Academic literature on the topic 'Economic aspects of Refuse and refuse disposal'
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Journal articles on the topic "Economic aspects of Refuse and refuse disposal"
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Stevens, P. L., J. S. Henderson, and R. Tulli. "Indianapolis Resource Recovery Facility: Community Efforts and Techology Required for a Successful Project." Journal of Engineering for Gas Turbines and Power 112, no. 1 (1990): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/1.2906474.
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There are many community needs. Refuse is an abundant byproduct of our civilization. The disposal of this byproduct has become a major problem for our cities. This paper describes one community’s efforts to turn a community problem, refuse disposal, into a community asset. The paper describes the many aspects of effort and technology required to develop the Indianapolis Resource Recovery Facility. This facility required the cooperation of the public and private sectors to blend technology into a successful project. Special efforts were required to match appropriate technology to specific community needs and produce a successful and economically sound project. Five basic activities are presented. The first four activities are essential steps for any community to assure the right project fit to community needs. The areas presented are: (1) defining community needs, (2) technology evaluation (approaches evaluated), (3) feasibility studies (economic studies), (4) project implementation (bids and contracts), and (5) a description of the Indianapolis Resource Recovery facility. A review of these five areas places a real world perspective on refuse as an alternative fuel and source of resource recovery.
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METELYTSYA, Volodymyr, and Natalia KOVAL. "PROBLEMATIC ASPECTS OF ACCOUNTING FOR NON-CURRENT AND CURRENT TANGIBLE ASSETS IN BUDGETARY INSTITUTIONS." "EСONOMY. FINANСES. MANAGEMENT: Topical issues of science and practical activity", no. 3 (53) (September 25, 2020): 193–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2411-4413-2020-3-15.
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This article examines the current state of accounting support for current and non-current tangible assets in budgetary institutions. The analysis of the receipt of non-current tangible assets allowed us to focus on the issue of stagnation of the value criterion when assigning the asset to fixed assets or other non-current tangible assets. The application of the value criterion is currently an imperfect method of grouping non-current tangible assets by classification groups, because the definition of an asset in some cases depends on the supplier's taxation system. The definition of this problem allowed to suggest ways to solve it, where the first proposal is to refuse to separate value added tax from the price of the asset, and the second is to determine the asset by groups based on its properties without reference to its value. Each of the proposed proposals has its advantages, but given the inflationary factors and the instability of economic processes, the grouping of non-current tangible assets should be done by analyzing the characteristics, properties of the asset without reference to its value. The second part of this article is devoted to the study of the method of disposal of stocks received as a result of intra-departmental movement within the authorized body. It is established that this type of stocks has its own specifics associated with its receipt in the field of management and use in the activities of budgetary institutions. Taking into account these factors, the article proposes to legislate the disposal of this type of stock only by using the method of identified cost of the relevant unit of stock. This will ensure the reliability of the financial and budgetary reporting not only in a particular budgetary institution, but also in general by the authorized body. The proposed improvements in the accounting of non-current and current tangible assets will improve the financial and budgetary reporting of budgetary institutions, bring budgetary accounting to international and European standards, as well as improve the quality of planning in budgetary institutions.
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Smart, J. H. S. "The Greater London Council's Refuse-Fired Power Station." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part A: Power and Process Engineering 200, no. 4 (1986): 255–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/pime_proc_1986_200_035_02.
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This paper describes how electricity may be generated using refuse as a fuel, and outlines the operation of the Greater London Council's plant at Edmonton which was constructed in 1972. Gives details of the engineering aspects of the plant and reviews its performance since 1972 with particular reference to the problems of corrosion and erosion. Discusses the economic aspects of generating electricity by this means and provides data on the sale of electricity by Edmonton power station to the Eastern Electricity Board and the Thames Water Authority.
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Bertolini, Gerard E. "Household refuse: recovery or disposal? Research for a new economic optimum." Conservation & Recycling 10, no. 4 (1987): 321–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0361-3658(87)90063-4.
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Sung, Hsin-Chen, Yiong-Shing Sheu, Bing-Yuan Yang, and Chun-Han Ko. "Municipal Solid Waste and Utility Consumption in Taiwan." Sustainability 12, no. 8 (2020): 3425. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12083425.
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In Taiwan, 3,130,735 t of refuse for disposal and 4,113,808 t of recycled recyclable waste were generated in 2017. The government of Taiwan has been actively promoting a resource recycling program since July 1998. To pursue sustainability and locate waste minimization opportunities, the correlation between utility consumption and population and the quantity of refuse and recyclable waste from municipalities in Taiwan was studied. There are six special municipalities and 16 cities and counties covering a great variety of urbanization and settlement characteristics, such as registered populations, electricity, and water consumption. The above parameters of the municipalities were correlated with the quantities of refuse and recycled urban waste. Residential electricity consumption, overall population, and business electricity consumption were found to be major parameters correlating the generation of refuse and recycled urban waste. Due to their higher levels of business activities, the waste generation behaviours of these six special municipalities are more diverse than those of the 16 municipalities. Due to the discrepancy of the registered population system, the utility consumption values within administrative boundaries can better predict municipal solid waste, (MSW) generation than utility consumption at a per capita. Utility consumption within administrative boundaries is more convenient as a measure to predict refuse and recycled urban waste than other complex social–economic indicators.
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Pauketat, Timothy R. "Monitoring Mississippian Homestead Occupation Span and Economy Using Ceramic Refuse." American Antiquity 54, no. 2 (1989): 288–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/281708.
