance, access to health care, body weight, and smoking status. Recommendations for future study included applied research focusing on determining risk factors, raising awareness, educating, and providing early detection of these diseases among low to middle income Caucasian, African American, and Hispanic older adults.
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SORENSON, ANN MARIE. "ETHNICITY AND FERTILITY: THE FERTILITY EXPECTATIONS AND FAMILY SIZE OF MEXICAN-AMERICAN AND ANGLO ADOLESCENTS AND ADULTS, HUSBANDS AND WIVES (BIRTHS, HISPANIC)." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/188137.
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Because pronatalist sentiments may be an important aspect of Mexican-American ethnic heritage, this research focuses on cultural as well as socioeconomic factors which may contribute to higher Mexican-American fertility. Language use and nativity are used as indirect indicators of identification with an ethnic culture. Wives' characteristics are generally considered adequate to the study of couples' fertility, but in light of earlier research by the author indicating the importance of cultural factors to the fertility expectations of Mexican-American adolescent males, characteristics of husbands as well as wives are included in this analysis. For this reason, the sample, which is drawn from the 1980 Census data for Arizona, Texas, and New Mexico, is limited to Mexican-American and Anglo women who have been married only once and live with their husbands. Two complementary methods of analysis are used. Linear regression describes the significance of husband's and wife's language use, nativity, and socioeconomic characteristics to mean family size. Parity progression ratios are used to study the contribution of these variables to the likelihood of the addition of one more child at each stage of the family building process. While wife's characteristics are sufficient to account for most of the variation observed in Anglo fertility, husband's socioeconomic characteristics significantly contribute to variation observed in the fertility of Mexican-American couples. Husbands' identification with Mexican-American culture may be somewhat more important to couples' fertility than that of their wives. This is consistent with research which suggests that children are more central to male sex role expectations as they are expressed in the context of Mexican-American culture than in that of Anglos. The measures of ethnic identity used in this study are clearly associated with socioeconomic status. The differential fertility of Anglos and Mexican Americans could be attributed to these differences. The association of Spanish language use and fertility has been linked to the lower opportunity costs represented by additional children to women who do not speak English proficiently. However, the analysis of these data, which compares structural and cultural explanations of fertility differentials, provides evidence of cultural effects as well as the effects of socioeconomic status on fertility.
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Angoué, Claudine-Augée. "Les changements sociaux dans la Réserve de Faune de la Lopé (Gabon)." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211832.
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Paumgarten, Fiona. "The significance of the safety-net role of NTFPS in rural livelihoods, South Africa /." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2007. http://eprints.ru.ac.za/871/.
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Noonan, Christine F. "Federal City revisited : atomic energy and community identity in Richland, Washington." Virtual Press, 2000. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1180787.
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This study examines the relationship between atomic energy production and community identity in Richland, Washington. Over the past fifty years, the identity of southeastern Washington has been intimately tied to production and industry at the Hanford Site. Today, however, environmental restoration and waste management programs have replaced plutonium production. The decline of the nuclear industry has influenced reinterpretations of local history and community identity through public display, commodity goods, and the re-scripting of historical texts.Department of Anthropology
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Tabassum, Ummey Hanney. "Abandoned by Home and Burden of Host: Evaluating States' Economic Ability and Refugee Acceptance through Panel Data Analysis." Wright State University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=wright1547548163628041.
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Cruz, German Tadeo. "Getting there : a study to define and offer conceptual solutions for the control of sprawl, rural land preservation, neighborhood connectivity, and community image development in northwest Muncie." Virtual Press, 1999. http://liblink.bsu.edu/uhtbin/catkey/1136702.
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This study covers several areas of long held interest and urgent relevance: the development of lasting and meaningful community identity, the design of dynamic communities well aware of their current and future potential, the preservation of rural lands, and the control of unplanned growth.Working on two tracks, the study researches through focused interviews the conceptual image of the community held by representative members and then seeks to apply principles derived from the work of Randall Arendt, Robert Yaro and others to the articulation of land planning and site design measures that can be implemented in the Northwest sector of Muncie.Based on both the research and the derivation of principles, the study offers a large number of ideas supported with illustrations toward the improvement of the conditions and the creation of a long range strategy for land development and conservation.Department of Landscape Architecture
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Liégeois, Philippe. "Essais en économie dynamique appliquée." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211600.
