Academic literature on the topic 'Economic aspects of Stationary process'
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Journal articles on the topic "Economic aspects of Stationary process"
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Li, Ying Xing, Ai Lan Wu, and Ya Ni E. "Research of Propagation Behavior on Tibetan Network Public Sentiment." Advanced Materials Research 989-994 (July 2014): 1590–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.989-994.1590.
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In the past some of the social and economic system of the study, often simplified to a single person's behavior can be described using the Poisson process stationary random process. However, since 2005, and reply by email, mail Propagations, human behavior, the actual statistics of time intervals, it was found there with the above assumptions these acts very different characteristics: a long period of silence and short-term high-frequency The outbreak, while present in these human behavior, the time interval distribution also satisfy the inverse power function of the fat tail, that is, during the occurrence of these acts can not be described by Poisson process. In order to study public sentiment of the Tibetan language network generation, transmission and disappearance of the law, it is necessary in the public sentiment research networks in the spread of the main roles. In this paper, the network user behavior patterns in Tibetan, Tibetan text of automatic segmentation, user behavior of the subject property and the main information dissemination and other aspects of behavior modeling are discussed.
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Kuswati, Atik S. "Kriteria Penetapan Lokasi Stasiun Kereta Api Penumpang." Warta Penelitian Perhubungan 24, no. 3 (May 14, 2019): 244. http://dx.doi.org/10.25104/warlit.v24i3.1010.
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This study intends to determinate criteria of the station location which the aim is to providing input in the policy that criteria. The priority of creteria and sub criteria the station location is determinated by using Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). Based on processing and analysis of data are obtained the aspect of regulation is more priority than other criteria in determining the railway passenger station location. The other aspects are of the economic environment, accessibility and connectivity, as well as operational. For sub-criteria, the suitability of the national railway master plan (Ripnas) is more priority than land-use aspects (spatial plan). For Sub-economic criteria, the first aspect is the economic potential in the region/ growth area. For sub accessibility and connectivity criteria consider about distance within the downtown stationKey words: criteria, passenger station Kajian ini bermaksud menyusun kriteria penetapan lokasi stasiun kereta api pen um pang dengan tujuan memberikan masukan dalam kebijakan kriteria penetapan lokasi stasiun kereta api penumpang. Dengan menggunakan Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) maka akan ditentukan prioritas dari kriteria dan sub kriteria untuk penentuan lokasi stasiun. Dari pengolahan dan analisis data diperoleh hasil bahwa aspek regulasi merupakan prioritas utama dalam penentuan lokasi stasiun penumpang kereta api, diikuti oleh aspek lingkungan ekonomi, aksesibilitas dan konektivitas, serta operasional. Untuk sub kriteria, kesesuaian rencana induk perkeretaapian nasional (Ripnas) sebagai prioritas dibandingkan aspek tata guna lahan (rencana tata ruang wilayah). Sub kriteria ekonomi yang menjadi urutan pertama adalah potensi ekonomi di wilayah/kawasan pertumbuhan. Untuk sub kriteria aksesibilitas dan konektivitas adalah pertimbangan jarak stasiun dengan pusat kota.Kata kunci: kriteria, stasiun penumpang
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Kataoka, Ryosuke, Akira Shichi, Hiroyuki Yamada, Yumiko Iwafune, and Kazuhiko Ogimoto. "Comparison of the Economic and Environmental Performance of V2H and Residential Stationary Battery: Development of a Multi-Objective Optimization Method for Homes of EV Owners." World Electric Vehicle Journal 10, no. 4 (November 15, 2019): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/wevj10040078.
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The use of batteries of electric vehicles (EVs) for home electricity applications using a bidirectional charger, a process called vehicle-to-home (V2H), is attracting the attention of EV owners as a valuable additional benefit of EVs. To motivate owners to invest in V2H, a quantitative evaluation to compare the performance of EV batteries with that of residential stationary batteries (SBs) is required. In this study, we developed a multi-objective optimization method for the household of EV owners using energy costs including investment and CO2 emissions as indices and compared the performances of V2H and SB. As a case study, a typical detached house in Japan was assumed, and we evaluated the economic and environmental aspects of solar power self-consumption using V2H or SB. The results showed that non-commuting EV owners should invest in V2H if the investment cost of a bidirectional charger is one third of the current cost as compared with inexpensive SB, in 2030. In contrast, our results showed that there were no advantages for commuting EV owners. The results of this study contribute to the rational setting of investment costs to increase the use of V2H by EV owners.
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Kiseleva, Natalya, Victor Kiselev, Kristina Bavina, and Elena Kalyanova. "The Phenomenological Model of the Urban Agglomeration Dynamics: Theoretical Aspect." Regionalnaya ekonomika. Yug Rossii, no. 2 (August 2019): 46–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15688/re.volsu.2019.2.5.
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The article provides the phenomenological analysis of the influence of centrifugal and centripetal forces on the agglomerative process. The paper shows the possibility of applying mathematical models for assessing the resulting effect of their impact on the urban agglomeration. The phenomenological description is carried out by means of the phase space, the dynamic space, the space of parameters and a certain mathematical model. The urban agglomeration population as an indicator of the economic activity concentration and the change of population number are taken as the main phase variables. At certain restrictions to the type of functional dependence of change rates of population concentration on its number the following phenomena can be observed: self-oscillations; damped oscillations; fluctuations with an increasing, but limited in the asymptotics amplitude; monotonous achievement of the stable balance fr om above or fr om below (logistic dependence); steady, semi-steady or unstable lim it cycles of various lengths. The characteristic feature of self-oscillations is the lack of external periodic effect. The general qualitative behavior of the system in the whole dynamic space is manifested at t→∞ when its asymptotic characteristics do not depend on entry conditions. The most important solutions are stationary points and lim it cycles. The problem of stability and the nature of stationary points are directly connected with the qualitative image of the phase plane portrait in their environment and its topology. The type of phase plane portraits depends on the model parameters and is defined by the type of the special point. The article provides the theoretical phase plane portraits of the urban agglomeration dynamics for different types of static correlation between growth rates of the agglomeration population and economic activity concentration. The paper presents the current phase plane portrait of the Vladivostok urban agglomeration.
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Moskalev, A. V., V. B. Sboychakov, and M. M. Karapac. "Continuous medical education and topical issues in teaching of microbiology." Bulletin of the Russian Military Medical Academy 20, no. 1 (March 15, 2018): 250–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/brmma12358.
