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Journal articles on the topic 'Economic aspects of Population density'
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1
Komilova, Nargizakhon. "Socio-Geographical Aspects Of The Culture Of Nature Use Of The Population Of The Fergana Valley." American Journal of Interdisciplinary Innovations and Research 02, no. 11 (November 30, 2020): 91–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.37547/tajiir/volume02issue11-18.
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The growth of the world's population and the accelerated development of economic sectors are causing the expansion of the use of natural resources and an increase in anthropogenic pressure on them. This situation causes social and environmental problems in regions with intensively developed sectors of the economy and high population density.
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Musiał, Wiesław, and Kamila Musiał. "DEANIMALISATION PROCESSES IN THE POLISH CARPATHIANS – PRODUCTION, ECONOMIC AND ECOLOGICAL ASPECTS." Annals of the Polish Association of Agricultural and Agribusiness Economists XXI, no. 4 (November 21, 2019): 331–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0013.5912.
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This paper addresses a current issue regarding the increasing problem of a decreasing cattle population in the Polish Carpathians. The problem exacerbated after 1990, as a result of changes in prices of the means of production and agricultural products. It intensified even further after Poland joined the EU. The decrease in cattle population is observed in all districts in the Carpathians. This article includes a diagnosis of four such districts: two with the highest decrease (Łańcut: -67.0% and Sucha: -52.6%) and two with the smallest decrease in cattle population (Bieszczdy: -8.1% and Wadowice: -11.5%). Expert assessments were used to this end. The article includes a definition and analysis of the deanimalisation process and an indication of the consequences of this process in agriculture, in the local environment and in the broadly understood ecological context. It follows from the research that favourable natural conditions, good for breeding ruminants, largely determine high cattle density but, at the same time, these conditions do not impact the decrease in the cattle population to such an extent. The decrease is related to the low concentration of herds, generational changes and the disappearance of local dairy markets. As a result of progressing deanimalisation, abandoned meadows and pastures, as well as part of arable lands, are being permanently lost. Instead, these lands become overgrown with invasive plant species and shrubbery.
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Andreeva*, I. V., E. I. Shatalova, and A. V. Khodakova. "The diamondback moth Plutella xylostella: ecological and biological aspects, harmfulness, population control." PLANT PROTECTION NEWS 104, no. 1 (April 19, 2021): 28–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31993/2308-6459-2021-104-1-14947.
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Data on prevalence, biological and physiological characteristics of the diamondback moth Plutella xylostella (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae) are presented. Pest damage is described. Reasons causing increase in harmfulness and economic importance of the insect are noted. An increase in the number of generations able to develop during growing season and earlier pest emergence are recorded under conditions of Siberian region. Factors contributing to the insect density dynamics, including plant species and variety, entomophagous arthropods and entomopathogenic microorganisms, have been considered. Range of chemical insecticides recommended for diamondback moth management in Russian Federation has been indicated. An increase in resistance to chemicals and certain entomopathogens in P. xylostella populations in different regions of the world has been recorded. Possibility of pheromone traps exploitation for efficient pest detection and monitoring has been established. Perspectives of novel efficient and safe means of pest density regulation have been defined.
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Pollnac, Richard B., John W. McManus, A. E. del Rosario, A. A. Banzon, S. G. Vergara, and M. L. G. Gorospe. "Unexpected relationships between coral reef health and socio-economic pressures in the Philippines: reefbase/RAMP applied." Marine and Freshwater Research 51, no. 5 (2000): 529. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf99053.
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The paper analyses variables hypothesized to affect the health of coral reefs. These variables include fishing pressure as measured by fisher density and land-based human activities as indicated by population, relative wealth, waste disposal and aspects of land use. Findings indicating that the healthiest coral reef areas are characterized by higher fisher densities as well as greater increases in population density were, at first, surprising. In retrospect, the results fit perfectly with human ecological theory; where possible, people tend to migrate from resource-poor to resource-rich areas. Any synchronic analyses of the interrelationships between the condition of aresource and associated population size or density will probably be confounded by the dynamics of the populations dependent on the resource. Hence, there is a need to account for this dynamic when researching anthropogenic effects on coral reefs. The findings also indicate that less-healthy reefs are found in areas with a higher percentage of land devoted to permanent crops; this appears to be related to observed high levels of runoff from permanent crops.
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Borisova, Vera, and Michał Bilczak. "Methodological Aspects of the Typology of Regions and Territorial Formations." Olsztyn Economic Journal 15, no. 3 (November 30, 2020): 229–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31648/oej.6540.
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This paper presents the typology of regions in developed countries. It includes illustrated scientific concepts of describing development of regional territorial systems based on local cores used as the basis for the typology. The article identifies typologies, highlighting reasons behind the attractiveness of individual regions for capital and labour; as well as links among economic operators. Typology methods for European regions are discussed, including typologies associated with transport accessibility, economic specialisation and the functional structure of regions. In most typologies, the basic developmental factors and solutions to practical issues are taken into account. A special role is played by typologies that are associated with economic growth and those that take into consideration a GDP per capita increase; along with the population density factor. Attention is drawn to the use of research on the typology of regions with regards to developmental planning, modelling and strategizing.
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EBELING, W., and A. SCHARNHORST. "DYNAMICS OF ECONOMIC AND TECHNOLOGICAL SEARCH PROCESSES IN COMPLEX ADAPTIVE LANDSCAPES." Advances in Complex Systems 04, no. 01 (March 2001): 71–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219525901000139.
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We investigate the dynamics of economic evolution and technological change as hill-climbing in an adaptive landscape over a continuous characteristics space. A technology/firm is described by a large number of attributes or characteristics representing technology-inherent aspects, financial, organizational and economic features. These parameters span a characteristics space, which is a real Euclidean vector space, in analogy to the phenotype space in biology. Further we define a real-valued multimodal fitness function/functional and a population density over the characteristics space. The evolutionary dynamics including competition and mutations/innovations is modeled by reaction-diffusion equations of Fisher–Eigen or Lotka–Volterra type. We demonstrate the potential of such models, which in certain aspects go beyond the widespread applications of discrete replicator dynamics. Concerning technological change the emergence of technological populations as the result of a search process in an adaptive landscape will be investigated. In particular, the relation between incremental and radical innovations will be considered, especially the apparent paradox of a discrete continuum of technological change. Further, an application of the developed framework to the assessment of firms in the stock market is discussed.
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Krunic, Nikola, Aleksandra Gajic, Danijela Srnic, and Dragutin Tosic. "Spatial aspects of demographic processes in Serbia." Stanovnistvo 56, no. 2 (2018): 23–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/stnv1802023k.
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Changes in the trends, distribution and structures of the population identified through censuses (such as the changes in total population, gender, educational, age and other structures) are crucial for understanding spatial phenomena and processes like urbanization. Numerous urban geography studies researching the development of systems of settlements in former Yugoslavia, which carried on in Serbia, were the foundation for a singular theoretical and methodological framework for researching spatial phenomena and processes focused precisely on the understanding of dynamic changes in the structures of the population and their territorial manifestation. Other than in scientific research, this approach found direct application in spatial and urban planning, when defining the measures directing demographic development, arrangement of urban functions, formation of a system of settlements, planning infrastructure development, etc. More recently, this theoretical and methodological framework was enhanced using GIS technologies, which allow for the integration of spatial and statistical data and provide for a powerful analytical tool. Data integration has spurred new research on the correlation between demographic and spatial phenomena and the mutual relationships and influences between spatial and demographic development. This paper presents an overview of existing research on the mutual influence between population development trends and spatial changes manifest through the fluctuations in the intensity of built-up areas, population density, infrastructure development, etc. A model of population distribution was created by using selected census statistical data and correlating them with phenomena in actual geospace. Emphasis is placed on the significance of using this and similar models in further research on the population?s impact on the environment, directing economic development, protection in emergency situations, and numerous other areas.
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Rivza, Baiba, Maiga Kruzmetra, and Peteris Rivza. "Linear and structural changes in rural space – the positive and problematic aspects (case of Latvia)." Open Agriculture 5, no. 1 (October 20, 2020): 669–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/opag-2020-0068.
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AbstractRural areas as a space have many features in common: land as a significant resource for economic activity, forests as a natural kind of climate-friendly environment, a low population density, etc. At the same time, the natural resources of rural areas tend to be exploited in a different way, which is determined by the different activities of the population of a particular territorial unit about the exploitation of the natural resources. By employing cluster analysis, an analysis of 110 administrative-territorial units forming the space outside cities of national significance allowed identifying the geographical locations of the least economically developed territorial units and the most specific socio-economic characteristics of the units. Geographically, the territorial units were spread across all the planning regions in Latvia, while business and entrepreneurship there focused on the use of natural resources, i.e. agriculture, forestry and fisheries. The trend has been observed since 2009 and requires seeking innovative ideas for changing the situation, one of which could be the expansion of the e-environment and e-commerce in these areas as well as the establishment of a cooperation network for home producers.
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Zhong, Zhenfang. "Factors Influencing Regional Economic Vitality Based on Regression Analysis." E3S Web of Conferences 214 (2020): 02021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021402021.