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Nembudani, Madzinge Ellen. "Spatio-temporal dynamics in the provision of primary school education in Vhembe District, Limpopo, South Africa." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/18694.
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Spatial, temporal and population dynamics have influenced learner enrolments in Vhembe District primary schools in Limpopo, South Africa. Vhembe District primary schools have in recent years experienced closure of some of its primary schools due to declining learner enrolments. The dynamics of demographic factors such as migration, fertility and mortality cause fluctuations in the school-age population over time and across space. Poor economic development, the location of the district and the spatial distribution of primary schools make the situation in this rural-based district even more complex. The communities of Vhembe District are discontent about the state of affairs in the area regarding the provision of education and the closure of schools. The closure of schools destabilises the social cohesion amongst members of the community and disempowers them, while inadequate provision of primary school education makes them feel neglected and robbed of their constitutional right. This study investigated the causes of declining learner enrolment and the effect of the closure of schools on the communities. To achieve the objectives data came from questionnaires at household level and from interviews conducted with educators, circuit managers, officials in the Limpopo Education Department and traditional leaders. The study found that declining fertility and out-migration from the area are responsible for a declining school-age population. This is the reality and the communities of Vhembe District will have to live with it because overall learner enrolments continue to decline. Lack of a planning model in the former Venda territory led to an over-supply of primary schools thus schools in close proximity had to compete for learners. Poorly equipped schools and general development of the area exacerbate the problem and some members of the community perceive education in this district to be inferior. Younger economically active people are increasingly moving to places with better opportunities. This study offers some recommendations to alleviate the problems identified in Vhembe District. Application of a geographical approach to an adaptive strategy considers the natural environment in political, social and economic context. It suggests that education authorities could apply such a strategy to make the schools in rural areas more sustainableGeography
D. Phil. (Geography)
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McCarthy, Michael J. (Michael John) 1957. "Population density growth : economic effects and mitigation in LDCs." Thesis, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10125/9609.
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Rodionov, Viktor. "Population development of Kazakhstan: Geographic, economic and geopolitical aspects." Doctoral thesis, 2011. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-311628.
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Population development of Kazakhstan: geographic, economic and geopolitical aspects Abstract Present research based on analysis of the main trends in demographic development of Kazakhstan at the national and regional level. Demographic changes are quite important factor affecting the problems of territorial, economic and geopolitical development of the country. Relatively small population quite clearly reflects the changes of economic and geopolitical conditions. The result of it is the changes in population size, structure, and geographical pattern. Over the past decade in Kazakhstan observed population growth and change of ethnic structure. Against this background, distribution of the population within the country becomes one of the key problems in Kazakhstan. The main reason is growing disproportions in economic development of regions. Quite significant role here plays the ethnic heterogeneity of the regions, which also determines the nature of population development. Under such conditions, the demographic development acquires strategic importance.
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Rodionov, Viktor. "Population Development of Kazakhstan: Geographic, Economic and Geopolitical aspects." Master's thesis, 2010. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-276326.
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Geopolitical role and population development of the Republic of Kazakhstan: recent developments and prospects V. Rodionov Abstract Present research is an attempt to define the influence of the demographic factor on geopolitical development of Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan is of a specific interest herein due to its strategically important geographical location and presence of natural resources. Taking into account these factors, Kazakhstan has certain claims on leadership in the region. At the moment, Kazakhstani geopolitical leadership is based on economic achievements of the country and its political stability. At the same time demographic factor is quite sensitive from the strategic point of view. Kazakhstani population is relatively inconsiderable in number for its region. Moreover, some negative tendencies of distribution of population and its structural changes are causing concern. The government is aware of the gravity of these problems and is making certain efforts to change the situation. Nevertheless, it is very important to acknowledge the demographic factor as strategically important.