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Occupation spans of small late prehistoric sites in the American Bottom of southwestern Illinois are estimated through consideration of the formation of ceramic refuse. Archaeological and ethnographic data inform a model which takes the form of both a computer simulation and a quantitative transform. Critical variables include a behavioral assemblage, a disposal assemblage, vessel use life, and breakage and replacement rates. A number of factors may have influenced settlement duration, but a preliminary examination does not reveal a significant correlation between environmental features and occupation span. The relation of these lower-order settlements to higher-order centers in the American Bottom settlement hierarchy may not have necessitated maximizing the economic potential of a given rural catchment.
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Akmal, Tanzila, and Faisal Jamil. "Assessing Health Damages from Improper Disposal of Solid Waste in Metropolitan Islamabad–Rawalpindi, Pakistan." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (2021): 2717. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052717.
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Rapid urbanization in developing countries leads to a dramatic increase in solid waste production, with serious socio-economic and ecological impacts. In order to avoid the associated hazards, particularly those related to human health and the environment, solid waste management is indispensable. Disposal of municipal waste that predominantly comprises household and commercial refuse has become a daunting task for local governments and municipalities of Pakistan. Issues related to both inadequacy of service delivery and inappropriate disposal signify that waste management should be high on the local environment policy agenda. In particular, the external cost of waste management is high, and cost recovery of refuse collection may cause the exclusion of many households and additional costs on the households that avail themselves of the service. In this study, we carried out an evaluation of the health damage caused by improper waste disposal in a sample of heterogeneous households. The study shows a framework for evaluating the damages caused by inadequate waste management practices. The results indicate that irregular disposal in the vicinity of residents causes illness: respondents living within 100 m are more vulnerable to malaria, dengue, and asthma than those living more than 500 m away. Moreover, the findings highlight that households lack knowledge of waste hazards and 75.9% of waste is not segregated. We suggest a subsidized waste collection and disposal service provided either by the local government or by outsourcing.
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Isa, Yusuf M., and Ismail Babatunde Adefeso. "Economic Feasibility of Refuse Derived Fuel Production from Agricultural Biomass Waste in Durban, South Africa." International Journal of Environment and Waste Management 1, no. 1 (2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijewm.2022.10033518.
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Gorzeń-Mitka, Iwona, Beata Bilska, Marzena Tomaszewska, and Danuta Kołożyn-Krajewska. "Mapping the Structure of Food Waste Management Research: A Co-Keyword Analysis." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 13 (2020): 4798. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134798.
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Food loss and waste represent a global problem in the ethical, social, environmental, and economic contexts. The aim of this article is to identify leading concepts in studies on food loss and waste in management research by network analysis of the co-occurrence of keywords, via mapping of knowledge domains, a method used in bibliometrics. We analyzed 2202 records from the Scopus database on food waste management with the aid of the VOSviewer software tool. In particular, keyword co-occurrence analysis was adopted to visually explore knowledge bases, topic distribution, and research fronts in the field of food waste management research. Ten representative areas were found concentrated in main keywords, namely, food waste, waste management, food, anaerobic digestion, waste disposal, recycling, waste treatment, municipal solid waste, solid waste, and refuse disposal.
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Mutaqien, Noval Fariz, Ida Bagus Gde Pujaastawa, and I. Wayan Suwena. "Baduy Dalam Sentuhan Pariwisata: Studi Antropologi Tentang Perkembangan Pariwisata di Desa Kanekes dan Implikasinya." Sunari Penjor : Journal of Anthropology 5, no. 2 (2022): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/sp.2021.v5.i02.p03.
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Kanekes Village is a tourism destination in Lebak Regency. The Baduy tribe is a native of Kanekes Village, they have customary rules that refuse the entry of modern culture into their culture. The unique culture of the Baduy people and their natural beauty are potential tourist attractions. Since it was established as a tourism destination, tourism in Kanekes Village has experienced developments ranging from tourist attractions, facilities, and various aspects of their lives. This study aims to describe the extent of tourism development in Kanekes Village and the implications, especially on socio-cultural, economic, and ecological aspects. The approach used in this study is a qualitative approach using the methods of observation, interviews, and literature study in data collection. The theory used in this research is the tourism area life cycle and the tourism impact theory. Based on the results of research in Kanekes Village, it was found that there was tourism development in several sectors such as tourist attractions and tourism facilities. The development of tourism in Kanekes Village provides both positive and negative impacts for the Baduy community. The implications of tourism development can be found in socio-cultural, economic, and ecological aspects.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Economic aspects of Refuse and refuse disposal"
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Adefeso, Ismail Babatunde. "Techno-economic analysis of a gasification system using refuse-derived fuel from municipal solid waste." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/2753.