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The situation and revealed problems of a continuous medical education of experts of various specialities are characterized and ways of their decision are offered. The terms, which let a continuous medical education abroad to become a basic educational system are analyzed. Also, limitations, which have not allowed the continuous medical education to replace traditional formation with study on cycles of licensed departments in the Russian Federation are analyzed. It is established that the basic problem of a continuous medical education is economic. Problems of education of a bacteriologist are reflected in detail. It is shown that such specialities as bacteriologist and virologist require stationary training on profile departments for professional skill improvement, and elements of a continuous medical education can be considered only as additional. Recommendations of elimination of these limitations, which were generated in the course of optimization of educational process, are offered. Also, variants of complex educational process which carries elements of the continuous one are offered. As prominent aspects of optimization of educational process for bacteriologists it is offered to return such a kind of training as specialization on a workplace that will allow to receive necessary specific practical skills. The authors conclude that in connection with the revealed problems it is necessary to consider training on profile departments as the main and variants of a continuous medical education existing at the moment - as additional.
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Krim, Youssef, Manuela Sechilariu, and Fabrice Locment. "PV Benefits Assessment for PV-Powered Charging Stations for Electric Vehicles." Applied Sciences 11, no. 9 (April 30, 2021): 4127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11094127.
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Recently, the lift off point for the sales of electric vehicle (EV) was started with a significant increase. Therefore, convenient access to charging station infrastructure is required. The purpose of this work is to assess the role and benefits of photovoltaic (PV) for PV-powered charging infrastructures for EVs by a better energy management. This management is performed by a microgrid based on PV panels installed on roofs or car parking shades, EVs charging terminals, electrochemical stationary storage, and public grid connection. The aim is to define the economic aspects, feasibility and preliminary requirements for this system, in order to avoid overloading the power grid and guarantee a higher percentage of clean energy. The proposed methodology is presented through the modeling and development of a techno-economic tool for local stakeholders, allowing to manage and size EV charging stations, which is divided into three phases. The first phase informs local stakeholders on the necessary space and the maximum sizing as well as the generated cost to install a PV-powered charging station (PVCS). During the second phase, the total cost of the PVCS is adjusted according to the users’ budgets and needs. The third phase presents a detailed qualitative analysis of the user-defined configuration. In this phase, the main objective is to assess the performance of the PVCS, and then, to improve its sizing and its operating modes aiming at increasing the use of PV energy, while minimizing energy supplied by the power grid. In addition, it allows evaluating the PVCS performance by proposing an energy balance according to different charging scenarios (virtuous scenario, critical scenario, realistic scenario, and personalized scenario) and weather conditions. Moreover, this tool is reproducible in peri-urban area since it is able to handle any location.
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Kadala, Vitaliy, and Olena Guzenko. "ANTI-CORRUPTION ASPECTS AS A REGULATOR OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE RAILWAY INDUSTRY." Law Journal of Donbass 76, no. 3 (2021): 84–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.32366/2523-4269-2021-76-3-84-91.
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Rail transport plays a significant role in the life of the economic sector of the country. However, the existence of a significant number of negative factors violate the timing of the planned ways of its development. Among them, it is worth paying attention to the slow pace of adaptation of already adopted legislative initiatives, insufficiently substantiated taxation of services provided for the transportation of various goods and passengers (cross-subsidization) and problems arising from the transportation of privileged categories of citizens. Іncrease in the price of services provided, the presence of an inflation component, exchange rate fluctuations, etc. Despite the constant increase in the price of transportation services, the renewal of rolling stock and stationary railway transport is not carried out at a level that would help raise its quality level. This phenomenon is present in the operations of transportation of goods, luggage and passengers. There is a discrepancy between the growth rate of prices for rail transport services and their quality level. Among the additional negative factors should be noted the lack of funds for the renewal of rolling stock and its repair; inefficient financial planning and asset management of divisions; lack of working capital; low level of effective personnel planning and management; the threat of losing highly qualified employees, especially managers, due to reaching retirement age; lack of sufficient motivation for innovation and inventive activity; insufficient qualification of employees; possible resistance of personnel to organizational changes. There are also technical and technological problems. A significant part of the financial resources for the development of the domestic railway does not enter the process of cash flow formation due to the presence of corrupt actions carried out by individual representatives among the responsible persons. Representatives of the top management of the domestic railway must have an effective program of anti-corruption measures, but taking into account the legal framework that is already laid down in existing legislation. This study indicates the exacerbation of existing problems of the domestic railway, which requires immediate intervention at the macroeconomic and microeconomic level, as well as macro-legal and micro-legal level. The article reveals the problems of development of railway enterprises, determines the negative impact of corruption on its development, argues the need for anti-corruption measures that act as regulators of the development of the railway industry in the future. Outlines the content of the principles and substantiates the feasibility of their implementation in accordance with the Draft Law of Ukraine «On the Principles of State Anti-Corruption Policy for 2020–2024». Contains the author's proposal on the content of the conceptual categories «strategic anti-corruption intentions» and «anti-corruption event» and argues the benefits of their use by top management of the railway industry.
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Eskildsen, Svend S., Claus Mathiasen, and Morten Foss. "Plasma CVD: process capabilities and economic aspects." Surface and Coatings Technology 116-119 (September 1999): 18–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0257-8972(99)00142-5.
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Kumar Tiwari, Aviral, and K. G. Suresh. "Mean reversion in per capita GDP of Asian countries." Journal of Economic Studies 41, no. 1 (January 7, 2014): 2–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jes-09-2011-0109.
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Purpose – This study aims to examine the stationarity characteristics of per capita GDP of 17 Asian countries and subpanels for South Asia, East Asia, and high income Asian countries in nonlinear framework. Design/methodology/approach – The authors employed a recently developed nonlinear panel unit root test suggested by Ucar and Omaga in PESTAR framework for full panel and the subpanels. Findings – The results indicate that per capita GDP for the full panel of Asian countries and panel of South Asian countries are linear nonstationary, whereas for the panel of East Asia and high income developed countries have a nonlinear data generating process and are stationary. Originality/value – The use of newly developed nonlinear panel unit root test for Asian countries is the main contribution of the study. In that aspect, this is the first study to employ such a test in this area.
