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Journal articles on the topic 'Economic aspects of Tea'
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Jayasundera, Manik. "Financial and economic aspects of Ceylon Tea Industry in Sri Lanka." Financial Markets, Institutions and Risks 3, no. 3 (2019): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21272/fmir.3(3).131-135.2019.
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The functioning of the tea industry forms the main source of revenue for Sri Lanka’s budget, which is now ranked as the world’s fourth largest tea producer and second largest exporter. About 20% of the world’s tea products are sourced from Sri Lanka. The key objective of this study is to analyze the financial and economic aspects in the context of studying the peculiarities of sales of tea production enterprises. The research of this question in the article is carried out in the following logical sequence: the specifics of the process of making tea products are studied; the historical aspects of the formation and development of the tea industry in Sri Lanka; identified the main directions of state policy in terms of functioning of tea production enterprises; Key aspects of the pricing and marketing policy of the tea industry have been analyzed; features of implementation of export mechanisms are indicated. The article focuses on the system of taxation by the government of the tea industry, taxes in the context of which are designed to redistribute gross domestic revenue in accordance with priority directions of state social policy. The paper notes that the Government of Sri Lanka has now implemented subsidy mechanisms for tea companies: 1) subsidy for the modernization of production facilities in the long run; 2) subsidy for the development of the tea industry to improve the efficiency of tea processing and its transformation into other varieties; 3) short-term subsidy, which insures against falling tea prices or rising raw material costs; 4) marketing subsidies in the form of tea promotion grants, discounts on import duties and grants from the Export Development Board. The study made it possible for the authors to summarize the following: in 2019, there is a gradual fragmentation of land and a shortage of skilled labor in the Sri Lankan tea industry; state policy to support the tea sector will in the long run allow for appropriate reforms and mechanisms for regulating aspects of the tea industry (adjusting exports and imports, pricing systems, subsidy programs, state land redistribution programs). Keywords: government policy, pricing, sales mechanisms, exports, income and losses, tea industry.
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Əliməmməd oğlu Ağazadə, Seydağa. "Aspects of agricultural development in the Lankaran-Astara economic region." NATURE AND SCIENCE 07, no. 02 (April 23, 2021): 68–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.36719/2707-1146/07/68-70.
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The article analyzes the development, current condition and main directions of its optimization of agricultural crops planted in accordance with the climatic conditions in the territory of the economic region. State programs indicate the measures taken in this area. The implementation of the adopted state programs on the development of citrus fruits, tea and rice production and the dynamics of development in this area are shown. The current state of the agricultural complex was analyzed on the basis of available statistics. The development index of the economic region and its administrative districts is given. Key words: climate, land cover, agriculture, tea, paddy, citrus, government programs, GDP, Lapatnikov index, economic development index
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Ribeiro, Francisco Carlos. "Economic Aspects of Omnipotence." Theoretical Economics Letters 04, no. 03 (2014): 167–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/tel.2014.43024.
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Iswara, Candice, and Raden Aswin Rahadi. "CONSUMER PREFERENCES AND PRICING MODEL ON BUBBLE TEA PURCHASE IN BANDUNG, INDONESIA." Advanced International Journal of Business, Entrepreneurship and SMEs 3, no. 7 (March 31, 2021): 111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.35631/aijbes.37009.
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Bubble tea currently represents a popular drink among Generation Z in Indonesia. Their quality varies according to intrinsic and extrinsic aspects that can sometimes be modified to make it more desirable. As consumers are the final economic activity actor in the production chain, it is beneficial to identify which factors affect their behavioural patterns. This fact would allow the bubble tea shop owners to satisfy better consumer expectations, demands, and needs. This paper focuses on features that might influence consumer behaviour, preferences, and perception of bubble tea beverage and determine any differences in bubble tea purchasing power. The research will use a quantitative approach by distributing questionnaires to Generation Z and analyzing several aspects: price, taste, product design, brand influence, and location accessibility.
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Zaman, Md Ohidur, and Tareq Mahamud Abir. "The Process of Social Exclusion of Tea Garden Workers: A Study on Sylhet City Corporation, Bangladesh." Asian Journal of Humanity, Art and Literature 5, no. 2 (December 31, 2018): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.18034/ajhal.v5i2.340.