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The urban economic vitality refers to capacity and potential of urban economic development. At present, Chinese cities are in a period of rapid growth, the vitality of urban economy has become a driving force for attracting talents, urban construction and sustainable regional development. Based on multiple stepwise regressions, this paper quantitatively analyzes the current regional economic vitality and future development from different regions and different perspectives. This paper models and analyzes the economic vitality of different provinces of China from six aspects: population change, corporate development vitality, regional development, regional environment, industry development, and income level. The results show the increase of urban population and population density is conducive to the enhancement of regional economic vitality, and the absorption of enterprises can drive the regional economic growth. We use propensity score matching to calculate the change of the growth rate of the number of enterprises after the implementation of the policy, and analyze the short-term and long-term effects of changes in economic policy factors on regional economic vitality. This paper quantifies the key factors affecting the survival of urban enterprises, and provides theoretical support for promoting urban economic vitality. Finally, we tested the model, verified the rationality of the results, and extended the scope of application of the model, which has certain reference value in practical applications.
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Vishnevsky, Denis. "TERRITORIAL AND SPATIAL ORGANIZATION: WORLD EXPERIENCE AND TRENDS." Urban development and spatial planning, no. 77 (May 24, 2021): 73–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.32347/2076-815x.2021.77.73-86.
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The article analyzes the current trends in urban development systems. As a result of identifying the main problems of urban development, groups of issues were formed, in particular, economic, social, environmental, social, psychological and technological aspects. Each of these blocks significantly affects the comfortable living of the population of large cities, as well as affects the sustainable development of territories. Problems of overpopulation, which create new socio-economic challenges and increase man-made impact on ecosystems, are the main problems of development of areas that have become the cause of other problematic aspects. The article analyzes the demographic processes of different regions of the world and their impact on the formation of megacities. It is determined that the largest cities in the world are formed in countries with the largest population and high population density. An analysis of the largest cities in the world by population, location and population density is given. according to the conducted analysis the preconditions defining tendencies of development of megacities are formed. In accordance with these prerequisites, a projection of the development of megacities by regions of the world depending on the current situation, factors influencing the development of urban systems and analysts' forecasts. According to these forecasts, urban trends in different regions of the world are analyzed. The map of the largest megacities of the world on the basis of which their territorial zoning is carried out is presented. The results of the study can be used to determine the prospects for the development of urban systems, finding ways for further urban development in the face of new challenges.
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Mehrparvar, Mohsen, Seyed Mozaffar Mansouri, and Bijan Hatami. "Some bioecological aspects of the rose aphid, Macrosiphum rosae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) and its natural enemies." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Agriculture and Environment 8, no. 1 (December 1, 2016): 74–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ausae-2016-0007.
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Abstract The rose aphid, Macrosiphum rosae, is one of the most important pests on roses in the world and it causes economic damage. In this study, biology, seasonal population dynamics, and status of natural enemies of the rose aphid were studied. Seasonal population dynamics was studied by randomly sampling 10 shoots every week in two locations of Isfahan, Iran. Rose aphid with a high population density, both in spring (April and May) and in autumn (November), was observed on roses. The results showed that the rose aphid overwinters as parthenogenetic females and nymphs. This aphid migrates to a secondary host, Dipsacus fullonum (Dipsacaceae), in summer due to poor food quality of rose plants. Since sexual form and egg of the rose aphid were not observed in Isfahan, it is probably anholocyclic species with host alternation in this area. Natural enemies of the rose aphid include four species of Coccinellidae, three species of Syrphidae, two species of Chamaemyiidae, one species of Chrysopidae, a few species of Anthocoridae and Miridae, and one species of Cantharidae. One species of ectoparasite mite of Erythraeidae was also collected. In addition, four species of parasitoid wasps, Braconidae, were collected.
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Becker, Otwin, and Ulrike Leopold-Wildburger. "Optimal dynamic control of predator–prey models." Central European Journal of Operations Research 28, no. 2 (November 2, 2019): 425–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10100-019-00656-7.
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Abstract This paper combines work to use a decision support tool for sustainable economic development, while acknowledging interdependent dynamics of population density, and interferences from outside. We get new insights derived from experimental approaches: analytical models (optimal dynamic control of predator–prey models) provide optimal dynamic strategies and interventions, depending on different objective functions. Our economic experiments are able to test the applicability of these strategies, and in how far decision-makers can learn to improve decision-making by repeated applications. We aim to analyse a sustainable environment with diametrical goals to harvest as much as possible while allowing optimal population growth. We find interesting insights from those who manage the dynamic system. With the methodology of experimental economics, the experiment at hand is developed to analyse the capability of individual persons to handle a complex system, and to find an economic, stable equilibrium in a neutral setting. We have developed a most interesting simulation model, where it will turn out that prices play a less important role than availability of the goods. This aspect could become a new important aspect in economics in general and in sustainable environments especially.
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Cui, Jiaxing, Xuesong Kong, Jing Chen, Jianwei Sun, and Yuanyuan Zhu. "Spatially Explicit Evaluation and Driving Factor Identification of Land Use Conflict in Yangtze River Economic Belt." Land 10, no. 1 (January 5, 2021): 43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10010043.
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Regional land use transitions driven by the adaptive reconciliation of existing land use conflict with socioeconomic development can lead to positive economic effects as well as new land use conflict. Although research on land use transition has progressed considerably, limited studies have explored the spatiotemporal dynamic pattern of land use conflict during the land use transition period. Previous evaluation approaches on land use conflict that mainly focus on status or potential conflict lack conflict intensity evaluation during the land use transition process. A new spatially explicit evaluation framework of land use conflict that directly examines three aspects of conflict, namely, ecological and agricultural (EAC), agricultural and construction (ACC), and ecological and construction (ECC) land conflicts based on ecological quality and agricultural suitability, is proposed in this study. The spatiotemporal dynamic pattern and driving factors of land use conflict in the Yangtze River Economic Belt of China in the period of 2000–2018 are evaluated. The results indicated that comprehensive land use conflict (CLUC) intensity slightly decreased by 9.91% and its barycenter showed a trend toward the west during 2000–2018. ACC is the most drastic conflict among the three aspects of conflict. The mean intensity of ACC reduced remarkably by 38.26%, while EAC increased by 33.15% and ECC increased by 28.28% during the research periods. The barycenter of EAC moved toward the east while the barycenter of ACC and ECC moved toward the west. The changes in the intensity and spreading pattern of land use conflict indices demonstrated the changes in the pattern of territorial space development. Total population, population density, per capita GDP, number of mobile phone users, and road density were strong drivers that influenced the land use conflict of territorial space. Multiple policy recommendations including improving territorial space planning and governance ability, and improving land use efficiency, were proposed to manage and resolve the land use conflict of territorial space. The results and conclusions of this study will help improve future regional land use policies and reduce land use conflict.
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Wang, Tongli, and Sally N. Aitken. "Variation in xylem anatomy of selected populations of lodgepole pine." Canadian Journal of Forest Research 31, no. 11 (November 1, 2001): 2049–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/x01-142.
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Variation in xylem anatomy among selected populations of lodgepole pine (Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud. var. latifolia Engelm.) was examined using digital image analysis based on an annual growth ring (age 10) per tree. Four subpopulations were selected using the following criteria for height growth and wood density: (i) fast growth and high density; (ii) slow growth and high density; (iii) fast growth and low density; and (iv) slow growth and low density. Significant differences were found among subpopulations for several anatomical parameters including tracheid density, lumen size, and cell wall thickness that may affect the economic value and utilization of wood. Principal component analysis indicate that the first four principal components (PCs) were associated with (i) ring area (PC1), (ii) earlywood density (PC2), (iii) latewood density (PC3), and (iv) lumen shape in earlywood (PC4), suggesting that these aspects of wood properties and growth are controlled by different sets of genes. Relative contributions of total number of tracheids, tracheid lumen size, and cell wall thickness to ring area and correlations between cell wall area proportion and X-ray density are discussed.
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Farias, Areano Ethério Moreira de, José Romero Alexandre Alves, Francisco Selmo Fernandes Alves, Raymundo Rizaldo Pinheiro, Patrícia Yoshida Faccioli-Martins, Ana Milena Cézar Lima, Sérgio Santos Azevedo, and Clebert José Alves. "Characterization of goat production systems in five states of northeastern Brazil." Semina: Ciências Agrárias 40, no. 6Supl3 (October 16, 2019): 3691. http://dx.doi.org/10.5433/1679-0359.2019v40n6supl3p3691.
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Goat farming is a very important activity contributing to the social and economic development of northeastern (NE) Brazil. The objective of the present study was to characterize the goat farming production system in five of the nine states that constitute the Brazilian NE (Ceará, Paraíba, Piauí, Rio Grande do Norte, and Sergipe). Research was carried out in 230 rural properties located in 62 municipalities of the NE of Brazil, in regions exhibiting a productive arrangement and significant goat population density. An epidemiological questionnaire seeking information on economic, productive, and social aspects of owners/properties was supplied to all properties. The results described the goat farming system in the Brazilian NE as family and subsistence, directed towards domestic consumption and local commerce, and exhibiting a low technological level. The farmers' education level, investments, and technical assistance were all considered low, and thus insufficient or inadequate for a full development of the activity in the region. Therefore, such aspects are suggested to be taken into account in the planning of future goat farming development policies—particularly financing and technical assistance, better preparation of farmers, administrative aspects, forage production and conservation, and the implementation of actions towards reproductive and frequent disease control.