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PLAKHTII, Tetiana, and Vitalina DRACHUK. "ENVIRONMENTAL TAXES: PROCEDURE FOR TAXATION AND DISCLOSURE IN ACCOUNTING SYSTEM." "EСONOMY. FINANСES. MANAGEMENT: Topical issues of science and practical activity", no. 5 (45) (May 2019): 143–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2411-4413-2019-5-16.
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The tax system of any country is formed primarily in order to fulfil the fiscal function, which is aimed at filling the state budget. However, the problem of environmental pollution has risen in the world; therefore, this issue may be solved at the expense of different levers of the state influence at the level of the national, regional and local government. This process can be assisted through the intensification of the control function of such kind of tax payments as environmental tax. To control the activities of enterprises in the part of economic operations that cause environmental pollution through the construction of high quality information base, it is necessary to study the approaches established by the system of environmental taxation and reflection of such operations in the accounting. Recording of transactions on the accounting of the environmental tax settlements is carried out using the Settlement of tax commitments on the environmental tax, which is charged for emissions into the air of pollutants by stationary sources of pollution and Settlement of tax commitments on the environmental tax, which is charged for the placement of waste in the places or objects designated for these purposes. Based on the information given in the above-mentioned documents, the Tax Declaration of Environmental Tax is drawn up. These documents are constituents of tax reporting on the environmental tax, which show generalized information over the reporting period, i.e. a quarter. Currently, businesses want to have information that has been formed in time during a rather short time period in order to make operational and tactical decisions. We consider that it is necessary to meet the requirements of users through the formation and submitting accounting information in the form of auxiliary information on the charging of the environmental tax taking into account the specific approaches to taxation for one or another type of the environmental pollution. Such accounting information can be grouped at the request of users for certain time period, e.g. a week, a month, etc. Real environmental commitments can be reflected in the accounting system of the business entity in the context of analytical accounts, which are opened in the account 64 “Settlements of taxes and payments” and sub-account 641.5 “Settlements of the environmental tax”. The loan of this subaccount reflects the charge of the environmental tax, and its transfer to the budget – for a loan. We propose to carry out analytical accounting of settlements for environmental taxes by the types of payments (basic payment, fines, penalties) with the allocation of analytical accounts, i.e. the tax on actual emissions into the atmospheric air of pollutants by stationary sources of pollution; tax on actual volumes of emissions; tax on actual waste disposal. Accounting performed in the context of the proposed analytics will enable to form information on environmental commitments in terms of tax payments in order to provide effective management of the environmental activities of the enterprise. According to the Methodical recommendations on management reporting, one of the areas in which this form of report is being developed is the disclosure of environmental aspects. Proposals for the improvement of the procedure of documenting operations for charging commitments to the budget, as a result of meeting the requirements of environmental taxation in the form of auxiliary information and reflection in the accounting system of accounts, will improve organization of the accounting process during its practical application. This will enable not only to resolve the accounting issue on the formation of qualitative, reliable and unbiased information by its characteristics of information for reporting, but also to strengthen control over compliance with the environmental legislation and preservation of the environment. The accounting information formed by this method way will serve as an information base, in particular, to make the management report.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Economic aspects of Stationary process"
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Sevencan, Suat. "Economic Aspects of Fuel Cell-Based Stationary Energy Systems." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Tillämpad elektrokemi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-179137.
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It is evident that human activity has an important impact on climate. Constantly increasing energy demand is one of the biggest causes of climate change. The fifth assessment report of the Inter-governmental panel on climate change states that decarbonisation of electricity generation is a key component of climate change mitigation. Increased awareness of this fact and escalating concerns around energy security has brought public attention to the energy industry, especially sustainable power generation systems. Future energy systems may need to include hydrogen as an energy carrier in order to achieve necessary levels of CO2 emission reductions, and overcome the challenges renewable energy systems present. Fuel cells could be a corner stone of future hydrogen inclusive energy solutions. New solutions like fuel cells have to compete with existing technologies and overcome the shortcomings of emerging technology. Though these shortcomings are well-recognised, fuel cells also have many advantages which makes continued research and development in the field highly worthwhile and viable. Key to their adoption is the identification of a niche market to utilise their advantages while overcoming their shortcomings with continuous research and development. This thesis aims to evaluate some of the stationary fuel cell applications and determine whether one could become the niche market as an entry point for fuel cells. This is achieved by economic evaluations of real and hypothetical applications. Results of the studies here imply that to decrease the total life cycle impacts of fuel cells to more acceptable levels, resource use in the manufacturing phase and recycling in decommissioning should be shown more attention. Results also present a picture showing that none of the applications investigated are economically feasible, given the current state of technology and energy prices. However, fuel cell-based combined cooling, heating and power systems for data centres show the potential to become the niche market that fuel cells need to grow. A further conclusion is that a broad market, longer stack lifetime, the possibility of selling electricity back to the grid and governmental subsidies are essential components of an environment in which fuel cells can permeate through the niche market to the mainstream markets.QC 20151210
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Zhou, Qixuan. "Dynamic moment analysis of non-stationary temperature data in Alberta." Thesis, Lethbridge, Alta. : University of Lethbridge, Faculty of Management, 2010, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10133/3097.
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Strong seasonality is observed in the volatile hourly Alberta temperature and its low- and high-order statistical moments. We propose a time series model consisting of a linear combination of an annual sinusoidal model, a diurnal sinusoidal model and a fractional residual model, to study the characteristics of these spatial and time-dependent Alberta temperatures. Wavelet multi-resolution analysis is used to measure Hurst exponents of the temperature series. Our empirical results show that these Hurst exponents vary over various time scales, indicating the existence of multi-fractality in the temperatures. Such temperature models are of importance for the pricing and insurance of agricultural crops, of tourist resorts and of all forms of energy extraction and generation of importance to the resource-based economy of Alberta. Of particular interests are the observed extreme volatilities in the winters, caused by the unpredictable Chinook winds, which may be an important reason to introduce a Chinook insurance option.64 leaves : map ; 29 cm
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Cali, Massimiliano. "Spatial aspects of the economic development process." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2009. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2068/.