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Previous literature suggests that tea garden workers of Bangladesh are excluded from social, political and economic aspects. Therefore, this research work aimed to exploring the process of social exclusion of tea garden worker. All the tea gardens within Sylhet City Corporation have been selected as the study area and empirical data has been collected from selected respondents by Survey and In-depth interview methods. The field data show that tea garden workers are excluded in main three ways. They are deprived from social and political rights and have a very small control on their material world. Such deprivations made them incapable and create a cycle of poverty which leads them to social exclusion. Moreover, tea garden owners and managers play a peculiar role to exploit them from their basic socio-political and economic rights. In such a way, tea garden workers become excluded from the main stream people and living inhuman life.
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Davidson, Matthew G., Shaun Elgie, Sophie Parsons, and Tim J. Young. "Production of HMF, FDCA and their derived products: a review of life cycle assessment (LCA) and techno-economic analysis (TEA) studies." Green Chemistry 23, no. 9 (2021): 3154–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1gc00721a.
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Reif, Steve. "Choice And Decision: A Discussion of Selected Aspects of Economic Consequence for Mexican-Americans in Rural East Texas." Teaching Anthropology: Society for Anthropology in Community Colleges Notes 4, no. 2 (June 1997): 14–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/tea.1997.4.2.14.
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Maluki, Clinton, and Pauline Keitany. "EFFECTS OF ECOLOGICAL DESIGN SYSTEMS ON SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENTAL CONSERVATION OF TEA FACTORIES IN NANDI COUNTY." International Journal of Supply Chain Management 6, no. 2 (May 25, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.47604/ijscm.1288.
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Purpose: The main purpose of this study was to examine the effects of ecological design systems on sustainable environmental conservation of tea factories in Nandi County. The study was guided by transaction economic cost theory.
Methodology: The study used explanatory research design to help in exploring research questions with varying levels of depth. A semi-structured questionnaire with Likert-type interval scale anchored on a five-point scale was used to collect primary data. A pilot study was conducted in Eldoret Kiptagich tea wholesalers to test the validity of research instrument, Cronbach’s alpha formular was used to test reliability. The analysis technique included both descriptive statistics (means, standard deviation, percentages & frequencies) and inferential which included multiple regression analysis conducted at 95% confidence level with significance levels of 0.05. Data has been presented in tabular format.
Findings: The findings of the study indicated that ecological design practices had positive and significant influence on sustainable environmental conservation of tea factories in Nandi county (β =0.113; p<0.05). The study concluded that ecological design, reverse logistics, green production and green procurement are the predictors of sustainable environmental conservation of tea factories in Nandi county. The study recommends that more participation of national government on implementation of sustainable environmental conservation is necessary to ensure that the future generation is well taken care of by ensuring the four-bottom line of sustainable supply chain are practiced. The study also recommends tea processing firms and other manufacturing firms adopt GSCM practices in their supply chain operations. The study suggests that further studies should be conducted in processing firms other than tea processing firms.
Unique contribution to theory, practice and policy: Further studies can be conducted to relate GSCM with individual aspects of performance such as Economic, Environmental and Social and future other replica studies can be done on the areas of ecological design on sustainable performance.
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Zhou, Zi-wei, Hui-li Deng, Qing-yang Wu, Bin-bin Liu, Chuan Yue, Ting-ting Deng, Zhong-xiong Lai, and Yun Sun. "Validation of reference genes for gene expression studies in post-harvest leaves of tea plant (Camellia sinensis)." PeerJ 7 (January 31, 2019): e6385. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6385.
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Tea is one of three major non-alcoholic beverages that are popular all around the world. The economic value of tea product largely depends on the post-harvest physiology of tea leaves. The utilization of quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction is a widely accepted and precise approach to determine the target gene expression of tea plants, and the reliability of results hinges on the selection of suitable reference genes. A few reliable reference genes have been documented using various treatments and different tissues of tea plants, but none has been done on post-harvest leaves during the tea manufacturing process. The present study selected and analyzed 15 candidate reference genes: Cs18SrRNA, CsGADPH, CsACT, CsEF-1α, CsUbi, CsTUA, Cs26SrRNA, CsRuBP, CsCYP, CselF-4α, CsMON1, CsPCS1, CsSAND, CsPPA2, CsTBP. This study made an assessment on the expression stability under two kinds of post-harvest treatment, turn over and withering, using three algorithms—GeNorm, Normfinder, and Bestkeeper. The results indicated that the three commonly used reference genes, CsTUA, Cs18SrRNA, CsRuBP, together with Cs26SrRNA, were the most unstable genes in both the turn over and withering treatments. CsACT, CsEF-1α, CsPPA2, and CsTBP were the top four reference genes in the turn over treatment, while CsTBP, CsPCS1, CsPPA2, CselF-4α, and CsACT were the five best reference genes in the withering group. The expression level of lipoxygenase genes, which were involved in a number of diverse aspects of plant physiology, including wounding, was evaluated to validate the findings. To conclude, we found a basis for the selection of reference genes for accurate transcription normalization in post-harvest leaves of tea plants.