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Avdeeva, Elena, Tatiana Averina, and Larisa Kochetova. "Life quality and living standards in big cities under conditions of high-rise construction development." E3S Web of Conferences 33 (2018): 03013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183303013.
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Modern urbanization processes occurring on a global scale inevitably lead to an increase in population density in large cities. People assess the state of life quality and living standards of megalopolises under conditions of high-rise construction development ambiguously. Using SWOT analysis, the authors distinguished positive and negative aspects of high-rise construction, highlighted threats to its development and its opportunities. The article considers the model of development of the city’s industry and infrastructure, which enables determining the optimal volume of production by sectors and branches of city economy in order to increase its innovative, production and economic potential and business activity.
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Preobrazhenskiy, Yuri, and Anna Firsova. "Re-balancing of intensive and extensive factors in the center-peripheral system under the influence of technological development." Journal of the Geographical Institute Jovan Cvijic, SASA 71, no. 1 (2021): 59–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ijgi2101059p.
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Regional development prospects depend on a set of factors, among which the most essential are the population density, distance between actors, and the level of development. Those aspects are revealed, on one hand, while analyzing the type of regional development (intensive or extensive), and on the other hand, from the standpoint of the center-peripheral model. An assessment of the sectoral structure of employed people in the economy of the region and the population density are also used to identify the development type. The combination of these approaches makes it possible to identify the regional capacity for innovations diffusion and knowledge spillover. The aim of the research is to assess regional differences in the economy sectoral structure for identifying the innovative and extensive types of Russian regions. There are other methods used in the research as well: cartographic analysis, structural-sectoral analysis, and typology. The types of regions characterized by disproportions of intensive and extensive development have been identified. Measures are proposed to realize the regional economic potential. The issues of the territorial transformation of the settlement system and economic space are discussed. Further research is associated with an extended analysis of intensive development factors and cross-county comparison of the factors of innovations diffusion intensity and knowledge spillover.
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Park, Yoonkyung, Ananta Man Singh Pradhan, Ungtae Kim, Yun-Tae Kim, and Sangdan Kim. "Development and Application of Urban Landslide Vulnerability Assessment Methodology Reflecting Social and Economic Variables." Advances in Meteorology 2016 (2016): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/4572498.
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An urban landslide vulnerability assessment methodology is proposed with major focus on considering urban social and economic aspects. The proposed methodology was developed based on the landslide susceptibility maps that Korean Forest Service utilizes to identify landslide source areas. Frist, debris flows are propagated to urban areas from such source areas by Flow-R (flow path assessment of gravitational hazards at a regional scale), and then urban vulnerability is assessed by two categories: physical and socioeconomic aspect. The physical vulnerability is related to buildings that can be impacted by a landslide event. This study considered two popular building structure types, reinforced-concrete frame and nonreinforced-concrete frame, to assess the physical vulnerability. The socioeconomic vulnerability is considered a function of the resistant levels of the vulnerable people, trigger factor of secondary damage, and preparedness level of the local government. An index-based model is developed to evaluate the life and indirect damage under landslide as well as the resilience ability against disasters. To illustrate the validity of the proposed methodology, physical and socioeconomic vulnerability levels are analyzed for Seoul, Korea, using the suggested approach. The general trend found in this study indicates that the higher population density areas under a weaker fiscal condition that are located at the downstream of mountainous areas are more vulnerable than the areas in opposite conditions.
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Mukhametov, A. R., I. T. Gaisin, V. А. Rubtsov, and V. P. Sidorov. "DEMOGRAPHIC PROBLEMS OF THE RURAL POPULATION OF THE PREDVOLZHSKY ECONOMIC REGION OF THE REPUBLIC OF TATARSTAN." Bulletin of Udmurt University. Series Biology. Earth Sciences 30, no. 3 (October 29, 2020): 340–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.35634/2412-9518-2020-30-3-340-348.
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The study of rural population in the regional context makes it possible to identify demographic problems and analyze the factors influencing the state of rural population and settlements of the republic on the example of the Predvolzhsky agrarian economic region (Predvolzhie) of the Republic of Tatarstan with predominantly rural population. The period for considering the development of the rural population of the economic region was chosen from 1959 to 2019, since the Soviet period of the development of the planned economy and the formation of market relations in agriculture in the republic has its own characteristics and aspects. A significant impact on the rural population of the republic was exerted by the large-scale diversified development of industrial production: the automotive industry, petrochemical production, and the electric power industry. The study reveals the complex impact of historical, geographical, social, economic, transport factors affecting the demographic processes in the rural population of this economic region. The dynamics of changes in the main indicators of demographic processes of the rural population of the Volga region is considered on the example of Apastovsky, Buinsky, Drozhzhanovsky, Kaibitsky, Kamsko-Ustinsky and Tetyushsky rural municipal districts of the Republic of Tatarstan. The article shows the internal territorial differences in the population density of the Predvolzhsky economic region and analyzes the main demographic indicators (birth rate, mortality, decline in dynamics over 60 years), and also reveals positive and negative trends of these indicators using the example of specific municipal areas. The analysis of changes in the dynamics of the rural population and settlements and the reasons for its decrease is presented on the basis of statistical materials of the All-Union and All-Russian population censuses. The article identifies three periods of development of the rural population in the municipal districts of the Predvolzhsky economic region of the Republic of Tatarstan, which reflect the general picture of the vector of development of the rural population of the republic in the period under study. The current crisis state of the demographic indicators of the agrarian economic region shows the need for targeted management decisions in this direction. The research emphasizes that at the moment the country people need economic stability. Existence in rural areas of jobs, the stable salary will allow to stabilize a situation of reduction of country people.
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W, Heri Sukendar. "Hubungan antara Kelestarian Ekonomi dan Lingkungan: Suatu Kajian Literatur." Binus Business Review 4, no. 2 (November 29, 2013): 841–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21512/bbr.v4i2.1400.
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Pollution of the environment faced is generally caused by economic activity. Traditional economic theory placed trade-off between economic growth and environmental quality. However, since the early 1990s the empirical literature and theoretical literature have been growing rapidly. Research has shown that the relationship between economic growth and the environment can be positive. Research has shown the effect of income on environmental sustainability, control of population density. However, environmental pollution can be controlled to obtain optimal pollution which gives the maximum net benefits of economic activity. Identification of contaminants is required when optimal pollution can be determined. Economic instruments can be used to sue the polluters to control their economic activities. Selection of economic instruments that will be applied will work fine if the value of environmental contamination is known. In fact, pollution is not valuable, and therefore, the economic valuation of pollution is required. Several assessment techniques have been introduced, based on the type of pollution. The results also show that the conventional wisdom focuses more on the pollution control, in which they must be combined with the development of policy options that focus on ecoefficiency aspects of environmental sustainability and innovation in the process of economic development. If not, the economic growth will continue to degrade the environment in most countries.
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Shentyakova, Anna Vladimirovna. "Social Capital of Youth in a Modern City: Opportunities for Empirical Research." RUDN Journal of Political Science 23, no. 1 (December 15, 2021): 130–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-1438-2021-23-1-130-140.
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Modern megalopolis concentrates all groups of resources including economic, political, cultural, information, human resources, etc. The high population density, economic and geographic situation, complex multiethnic and multicultural structure of large cities contribute to certain types of values and behavioral models in the younger generation. The neo-institutional approach and social capital theory were chosen as a methodological basis. The article examines a number of methodological works devoted to various aspects of the social capital and explores the opportunity for this concept application for analysis of the protest behavior motivation and assessment of the protest potential of young people. Combination of the economic model of multilevel analysis for measuring social capital by S.А. Sysoev and socio-political parameters for the empirical part allowed to clearly defining the main categories and indicators of analysis. Measuring the levels of social capital of a megalopolis with the inclusion a network component expands the range of opportunities for assessing and identifying the protest potential of large Russian cities residents.
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Cai, Qi, Yushi Cai, and Yali Wen. "Spatially Differentiated Trends between Forest Pest-Induced Losses and Measures for Their Control in China." Sustainability 11, no. 1 (December 23, 2018): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11010073.
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Historically, China has exhibited spatial differentiation in issues ranging from population distribution to ecological or economic development; forest pest-control work exemplifies this tendency. In recent times, global warming, man-made monoculture tree-plantations, increasing human population density, and intensified international trade aggravate forest pest outbreaks. Although the Chinese government has complied with internationally recommended practices, some aspects of pest management remain unaddressed due to existing differential regional imbalance in forest pest distribution and control capacities. Evidence shows that the high-income provinces in the south have taken advantage of economic and technological superiority, resulting in the adoption of more efficient pest-control measures. In contrast, the economically underdeveloped provinces of the northwest continue to experience a paucity of financial support that has led to serious threats of pest damage that almost mirror the demarcations of the Hu Huanyong Line. In this paper, we propose the introduction of a Public–Private–Partnership (PPP) model into forest pest control and the combination of the national strategies to enact regional prevention measures to break away from current spatially differentiated trends in China.