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"The relationship between population growth and economic growth in China." 2003. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5891762.
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Chun Kit Yin.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 51-56).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.p.1
Chapter 2 --- Institutions andolicies --- p.p.5
Chapter 3 --- Empirical Strategy --- p.p.9
Chapter 4 --- Data --- p.p.16
Chapter 5 --- Estimation Results: Fromopulation Growth to Economic Growth --- p.p.19
Chapter 5.1 --- OLS: Simple Regressions --- p.p.19
Chapter 5.2 --- OLS: Multiple Regressions --- p.p.22
Chapter 5.3 --- Fixed-Effects Regressions --- p.p.25
Chapter 5.4 --- 2SLS Regressions --- p.p.27
Chapter 6 --- Conclusion --- p.p.31
Tables --- p.p.32
References --- p.p.51
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Vaughan, Alan Moss, University of Western Sydney, of Science Technology and Environment College, and School of Environment and Agriculture. "Factors affecting plant density and cotton yields in Turkmenistan." 2005. http://handle.uws.edu.au:8081/1959.7/24512.
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Cotton has been grown in central Asia for over 2,000 years, and is a major crop in Turkmenistan, where medium staple G. hirsutum is the dominant species, cultivated on 80%of the cotton growing area. Many of the cultivars used in Turkmenistan until the time of independence from Russia were from Uzbekistan. Since independence, the original suite of long staple G. barbadense and medium staple Uzbek cultivars has been considerably changed in Turkmenistan by selection for early maturity and productivity. Cotton yields in Turkmenistan have been declining since independence and were below 2t/ha in 2001 when the TACIS ‘Support to the Cotton Sector Project’ commenced, of which research reported in this thesis was a part. The main factors determining seed cotton yields in this country are quantity of irrigation water applied, nitrogen fertilization, deep ploughing, and plant population. Of these four important factors, plant density is the only one that individual farmers can control, as the others are either state controlled or require equipment held collectively. The aim of the research described in this thesis was to improve cotton production in Turkmenistan through optimising plant population. The use of optimum plant populations in the cotton fields of Turkmenistan has a substantial potential for economic benefit to the farmers of that country. Changing plant populations would require none of the structural changes involved in changing the other important yield factors. Quantity of irrigation water applied is controlled by the state; nitrogen fertilizer is a state controlled input in Turkmenistan and deep ploughing depends on equipment communally held and sometimes unavailable.Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) (Agriculture)
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Mansour, Yasser Mohamed. "The relationship between residential density and human activity." 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/27490.
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"The Galor-Weil Model revisited: population control and the long-run development of China." 2011. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5894860.
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Si-Tou, Wai Kit."September 2011."
Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2011.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 69-71).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Abstract: --- p.2
摘要 --- p.3
Acknowledgements --- p.4
Chapter Chapter 1: --- Introduction --- p.6
Chapter Chapter 2: --- The Galor-Weil Model --- p.11
Chapter 2.1 --- Basic Structure Model --- p.11
Chapter 2.2 --- Preferences and Budget Constraints --- p.12
Chapter 2.3 --- Optimization --- p.13
Chapter Chapter 3: --- Parameterization and Simulation Results by Lagerlof --- p.16
Chapter 3.1 --- Parameterization and Full Dynamical System --- p.16
Chapter 3.2 --- Parameter Values and Simulation Results --- p.18
Chapter Chapter 4: --- Theoretical Analysis of the Effects of Exogenous Population Control Policy on the Dynamic System --- p.22
Chapter Chapter 5: --- Simulation Results using China's Data --- p.29
Chapter 5.1 --- Simulation Results with Exogenous Population Control --- p.31
Chapter 5.2 --- Simulation Results with Exogenous Population Control and Technological Shocks.. --- p.35
Chapter 5.3 --- Further Implications --- p.36
Chapter Chapter 6: --- Concluding Remarks --- p.38
Chapter Appendix A: --- Figures and Tables --- p.42
Chapter Appendix B: --- Sensitivity Test --- p.67
References: --- p.69
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Chatsiwa, Jaison. "Land pollution and population density : the case of Kwekwe City residential areas, Zimbabwe." Diss., 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/19160.