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In recent years the spatial dimension of economic development has attracted increasing interest in the development field. However there is still little analysis and evidence of the ways many spatial dimensions interact with other economic dimensions in the development process. This thesis aims to help filling this gap by bringing a geographical perspective into development economics frameworks. It is empirical in nature and uses data on different sub-national units from India and Uganda. The work is structured around four main papers (divided into six chapters). The first paper analyses two important aspects of the Indian urbanisation process. First it finds a U-shaped relation between rural-urban disparities in living standards and income per capita across Indian states in the Post-Independence period. Second, it shows that the urbanisation process in India has been characterised by convergence in the 20th century: smaller towns grow faster than large ones. The second paper examines the role of the agricultural sector in influencing the shape of the urban system. The analysis suggests that the elasticity of rural-urban labour supply increases both urban primacy and the urbanisation rate in Indian states during the Post-Independence period. The third paper tests for the impact of urban growth on rural poverty using a sample of Indian districts in the period 1981-1999. It finds that urbanisation reduces poverty surrounding rural areas. This effect is largely attributable to positive spillovers from urbanisation rather than to the movement of the rural poor to urban areas. The final paper examines the deteminants of rising returns to schooling in Ugandan districts during the 1990s. The findings suggest that both educational supply and demand factors influenced the wedge between skilled and unskilled labour. Moreover while trade opening reduced this wedge, pro-market reforms increasing inter-district trade raised returns to education in districts relatively abundant in skilled labour.
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Jalbout, Fouad Noaman. "Bayesian economic cost model for a variable sampling plan for fraction defective and manufacturing process control." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184753.
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Acceptance sampling plans by variables are a basic quality control technique. These plans provide economical procedures to determine the acceptability of batches of product. Most of these plans are based on a single quality characteristic and are of the classical type. This work concentrates on Bayesian variable acceptance sampling plans for fraction defective. Both destructive and non-destructive sampling procedures are considered. A set of decision points are estimated and employed to make decisions about the inspected lots. Techniques to dispose of the rejected lots are provided. Components of the expected total cost relative to various decisions are estimated. The sample size required to obtain the expected optimum cost is found. An untrue assumption implicit in the measurement of the quality characteristic of items sampled is that the observed dimensions are error free. The distributions, means, and variances of a set of parameters for error free and error prone sampling is listed. Computer programs written in FORTRAN 77 are developed to compute the decision points and the costs for both destructive and nondestructive testing. Precise Bays estimate of the costs and other economic parameters involve the moments of the fraction defective p raised to the kᵗʰ power. Mathematical expressions for the conditional expectations of p|x and p|ẋ are derived and a computer program to estimate these moments is provided. Producing quality items with minimum cost requires keeping a production process under control. The quality characteristic X of each item produced is determined and the sample means are plotted on an Ẋ-control chart. A production process is assumed to start in control at time t = 0 with specific values of the mean and standard deviation. The occurrence of a single or multiple cause-failures shift the process mean outside the control limits. During the search for the causes of failure, the process is either allowed to continue in operation or shut down until the assignable cause or causes are discovered. The expected duration of time during which the process is shut down and the additional time to be taken to repair the process are considered. Computer programs are provided to estimate the optimal sample size, the interval between successive samples, the control limits, the probability of type I error, the power of the chart, and the average time the process operates in the presence of an assignable cause. The parameters estimated are employed to estimate the optimal loss-cost. The economic design of Ẋ -charts assumes one quality characteristic of interest. However a product quality in most industrial products and processes is characterized by more than one quality characteristic where the application of a Ẋ -control chart for each variable is inappropriate. In this work a Hotellings T² control chart is employed to handle cases of where products are tested relative to several quality characteristics.
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Persson, Fredrik. "Energy Storage for Stationary Applications – A Comparative, Techno-Economical Investigation." Thesis, KTH, Skolan för kemi, bioteknologi och hälsa (CBH), 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-280016.
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Power outages, electric-grid deficiencies and renewable energies are all examples where stationary energy storages are useful. In this master thesis, two types of stationary electrochemical energy storages are examined; vent-regulated lead-acid batteries (VRLA) and lithium iron phosphate batteries (LFP), to find out the more beneficial one in stationary uses. The techniques are examined for a large range of electric-grid services in a techno-economical investigation. The cost per delivered kWh of the energy storage is the basis of comparison which is calculated using battery degradation data with respect to C-rate, SoC, DoD, temperature, storage time and cycle frequency to estimate calendar and cyclic aging. Modelling presents neither alternative as superior although LFP is the more versatile alternative. VRLA-batteries can be a more cost-beneficial alternative for applications demanding less than 1 cycle/day, at temperatures lower than 30C, short project lifetimes and when utilizing storages beyond 80% EoL. The investment cost is lower for VRLA at equal C-rates. Cost items neglected will decrease the chances of VRLA being the cheapest technique. From a sustainability point of view, LFP is under almost all circumstances the less energy and CO2-intense technology, however recyclability is in clear favor for VRLA.Strömavbrott, underdimensionerade elnät och förnybar energi är tre exempel där ett stationärt energilager kan tillämpas. I den här masteruppsatsen undersöks två typer av stationära elektrokemiska energilager; ventilreglerade bly-syra-batterier och litium-järnfosfat-batterier (LFP), för att finna det mer fördelaktiga alternativet i stationära applikationer. De två teknikerna analyseras i ett stort antal elnätsapplikationer i en tekno-ekonomisk studie. Kostnaden per levererad kWh av energilagret används som jämförelsebas vilken beräknas utifrån batteridegraderingsdata med avseende på C-rate, SoC, DoD, temperatur, lagringstid och cykelfrekvens för att estimera kalender- och cyklisk åldring. Modellering visar att inget av batterialternativen är överlägset i alla situationer men LFP är det mångsidigare alternativet. Bly-syra-batterier kan vara mer kostnadseffektiva för applikationer som kräver mindre än 1 (full-ekvivalent) cykel/dag vid temperaturer lägre än 30C, korta projektlivstider samt när batterilagren används bortom 80% EoL. Investeringskostnaden är lägre för bly-syra-batterier när likadan C-rate appliceras. Negligerade kostnadsposter kommer minska chanserna att bly-syra-batterier är det billigaste alternativet. Från ett hållbarhetsperspektiv är LFP nästan uteslutande den mindre energikrävande och mindre CO2-intensiva tekniken. Bly-syra-batterier har dock en klar fördel när det kommer till återvinningsbarhet.
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Jonsson, Emelie, and Birkir Pálsson. "Optimization of the sorting process in PVC-floor recycling : Scenarios to optimize economic and environmental aspects of the upscaling sorting process." Thesis, Blekinge Tekniska Högskola, Institutionen för industriell ekonomi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:bth-21857.