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Noviani, Rita, Lutfi Muta'ali, and Nasruddin Nasruddin. "FACING SOLO RAYA METROPOLITAN CITY: ANALYSIS OF THE DEVELOPMENT PLANNING." GeoEco 4, no. 2 (December 5, 2018): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.20961/ge.v4i2.22508.
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<p>Since 2010 Solo Raya has became part of the metropolis candidates that will continue to grow along with the agglomeration of Jogjakarta and Semarang. The problems that trail is the tendency of metropolitan magnitude that resulted in less functioning of the city as a catalyst for regional development. Further impact is the lagging of small and medium-sized cities (Tjahjati, 1995). The development of urban system is determined by both the comparative advantage and the competitive advantages, such as location, natural resources and human resources (Metropolitan Directorate, 2003), so that in planning the development it should focus on the ability to cooperate or synergize between regions (spatial synergism) either in urban and rural area or on a wider scale, cooperation between cities.</p><p>The purpose of this research was to arrange aspects and decision criteria in developing metropolitan area of Solo Raya. The method used is literature study approach which is then analyzed descriptively.</p><p>The result of analysis showed that in metropolitan area of the world there are 4 (four) main characteristics and problems, they are: (1) city as center of population, economy and government activity, (2) city with environmental problems (air, land and water), as a result of population density, public transportation, and garbage, (3) city with problems in the land aspect (land prices and housing provision) and (4) city with problems on social aspects (criminals and terrorists). The formulation of metropolitan area development planning is done with 3 (three) considerations, they are: (1) avoiding high social segregation between and among regions, (2) creating a balance population mobility and intra and inter-regional services (spirit of togetherness), (3) creating a regional economy (growth, equity and welfare) based on the local potential which has inter-regional connectivity (harmonization). Aspects and criteria are: regional management (spatial planning policy, regional competitiveness, regional marketing, inter-regional cooperation), urbanization (migration, urbanization, agglomeration and conurbation, social integration), economic development (economic growth, employment, economic equalization, urban poverty), regional connectivity (transportation, rural-urban linkage, territorial function), and environment (environmental supporting capacity, disaster risk, environmental degradation, disaster mitigation). The decision priorities include: Industrial City, Service City, City of Tourism and Culture, Trade City, and Agriculture.</p><p> </p>
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Petrov, Artur, and Daria Petrova. "Economics of high-rise construction: the feasibility of skyscrapers building in the Russian cities." E3S Web of Conferences 33 (2018): 03056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20183303056.
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The article considers the economic aspects of constructing high-rise buildings in the world and in Russia. Data on the number of high-rise buildings in Russian cities with a million population are presented. It is proved that interest in high-rise construction in Russia has been formed only in Moscow and partly in St. Petersburg and Yekaterinburg. The analysis showed that the reason for this is the expensiveness of high-rise construction. According to the enlarged macro-calculation, the cost of building 1 m2of the area of the Federation Towers complex (Moscow City) is about 2710 $/m2. Practically a possibility of return on investments in the foreseeable time interval exists only in Moscow. For the regions of Russia this task is rather complicated. Population density in regional Russian cities is quite low, business entities do not have the necessary financial resources for investing in high-rise construction, and investments from abroad absent.
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Губарева, Юлия Анатольевна. "Spatial features of population family structure of Belarus during the period of socio-economic transformations." Journal of the Belarusian State University. Geography and Geology, no. 1 (May 29, 2020): 14–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.33581/2521-6740-2020-1-14-26.
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The article is devoted to the modern tendencies of population family structure transformation in Belarus and their spatial heterogeneity. Spare-time trends of marriages, divorces and population family structure of Belarus during 1989‒2017 were determined. For researching period for population of Belarus marriage decline and divorce rate growth and general increasing of marriage and divorce from northern west to southern east are discovered. Marriage and divorce dynamics is influenced with demographic waves fluctuation. Reduction of number of families, simplification of structure of families, decreasing of family size and general regional degradation of family structure from south to north of Belarus were found out. Economic-geographical typology of administrative districts of Belarus on family structure character was worked through. Dividing approach of economic-geographical typology has double-component character and consider interests of national demographic policy which has pronatalistic aims. On the base of complex of marriage, divorce, family density, family size and family types structure with considering of features of demographic situation characterized with parameters of population natural movement and age structure 3 main economic-geographical types and 9 subtypes of Belarusian districts were distinguished by character of family structure of population. These types are demographic central with progressive family structure, demographic semi-peripheral with family structure of transit type, demographic peripheral with regressive family structure. Demographic central districts with progressive family structure are characterized with relatively preferable parameters of demographic situation and family-matrimonial situation. Demographic semi-peripheral districts with family structure of transit type are the most widespread in Belarus and are characterized with non-stable demographic situation and family structure. Belarusian districts with regressive type of family structure include demographic peripheral territories and are characterized with adverse family structure and demographic situation in general. Economic-geographical researching of population family structure directed on studying and explaining of its modern tendencies must be based on the detailed examination of socio-economic, demographic and spare aspects.
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Popova, O. L. "Spatial injustice in the formation of land use territories in united communities." Ukrainian society 75, no. 4 (December 30, 2020): 81–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/socium2020.04.081.
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The author revealed the injustices in the territories formation of the united territorial communities (UTC) under the local self-government reform, which are manifested in different, uneven volumes of their land use and the resource basis in general for local socio-economic development. The methodological approach used by the authorities in determining the capacity of united communities in their formation (in terms of compliance with the criteria – the area and the population density), led to the fact that in rural areas with low population density they had to form large UTCs to reach specific parameters by population. The hypothesis that territorially large UTCs are capable is ambiguous: on the one hand, land tenure and land use is a resource for socio-economic development of communities, on the other – in a large area the cost of providing essential services to the population in remote villages increases together with the administrative and other costs. Paper proves that large-scale rural UTCs should become objects of the state support as the “rural areas in unfavourable conditions” under the State Strategy for Regional Development for 2021–2027. The author justifies injustices in the centralization of powers on disposal of land resources. The land decentralization as a transfer of relevant powers to UTC local governments will be finally completed, according to the Decree of the President of Ukraine “On some measures to accelerate reforms in the field of land relations” № 449 from 15.10.2020, which will contribute to orderliness in this area and filling local budgets. It is also advisable within the UTCs to give internal communities the right to dispose of their economic territory’s land resources in these communities’ interests. The paper shows discriminatory aspects of administrative reformatting of 120 voluntarily formed and functioning UTCs, according to the Government’s long-term plans for 2020: by recognizing them as insufficiently capable, they should join other communities or unite into larger UTCs.
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Druzhinin, V. N., V. G. Suvorov, A. N. Cherny, S. N. Troynakov, and U. T. Tukhtaev. "X-ray densitometric aspects of diagnosis of ulnar epicondylitis." Russian Journal of Occupational Health and Industrial Ecology, no. 1 (January 31, 2020): 19–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/1026-9428-2020-60-1-19-24.
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Introduction. Timely and adequate diagnosis and treatment of degenerative-dystrophic diseases of the bone and joint apparatus, which include epicondylitis (epicondylosis), including professionally caused, continues to be a serious health problem today, since they cause significant economic damage associated with temporary and persistent disability of the active part of the world’s population. In this regard, the search for methods and methodological approaches to improve the radiation diagnosis of this disease remains relevant. The study is devoted to solution of important medical problems, including occupational diseases-optimization of X-ray of the ulnar epicondylitis based on the use of new methodological approaches quantifying the density of pathological remodeling of bone structures in the subject area, that allow to objectify the direction of changes in monitoring intensity changes in the estimated structures.The aim of the study is to improve the quality of x-ray diagnostics of ulnar epicondylitis based on a precision assessment of the optical density of bone and periarticular tissues using digital radiography.Materials and methods. A comparative analysis of the results of a comprehensive clinical and radiological examination of patients, workers of the main group (fitters and laborers machine-building plants) working age range of 30–50 years with a clinical picture of subacute phase of the ulnar epicondylitis in the absence of a pathognomonic ultrasound findings and x-ray morphological signs of the disease. X-ray studies were performed using digital low-dose x-ray diagnostic devices. Visualization, processing, analysis of medical images and comparison of results in the dynamics of research were carried out using the programs «Lins machaon doctor’s workstation». To measure the conditional optical density of bone and soft tissues, we used the ROI tool (zone of interest), which allows us to determine the desired value in areas of different dimensions. Measurements were performed on digital radiographs and computer monitor screens in the areas of interest: the lateral parts of the humerus condyles and adjacent periarticular tissues with the calculation of the average values of the optical density index (ID) and optical density gradients (IDG) relative to the density of periarticular soft tissues.Results. Analysis of the results of a posteriori osteodensitometry of the distal humerus within the framework of the developed algorithm, which includes the use of absolute and relative indicators of conditional optical density after preliminary color correction of digital x-ray images of bone and paraossal tissue structures, allowed us to expand our understanding of the topography of the distribution of mineral saturation in the condyles of at-risk individuals relative to those of the control group. It was found that the indicators of optical density of bone and paraossal tissues can be a kind of (conditional), sometimes the only indicators of the degree of severity of changes, positive or negative dynamics of pathophysiological processes. Density differences in the distal parts of the right and left humerus (bony and soft -tissue paraossal structures of the condyles) in the control group (conditional norm) in terms of absolute optical density and its gradient, regardless of the assessment area, were insignificant (statistically unreliable), although they were multidirectional. In patients with clinical signs of epicondylitis in the absence of x-ray morphologically detectable structural changes, a decrease in ID and the dynamics of its recovery at various stages of observation were revealed. Even when the ID of the actual bone structure is relatively equal, the IDG differs in different people, since it is largely determined by metabolic processes that are dynamically more labile than in the bones, and thus serve as a kind of indicator of their intensity. Taking into account the relative torpidity of perestroika processes in the structures of the bone tissue of the condyles in epicondylitis, IDG should be considered a more informative indicator of their dynamics. The importance of optical density indicators as predictors of the considered pathology is particularly evident in the process of analyzing the results of its diagnosis and development in the dynamics of observations not so much at the collective as at the individual level of assessment.Conclusions. The application of the developed methodological approach allows us to significantly expand our understanding of the topographical distribution of the density of bone and soft tissue structures of the distal humerus at various stages of examination of patients, including the early subclinical phases of possible pathology, even in the absence of visually detectable x-ray morphological changes. The use of an original algorithm for evaluating tissue density will reduce the negative role of the so-called «human factor» and thus significantly ensure the objectivity of the interpretation of research results.Funding. The study had no funding.Conflict of interests. The authors declare no conflict of interests.