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In most developing countries, the problem of inefficient municipal solid waste management (MSWM) is endemic. The problem is manifested by heaps of uncollected solid waste found on open areas and by the street sides. This dissertation examines the relationship between land pollution and population density resulting from solid waste generation in the City of Kwekwe in Zimbabwe. Questionnaires and interviews were conducted to 375 randomly selected households in low, medium and high density residential suburbs. The household survey was triangulated with field observations, key informant interviews and secondary data sources. The average household size in high, medium and low density residential areas was 11, 8 and 5 people respectively. The study revealed that the amount and composition of solid waste generated varied according to household size, income and education levels of residents. The higher the population density, the more the solid waste produced. However, waste generated was not carried to the dumpsites for disposal. Also the higher the income, the higher the amount of solid waste produced, although residents with high income were able to ferry their wastes to the dumpsites hence less land pollution. The solid waste generation rate in high density areas was 0.04 kg/capita day, in medium density areas was 0.35 kg/capita/day and in low density areas were 0.84 kg/capita/day. It was also observed that among high income earners, the educated people produced more waste than low income earners. However, the low income earners and the less educated people could not take care of their environment to limit roadside and open space littering. However, lack of public awareness coupled with inefficient and ad hoc waste management system continue make provision of effective solid waste management services illusive. Based on the research findings, it is suggested sound environmental stewardship amongst residents will limit land pollution in the city of Kwekwe.Environmental Sciences
M.A. (Environmental Management)
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"An economic analysis of fertility in Hong Kong." Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1985. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5885561.
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"The consequences of high population growth in developing countries: a case study of South Africa." Thesis, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10210/6655.
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PhD. (Economics)This thesis studies population, the causes of population growth and changes and consequences of high population growth for communities and the environment. The study is divided into 9 chapters. Chapter 1 comprises a general introduction to population issues, the research problems, objectives and the deployment of the study. Chapter 2 analyses various theories of population growth. Chapter 3 compares population growth rates and the composition and structure of developed and developing countries. Comparisons of population migration in developed and developing countries and the impact of migration on the population composition and structure on the sending and receiving areas are analysed in Chapter 4. Chapter 5 discusses the consequences of population growth on the economic development of developing countries. Chapter 6 and 7 outline the impact of demographic trends on a population and also the population growth in South Africa. Population policies in the developed and developing countries are discussed in Chapter 8 and Chapter 9 gives the summary of the main findings and some tentative conclusions of the study. The important link that exists between population growth and the environment are investigated on both the macro and micro levels in this thesis. On the macro level the worldwide historical population growth and trends in developed and developing countries are compared and analysed. On the micro level an analyses is done on specific communities and regions. South Africa represents a microcosm of the whole world as far as its demographic composition and trends are concerned. The population growth rate, fertility levels and socio-economic factors of the black population resemble those of developing countries, while the non-black populations resemble that of the developed countries. The level of development among black people is also much lower than that of the other three populations. This lower level of development among particularly black women is an important factor in their lower level of contraceptive use and relatively high fertility rate. Much of the debate about the global relationship between population and environment remains polarised between two extreme positions. A comprehensive analysis of global demographic trends indicates that the world population problems are predominantly a concern of the developing countries and of the black population in South Africa. The high population growth in these countries has a negative effect on economic growth and development. Increases in population cancel out increases in aggregate output, keep average incomes low and stagnant. It also puts significant pressure on agricultural land, employment creation, urban housing and other infrastructure, as well as on access to quality education and health facilities. HIV/Aids is currently the leading cause of mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa and has a significantly negative impact on economic growth and development, as it decreases the standard of living. The study has found that high levels of unemployment and a low standard of living among black people increase their risk and vulnerability to HIV/Aids. Population policies that include factors that are commonly associated with fertility decline, such as education, urbanisation, improved status of women, employment opportunities for women and increased practice of family planning all contribute to fertility differentials within developed and developing countries and within communities. These factors are also effective even in those areas where prevailing cultures give a disposition to high fertility.