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Maia Seturi and Tamari Todua. "ANALYSIS OF THE GEORGIAN TEA BRANDS." European Cooperation 4, no. 44 (October 1, 2019): 7–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.32070/ec.v4i44.59.
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The article is devoted to the analysis of the Georgian Tea Brands, as well as the solution of some pressing issues regarding their success in the market. It is impossible without taking into account competitive advantages of foreign tea brands. In the last century, Georgia (South Caucasus) was one of the leading producers of tea in the Soviet Union. Nevertheless, the Georgian tea sector got into a difficult situation after the collapse of the Soviet Union. Since the early 2000s, the Georgian government has been trying to save this sector. Tea production is of great importance for the development of agriculture of Georgia. Revival of this sector can give significant economic and social benefits to rural population, who was actively involved in tea production during the existence of the Soviet Union. Nowadays, some state programs have been launched to stimulate the tea industry. The production of Georgian tea may be promising in the future due to the free trade agreement with the European Union. Today, this field has not lost its significance and still has a great potential for development. At the same time, it is necessary to take into consideration the aspects of the brand management. Product success in the market is closely related to its branding. The brand is intended for identification of goods of one seller or seller group, as well as for differentiation from the competitors' products. Creating an image for a trade mark helps to keep the goods in positioning in the mind of the consumer. Brand is a source of information for the user, which helps to simplify the choice of goods and reduce consumer risk. The brand does not remain unchanged, but it needs to be developed for further success. For the formation of a successful brand, the product has to stand out with the best quality that can be distinguished from other analogues. The main objective of the work is to examine the attitude of consumers to the Georgian tea brands. The goal of the survey is to determine the Georgian customers' attitude towards the Georgian tea brands, to identify weaknesses that prevent the Georgian tea brands from achieving success in the market.
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Mpapa, Bahidin Laode, and Haruni Ode. "Progam Kemitraan Masyarakat (PKM) pada Kelompok Usaha Pembuatan Teh Daun Kahumama Berkhasiat Obat di Desa Ondo-Ondolu Kecamatan Batui, Banggai, Sulawesi Tengah." Jurnal Pengabdian Pada Masyarakat 4, no. 4 (December 16, 2019): 451–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.30653/002.201944.224.
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COMMUNITY PARTNERSHIP PROGRAM IN THE BUSINESS GROUP FOR MAKING DRINK KAHUMAMA LEAVES FOR HERBAL IN ONDO-ONDOLU VILLAGE, BATUI DISTRICT, BANGGAI, CENTRAL SULAWESI. The wood of Kahumama includes a lot of local wood in the village of Ondo-Ondolu Batui subdistrict. Partners have the potential to utilize the parts of the kahumama trees such as leaves, to be a product that is worth selling. The potential of leaf raw material is abundant. Suitable business opportunity to utilize the leaves of the Kahumama is a drink efficacious medicine. There are three main problems of the partner, namely: not yet know the process of processing production of kahumama leaves into a tea efficacious medicine; Not yet know the ongoing business and marketing management as well; Not able to overcome the existence of people who still do wood theft in the working area of forest farmer groups. To solve the problem of partners given solutions in the form of training processing production process of Kahumama tea leaves that include: raw material selection techniques, trade, ministry, winding, drying and packaging; Business management and marketing training; and educating people about forests that include forest outcomes, forest cultivation and forest benefits from ecological, social and economic aspects. Community Partnership Program of the business group of the tea making leaves Kahumama efficacious drug implemented for one year in the village Ondo-Ondolu Batui District Banggai. The stages of this program are: observation, production process training of tea processing leaves, business management and marketing training as well as the importance of preserving forests, forest products, forest cultivation and the benefits of forests (ecology, social and Economic development). The result of this community service is farmer group Skills increased in the processing and production of herbal drink Kahumama leaves, thus the welfare of the community increases.
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Granados-Chinchilla, Fabio, Mauricio Redondo-Solano, and Daniela Jaikel-Víquez. "Mycotoxin Contamination of Beverages Obtained from Tropical Crops." Beverages 4, no. 4 (November 8, 2018): 83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/beverages4040083.