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Background: The industrial economy has been dominated by a one-way production and consumption model. Closing loops for materials has seen an upswing in popularity. The focus though has been on the environmental aspects instead of the economic benefits from implementing closed loops. With an increasing PVC consumption, the interest of implementing a closed loop of material management is increasing. PVC is a highly desired thermoplastic material because of its low cost and high performance. The high performance of PVC causes the materials to have a long lifetime which delays the end-of-life waste management. The option to utilize landfilling to deal with the accumulating waste has become a less acceptable option because of higher costs, environmental dangers, and decreasing availability of landfilling areas. When recycling PVC, it is important to ensure a high accuracy within the sorting process. A lower purity in the recycling process could lead to a lower quality of the material. With the increasing worldwide demand for PVC, which exceeds 35 million metric tons per year, the demand for a robust waste material management is high. Objectives: The objective with this master thesis is to provide a deeper understanding of the affects of introducing a closed loop of material management of PVC by optimizing the upscaling sorting process based on a maximization of the savings and the CO2 emission savings. Methods: An optimization model was developed based on previous literature regarding optimizing sorting processes and recycling processes. Different scenarios were set up to try to optimize the savings and CO2 emission savings for an upscaling sorting process of PVC. The scenarios were based on different changes in different variables. The model and the scenarios were implemented at a case study. The case study was made at the PVC-floor company Tarkett in Ronneby. Results: The different scenarios were compared based on their monthly savings and monthly CO2 emission savings. The results showed that when dealing with a larger volume of incomed material, a more capital-intensive solution should be implemented. It also showed that an upscaling of a sorting process in PVC-floor recycling can be financially feasible while implementing a closed loop of material management. Conclusions: The recent trend in waste material management indicates that many companies are implementing a closed loop of material management through capital-intensive sorting process to manage the increasing availability of waste. The comparisons of the different scenarios revealed that, if the monthly savings is to be optimized, there should be an increase in incomed material and the sorting process should implement a more capital-intensive solution utilizing automated sorting machines. If the monthly CO2 emission savings should be maximized, the incomed material should be maximized and handled by a labor-intensive solution.Bakgrund: Den industriella ekonomin har dominerats av en enkelriktad produktions- och konsumtionsmodell. Att sluta kretar för material har fått en uppgång i popularitet. Fokus har dock varit på miljöaspekterna istället för de ekonomiska fördelarna med att genomföra slutna kretsar. Med en ökande PVC-konsumtion ökar intresset för att genomföra en sluten krets för materialhantering av PVC. PVC är ett mycket önskat termoplastmaterial på grund av dess låga kostnad och höga prestanda. PVC: s höga prestanda gör att materialen har en lång livslängd som försenar avfallshanteringen. Alternativet att använda deponi för att hantera det ackumulerande avfallet har blivit ett mindre acceptabelt alternativ på grund av högre kostnader, miljöfaror och minskad tillgänglighet av deponiområden. Vid återvinning av PVC är det viktigt att säkerställa hög noggrannhet inom sorteringsprocessen. En lägre noggrannhet i återvinningsprocessen kan leda till en lägre kvalitet på materialet. Med den ökande världsomspännande efterfrågan på PVC, som överstiger 35 miljoner ton per år, är efterfrågan på en robust hantering av avfallsmaterial hög. Syfte: Målet med detta examensarbete är att ge en djupare förståelse för effekterna av att införa en sluten krets för materialhantering av PVC genom att optimera uppskalning av sorteringsprocessen baserat på maximering av besparingar och CO2 utsläppsbesparingar. Metod: En optimeringsmodell utvecklades baserat på tidigare litteratur om optimering av sorteringsprocesser och återvinningsprocesser. Olika scenarier inrättades för att försöka optimera besparingarna och CO2-utsläppsbesparingarna för en uppskalning av sortering av PVC. Scenarierna baserades på olika förändringar i olika variabler. Modellen och scenarierna implementerades på en fallstudie. Fallstudien gjordes på PVC-golvföretaget Tarkett i Ronneby. Resultat: De olika scenarierna jämfördes baserat på deras månatliga besparingar och månatliga CO2-utsläppsbesparingar. Resultaten visade att när man hanterar en större volym inkommande material, bör en mer kapitalintensiv lösning implementeras. Det visade också att en uppskalning av en sorteringsprocess vid PVC- golvåtervinning kan vara ekonomiskt genomförbar samtidigt som en sluten krets av materialhantering genomförs. Slutsatser: Den senaste trenden inom hantering av avfallsmaterial tyder på att iiimånga företag genomför en sluten krets för materialhantering genom kapitalintensiv sorteringsprocess för att hantera den ökande tillgången på avfall. Jämförelserna mellan de olika scenarierna visade att om de månatliga besparingarna ska optimeras, bör det finnas en ökning av inkommande material och sorteringsprocessen bör implementera en mer kapitalintensiv lösning med automatiska sorteringsmaskiner.
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Nolte, Mirco. "Commercial biodiesel production in South Africa : a preliminary economic feasibility study." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/369.
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Dubois, James H. "An architectural vision of Marysville, Kansas : community energy planning and design - a process to achieve a self reliant, sustainable future." Thesis, Kansas State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/14004.
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Pellegrino, Juan M., and n/a. "Strategy, learning and knowledge in the internationalisation process : a comparative study of NZ incremental and early-internationalising SMEs." University of Otago. Department of Marketing, 2009. http://adt.otago.ac.nz./public/adt-NZDU20090826.101221.
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Small and medium enterprises (SMEs), which represent around 95% or more of the total number of enterprises in many countries, are often considered critical for a country's economy because of their effects on economic output and their contribution to overall employment. However, as a result of globalisation and the deregulation of the New Zealand economy, SMEs in this country have been faced with the need to internationalise in order to grow because of increased domestic competition. Moreover, when they make their move to offshore markets they also face fierce competition. Hence, it is in this largely integrated and competitive global marketplace that it becomes critical for smaller firms to learn about international business to succeed. Therefore, this thesis aimed to understand and explain how internationalising NZ SMEs learn and develop knowledge throughout their internationalisation process.