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Amaral, Ernesto F. L. (Ernesto Friedrich de Lima) 1977. "Demographic change and economic development at the local level in Brazil." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2152/3202.
Full textAbstract:
In this analysis, I estimate the impact of the changing relative size of the adult male population, classified by age and education groups, on the earnings of employed males living in 502 Brazilian local labor markets during four time periods between 1970 and 2000. The effects of shifts in the age distribution of the working age population have been studied in relation to the effect of the baby-boom generation on the earnings of different cohorts in the United States. However, the question has received little attention in the context of the countries in Asia and Latin America, which are now experiencing substantial shifts in their age-education distributions. Taking advantage of the huge variation across Brazilian local labor markets, the models in this research suggest that age-education groups are not perfect substitutes, so that own-cohort-education size depresses earnings, as expected by the theory. Compositional shifts are influential, attesting that this approach represents a fruitful way of studying this central problem in economic development, going beyond the effects normally analyzed by formal labor market equations.text
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"Ageing, human capital and economic growth: evidence from international data." 2000. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5890350.
Full textAbstract:
Leung Chi Ping.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 120-123).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Abstract --- p.i
Acknowledgement --- p.iii
Table of Contents --- p.iv
List of Tables --- p.v
List of Appendices --- p.vi
Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 2. --- Literature Review --- p.4
Chapter 2.1 --- Review of Literature on Population and Economic Growth --- p.4
Chapter 2.2 --- Review of Literature on Human Capital and Economic Growth --- p.7
Chapter 2.3 --- Review of Literature on Population Aging and Demographic Transition --- p.14
Chapter 2.4 --- "Summary of Results, Objective and Hypotheses" --- p.23
Chapter 3. --- Data Description --- p.27
Chapter 4. --- Empirical Specifications，Estimation Results and Analysis --- p.29
Chapter 4.1 --- Cross-sectional Regressions --- p.29
Chapter 4.2 --- Panel Regressions --- p.54
Chapter 5. --- Conclusions --- p.72
Tables --- p.74
Appendices --- p.114
References --- p.120
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Shale, Mashale. "Fertility transition in Lesotho : the recent trends, socioeconomic factors and proximate determinants." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/8636.
Full textAbstract:
There is a general perception that fertility has been declining over a decade in Lesotho, and this has
sparked the debate that fertility transition is drawing closer in Lesotho. The growing concern was
stimulated by limited studies showing the effect of socio-economic factors on fertility in Lesotho and
variations in proximate determinants. The paper examines recent fertility trends in Lesotho using various
demographic techniques of fertility estimation and determines whether the onset of fertility transition has
begun in Lesotho. The secondary aim is to assess and control errors in the Lesotho Demographic and
Health Survey of 2004, thus providing robust and reliable estimates.
The analysis utilizes the secondary data from 2004 Lesotho Demographic and Health Survey (LDHS). The
data set comprised of a sample of 7095 women who participated in the survey. The use of 1996 Lesotho
Population Census and 2002 Lesotho Reproductive and Health Survey were made to facilitate comparison
with 2004 LDHS, and to provide differentials and measure changes over time in fertility. The P/F ratio
method developed by Brass and the modified version, Relational Gompertz Model are employed and used
to assess the quality of data as well as determining fertility levels and trends. The findings reveal that the overall fertility among women in Lesotho during 2004 LDHS is 4.02.
Application of different methods depicts that fertility remains high in Lesotho, although considered
moderate according to sub-Saharan standards. Despite the fact that TFR is high, overall fertility decline is
evident. The estimates of fertility range between 3.5 and 5.6 depending on the technique in use. The reason
for the high observed fertility is that women in the rural areas still cherish quite a substantial family size.
Nevertheless, changing acceptance and perception of using contraception, delayed marriage, high levels of
education and economic development among women in Lesotho contributes considerably to fertility
declines in Lesotho. As a result, disparities that continue to propel fertility levels within population groups
incite reassessment of existing research and policy so as to enhance development strategies as well as
action programmes.Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Howard College, 2011.