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Zahedi, Rafi, Parisa Ranjbaran, Gevork B. Gharehpetian, Fazel Mohammadi, and Roya Ahmadiahangar. "Cleaning of Floating Photovoltaic Systems: A Critical Review on Approaches from Technical and Economic Perspectives." Energies 14, no. 7 (April 6, 2021): 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14072018.
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There are some environmental factors, such as ambient temperature, dust, etc., which cause a reduction in the efficiency of Photovoltaic (PV) systems. Installation of PV panels on the water surface, commonly known as Floating Photovoltaic (FPV) systems, is one solution to employ PV panels in a cooler environment, achieve higher efficiency, and reduce water evaporation. FPV systems open up new opportunities for scaling up solar generating capacity, especially in countries with high population density and valuable lands, as well as countries with high evaporation rates and water resources deficiency. Since the FPV system is an almost new concept, its cleaning techniques have not been comprehensively studied. While FPV systems are located on the surface of water resources and reservoirs, the water quality can limit the application of different cleaning techniques. Therefore, this paper investigates different techniques of FPV systems cleaning and categorizes them into water-based and water-free approaches. In addition, their cleaning frequencies, as well as economic aspects, are presented and discussed to determine their merits and demerits for using them in FPV systems.
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Nuryadin, Didi, Samsubar Saleh, Amirullah Setya Hardi, and Evita Hanie Pangaribowo. "Developing a Dynamic Model for Sustainable Development in Yogyakarta City." Indonesian Journal of Planning and Development 4, no. 2 (October 31, 2019): 57–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.14710/ijpd.4.2.57-68.
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Developments in Yogyakarta City have driven residents of the city and its outskirts to access available social facilities, such as education, healthcare, and employment. If this continues, various social and urban problems may emerge, including increased population density and traffic congestion. Another implication of this process is decreased environmental carrying capacity as a result of continued use of non-sustainable approaches to development. This study aims to model the complexity of the relationships between aspects i.e., social, economic, and environmental of the area studied. The system dynamics method is used, as it is a disciplinary approach that is able to fully explore problems that occur in interconnected systems rather than examining incidents partially. As the basis for this model, the causal loop diagram (CLD) model has been applied based on literature studies and field observations. The result shows that developments in the tourism and education sectors are the main factors affecting the intersections of social, economic, and environmental considerations.
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Sukharev, Mikhail. "Correlation between the levels of digitalization and economic indicators in Russian regions." Теоретическая и прикладная экономика, no. 1 (January 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.25136/2409-8647.2021.1.34788.
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This article is dedicated to examination of the questions of interinfluence of digital and traditional economy in the regions of the Russian Federation. On the one hand, digital economy stimulates the development of traditional economy; while on the other hand, digitalization requires acquisition of equipment, digital communication services, software, and recruitment of qualified personnel. The interaction of digital and traditional economies differs in the regions with commodity sector, industrial regions, mixed economy regions, metropolitan areas, and territories with low population density. The growing importance of digital economy in the overall development of the regions and the country requires comprehensive examination of digitalization processes with regards to both, economy and society. The scientific novelty consists in the use of big data for tracing correlations between the available indicators of development of digital economy and various aspects of traditional economy established in the Russian region. Based on the database of the Unified Interdepartmental Information Statistical System, the author constructed scatter diagrams, calculated correlation coefficients and trend lines to determine the interdependence of these indicators. The article examined the link between the number of personal computers in the region, level of public access to the Internet, GRP, cost of labor, and users of satellite communication systems. The author determines the instances of positive and negative interinfluence, and discusses the probable causes their different vector.
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Dutta, Swati, Suchandra Bardhan, Sanjukkta Bhaduri, and Siddhartha Koduru. "Understanding the Relationship Between Density and Neighbourhood Environmental Quality – A Framework for Assessing Indian Cities." International Journal of Sustainable Development and Planning 15, no. 7 (November 13, 2020): 1067–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.18280/ijsdp.150711.
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The paper brings forth key issues concerning environmentally sustainable development of cities in the wake of rapid urbanization and shows the pathway for future sustainable cities of India. Studies reveal that around the world smaller cities are going to accommodate a larger number of people in the future and be the engines of economic growth and development. A thorough study to ascertain intra-city residential patterns is undertaken. It is perceived that to establish a relationship between residential patterns based on built-forms, distribution of dwelling units, population distribution, etc. (collectively known as physical density) and environmental quality, it is quintessential that local environmental problems are studied at the neighbourhood level. Following this, the terms density and environmental quality are defined and common measures adopted to describe the different types of physical density and indicators to assess neighbourhood environmental quality (NEQ) are identified. The literature review reveals that studies taking into account physical aspects of the built environment and their impact on urban environmental quality (UEQ) are sparse especially in the Indian context, thus justifying the scope of the work. The study concludes with the discussion of impacts of increasing density on environmental quality and identification of a set of variables as emerging from the literature review to help formulate an adaptive indicator framework for assessing NEQ in Indian cities.
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Chairuddin, Zulkarnain. "Identifikasi Lahan Pertanian Pangan Berkelanjutan di Kabupaten Gowa, Sulawesi Selatan: Zonasi Lingkup Kawasan Mamminasata Menggunakan Pendekatan MCDM." Jurnal Ecosolum 7, no. 2 (October 30, 2018): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.20956/ecosolum.v7i2.6852.
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The protection of agricultural land is very important to be studied scientifically considering the rapid growth of the population so that the possibility of land use conflict is very high. The main purpose of this research is to identify and inventory agricultural land of food especially existing rice-paddy fields to find zonasi agricultural land for sustainable foodcrops (ALSF) and agricultural reserved land for sustainable foodcrops (ARLSF)) with the level of threat from the transfer function in Gowa Regency area of hinterland Mamminasata, South Sulawesi. This study used a multiple criteria decision making approach with purpose mapping function of ALSF and ARLSF. The generic attributes, from: the biophysical aspects of the land (altitude, sizes of soil cracking, length of rice-field in slope landscape unit, proportion of paddy field area, top soil thickness), and socio-economic aspects (population density, population growth rate, demand for paddy field, productivity of paddy fields, equilibrium of paddy field), and policy aspects (local regulations status, detailed spatial plan status, type of irrigation networks). While the scenario of zonation of ALSF and ARLSF is used the criteria of distance from the provincial capital (Makassar) and the district capital (Sombaopu), the status of the rice-paddy field equilibrium and the trend pattern of percentage of space requirement. The results of the research shows that the existing position of paddy field is identified as ALSF and ARLSF zonation currently 24,210 Ha. The level of vulnerability of land conversion, which is in a "safe" position of 15,407 Ha (63.64%), and "threatened" of 8,803 Ha (36.36%). The prediction of productivity potential is related to the area of land that can be managed optimally in the vulnerable time up to the year 2020 covering 19,499 Ha (80.54%), and subsequently, by 2040 the area will shrink to only 10,173 Ha (42.02%).
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Stanković, Jelena J., Ivana Marjanović, Jason Papathanasiou, and Saša Drezgić. "Social, Economic and Environmental Sustainability of Port Regions: MCDM Approach in Composite Index Creation." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 9, no. 1 (January 13, 2021): 74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse9010074.