To frame this problem an extensive review of the literature on internationalisation, organisational knowledge and organisational learning was conducted. This assessment revealed a gap related to the evolution of learning and knowledge in SMEs' internationalisation process. It also identified the incremental and born-global internationalisation types, two more common and distinctive internationalisation paths that SMEs follow. The literature described the several common forms of knowledge that played more or less critical roles in these firms' internationalisation. Furthermore, extant research also stated that experiential learning and other learning processes were important for the internationalisation of these firms but it did not delve into the development of these learning processes over time. Finally, the evaluation of the knowledge and learning literatures identified three most distinctive and important forms of knowledge that organisations develop as a result of several learning processes.
Anchored on the research problem and the specific research questions, derived from the literature review, and framed by a post-positivist worldview, this study developed a methodology that combined theory building, process-based research and case studies to address the problem. More specifically, the methodology involved the selection of and collection of historical, or retrospective, data from eight cases, four incremental and four early-internationalising firms. The data collected through interviews and document analysis was examined using different process analysis techniques.
This research has found that there were important differences in the incremental and early-internationalising firms' learning and knowledge during their creation. Furthermore, the early-internationalising firms identified and implemented an internationalisation strategy from the beginning. Thus, the knowledge about international markets and products acquired through congenital learning and their initial intention to offer their products offshore allowed the early-internationalising firms to expand internationally from their creation or soon after. In contrast, the incremental firms only decided to internationalise after they learned from their experience in their domestic market that they had a successful product that had international potential. Besides their initial internationalisation strategy, or lack of it, and knowledge, other factors, such as firm resources, product and industry characteristics and previous learning and knowledge, influenced these firms' subsequent internationalisation strategy, learning and knowledge.
Publication associated with this thesis: Pellegrino, J. (2005) Organisational Learning Processes in Internationalising Small- and Medium-Sized Enterprises: a Comparison between Traditional and Born-Global firms. Udevalla Symposium & McGill International Entrepreneurship Conference, Udevalla, Sweden, September 2005.
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Solheim, Ulrika, Anna Willman, and Marja Wedberg. "An evaluation of alloying elements in shredded steel scrap : Economic and environmental aspects of the recycling process for the steel scrap category E40." Thesis, KTH, Materialvetenskap, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-209825.
Full textBooks on the topic "Economic aspects of Stationary process"
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Christiano, Lawrence J. Unit roots in real GNP: Do we know and do we care? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1989.
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Augusztinovics, Mária. Towards a theory of stationary economic populations. Budapest: Institute of Economics, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, 1991.
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North, Douglass Cecil. The process of economic change. Helsinki, Finland: UNU World Institute for Development Economics Research (UNU/WIDER), 1997.
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Understanding the process of economic change. Princeton, N.J: Princeton University Press, 2005.
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Casson, Mark. The process of coordination. Reading, England: University of Reading, Dept. of Economics, 1995.
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Rod, Coombs, and Green Kenneth, eds. Technology, economic growth, and the labour process. Basingstoke, Hampshire: Macmillan, 1985.
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Rod, Coombs, and Green Kenneth, eds. Technology, economic growth, and the labour process. New York: St. Martin's Press, 1985.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Economic aspects of Stationary process"
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Wegner, Manfred. "Sectoral Shocks and Structural Adjustment in the East German Transformation Process." In Economic Aspects of German Unification, 77–98. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-79972-3_4.
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Bitter, J. G. A. "Economic and Technical Aspects of Hybrid Processes in the Petroleum and Petrochemical Industries." In Precision Process Technology, 381–92. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-1759-3_28.
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Nemyrovskyi, Yakiv, Eduard Posvyatenko, and Sergii Sardak. "Technical-Economic Aspects of the Use of Technological Process of Deforming Broaching." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 238–47. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22365-6_24.
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Schacht, M., R. Schulte, and F. Mantwill. "The aspects of energy in the Body in White process regarding product development and production planning." In Enabling Manufacturing Competitiveness and Economic Sustainability, 328–32. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-23860-4_54.
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Santana, Fabiana Soares, Claudio Barberato, and Antonio Mauro Saraiva. "A Reference Process to Design Information Systems for Sustainable Design Based on LCA, PSS, Social and Economic Aspects." In IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology, 269–80. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-15479-9_26.
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Cioffi, Antonietta, Fedele Cuculo, Lucia Di Nucci, and Gianmarco Orlando. "The economic-environmental impact analysis in the choice of the management of the dredging materials od a port basin in relation to the classification and the quality of the same: the experience of the port of Termoli (2018)." In Proceedings e report, 656–65. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-147-1.65.
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The work to be illustrated shows the comparison of the economic and environmental impact analysis in astudy case: "Dredging work on the seabed of the port of Termoli 2018". The entry into force of Ministerial Decree 173/2016 (ecotoxicological characterization of the sediments of the dredging area and of the diving area led). The new assessment required the search for solutions that summarized the economic aspects, linked to the financing available, and the adoption of a new technology that would allow a system process aimed at a better environmental protection.
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Bellia, Andrea Francesca, Julian Evans, and Sandro Lanfranco. "A Drone’s Eye View: A Preliminary Assessment of the Efficiency of Drones in Mapping Shallow-Water Benthic Assemblages." In Proceedings e report, 501–9. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-147-1.50.
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The study assesses consumer drone efficiency for surveying shallow-water benthic cover. We hypothesised that using a drone would reduce duration, and manpower requirements, while increasing accuracy, relative to manual surveys. Results obtained during this study clearly indicated that automated drone surveys were faster and more accurate than manual survey methods under most circumstances. This result has important implications for the scientific and economic aspects of the process and would have a multiplicative effect in monitoring programs that require regular surveys.
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Muñoz López, Natalia, José Luis Santolaya Sáenz, and Anna Biedermann. "Methodology of Product Sustainable Redesign. Case Study: Furniture of a Clothing Retail Store." In Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering, 175–81. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-70566-4_28.
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AbstractCompanies awareness of the impact generated by its products increases and motivates them to develop initiatives to improve their sustainability. In this work, a methodology consisting of three main phases: sustainability assessment, redesign process and comparison of designs, is proposed to obtain more sustainable product designs. Methodology is based on the Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment (LCSA) approach, which is applied to simultaneously evaluate environmental, economic and social aspects. In the case study the sustainability improvement of the furniture of a clothing retail store is addressed. A set of indicators are considered to evaluate the sustainability performance of both initial design and redesign. The study concludes that the application of different sustainability strategies allows a significant enhancement of the environmental and economic indicators.