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"Economic factors and institutional change in determining fertility in China: an empirical study." Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1991. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5887000.
Full textAbstract:
by Ho Sau Lan.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1991.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 82-85).
ABSTRACT
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
CHAPTERS
Chapter 1. --- DEMOGRAPHIC PATTERN AND POPULATION POLICIES
Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction
Chapter 1.2 --- Current literature on China's demography
Chapter 1.3 --- Recent demographic trend in China
Chapter 1.4 --- Policies for controlling birth
Chapter 2. --- EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS OF THE DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION
Chapter 2.1 --- Explanations of the demographic transition
Chapter 2.2 --- Granger-causality
Chapter 2.3 --- Test specification
Chapter 2.4 --- Data specification
Chapter 2.5 --- Test procedure
Chapter 2.6 --- Empirical results
Chapter 2.7 --- Summary
Chapter 2.8 --- Problem of the tests
Chapter 3. --- FERTILITY CHANGE IN THE REFORM PERIOD1979-1987
Chapter 3.1 --- The economic reform
Chapter 3.2 --- Effects of the economic reform and other economic factors on fertility
Chapter 3.3 --- Data specification
Chapter 3.4 --- Statistical specification
Chapter 3.5 --- Empirical Results
Chapter 3.6 --- Summary
Chapter 4. --- CONCLUDTNG REMARKS
Chapter 5. --- APPENDIX A： GLOSSARY OF SOME DEMOGRAPHIC TERMS
Chapter 6. --- APPENDIX B： SOURCES OF DATA
Chapter 7. --- BIBLIOGRAPHY
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Kara, Reesha. "Determinants of childbearing among young people in South Africa : findings from the National Income Dynamics Study." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/11336.
Full textAbstract:
Young people in South Africa grow and develop in a context of high unemployment and poverty. These factors increase their vulnerability of engaging in risky sexual behaviour. The negative outcomes associated with early childbearing have far reaching consequences for not only the young mother and child but also the country‟s labour market and economy. As a result, key to addressing childbearing among young people is to understand the social context which young people are faced with. Therefore, this study aims at identifying the extent and determinants of childbearing among people aged 15-24 years, in South Africa.
The data for the study comes from the 2008 National Income Dynamics Study (NIDS). The analysis is restricted to 2623 females aged 15-24 years at the time of enumeration. Analysis is conducted on weighted data so that inferences can be made about the population. The analysis uses descriptive and multivariate analysis to identify possible determinants of early childbearing among young people.
The results highlight factors such as age and marital status as possible socio-demographic determinants of childbearing among young people. Socio-economic status is also identified as one of the main predictors of early childbearing for females aged 15-24 years. Social issues such as transactional sex, gender violence and coerced, early sexual debut are discussed as possible determinants of early childbearing. However the analysis of these factors is restricted as they are not measured in the dataset. It was concluded that understanding the social context which influence young peoples‟ decision to engage in risky sexual behaviour is key to addressing the issue of early childbearing.M.A. University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2013.
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"An economic analysis of birth behavior in Hong Kong." 2000. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5890400.