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Thesis (Doctor of Engineering in Chemical Engineering)--Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2017.<br>The search for alternatives to fossil fuel is necessary with a view to reducing the negative environmental impact of fossil fuel and most importantly, to exploit an affordable and secured fuel source. This study investigated the viability of municipal solid waste gasification for a fuel cell system. Potential solid fuels obtained from the study in the form of refuse-derived fuel (RDF) had high heating value (HHV) between 18.17 MJ/Kg - 28.91 MJ/Kg with energy density increased from 4142.07 MJ/m3 to 10735.80 MJ/m3. The molecular formulas of RDF derived from Ladies Smith drop-off site, Woodstock drop-off site and an average molecular formula of all thirteen municipal solid waste (MSW) disposal facilities were CH1.43O1.02, CH1.49O1.19, and CH1.50O0.86 respectively. The comparative ratios of C/H were in the range of 7.11 to 8.90. The Thermo Gravimetric Analysis showed that the dehydration, thermal decompositions, char combustions were involved in the production of gaseous products but flaming pyrolysis stage was when most tar was converted to syngas mixture. The simulation of RDF gasification allowed a prediction of the RDF gasification behaviour under various operating parameters in an air-blown downdraft gasifier. Optimum SFR (steam flowrate) values for RDF1, RDF2 and RDF3 were determined to be within these values 2.80, 2.50 and 3.50 and Optimum ER values for RDF1, RDF2 and RDF3 were also determined to be within these values 0.15, 0.04 and 0.08. These conditions produced the desired high molar ratio of H2/CO yield in the syngas mixture in the product stream. The molar ratios of H2/CO yield in the syngas mixture in the product stream for all the RDFs were between 18.81 and 20.16. The values of H2/CO satisfy the requirement for fuel cell application. The highest concentration of heavy metal was observed for Al, Fe, Zn and Cr, namely 16627.77 mg/Kg at Coastal Park (CP), 17232.37 mg/Kg at Killarney (KL), 235.01 mg/Kg at Tygerdal (TG), and 564.87 mg/Kg at Kraaifontein (KF) respectively. The results of quantitative economic evaluation measurements were a net return (NR) of $0.20 million, a rate of return on investment (ROI) of 27.88 %, payback time (PBP) of 2.30 years, a net present value (NPV) of $1.11 million and a discounted cash flow rate of return (DCFROR) of 24.80 % and 28.20 % respectively. The results of the economic evaluations revealed that some findings of the economic benefits of this system would be viable if costs of handling MSW were further quantified into the costs analysis. The viability of the costs could depend on government responsibility to accept costs of handling MSW.
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Lottering, Tony. "An economic evaluation of waste telecommunication cable disposal in South Africa : a case study." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/808.
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South African manufacturers, including those who produce electrical and telecommunication cables, are required by the National Waste Management Strategy (NWMS) (drawn up by the Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism (DEAT)), to carry out waste management in a coordinated and controlled manner. It is also becoming more difficult for South African companies, who produce for export markets, to conduct business internationally if they do not have some form of environmental management system in place. While there will always be scrap generated in any manufacturing environment, the aim is, first and foremost, to reduce this to acceptable levels and, secondly, to dispose of all scrap produced in a socially responsible manner. This study focuses attention on waste management, in the form of recycling, in the cable manufacturing industry. The purpose of this study is twofold: first, to examine the economic case, by means of a cost-benefit analysis, for the establishment and operation of a telecommunication cable waste recycling plant for the purpose of recycling copper conductor; second, to examine the economic feasibility, by means of a cost-benefit analysis, of extending the existing facility in order to accommodate the recycling of the plastic fraction contained in the cable waste. A specific cost-benefit stream was generated over a project period of 20 years for both CBAs. In both CBAs costs and benefits were categorised as being either primary or secondary. The primary costs and benefits for both CBAs were all financial in nature and were valued using market prices. The secondary costs of establishing and operating a cable waste recycling plant for recycling the copper conductor included effluent costs and noise pollution costs. The secondary benefits, on the other hand, included the creation of downstream industries. The secondary costs of extending an existing cable waste recycling plant, so as to accommodate the recycling of the plastic component of cable waste, included costs related to the generation of greenhouse gases and asthma. The secondary benefits, conversely, included the increase in house prices due to the reduction of landfilling of the plastic component of cable waste. The determination of increased house prices due to landfill avoidance was carried out using the hedonic pricing method (HPM). The hypothesis was that house values would increase the further removed they were from the landfill site. Applying regression analysis to the derived hedonic pricing (HP) function showed that there is a definite correlation between the two. Properties positioned two kilometres from a landfill site in New Brighton Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape, were found to have higher values than those positioned adjacent to the site. From the cost-benefit streams, net benefits were calculated for each CBA and discounted to present values in order to provide a standard of comparison. The social discount rate used in this study to calculate the present values reflected a combination of the social opportunity costs of capital and the social time preference rate. The rate used was calculated as the average annual rate between 2000 and 2005 and amounted to 6.72 percent. It was derived from a combination of the opportunity costs of government borrowings, household consumption borrowings and return on savings.
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Wilson, Douglas Calvin. "THE IMPLICATIONS OF BEHAVIORAL ASPECTS ON THE PRODUCTION AND DISCARD OF HOUSEHOLD HAZARDOUS WASTES." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/275435.
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Lee, Huk-bun, and 李學斌. "Environmental economics: a framework for assessing the economic impacts of adopting biotechnologies in HongKong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2006. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B45013500.
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Maninga, Mainess Kapaipi. "Waste services provided by community-based enterprises in the Ngombe Peri-Urban settlement area, Lusaka, Zambia." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1011560.