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"The Disability Process." In Economic Aspects of Disability Behavior, 53–102. Elsevier, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-444-89462-5.50009-3.
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Burgazzi, L. "Reliability aspects of a stochastic non-stationary process." In Reliability, Risk, and Safety. CRC Press, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780203859759.ch297.
Full textConference papers on the topic "Economic aspects of Stationary process"
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Balco, P., and M. Drahosova. "The economic aspects of the electronization in Education process." In 2017 15th International Conference on Emerging eLearning Technologies and Applications (ICETA). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/iceta.2017.8102466.
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Zinchenko, I. V., S. V. Popov, L. A. Titova, and I. V. Popov. "Socio-Economic Aspects of Digitalizing the Diagnostic Process in Urology." In Russian Conference on Digital Economy and Knowledge Management (RuDEcK 2020). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.200730.098.
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Deblon, B., and K. H. Keienburg. "Refurbishing Gas Turbine Blades: Technical and Economic Aspects." In ASME 1985 International Gas Turbine Conference and Exhibit. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/85-gt-187.
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Highly sophisticated technologies for the repair and refurbishing of gas turbine blades are available on the market today. It is difficult, however, for the users of gas turbines to decide at what time they should utilize these facilities and which repair procedures would best suit their situation. The aim of this paper is to assist this decision-making process. The most frequent and typical forms of wear and damage to gas turbine blades are first presented and the consequent effect on efficiency and power output is discussed. Suitable well proven repair methods are recommended for each of the described types of wear from the vantage point of a gas turbine designer and manufacturer.
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Lyubova, T. V. "Main Methods of Formation and Development of Intercultural Competence Value Aspects in the Process of Entrepreneurs Education." In “New Silk Road: Business Cooperation and Prospective of Economic Development” (NSRBCPED 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/aebmr.k.200324.017.
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Kupusović, Tarik, and Arijana Huseinović. "OPPORTUNITIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT IN ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS OF THE EU INTEGRATION PROCESS FOR BIH." In Local Economic and Infrastructure Development of SEE in the Context of EU Accession. Academy of Sciences and Arts of Bosnia and Herzegovina, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5644/pi2013-153-18.
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Kryshtanovych, Myroslav, Svitlana Kryshtanovych, Yuriy Kozlovskiy, Nataliya Mukan, and Olena Kvas. "Intellectualization of the IT Sector Enterprise Management Process in the Context of Ensuring Economic Security: Pedagogical Aspects." In 2020 10th International Conference on Advanced Computer Information Technologies (ACIT). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/acit49673.2020.9209003.
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Tamošiunienė, Rima, Anna Kislovska, Eglė Kazlauskienė, and Tsvetelina Gankova. "ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF INCREASING VALUE AND SCOPE OF SHARED SERVICES CENTRES." In Business and Management 2016. VGTU Technika, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bm.2016.75.
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Development of Business Services Market and shift from manufacturing to services economy, where customer-oriented solutions, innovation and global networks are key valuables, forced appearance of business forms such as Shared Services Centres (SSC), which are paralleled with Business Process Outsourcing, Global Business Services. This business proved its advantage in private and public sector and increased in value and scope. SSCs are seen as economic catalyst, competitive business solution of organizations with entrepreneurial mindset. SSCs accelerate economic multiplier, which is seen in internal organizational aspects and external economic aspects. The aim of this paper is to escalate economic aspects of increasing value and scope of SSC‘s.
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Lonia, B., N. K. Nayar, S. B. Singh, and P. L. Bali. "Techno Economic Aspects of Power Generation From Agriwaste in India." In 17th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2003-170.
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The agricultural operations in India are suffering from a serious problem of shortage of electrical power on one side and economic and effective disposal of agriwaste stuff on the other. India being agriculture based country, 70% of its main income (share in GDP) comes from agriculture sector. Any enhancement of income from this sector is based upon adequate supply of basic inputs in this sector. Regular and adequate power supply is one such input. But, the position of power supply in our country defies both these characteristics. With a major portion of power produced being sent to the industrial and urban consumers, there is a perennial shortage of power in the agriculture sector. Consequently, there is an emergent need to produce more power in order to fulfil the needs of this sector effectively. One way of accomplishing this is setting up captive, preferably rural based, small power generation plants. In these power plants, instead of water-head, diesel oil or coal, we can use agri-residue to produce electricity. One such power plant (1–2 MW capacity) can satisfy the power need of 25 to 40 nearby villages. The agriwaste like rice straw, sugarcane-trash, coir-pith, peanut shells, wheat stalks & straw, cottonseed, stalks and husk, soyabean stalks, maize stalks & cobs, sorghum. Bagasse, wallnut shells, sunflower seeds, shells, hulls and kernels and coconut husk, wastewood and saw dust can be fruitfully utilized in power generation. This stuff is otherwise a waste and liability and consumes a lot of effort on its disposal; in addition to being a fire and health hazard. Agriwaste stuff which at present is available in abundance and prospects of its utilization in producing energy are enormous. This material can be procured at reasonably low rates from the farmers who will thus be benefited economically, apart from being relieved of the responsibility of its disposal. Agri-residue has traditionally been a major source of heat energy in rural areas in India. It is a valuable fuel even in the sub-urban areas. Inspite of rapid increase in the supply of, access lo and use of fossil fuels, agri-residue is likely to continue to play an important role, in the foreseeable future. Therefore, developing and promoting techno-economically-viable technologies to utilize agri-residue efficiently should be a persuit of high priority. Though there is no authentic data available with regard to the exact quantity of agricultural and agro-industrial residues, its rough estimate has been put at about 350 mt per annum. It is also estimated that the total cattle refuse generated is nearly 250 mt per year. Further, nearly 20% of the total land is under forest cover, which produces approximately 50 mt of fuel wood and with associated forest waste of about 5 mt.(1). Taking into account the utilization of even a portion (say 30%) of this agri-residue & agro-industrial waste as well as energy plantation on one million hectare (mha) of wastelands for power generation through bioenergy technologies, a potential of some 18000 MW of power has been estimated. From the foregoing, it is clear that there is an enormous untapped potential for energy generation from agri-residue. What is required is an immediate and urgent intensification of dedicated efforts in this field, with a view to bringing down the unit energy cost and improving efficiency and reliability of agri-waste production, conversion and utilisation, leading to subsequent saving of fossil fuels for other pressing applications. The new initiatives in national energy policy are most urgently needed to accelerate the social and economic development of the rural areas. It demands a substantial increase in production and consumption of energy for productive purposes. Such initiatives are vital for promoting the goals of sustainability. cleaner production and reduction of long-term risks of environmental pollution and consequent adverse climatic changes in future. A much needed significant social, economic and industrial development has yet to take place in large parts of rural India; be it North, West, East or South. It can be well appreciated that a conscious management of agri-residue, which is otherwise a serious liability of the farmer, through its economic conversion into electric power can offer a reasonably viable solution to our developmental needs. This vision will have to be converted into a reality within a decade or so through dedicated and planned R&D work in this area. There is a shimmering promise that the whole process of harvesting, collection, transport and economic processing and utilisation of agri-waste can be made technically and economically more viable in future. Thus, the foregoing paras amply highlight the value of agri-residue as a prospective source of electric power, particularly for supplementing the main grid during the lean supply periods or peak load hours and also for serving the remote areas in the form of stand-alone units giving a boost to decentralised power supply. This approach and option seems to be positive in view of its potential contribution to our economic and social development. No doubt, this initiative needs to be backed and perused rigorously for removing regional imbalances as well as strengthening National economy. This paper reviews the current situation with regards to generation of agriwaste and its prospects of economic conversion into electrical power, technologies presently available for this purpose, and the problems faced in such efforts. It emphasizes the need for an integrated approach to devise ways and means for generating electrical power from agriwaste; keeping in mind the requirements of cleaner production and environmental protection so that the initiative leads to a total solution.