Full textAbstract:
Lai Tak Chi.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2000.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 69-72).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Acknowledgments --- p.ii
English Abstract --- p.iii
Chinese Abstract --- p.iv
Table of Contents --- p.v
List of Tables --- p.vii
List of Figures --- p.viii
List of Appendices --- p.ix
Chapter Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter Chapter 2. --- Literature Reviews --- p.8
Chapter 2.1 --- Theoretical Approach of Household Fertility Decision --- p.8
Chapter 2.2 --- Modeling of Household Fertility Decision --- p.17
Chapter 2.2a. --- Linear Regression Model --- p.17
Chapter 2.2b. --- Count Data Models --- p.18
Chapter 2.2c. --- Goodness of Fit --- p.23
Chapter 2.3 --- Summary and Limitations --- p.25
Chapter Chapter 3. --- Data Sources and Limitations --- p.26
Chapter 3.1 --- Data Sources of the Cross-Section Analysis --- p.26
Chapter 3.2 --- Data Sources of the Time-Series Analysis --- p.26
Chapter 3.3 --- Data Limitations of the Cross-Section Analysis --- p.27
Chapter 3.4 --- Data Limitations of the Time-Series Analysis --- p.27
Chapter Chapter 4. --- Decision of Birth --- p.29
Chapter 4.1 --- Variable Definitions and Explanations --- p.29
Chapter 4.2 --- Statistical Framework --- p.33
Chapter 4.3 --- Results and Explanations for the Regression of the Decision of Birth --- p.33
Chapter 4.4 --- Summary --- p.36
Chapter Chapter 5. --- Fertility Behavior --- p.38
Chapter 5.1 --- Variable Definitions and Explanations --- p.38
Chapter 5.2 --- Statistical Framework --- p.40
Chapter 5.3 --- Empirical Results --- p.42
Chapter 5.4 --- Summary --- p.54
Chapter Chapter 6. --- Time Series Analysis --- p.56
Chapter Chapter 7. --- Conclusions --- p.63
Appendices --- p.65
Bibliography --- p.69
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Maake, Mphapantsi Eldred. "Population genetic structure of small holder dairy cattle herds in South Africa using SNP markers." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/3453.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (M.Sc. Agriculture (Animal Production)) -- University of Limpopo, 2020The smallholder dairy sector in South Africa is characterized by a low input production system and poor animal productivity. Research has been carried out to benchmark cow productivity on smallholder dairy herds; however, there is a paucity of information on the current status of breeding practices and the genetic consititution of cattle used in this production system. This information is vital for the development of sound and sustainable breeding programs for SHD production, which can have an enormous positive impact on food security and rural livelihoods. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the levels of genetic diversity and population structure in South African smallholder dairy (SHD) herds using single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers. A total of 192 animals from SHD dairy herds were genotyped using the GeneSeek® Genomic Profiler (GGP) 150K-BeadChip. Four specialized dairy breeds included the Ayrshire(n = 200), Holstein(n = 231), Jersey (n = 224) and Nguni (n = 209) were used as the reference populations. The mean MAF values ranged from 0.30 Ayshire (AYR), Jersey (JER), and Nguni (NGI) to 0.31 Holstein (HOL) and SHD between the populations. There were slight differences in the levels of genetic diversity ranged between 0.39 (JER and NGI) to 0.40 (AYR, HOL, and SHD). A moderate level of inbreeding (0.02) was observed in the SHD population, which results in high genetic diversity among this herds. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) revealed four homogeneous clusters comprising of AYR, HOL, JER, NGI, and a heterogeneous cluster of the SHD. The heterogeneity observed in the SHD population indicates widespread crossbreeding. The model-based cluster analysis corresponded with the PCA and pointed out the predominance of HOL, JER, with marginal gene flow from the AYR and NGI. These results have provided a useful insight into the genetic structure and prevailing breeding practices on South African SHD herds.
National Research Foundation (NRF), Agricultural Research Council (ARC) and University of Limpopo (UL)
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Phakathi, Thabo Michael. "The socio-economic impact of HIV/AIDS : a case study of elderly people caring for HIV infected individuals in the Ugu North District, KwaZulu-Natal." Thesis, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/3046.
Full textAbstract:
This study explores the socio-economic impact of HIV/AIDS on the elderly in the Ugu North District, KwaZulu-Natal. This study employs qualitative methods using in-depth interviews. The sample consisted of 6 females and 6 males aged 60 and above. The respondents were all black. The respondents either had lived or were living with an HIV/AIDS infected individual in their household. The findings of the study indicate that the high prevalence of HIV/AIDS among the younger generation places a huge social and economic burden on the elderly people, especially those who are caring for HIV infected individuals in their households. The findings of the study show that the elderly are carrying a huge burden because of HIV/AIDS. Elderly men and women revealed the trauma of seeing their children dying in front of them. Providing treatment to a sick person, losing a child, loss of income, stigma and discrimination and caring for grandchildren were some of the difficulties faced by elderly people. The results of the study suggest that elderly people should be a key focus of HIV/AIDS discourse.Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2010.