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This qualitative study investigates Waste services provided by community-based enterprises in the Ngombe peri-urban settlement area - Lusaka, Zambia. The aim of the study was to identify and analyze the factors that contribute to illegal dumping of solid waste in the said peri-urban settlement area. The research objectives were as follows: To explore the capability of the community-based enterprises to effectively manage their enterprises in relation to the provision of solid waste services to the residents of the said settlement, To identify and evaluate the solid waste services provided by the community-based enterprises, and To make recommendations for the improvement of solid waste service provision and utilisation based on the findings of the study. The method of data collection for the above listed objectives was a literature study and focus group interviews. In order to achieve the said objectives of the study, the researcher opted for a qualitative research design – utilizing the contextual, descriptive, inductive and deductive approaches. The research population comprised the community-based enterprises involved in the provision of solid waste services in the Ngombe settlement area namely Kutwano and Tiyende Pamodzi Waste Enterprises. The purposive sample method was used for the selection of the focus group. The focus group discussions were captured by means of an audiotape and note-taking. The interviews were transcribed verbatim, within 24 hours of data capturing. Data analysis followed the five steps of Powell and Renner (2003, pp,1-6), namely: familiarization, identifying a thematic framework, categorization (coding or indexing) of data, identifying patterns and connections within and between categories (relationships), and interpretation (bringing it all together). The researcher adhered to the relevant ethical considerations and the principles of trustworthiness, namely: credibility, transferability, dependability and conformability throughout the study. In exploring the capability of the two community-based enterprises to effectively manage their enterprises in relation to the provision of solid waste services to the residents of the said settlement it was found that community-based enterprises do not have the capability to provide adequate solid waste services. This is due to inadequate leadership and entrepreneurship skills of the community-based enterprises management committee members, non-payment of solid waste collection fees by the majority of households and inadequate legal enforcement by the Lusaka City Council’s Waste Management Unit. In identifying and evaluating the solid waste services provided by the community-based enterprises it was found that solid waste services provided by community-based enterprises were inadequate. This is due to the type of equipment (push carts) used for primary solid waste collection that does not carter for other forms of solid waste like construction waste; inappropriate solid waste storage containers (25kg maize meal bags) which do not allow storage of solid waste in a sanitary manner (non-leak proof, accessible to rats, flies and cockroaches and rodents); restriction on the type of solid waste that community-based enterprises should collect (in relation to the specified solid waste storage container, 25kg maize meal bags) and the delay of secondary solid waste collection by Lusaka City Council’s Waste Management Unit. On the basis of the findings of the study, a number of recommendations are being made, which, if implemented effectively, should improve the provision and utilisation of solid waste services within the study area. Such an improvement should lead to a higher level of environmental cleanliness, and ultimately to better health standards of the people living within the area.
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von, der Heyde Vanessa. "Towards a sustainable incremental waste management system in Enkanini: a transdisciplinary case study." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/86274.
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Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2014<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: As the global population grows and more countries industrialise, waste streams will grow
proportionately. Current waste management practices and product manufacturing processes
dictate that a large proportion of waste ends up in a landfill or incinerator. The predominant
manufacturing design is a linear, one-way model that extracts resources for manufacture,
which eventually end up in a landfill or incinerator, rendered useless. This is an unsustainable
use of resources, not only of the ones that were extracted to manufacture the product, but also
of the land used to dump waste.
Along with this goes the increasingly significant issue of food waste and the issues of global
hunger and food insecurity. It is estimated that globally one third of all food that is produced
is wasted, equalling a total of 1.3 billion tonnes of food waste a year. Wastage of food causes
a loss of potentially valuable food sources, or a potential resource for other processes, such as
composting or energy generation.
The poor are normally the first affected by limited or dwindling resources, and as yet, there
are no significant signs of poverty alleviation. Worldwide, there is a proliferation of informal
settlements, or slums, and how to deal with these settlements has formed part of international
political and societal discourse for a long time. In South Africa, policies dictate that informal
settlements should undergo an incremental, in situ upgrading process, where possible.
Although this marks a positive development from the previous housing policy, substantial
uptake on the ground has as yet not occurred.
Consequently, this study attempted to combine the issues of waste management, in particular
of food waste, and incremental upgrading of informal settlements through a transdisciplinary
case study that focuses on upgrading the food waste management system in Enkanini, an
informal settlement in Stellenbosch, South Africa. A waste characterisation study undertaken
by Stellenbosch Municipality showed that food waste makes up a substantial part of the
waste stream generated in Enkanini. As informal settlements often lack adequate waste
collection services, the food waste poses a health risk by breeding pathogens and attracting
pests.
Through a transdisciplinary approach, an alternative food waste treatment method was
piloted in Enkanini in partnership with Stellenbosch Municipality and Probiokashi (Pty) Ltd.
The method used bokashi substrate to treat food waste with microorganisms. This was then
processed further into compost through the sheet mulching method and by black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) larvae. The outcomes were assessed according to the environmental,
social and economic sustainability of this method of waste processing and indicated a
positive impact in all three of these categories.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Soos die globale samelewing groei en al hoe meer lande industrialiseer, sal afvalproduksie
ook proporsioneel toeneem. Moderne afvalbestuurpraktyke en vervaardigingsprosesse behels
dat groot volumes afval in vullingsterreine of verbrandingsoonde beland. Vervaardiging
behels hoofsaaklik ’n lineêre proses, waarin grondstowwe vir vervaardiging onttrek word en
uiteindelik in sodanige vullingsterreine of verbrandingsoonde beland. Hierdie produkte is dan
onbruikbaar. Hierdie praktyk is ’n onvolhoubare manier om hulpbronne te gebruik, nie net
wat die grondstowwe vir vervaardiging betref nie, maar ook die grond wat gebruik word om
die afval op te stort.