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Maritime transport and ports are among the most important linkages between global economies, handling more than 90% of internationally traded goods. Economic importance of maritime transport imposes significant implications on the social and environmental performance of port regions. The paper aims to create composite indices as relevant, scientific-based tools used in comparing and monitoring various aspects of sustainability across 37 sea port regions in seven countries on the European side of the Mediterranean, covering a five-year period from 2014 to 2018. The model encompasses Eurostat and OECD annual NUTS2 level data covering economic, social and environmental dimensions of sustainability. Two important indicators of maritime transport activity, maritime transport of freight and maritime transport of passengers, are included within the group of economic indicators. To create composite indices, the multicriteria decision making (MCDM) framework was used as an integrated approach of entropy in the weighting segment, and the Preference Ranking Organization METHod for Enrichment of Evaluations (PROMETHEE) as an aggregation method. The results highlight GDP per capita and population density as indicators of the greatest relative importance when it comes to port regions sustainability. The ranking results indicate that, despite the fact that Attica is the best ranked region in terms of overall sustainability, the largest number of top rated port regions are in Italy, Spain and France.
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Quinn, Terrance J., and Jeremy S. Collie. "Sustainability in single–species population models." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 360, no. 1453 (January 29, 2005): 147–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2004.1577.
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In this paper, we review the concept of sustainability with regard to a single–species, age–structured fish population with density dependence at some stage of its life history. We trace the development of the view of sustainability through four periods. The classical view of sustainability, prevalent in the 1970s and earlier, developed from deterministic production models, in which equilibrium abundance or biomass is derived as a function of fishing mortality. When there is no fishing mortality, the population equilibrates about its carrying capacity. We show that carrying capacity is the result of reproductive and mortality processes and is not a fixed constant unless these processes are constant. There is usually a fishing mortality, F MSY , which results in MSY, and a higher value, F ext , for which the population is eventually driven to extinction. For each F between 0 and F ext , there is a corresponding sustainable population. From this viewpoint, the primary tool for achieving sustainability is the control of fishing mortality. The neoclassical view of sustainability, developed in the 1980s, involved population models with depensation and stochasticity. This view point is in accord with the perception that a population at a low level is susceptible to collapse or to a lack of rebuilding regardless of fishing. Sustainability occurs in a more restricted range from that in the classical view and includes an abundance th reshold. A variety of studies has suggested that fishing mortality should not let a population drop below a threshold at 10–20% of carrying capacity. The modern view of sustainability in the 1990s moves further in the direction of precaution. The fishing mortality limit is the former target of F MSY (or some proxy), and the target fishing mortality is set lower. This viewpoint further reduces the range of permissible fishing mortalities and resultant desired population sizes. The objective has shifted from optimizing long–term catch to preserving spawning biomass and egg production for the future. The use of discount rates in objective functions involving catch is not a suitable alternative to protecting reproductive value. As we move into the post–modern time period, new definitions of sustainability will attempt to incorporate he economic and social aspects of fisheries and/or ecosystem and habitat requirements. These definitions now involve ‘warm and fuzzy’ notions (healthy ecosystems and fishing communities, the needs of future generations, diverse fish communities) and value judgements of desired outcomes. Additional work is needed to make these definitions operational and to specify quantitative objectives to be achieved. In addition, multiple objectives may be incompatible, so trade–offs in what constitutes sustainability must be made. The advances made under the single–species approach should not be abandoned in the post–modern era, but rather enhanced and combined with new approaches in the multi–species and economic realms.
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Mutmainah, Herdiana, and Aprizon Putra. "Identification of Coastal Vulnerability at The North Pagai Island of Mentawai Using Smartline Method." Sumatra Journal of Disaster, Geography and Geography Education 1, no. 2 (December 12, 2017): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/sjdgge.v1i2.98.
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Climate change and global warming have a negative impact on coastal, especially small islands. Abration and floods can be very danger and need response to minimize the disaster risks. A simple and practical method is needed to inform the location and type of coastal vulnerability and its risks along coastal segments. Smartline is a coastal management method that represents the geomorphology of coastal, hinterland and shoreline. The North Pagai is a small island, a part of the Mentawai Islands that located at the west offshore of Sumatra Island and one of the under developed areas in Indonesia. The island is surrounded by the Hindia Ocean and located on a subduction path of tectonic plate that prone to earthquakes and Tsunami. High rainfall, strong winds, the complexity of coastal morphology and also the majority of coastal residents and limited infrastructure make the problems more complicated. Tsunami in 2010 (7.7 Mw) caused the change of shoreline getting worst on The East Coast of The North Pagai Island. This study aims to identify the coastal vulnerability using Smartline method. The research was conducted on April and September 2016. The result concludes that physical aspect shows Saumangaya and Matobe Village at high and also very high level of vulnerability hence Sikakap Village at very high level. The socio-economic aspect shows that The Sikakap Village is more advanced but contrary more vulnerable to disaster in terms of population density and complex activities. The North Pagai Island is a vulnerable island from physical and socio-economic aspects.
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Zuparic-Iljic, Drago. "The number, status and organizational aspects of Serbs in Zagreb." Stanovnistvo 51, no. 1 (2013): 43–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/stnv1301043z.
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This paper provides an overview of the basic characteristics regarding number, as well as normative and functional status, i.e. legal and institutional status of Serbs in Zagreb. Furthermore, the paper describes some distinctions among organizational levels of Serbian minority in Zagreb, concerning the most important aspects of socio-cultural, educational and religious integration. Serbian minority members? number in Croatia and Zagreb is analyzed using an official demographic statistics, focusing primarily on major socio-demographic indicators, on population density and ethnic composition data for the population of Zagreb municipality for the period of 1981-2011. Legal position of the Serbian minority in Zagreb is described using analysis of official documents, including legislative framework provisions, which are related to issues of national minorities? status and rights. Institutional and organizational status is elucidated by using descriptive analysis of cultural, educational, media and religious aspects of minority?s life. The number of Serbs in Croatia decreased drastically in last twenty years, affecting their number being reduced to approximately one-third of the prewar number. In the period 1981 to 2011 there was a continuous increase of number and proportion of Croatian majority population, and continuous reduction of national minorities in Zagreb. The biggest percentile decreasing in the municipality of Zagreb (during period 1991-2001) have undergone members of the Serbian (57.7%), Slovenian (48.9%), and Montenegrin (43.7%) minority. In the case of Serbs, this is primarily and predominantly a consequence of forced emigration (displacement) induced by the war in the 1990s. Moreover, negative demographic trends together with a possibility of ?false? national declaration in census, as well as the relentless process of assimilation are counted as specific factors in reducing the number of national minorities? members. Status of Serbs as the former "constituent people/ethnicity" in Socialist Republic of Croatia was modified in the status of "national minority" in (Democratic) Republic of Croatia, due to constitutional changes in 1990. Today, in accordance with the provisions of the Constitutional Law on National Minorities in 2002 national minorities in Croatia enjoy the rights in the area of cultural (linguistic, educational and religious) autonomy. Implementation of these rights still faces many problems in everyday praxis, which is reflected in organizational aspects and levels of Serbs in Zagreb. Cultural, artistic, and educational associations and initiatives among Serbian minority organize activities that contribute to promotion, preservation and expressing specific national minority?s identity. Although satisfactory level of normative (legal) integration does not guarantee functional integration of minorities into wider socio-economic, cultural and political matrix, that normative integration, along with political will and favorable social climate, sets an essential precondition for the willingness to implement laws and regulations in order to improve Serbian minority status.
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Taubenböck, H., J. Post, A. Roth, K. Zosseder, G. Strunz, and S. Dech. "A conceptual vulnerability and risk framework as outline to identify capabilities of remote sensing." Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences 8, no. 3 (May 6, 2008): 409–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/nhess-8-409-2008.
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Abstract. This study aims at creating a holistic conceptual approach systematizing the interrelation of (natural) hazards, vulnerability and risk. A general hierarchical risk meta-framework presents potentially affected components of a given system, such as its physical, demographic, social, economic, political or ecological spheres, depending on the particular hazard. Based on this general meta-framework, measurable indicators are specified for the system "urban area" as an example. This framework is used as an outline to identify the capabilities of remote sensing to contribute to the assessment of risk. Various indicators contributing to the outline utilizing diverse remote sensing data and methods are presented. Examples such as built-up density, main infrastructure or population distribution identify the capabilities of remote sensing within the holistic perspective of the framework. It is shown how indexing enables a multilayer analysis of the complex and small-scale urban landscape to take different types of spatial indicators into account to simulate concurrence. The result is an assessment of the spatial distribution of risks within an urban area in the case of an earthquake and its secondary threats, using an inductive method. The results show the principal capabilities of remote sensing to contribute to the identification of physical and demographic aspects of vulnerability, as well as provide indicators for the spatial distribution of natural hazards. Aspects of social, economic or political indicators represent limitations of remote sensing for an assessment complying with the holistic risk framework.
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Salvia, Rosanna, Pere Serra, Ilaria Zambon, Massimo Cecchini, and Luca Salvati. "In-Between Sprawl and Neo-Rurality: Sparse Settlements and the Evolution of Socio-Demographic Local Context in a Mediterranean Region." Sustainability 10, no. 10 (October 14, 2018): 3670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su10103670.