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Kozlova, Anna Mikhailovna. "Methodological aspects of judicial doctrines implementation during teaching process of “Taxation and tax inspections” module in the context of “Economic and legal coverage of economic stability” specialization." In X International Scientific and Practical Conference. TSNS Interaktiv Plus, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21661/r-116825.
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Krukle, Zanda, and Raimonds Ernsteins. "Environmental investment governance in Latvia: planning process and decision-making framework development." In 22nd International Scientific Conference. “Economic Science for Rural Development 2021”. Latvia University of Life Sciences and Technologies. Faculty of Economics and Social Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.22616/esrd.2021.55.001.
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Applying governance process cycle steps model (5P model), the study focuses on the national environmental investment governance process by structuring and characterizing, particularly, investment planning process, including the integrative in-depth analysis of investment thematic content and framework (inextricably linked to the sectorial needs). Investment allocation is the governance instrument to be especially emphasized as being also necessary for the eventual implementation of all other governance instruments (such as infrastructure or communication ones), which all need financial support for their development, implementation or innovation. The study includes the investment instrument selection analysis at the policy planning stage for the most efficient investment and all sectorial policies implementation in order to reach the defined environmental governance goals. The study is practice-based research with elements of the participatory action research. Study is currently also topical since national investment planning process and final document is in the development process, detecting the main fields of investment in Latvia for the next 8 years. The structure and specifics of the planning stages of environmental investment governance process were identified along with related deficiencies and improvement needs, and, there were developed structured decision-making frame recommendation, based on the three main factors and subsequent set of complementary aspects identified as necessary required assistance to decide on the investment allocations.
Reports on the topic "Economic aspects of Stationary process"
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Fieldsend, Astrid. Evidence and Lessons Learned Regarding the Effect of Equitable Quality Education on ‘Open Society’. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2021.094.
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The purpose of this review is to assist FCDO in understanding the evidence of impact and any valuable lessons regarding the effect equitable quality education can have on ‘open society’. The search revealed that there is a considerable volume of evidence which focuses on education’s ability to reduce poverty, increase economic growth, boost employability and achieve better health outcomes. There is less which focuses on the aspects of ‘open society’ as defined in this paper. The scope of this review was narrowed to focus upon areas of the ‘open society’ definition where the most evidence does exist, given the timeframe for the review. The scope was narrowed to focus on: democracy, civic engagement, and social cohesion. The review of the literature found strong evidence that equitable quality education can have a range of positive impacts on democracy (specifically, its institutions and processes), civic engagement and social cohesion. There is a considerable body of evidence which indicates that there is a correlation between equitable quality education and benefits to societies (more peaceful, higher levels of trust, greater participation in politics, etc). However, there was no clear evidence that investment in equitable quality education directly leads to positive societal outcomes. This is because there are so many other factors to account for in attempting to prove causation. The lack of rigorous studies which attempt to attribute causation demonstrates a clear evidence gap. It is important to note that education systems themselves are politicised and cannot be divorced from the political process. The extent to which education can impact positively on open society depends a great deal on the value education has within the political system in which it is operating.
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Rusk, Todd, Ryan Siegel, Linda Larsen, Tim Lindsey, and Brian Deal. Technical and Financial Feasibility Study for Installation of Solar Panels at IDOT-owned Facilities. Illinois Center for Transportation, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.36501/0197-9191/21-024.
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The Smart Energy Design Assistance Center assessed the administrative, technical, and economic aspects of feasibility related to the procurement and installation of photovoltaic solar systems on IDOT-owned buildings and lands. To address administrative feasibility, we explored three main ways in which IDOT could procure solar projects: power purchase agreement (PPA), direct purchase, and land lease development. Of the three methods, PPA and direct purchase are most applicable for IDOT. While solar development is not free of obstacles for IDOT, it is administratively feasible, and regulatory hurdles can be adequately met given suitable planning and implementation. To evaluate IDOT assets for solar feasibility, more than 1,000 IDOT sites were screened and narrowed using spatial analytic tools. A stakeholder feedback process was used to select five case study sites that allowed for a range of solar development types, from large utility-scale projects to small rooftop systems. To evaluate financial feasibility, discussions with developers and datapoints from the literature were used to create financial models. A large solar project request by IDOT can be expected to generate considerable attention from developers and potentially attractive PPA pricing that would generate immediate cash flow savings for IDOT. Procurement partnerships with other state agencies will create opportunities for even larger projects with better pricing. However, in the near term, it may be difficult for IDOT to identify small rooftop or other small on-site solar projects that are financially feasible. This project identified two especially promising solar sites so that IDOT can evaluate other solar site development opportunities in the future. This project also developed a web-based decision-support tool so IDOT can identify potential sites and develop preliminary indications of feasibility. We recommend that IDOT begin the process of developing at least one of their large sites to support solar electric power generation.