Verwant aan hierdie probleem, is die kwessie van toenemende voedselvermorsing en die
probleme rondom wêreldwye hongersnood en voedselonsekerheid. Daar word benader dat
een derde van alle voedsel wat ter wêreld vervaardig word, vermors word. Dit kom neer op
1.3 miljard ton voedsel per jaar. Voedselvermorsing veroorsaak ’n verlies aan waardevolle,
potensiële voedselbronne of potensiële hulpbronne vir ander prosesse, soos bemesting en
energievervaardiging.
Die armes is gewoonlik diegene wat die gouste deur beperkte of afnemende hulpbronne
geraak word en, tot nog toe, is daar geen beduidende vordering in armoedeverligting nie.
Wêreldwyd is daar ’n toename in informele nedersettings, of agterbuurte, en maniere om
hierdie probleem aan te spreek, vorm lankal deel van die internasionale politiese en
maatskaplike diskoers. In Suid-Afrika dui beleide daarop dat informele nedersettings, waar
moontlik, ’n inkrementele, in situ opgraderingsproses moet ondergaan. Alhoewel hierdie
plan ’n verbetering is op die vorige behuisingsbeleid, het wesenlike vordering nog nie
plaasgevind nie.
Gevolglik het hierdie studie gepoog om die kwessies rakende afvalbestuur, spesifiek van
voedselafval, en inkrementele opgradering van informele nedersettings in ’n transdissiplinêre
gevallestudie te kombineer deur te fokus op die voedselafvalbestuurstelsel in Enkanini, ’n
informele nedersetting in Stellenbosch, Suid-Afrika. ’n Studie, uitgevoer deur Stellenbosch
Munisipaliteit, wat die inhoud van vullis ontleed het, het bevind dat voedselafval ’n
beduidende deel vorm van die vullis wat in Enkanini geproduseer word. Aangesien informele
nedersettings dikwels tekortskiet aan voldoende vullisverwyderingsdienste, hou
voedselafval ’n bedreiging in omdat patogene daarin broei en dit peste lok.
Deur middel van ’n transdissiplinêre benadering is ’n proefprojek aangepak waartydens ’n
alternatiewe metode om voedselafval te behandel, getoets is. Hierdie projek is in
samewerking met Stellenbosch Munisipaliteit en Probiokashi (Pty) Ltd (Edms.) Bpk. in
Enkanini uitgevoer. Hierdie metode het van bokashi-substraat gebruik gemaak om deur
middel van mikroörganismes die voedselafval te behandel. Dit is daarna verder deur
swartsoldaatvlieglarwes (Hermetia illucens) tot kompos verwerk. Die uitkomste van die
studie is geassesseer ten opsigte van die sosiale, ekonomiese en omgewingsvolhoubaarheid
van dié afvalverwerkingsmetode. ’n Positiewe impak is in al drie hierdie kategorieë
opgemerk.
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Mgwebi, Alicia Zoliswa. "Effects of poor solid waste management on sustainable development in informal settlement." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/d1021135.
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The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of poor solid waste disposal on a sustainable environment/development in the Mzamomhle urban informal settlement. According to Coffey & Coad, (2010) informal or squatter urban communities pay no municipal taxes, because of their informal status, and this fact has often been used as the principal argument against providing these communities with municipal services.
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Zeiss, Christopher Andrew. "Siting waste disposal facilities in host communities : impacts and acceptance." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/29223.
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The siting of municipal solid waste disposal facilities is often unsuccessful or delayed because of host community opposition. Physical, economic, social and political impacts of landfill and an incinerator site are identified, assessed and combined in a rational model to explain the cause of opposition.
Residents' beliefs about facility impacts correspond well with the assessed physical impacts at the landfill in identifying odor, birds, traffic, water emissions and explosion risks as negative impacts and convenient disposal as a benefit. At the incinerator, common resident beliefs comprise odors, noise, traffic and air emissions as negative impacts and energy recovery as a benefit. Underlying these obvious physical impacts, however is a group of non-physical beliefs about the harm to community image, loss of control, unfairness, and property value losses in the host community. These non-physical impacts influence the attitude about the facility as strongly as the physical impacts.
Finally, exposure to obvious physical impacts is shown to negatively influence the beliefs about physical and non-physical (economic, social and political) impacts. Thus, by screening the host community from obvious physical impacts (nuisances), the beliefs about community image, control, fairness and property values can be enhanced.
Since negative attitude and opposition action are strongest prior to facility construction, the siting efforts need to be focused on this period. After construction, the host community adapts to the new situation.
The facility impacts are combined into a model to define a criterion for acceptance. The net value of facility impacts and benefits must reach or exceed in value the narrow tolerance range at the original host community reference point to avoid significant host community opposition. Impact reduction rather than compensation is theoretically shown to be the more effective approach to fulfilling the acceptance criterion. This approach is empirically tested at typical waste facility sites.
Despite higher costs for prevention and emission control methods to reduce physical and non-physical impacts, these methods are shown to be superior to mitigation and compensation in gaining community acceptance.
Based on the conclusions, the policy statement on waste facility sitings recommends first, defining entitlements and rules for the siting process, establishing increasing waste reduction and separation in a waste management plan, and using participative community planning as long-term, preventive facility siting measures. Short term siting measures comprise, the negotiation of siting agreements, the use of best available technical emission controls and continued monitoring by an overview committee. The focused use of prevention and control measures to address host community concerns can substantially enhance community acceptance of municipal solid waste facilities.<br>Applied Science, Faculty of<br>Civil Engineering, Department of<br>Graduate
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Flanagan, Mark Steven. "Environmental and agronomic aspects of municipal solid waste heavy fraction used for turfgrass production." Diss., This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-07282008-134805/.