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Dispersed urbanization during the last half century has transformed metropolitan regions into well-connected, low-density residential areas. However, this kind of urbanization has changed irreversibly the traditional rural landscape around cities, leading to a new definition of ‘rurality’. The present work discusses the intimate relationship between urban sprawl and new forms of rurality. Considering economic downturns and the possible impact on landscape transformations, our study focuses on a representative Mediterranean case of urban sprawl (the metropolitan region of Athens, Greece). In this area, urban settlements expanded rapidly into fringe land, producing relevant socio-demographic transformations that have determined uneven changes in rural landscapes. A spatially-explicit investigation of local-scale dynamics that characterize population residing in sparse settlements over a long time period (1961–2011)—encompassing distinct phases of urban growth and rural development—is relevant for analysis of local changes in the relationship between sprawl and new forms of rurality. A new concept of ‘rurality’—adapting to rapidly-evolving, mixed rural/peri-urban contexts—require reframing the relationship between rural landscapes, scattered settlements, economic cycles and socio-demographic aspects, in the light of a truly sustainable development of local territories.
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Corominas Coll, Dolors, Joan Carles Ferrer-Comalat, Salvador Linares-Mustarós, and Xavier Bertran. "A study of the strong Allee effect with fuzzy parameters for its application in economics." Kybernetes 46, no. 1 (January 9, 2017): 191–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-06-2016-0154.
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Purpose The purpose of this study is to present a detailed quantitative and qualitative fuzzy approach to the Allee effect that permits dealing with uncertainty. Design/methodology/approach The Allee effect is related to those aspects of population dynamics that are connected with a decrease in individual fitness when the population size diminishes to very low levels. It allows to model the evolution of certain sectors or clusters which, due to their low population density, may have problems of survival. In uncertain environments, an estimate of the effect’s parameters can be performed in the form of fuzzy numbers, which means that this study is using the methodology of fuzzy arithmetic. Findings This study reveals that fuzziness changes the behavior of the set of solutions when the strong Allee effect is studied under uncertainty from the point of view of standard difference or generalization of the Hukuhara difference. Originality/value The value and originality of the work consists in offering a set of tools for studying the evolution of a group of firms subject to an Allee effect in uncertain environments.
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Sá, Antonia Alikaene de, Maria Carolina de Abreu, and Francisco Soares Santos Filho. "Changes in the socioeconomic profile of Piauí: From the Spix and Martius expedition to nowadays." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 6 (May 23, 2021): e14510615492. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i6.15492.
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The study aimed to gather information about the socioeconomic aspects based on the reports from Spix and Martius expedition compared to the present day. The studied region is inserted in the basin of the Canindé River, of the semi-arid region of Piauí. The research was based on the report of Spix and Martius's book Viagem pelo Brasil, government websites, province reports and bibliographic research. The main changes that took place in the region were the move of the Capital from Oeiras to Teresina, the use of the navigability of the Parnaíba River and the construction of the Dairy Factory in Campinas, which started wage employment in Piauí. In 1819, the region was sparsely populated (71,370 inhabitants), with low demographic density (- 0.28 inhabitants / km2), there were only the county of Oeiras and some towns. After 200 years, the population reached 3,118,360 with a demographic density of 12.4 inhabitants / km2, which is still considered low. Piauí is currently divided into 224 counties, 16 of which make up the study region, of which Oeiras and Paulistana have the largest population. The entire population today has access to education and the counties with the highest Basic Education Development Index (IDEB) are Oeiras and Acauã. The region is grouped into development territories and its main economic potentials are agribusiness, apiculture, livestock farming, cashew farming, sheep farming and wind power. Even in the face of advances and development, socioeconomic indicators show that the semi-arid region remains underdeveloped, with the need to expand public policies and private sector interventions, identifying the potential of counties, from a regional development perspective.
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Szeligiewicz, Wojciech. "Ecological inspirations for the Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC) model." Studia Ecologiae et Bioethicae 18, no. 5 (December 31, 2020): 401–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.21697/seb.2020.18.5.36.
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Richard Butler’s Tourism Area Life Cycle (TALC) model proposes a specified view on the qualitative changes in the number of tourists N in the area over time and the environmental, social and economic processes taking place there simultaneously. N changes follow S-shaped curve up to stagnation phase. Such a course was adopted in the TALC model, assuming that the tourist population at this stage develops in accordance with a logistic model derived from ecology. This work aimed to recall the properties of the logistic model and the ecological assumptions underlying it, and some of the consequences of incorporating the logistic model into the TALC model. An attempt has also been made to link other TALC aspects with ecology. In particular, reference is made to the graph on the right side of the logistic equation of the TALC model as a function of N with the phases of evolution of the tourist area marked, which reminds that the most attractive area is the original area, i.e. when N is small, as it is characterized by the highest per capita growth of the tourist population. According to this figure, as N increases, there is a linear decrease in attractiveness despite the investments introduced according to the TALC model scenario, i.e. they do not reverse this trend. The same diagram can be used to show some elementary differences between ecotourism and mass tourism. The issues of population regulation were also raised, including the density-dependent self-regulation, the Allee effect, the concept of environmental capacity and r and K strategies. It was also pointed out that the experience gained in the field of population modelling in ecology could help to model tourist populations.
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Hu, Lei, Jun Xu, Chao Bao, and Tao Pei. "Influential Factor Detection for Tourism on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Based on Social Media Data." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 9 (August 27, 2021): 579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10090579.
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Tourism is playing an important role in the economic development of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP). To better develop tourism in this region, the spatial heterogeneity of influencing factors on tourism needs to be studied. Using the spatial distribution of tourism potential from social media data, this paper analyzes the influencing factors of tourism on the QTP from the perspective of spatial heterogeneity. We extract microblogs related to travel topics connected to the QTP in 2017 from Sina Weibo to capture tourism potential. Then, factors considered from six aspects (tourism resources, amenities, transportation, geography, population, and the economy) are selected, and a geographic detector (Geodetector) is employed to detect the explanatory power of these factors for tourism potential. The results indicate different influential tourism factors in Qinghai and Tibet. In Qinghai, the main factors are hotels, tourist attractions, and road network density, and the explanatory power of the factors mainly comes from eastern and western Qinghai. In Tibet, the main factors are road network density, regional GDP (Gross Domestic Product), and urban land. It is suggested that tourism in the central region of Qinghai can be improved by enhancing the publicity and utilization of tourism resources, and Tibet should enhance tourism resource utilization and improve tourism amenities and infrastructure.
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Yang, Zhiheng, Chenxi Li, and Yongheng Fang. "Driving Factors of the Industrial Land Transfer Price Based on a Geographically Weighted Regression Model: Evidence from a Rural Land System Reform Pilot in China." Land 9, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land9010007.
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More and more studies on land transfer prices have been carried out over time. However, the influencing factors of the industrial land transfer price from the perspective of spatial attributes have rarely been explored. Selecting 25 towns as the basic research unit, based on industrial land transfer data, this paper analyzes the influencing factors of the price distribution of industrial land in Dingzhou City, a rural land system reform pilot in China, by using a geographically weighted regression (GWR) model. Eight evaluation factors were selected from five aspects: economy, population, topography, landform, and resource endowment. The results showed that: (1) Compared with the traditional ordinary least squares (OLS) model, the GWR model revealed the spatial differentiation characteristics of the industrial land transfer price in depth. (2) Factors that have a negative correlation with the industrial land transfer price include the proportion of cultivated land area and distance to the city. Factors that have a positive correlation with the industrial land transfer price include the population growth rate, economic growth rate, population density, and number of hospitals per unit area. (3) The results of GWR model analysis showed that the impact of different factors on the various towns of different models had significant spatial differentiation characteristics. This paper will provide a reference for the sustainable use of industrial land in developing countries.
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Abellán, Francisco Cebrián, and Carmen García Martínez. "Landscape and Tourism as Tools for Local Development in Mid-Mountain Rural Areas in the Southeast of Spain (Castilla-La Mancha)." Land 10, no. 2 (February 22, 2021): 221. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/land10020221.
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The modernization of economic activities in mountain areas is conditioned by the physical characteristics of the territory, the weight of activities related to the primary sector, infrastructure deficits, low population density, as well as the declining and ageing population. The response to this situation has involved implementing a certain degree of functional diversification. One of the aspects that has assisted in the expansion of the tertiary sector is leisure and recreational activities. Rural tourism in European mid-mountain regions has emerged as a key element, supported by local development strategies and changing preferences in demand. In the tourism industry, the resources are the raw material, in which landscape plays a leading role. The aim of this prospective study is to evaluate the landscape as a heritage and a tourism resource, focusing on its capacity to reactivate depressed rural areas of inland Spain (mid-mountain areas in the southeast of the autonomous region of Castilla-La Mancha). The study is based on opinions provided by tourists and uses a directed survey as an analytical tool. The results highlight the key role of landscape, especially natural landscape, in the use of such areas for tourism. This, in turn, underlines the need for a greater focus on organizing how the landscape is utilized.
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Spasic, Nenad, Ksenija Petovar, and Vesna Jokic. "Potentials and limitations of spatial and demographic development in Kosovo-Metohija lignite basin." Spatium, no. 19 (2009): 30–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/spat0919030s.