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Vawda, Mohammed Yacoob. "Socioeconomic status and chronic illnesses : an analysis of the National Income Dynamics Study data." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/8667.
Full textAbstract:
Over the past decade, chronic illnesses have increased significantly in developing regions around
the world, with implications for health service provision. Research shows that morbidity follows
a social gradient in many countries around the world.
Though various studies highlight the importance of socioeconomic status as a predictor of a
person’s morbidity and mortality experience, there is a dearth of data and literature in the South
African context. This study aimed to address this gap by examining the association between
socioeconomic status and diabetes and hypertension among participants aged 35 years and older.
This was achieved by undertaking the analysis of secondary data from the National Income
Dynamic Study.
The findings of the study reveal that there is a significant relationship between socioeconomic
factors and chronic health outcomes of individuals. People with lower levels of education were
more likely to have a chronic illness than those with higher levels of education. However,
interestingly the lowest rates of prevalence were found in the unemployed category in South
Africa. This draws attention to the need for further research on employment and chronic disease
prevalence. An important finding of the study was the relatively higher prevalence of chronic
conditions in rural areas and among the Black/African population. This data suggests that
changes in lifestyle and behavior in the context of globalization and urbanization may be
contributing to changes in the health profile of these communities. Policy makers need to
acknowledge that chronic diseases are no longer the preserve of the wealthy with diseases such
as diabetes and hypertension evident across all sectors of South African society. By addressing
the causes of chronic conditions policies and programs can aim to prevent the emergence of
future epidemics. In the long-term, sustainable progress will only be achieved with greater
attention directed towards the socioeconomic factors underlying the health profile of the country.Thesis (M.A.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 2011.
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Seokwang, Modise. "The impact of urban expansion and population growth on productivity of forestlands : study area: Rustenburg Local Municipality." Thesis, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/9589.
Full textAbstract:
The survey has been carried out in North West Province within Rustenburg Local
Municipality. This is an Urban Forestry research in which six sites including peri-urban,
urban, suburban and semi-rural areas were selected for the study. The aim of the study
was to determine the relationship between households and their local trees and forests.
Forest in this context included community gardens, vegetation cover, open spaces, soil,
water, productive sites and animals that form part of forest. Data collection was mainly
based on questionnaires and covered sample of 272 households. Statistical Package of
Social Sciences (SPSS) 15.0 using 5% sampling intensity (confidence level) was used in
which the data has been represented by numbers. Analysis was based on determining
households’ relationship with their trees and local forest, and how they influence forest
productivity or development.
With SPSS two techniques, regression model and descriptive statistics were applied to
analyze quantitative and qualitative data. Regression model was significant in prediction
of the dependent variable (Y) using independent variables (X), and proved to be a good
model to analyze data for fuelwood, timber and forest food production. Descriptive
statistics was important in counting number of times each category or variable is used.
Participants had varying perceptions regarding the use of forest due to factors such as
availability of forest resource, type of residence, and their living standard. Generally,
households in suburban and urban areas value the forests for economic and
environmental benefit, while the peri-urban and semi-rural households utilized their trees
and forest to meet their energy demand. A large number of households consume forest
food as compared to timber and fuelwood due to the availability of the resources.
The Municipality as a whole is undergoing rapid development expected to continue
throughout years. These developments are stimulated by mining activities and influx of
people in the area. All these factors threaten the existing natural resources especially
forest areas and water. Areas of these resources are declining due to the current demand
for housing, new mining sites and continuous establishment of informal settlements. Trees and forest within peri-urban and semi-rural areas are in poor conditions as
compared to urban and suburban areas. Poor waste management and poverty are issues
aggravating the situation especially in poor developing sites that have been studied. Most
agricultural sites have been transformed into residential areas, and thus exacerbating
problems of food insecurity in the whole country. Household size has major influence in
fuelwood, timber and forest food production as an increase or decrease in the size will
determine the amount of consumption, production or development. Value for forest,
access to forest, level of interaction and restrictions regarding the use of forest are also
significant aspects contributing to forest productivity and development as they show the
relationship that exists between forest and households.Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2007.