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Albuquerque, Allwyn J. "Geoenvironmental aspects of coal refuse-fly ash blends." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/46095.
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<p>The separate land disposal of coal refuse and fly ash presents difficulties throughout
the Appalachian region, both in terms of disposal costs per acre and in terms of its potential
environmental impacts on soil, ground water, revegetation, and slope stability. The purpose
of this study was to determine how fly ash addition to coal refuse would impact on certain
geotechnical properties of the refuse disposal piles, and whether the refuse-fly ash blends
would be suitable as co-disposed materials. Accordingly, the compaction, permeability and
shear strength characteristics of the refuse-fly ash blends were experimentally determined for
varying fly ash percentages. The compaction test results indicated that, with increasing fly
ash, the maximum dry density of these blends marginally decreased. The permeability test
results showed that the permeability of the test specimens progressively decreased with the
increase in fly ash. The shear strength results demonstrated that the addition of fly ash did
not significantly influence the shear strength of the refuse. The critical factor of safety
determined during slope stability analysis revealed that the tested slope geometries were
stable for long term, drained conditions (using the STABGM computer program). The volume change analysis determined that there was a minimal expansion in the volume of
refuse when it was blended with fly ash. However, it may be noted that all the stated results
depend on a number offactors, including the nature of the refuse and fly ash used. Therefore,
these findings would be specific to bulk blends of coal refuse and fly ash only. In general,
this study indicates that fly ash can be beneficially reused with respect to the geotechnical
properties evaluated. Co-disposal of fly ash and coal refuse may be a reasonable alternative
to present disposal methods.<br>Master of Science
Books on the topic "Economic aspects of Refuse and refuse disposal"
1
Lilieta, Takau, South Pacific Regional Environment Programme., International Waters Project, Global Environment Facility, and Strategic Action Programme for the International Waters of the Pacific Small Island Developing States., eds. Economic costs of waste in Tonga. SPREP, 2006.
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2
Beede, David N. Economics of the generation and management of municipal solid waste. National Bureau of Economic Research, 1995.
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3
Konflikte um Standorte für Abfallbehandlungs- und -beseitigungsanlagen: Ursachen und Lösungsansätze aus ökonomischer Sicht. Duncker & Humblot, 1993.
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4
1963-, Lawlor J., and Economic and Social Research Institute., eds. The economics of solid waste management in Ireland. Economic and Social Research Institute, 1995.
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5
Cointreau-Levine, Sandra. Private sector participation in municipal solid waste services in developing countries. Published for the Urban Management Programme by the World Bank, 1994.
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6
Palupski, Rainer. Abfallbewältigung in Wertschöpfungsprozessen als Marketingaufgabe. Dr. N. Brockmeyer, 1993.
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8
Rationalität und mentale Modelle: Standortkonflikte um Abfallentsorgungsanlagen aus ökonomischer Sicht. P. Lang, 1997.
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9
Hecht, Dieter. Möglichkeiten und Grenzen der Steuerung von Rückstandsmaterialströmen über den Abfallbeseitigungspreis. Duncker & Humblot, 1991.
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10
Olokesusi, Femi. Impact of the Ring Road solid waste disposal facility in Ibadan, Nigeria. Nigerian Institute of Social and Economic Research (NISER), 1994.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Economic aspects of Refuse and refuse disposal"
1
Huber, Alexander, Jorge Marx-Gomez, and Claus Rautenstrauch. "Recycling and Disassembly Planning." In Environmental Information Systems in Industry and Public Administration. IGI Global, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-930708-02-0.ch027.
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For some years, the massive spreading of technically complex products as well as the shortening of product life cycles have led to a constantly rising return flow of discarded technical devices. The removal of these devices today occurs mostly through disposal-oriented strategies, i.e. used products are shredded and finally stored in dumps or eliminated thermally in domestic refuse combustion plants. For a long time, the product flow was a one-way street. Public and legal pressure have led to an increase in the importance of environmentally-oriented aspects in both the industrial and private sector. This leads to a rising demand for the establishment of a cycle-oriented economy. The cycle-oriented economy aims to keep materials and products in economic circulation as long as possible. The objective of the cycle-oriented economy is motivated by the shortage of resources (energy and raw materials) and the shrinking of disposal areas (air, water, soil), as well as the realization that economically usable potentials are currently being thrown away (Gupta and Veerakamolmal, 1999). Disposal, as central component of the cycle-oriented economy, includes recycling. Recycling includes disassembly as a type of treatment. In contrast to other types of treatment, disassembly permits a higher maintenance of value of old products; however, it usually requires a higher expenditure as well. In contrast to alternative types of treatment (i.e. shredding), the recovery of functional components and assemblies for reuse (product recycling) and the possibility of the recovery of materials (material recycling) are possible advantages of conducting a disassembly process (Seliger and Kriwet, 1993). In general, disassembly follows the same objectives as production; thus remanufacturing is often spoken of (Rautenstrauch, 1999).
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Adeyeye, Olufemi Patrick, Adekunle Alexander Balogun, and Oladapo Fapetu. "Financing Green Electricity in Nigeria for Economic Growth." In Handbook of Research on Climate Change and the Sustainable Financial Sector. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-7967-1.ch018.