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The initial research carried out for the purpose of elaborating the Spatial Plan for Kosovo-Metohija Lignite Basin indicated the need to address numerous conflicts and opposing interests in the area concerned. This required the Plan to focus on harmonizing the economic, social and spatial aspects of developing a mining-energy-industrial system (hereinafter MEIS) and its surroundings, devising the new ways for the protection of local population interests and use of novel approaches in dealing with the environmental consequences of lignite exploitation and processing. The area wherein Kosovo-Metohija lignite deposits are found is replete with diverse conflicting interests, including insufficient and uneven development, extremely large overall and especially agrarian population density (among the highest in Europe), unemployment and a sizable portion of the grey economy, low level and quality of services of public interest, ethnic conflicts and polarization, etc. The environmental effects of MEIS activities in a situation of this kind were revealed by the early stages of research in all segments of economic, social and spatial development, along with a high degree of environmental degradation. The main conflict in the Plan area is the one between mining and agriculture, i.e. open pit lignite mining and high-fertility soil covering lignite deposits. The conflict is additionally aggravated by the remarkable density of agricultural population on this territory and high selling prices of the land. Therefore, a substantial part of the Plan?s propositions was related to the conditions of settlement and infrastructure relocation, population resettlement and measures to relieve the tensions and prevent the outbreak of potential conflicts in implementing the Plan. The Spatial Plan is conceived as a complex and comprehensive document defining the framework, basic principles, starting points and measures tackling the numerous development conflicts, spatial, social and ecological limitations, including the relevant analytical and data bases deriving from field research and surveys. Despite the fact that under the UN SC Resolution 1244, the Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija has been under the jurisdiction of the United Nations since June 1999, we believe that the Draft of the Spatial Plan and the research work done for its purpose are still valid, since to this date there have been no attempts to start the formation of new open pits in Kosovo lignite basin.
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Kornev, Georgii Pavlovich, and Larisa Stepanovna Korneva. "The scenarios for consolidation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation based on the economic macro-regions." Право и политика, no. 3 (March 2021): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0706.2021.3.35156.
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The subject of this research is the matters of reforming the federal structure of Russia in the aspect of unification and consolidation of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation that are under discussion in the current political discourse. The object this research is the transformation of the constituent structure of the Russian Federation based on the strategy of spatial development of Russia, federal legislative acts that laid the groundwork for the unification process, primarily the Federal Constitutional Law “On the Procedure of Admission into the Russian Federation and Creation of a New Constituent Entity". The authors explore such aspects of the topic as the results of unification processes of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation of 2003-2008, gaps in their legislative regulation, political errors and risks, including of ethnic nature, which impeded planned consolidation of the constituent structure of the Russian Federation, as well as strategy for the future unification processes. The novelty of the author's position is that the unification processes scenarios of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation are founded on the declared by the government “Strategy of Spatial Development of the Russian Federation until 2025”. The research methodology employs comprehensive interdisciplinary political, economic and legal approach. The drawn conclusions are related to the description of these scenarios, determination of the constitutional legal status of the new consolidated entity formed at the premises on an economic macroregion, considering such significant characteristics of the macroregion, as the number of constituent entities of the Russian Federation therein, size of their territories, population density, and peculiarities of the ethnic composition. It is proposed to fill the gaps in determination of the status of a constituent entity that ceased to exist as such and became a part of the consolidated entity by introducing amendments to the federal constitutional and current legislation without changing the fundamentals of the Constitution of the Russian Federation.
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Lestari, Wien, Amien Widodo, Firman Syaifuddin, and Dwa Desa Warnana. "Research priority of the potential earthquake on the java island using decision making analysis." E3S Web of Conferences 156 (2020): 03003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202015603003.
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Referring to the Indonesian earthquake source and hazard map published by the National Earthquake Center (Pusgen) in 2017, it was stated that there were 34 active faults on the island of Java and could potentially be a source of earthquakes with earthquake strength more than the 6.5 M scale. Each potential source of earthquake needs to be carried out detailed research on each fault that is declared active so as to reduce uncertainty in the seismic hazard analysis. Due to limited funding and human resources researching, it is necessary to make research priorities based on the level of urgency. By utilizing decision making analysis techniques, priority of research is carried out by considering several aspects, such as the magnitude of the earthquake that may occured possible economic impact factors, population density and the level of importance of a region on a national and international scale. From the modeling results, it is shown that faults that have the potential to become earthquake sources that are located near large cities are a top priority for detailed research such as the Lembang, Semarang and Surabaya Faults.
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Zia, Mohammed, Ziyadin Cakir, and Dursun Zafer Seker. "Turkey OpenStreetMap Dataset - Spatial Analysis of Development and Growth Proxies." Open Geosciences 11, no. 1 (April 9, 2019): 140–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/geo-2019-0012.
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Abstract Number of studies covering major data aspects of OpenStreetMap (OSM) for developed cities and countries are available in scientific literature. However, this is not the case for developing ones mainly because of low data availability in OSM. This study presents a time-series spatial analysis of Turkey OSM dataset, a developing country, between the year 2007 and 2015 to understand how the dataset has developed with time and space. Five different socio-economic factors of the region are tested to find their relationship, if any, with dataset growth. An east-west spatial trend in data density is observed within the country. Population Density and Literacy Level of the region are found be the factors controlling it. It has also been observed that the street network of the region has followed the Exploration and Densification evolutionary model. High participation inequality is found within the OSM mappers, with only 5 of them responsible for the country’s 50% geo-data upload. Furthermore, it is found that these mappers use other Volunteered Geographic Information (VGI) and government open-dataset to feed into OSM. This study is believed to bring some high level insights of OSM for a developing country which would be useful for geographers, open-data policy makers, VGI projects planners and data-curators to structure and deploy similar future projects.
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Silva, Adilson Aderito da, Dimária Silva e Meirelles, and Elvio Correa Porto. "Development cycle and carrying capacity." Management Research: The Journal of the Iberoamerican Academy of Management 13, no. 3 (November 16, 2015): 285–314. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/mrjiam-06-2014-0554.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine the development cycle of Brazilian banking sector during the lengthy period between 1889 and 2009, also identifying an equilibrium number of financial institutions based on the carrying capacity of the environment. Design/methodology/approach – The number of institutions in equilibrium is calculated based on the population density dependence model adopted under the organizational ecology theory. Quantitative data of founding and failure and qualitative data (interviews with the directors, officers and chief executive officers (CEOs) of selected companies) were used. Findings – In all three bank segments (commercial, investment and multiple), the total number of banks in operation on December 31, 2009 was below the carrying capacity. However, in the multiple bank segment, the gap between the actual and potential figures is slightly smaller. As indicated by the respondents, there is almost no room for newcomers in the major bank segments. In counterpart, there is still space for new arrivals in the mid-market bank sector. Research limitations/implications – The findings presented here may change, as carrying capacity is determined by political, legal and economic factors, including the availability of resources in niches and constraints imposed through laws, rules and other regulatory aspects. However, raising the life cycle of the entire population offers opportunities for future research on individual organizational trajectories, using new theoretical and methodological perspectives, such as dynamic capabilities and process theory. Practical implications – The main contribution of this paper lies in indicating the growth potential for banking institution populations in Brazil, and may be used not only by potential newcomers eager to enter the sector, but also as a tool for assessing anti-trust policies. Originality/value – The development cycle of Brazilian financial institution populations is unknown, and carrying capacity is a construct less explored by academic literature, particularly in Brazil. This is a unique study since a demography of an entire banking population in a developing country does not exist, besides there is not such a financial institution like the multiple bank in Brazil.
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Vieira, Victor H. Argentino de Morais, and Dácio R. Matheus. "The impact of socioeconomic factors on municipal solid waste generation in São Paulo, Brazil." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 36, no. 1 (November 30, 2017): 79–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x17744039.
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Social factors have not been sufficiently explored in municipal solid waste management studies. Latin America has produced even fewer studies with this approach; technical and economic investigations have prevailed. We explored the impacts of socioeconomic factors on municipal solid waste generation in Greater Sao Paulo, which includes 39 municipalities. We investigated the relations between municipal solid waste generation and social factors by Pearson’s correlation coefficient. The Student’s t-test (at p ← 0.01) proved significance, and further regression analysis was performed with significant factors. We considered 10 socioeconomic factors: population, rural population, density, life expectancy, education (secondary, high and undergraduate level), income per capita, inequality and human development. A later multicollinearity analysis resulted in the determination of inequality (rp = 0.625) and income per capita (rp = 0.607) as major drivers. The results showed the relevance of considering social aspects in municipal solid waste management and isolated inequality as an important factor in planning. Inequality must be used as a complementary factor to income, rather than being used exclusively. Inequality may explain differences of waste generation between areas with similar incomes because of consumption patterns. Therefore, unequal realities demand unequal measures to avoid exacerbation, for example, pay-as-you-throw policies instead of uniform fees. Unequal realities also highlight the importance of tiering policies beyond the waste sector, such as sustainable consumption.