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Green finance connotes the financial activities designed to aid the recovery of the environment from degradation. In Nigeria, the danger posed by solid waste to the environment is enormous. In particular, refuse collection and disposal mechanisms have not been adequately executed. The urban landscapes in the country are littered with plastics, polythene, and various non-degradable materials. In this chapter, the authors present an efficient way to clean up the Nigerian environment of solid wastes through a waste-to-energy strategy by exploring the green finance options or sources and structure to deliver renewable and clean electricity for Nigeria. The authors concluded by highlighting that green finance is useful for efficient waste management and the generation of green electricity to the Nigerian national grid.
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Saleh, Muhammad, and Azizan Marzuki. "Challenges of SWM Hierarchy System: The Stakeholders New Saga in Perspectives." In Solid Waste Management - Recent Advances [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.107123.
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The book chapter assesses the recent role and advance of private companies/contractors in solid waste management in Kano Metropolis, Nigeria, and the various challenges that ensue as a result of their operations. The methods used include: direct field measurement, focus group discussion, inventory, individual interviews, questionnaire administration, and case study of the operation of private companies in two local government areas of Kano state. The result shows that the total number of 50 inventoried registered companies operating under franchise agreement in Kano metropolis are contributing greatly in terms of efficiency and effectiveness of refuse collection, recovery of material, recycling and disposal, creation of employment opportunities, economic development of Kano Metropolis through real capital investment, among others. The discussion in this paper comes to the conclusion that the Nigeria’s solid waste management system requires the adoption of suitable collection, reduction, treatment, recovery, and recycling technologies (solid waste hierarchy). Through a variety of currently accessible scientific treatment approaches, it is necessary to underline the relevant consequences for the potential solutions in MSW at the local and state level. Municipalities (L.G.A.), with the help of the unorganized sector and private waste management companies, are therefore required to concentrate on developing potentials and opportunities in order to achieve the necessary MSWM sustainability for Nigerian cities. This can be done by allowing the stakeholders in SWM to extend their coverage beyond the current operational area to include the entire metropolis.
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Giardina, Andrea. "Marxism and Historiography: Perspectives on Roman History." In Marxist History-writing for the Twenty-first Century. British Academy, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197264034.003.0002.
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Marxism has slowly declined in recent literature on the economic and social history of the ancient world. If one happens to run into the name of Marx or the term Marxism, it is generally within the context of polemical remark. In spite of recurrent attempts to resuscitate it as an ideal foil for anti-Communist polemic, Marxism made its final exit from the field of ancient historical studies in the 1960s, when new Marxist and Marxist-inspired historiography came to the fore. This chapter discusses the changing role of Marxism in Italian history-writing. It focuses on the historians who claim themselves as Marxists, and those who employ Marxist categories and draw on Marxist theory yet refuse to be defined as Marxists. The chapter examines the debates of the different groups on the historiographic phase marked by the circulation of Marxist concepts, analytical tools, and models outside the strictly Marxist milieu. One of the most striking aspects of this phase is the existence of a trend for the formation of research groups that shared not only an affinity or ideological adherence to Marxism, but also an interest in historical theory and a similar orientation in cultural politics. These interdisciplinary approaches stimulated the confluence of individual competences in group projects aimed at singling out new topics and developing investigational strategies. This historiographic phase also reflected a sense of community, a refusal of traditional academic hierarchies, a wish to keep individualism in check, and the rejection of erudite isolation. In Italy, these forms of association served as a means for ethical and political self-representation of cultural hegemony.
Conference papers on the topic "Economic aspects of Refuse and refuse disposal"
1
Lonia, B., N. K. Nayar, S. B. Singh, and P. L. Bali. "Techno Economic Aspects of Power Generation From Agriwaste in India." In 17th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2003-170.
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The agricultural operations in India are suffering from a serious problem of shortage of electrical power on one side and economic and effective disposal of agriwaste stuff on the other. India being agriculture based country, 70% of its main income (share in GDP) comes from agriculture sector. Any enhancement of income from this sector is based upon adequate supply of basic inputs in this sector. Regular and adequate power supply is one such input. But, the position of power supply in our country defies both these characteristics. With a major portion of power produced being sent to the industrial and urban consumers, there is a perennial shortage of power in the agriculture sector. Consequently, there is an emergent need to produce more power in order to fulfil the needs of this sector effectively. One way of accomplishing this is setting up captive, preferably rural based, small power generation plants. In these power plants, instead of water-head, diesel oil or coal, we can use agri-residue to produce electricity. One such power plant (1–2 MW capacity) can satisfy the power need of 25 to 40 nearby villages. The agriwaste like rice straw, sugarcane-trash, coir-pith, peanut shells, wheat stalks & straw, cottonseed, stalks and husk, soyabean stalks, maize stalks & cobs, sorghum. Bagasse, wallnut shells, sunflower seeds, shells, hulls and kernels and coconut husk, wastewood and saw dust can be fruitfully utilized in power generation. This stuff is otherwise a waste and liability and consumes a lot of effort on its disposal; in addition to being a fire and health hazard. Agriwaste stuff which at present is available in abundance and prospects of its utilization in producing energy are enormous. This material can be procured at reasonably low rates from the farmers who will thus be benefited economically, apart from being relieved of the responsibility of its disposal. Agri-residue has traditionally been a major source of heat energy in rural areas in India. It is a valuable fuel even in the sub-urban areas. Inspite of rapid increase in the supply of, access lo and use of fossil fuels, agri-residue is likely to continue to play an important role, in the foreseeable future. Therefore, developing and promoting techno-economically-viable technologies to utilize agri-residue efficiently should be a persuit of high priority. Though there is no authentic data available with regard to the exact quantity of agricultural and agro-industrial residues, its rough estimate has been put at about 350 mt per annum. It is also estimated that the total cattle refuse generated is nearly 250 mt per year. Further, nearly 20% of the total land is under forest cover, which produces approximately 50 mt of fuel wood and with associated forest waste of about 5 mt.(1). Taking into account the utilization of even a portion (say 30%) of this agri-residue & agro-industrial waste as well as energy plantation on one million hectare (mha) of wastelands for power generation through bioenergy technologies, a potential of some 18000 MW of power has been estimated. From the foregoing, it is clear that there is an enormous untapped potential for energy generation from agri-residue. What is required is an immediate and urgent intensification of dedicated efforts in this field, with a view to bringing down the unit energy cost and improving efficiency and reliability of agri-waste production, conversion and utilisation, leading to subsequent saving of fossil fuels for other pressing applications. The new initiatives in national energy policy are most urgently needed to accelerate the social and economic development of the rural areas. It demands a substantial increase in production and consumption of energy for productive purposes. Such initiatives are vital for promoting the goals of sustainability. cleaner production and reduction of long-term risks of environmental pollution and consequent adverse climatic changes in future. A much needed significant social, economic and industrial development has yet to take place in large parts of rural India; be it North, West, East or South. It can be well appreciated that a conscious management of agri-residue, which is otherwise a serious liability of the farmer, through its economic conversion into electric power can offer a reasonably viable solution to our developmental needs. This vision will have to be converted into a reality within a decade or so through dedicated and planned R&D work in this area. There is a shimmering promise that the whole process of harvesting, collection, transport and economic processing and utilisation of agri-waste can be made technically and economically more viable in future. Thus, the foregoing paras amply highlight the value of agri-residue as a prospective source of electric power, particularly for supplementing the main grid during the lean supply periods or peak load hours and also for serving the remote areas in the form of stand-alone units giving a boost to decentralised power supply. This approach and option seems to be positive in view of its potential contribution to our economic and social development. No doubt, this initiative needs to be backed and perused rigorously for removing regional imbalances as well as strengthening National economy. This paper reviews the current situation with regards to generation of agriwaste and its prospects of economic conversion into electrical power, technologies presently available for this purpose, and the problems faced in such efforts. It emphasizes the need for an integrated approach to devise ways and means for generating electrical power from agriwaste; keeping in mind the requirements of cleaner production and environmental protection so that the initiative leads to a total solution.
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Schauer, Raymond H., Leah K. Richter, and Tom Henderson. "Renewable Energy Expansion: A Model for the New Generation of Facilities." In 19th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec19-5428.
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Created in 1978, the Solid Waste Authority of Palm Beach County (Authority) has developed an “award winning” solid waste management system that includes franchised solid waste collections and the following facilities to service the residents and businesses in Palm Beach County, Florida: • North County Resource Recovery Facility (NCRRF); • Residential and Commercial Recovered Materials Processing Facility; • Five Transfer Stations; • Class I Landfill; • Class III Landfill; • Biosolids Pelletization Facility; • Ferrous Processing Facility; • Woody Waste Recycling Facility; • Composting Facility; and • Household Hazardous Waste Facility. The Authority has proactively planned and implemented its current integrated solid waste management program to ensure disposal capacity through 2021. However, even in consideration of the current economic climate, the Authority anticipates continued population growth and associated new development patterns that will significantly increase demands on its solid waste system, requiring it to reevaluate and update its planning to accommodate future growth. The NCRRF, the Authority’s refuse derived fuel waste-to-energy facility, has performed very well since its start up in 1989 processing over 13 million tons of MSW, saving valuable landfill space and efficiently producing clean renewable energy. As the NCRRF has reached the end of its first 20 year operating term, it became necessary to complete a comprehensive refurbishment to ensure its continued reliable service for a second 20 year term and beyond providing for continued disposal capacity and energy production for the Authority’s customers. Separately, the Authority also recognized that the refurbishment alone will not provide any additional disposal capacity for the County. The County’s anticipated growth necessitated that the Authority evaluate several options for long-term processing and disposal capacity, resulting in a decision to expand its WTE capacity with a new mass burn facility, the first facility of its kind to be constructed in Florida in more than a decade, reaffirming its commitment to waste-to-energy. The planned 3,000 TPD expansion will provide a total disposal capacity of 5,000 TPD generating approximately 150MW of renewable energy. The decision to proceed with the expansion was approved by the Authority’s Board in October 2008. The Authority, with its Consulting Engineer, Malcolm Pirnie, Inc., has since made significant progress in the facility’s implementation including the completion of the preliminary design, submittal of environmental permit applications, ongoing procurement of a full service vendor, issuance of revenue bonds for project financing, and commencing extensive public outreach. This paper will focus on the development of the new mass burn facility and an update of the status of activities conducted to date including, permitting, financing, vendor procurement, design, and public outreach, as well as will highlight several innovative design, procurement, permitting, and financing features of this landmark project for the Authority, such as: • Utilization of SCR technology for control of NOx emission; • Incorporation of rainwater harvesting and water reuse; • Utilization of iterative procurement process designed to obtain vendor input in a competitive environment; and • Financing approach designed to preserve alternative minimum tax benefits.