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This review is mainly centered on beverages obtained from tropical crops, including tea, nut milk, coffee, cocoa, and those prepared from fruits. After considering the epidemiological data found on the matrices above, the focus was given to recent methodological approaches to assess the most relevant mycotoxins. Aspects such as singularities among the mycotoxin and the beverage in which their were found, and the economic effects and repercussions that the mycotoxin-tainted ingredients have on the beverage industry were pointed out. Finally, the burden of their consumption through beverages, including risk and health effects on humans, was addressed as well.
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Zhang, Jinghong. "Rituals, discourses, and realities: Serious wine and tea tasting in contemporary China." Journal of Consumer Culture 20, no. 4 (May 4, 2018): 637–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1469540518773812.
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Ritualized wine and tea tasting events exemplify the intensifying consumerism in contemporary China, and provide an opportunity for understanding the link between commercialized ceremonial practices and underlying individual aspirations and national ideologies. Based on an ethnographic investigation of recent formal wine and tea tasting events held in China’s coastal eastern regions, this article explores how such events are embedded in discourses about both new individual lifestyle models and national cultural reconstruction. The author argues that, despite the fact that wine and tea drinking have very different cultural histories, ritualized tea and wine gatherings reflect many similar underlying social discourses. Furthermore, this article analyses some unsuccessful aspects of ritualized tastings to reveal the tension between social discourses and realities. Essentially, the article aims to show that Chinese consumption aspirations are caught in a paradox between ideals and practices, and performances and realities.
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Heuer, Thorsten, Carolin Krems, Kilson Moon, Christine Brombach, and Ingrid Hoffmann. "Food consumption of adults in Germany: results of the German National Nutrition Survey II based on diet history interviews." British Journal of Nutrition 113, no. 10 (April 13, 2015): 1603–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114515000744.
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The second German National Nutrition Survey (NVS II) aimed to evaluate food consumption and other aspects of nutritional behaviour of a representative sample of the German population, using a modular design with three different dietary assessment methods. To assess usual food consumption, 15 371 German speaking subjects 14–80 years of age completed a diet history interview between November 2005 and November 2006. With reference to the guidelines of the German Nutrition Society (DGE), NVS II observed that the German population did not eat enough foods of plant origin, especially vegetables and consumed too much of meat and meat products. While generally similar food consumption is observed in other European countries, consumption of bread, fruit juices/nectars and beer is higher in Germany. On average, men consumed two times more meat and soft drinks as well as six times more beer than women did, whereas the consumption of vegetables, fruit as well as herbal/fruit tea was higher in women. Older participants showed a lower consumption of meat, fruit juice/nectars, soft drinks and spirits as well as a higher consumption of fish, vegetables, fruit, and herbal/fruit tea than adolescents and younger adults did. There are also differences in food consumption with regard to socio-economic status (SES). Persons with higher SES consumed more vegetables, fruit, fish, water, coffee/tea and wine, while persons with lower SES consumed more meat and meat products, soft drinks and beer. In general, the food consumption of women, the elderly and the higher SES group tends to be closer to the official dietary guidelines in Germany.
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McMillan, David, and Graham W. Ault. "Techno-Economic Comparison of Operational Aspects for Direct Drive and Gearbox-Driven Wind Turbines." IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion 25, no. 1 (March 2010): 191–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tec.2009.2032596.
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Ngoc, Hoang Thi Huyen, Tran Thi Thuy Van, Nguyen Manh Ha, Nguyen Quoc Binh, and Mai Thanh Tan. "Bioclimatic assessments for tea cultivation in Western Nghe An." VIETNAM JOURNAL OF EARTH SCIENCES 41, no. 1 (January 8, 2019): 81–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0866-7187/41/1/13586.
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Bioclimatology is applied for growing tea in the West of Nghe An province, where the tea is considered as a high economic efficient plant to be priorly cultivated for reducing poverty and getting rich. Based on the bioclimatic characteristics of tea plant and regional climatic data from 1980 to 2014, the bioclimatic diagrams are built and the tea cultivability is mapped in term of annual average temperature and total precipitation, for this region with regarding its district of Con Cuong as an analytical key. The climate, including both temperature and precipitation, in Con Cuong is relatively suitable for the tea plantation. The Western Nghe An, a land of approx. 1.4 million ha, could be classified in five areas with different suitability for tea plant. The unfavorable area occupies only 1% of total region and the four favorable rests account for 99% of total, in which, the most favorable area is largest with about 746,355 ha, i.e. over 50% of whole region. The three other areas are cultivable but they are less favorable in terms of either temperature or precipitation. Growing tea in Western Nghe An, even in favorable areas, it should be taken into account of the weather disadvantages in certain moments of the year such as extreme dry, cold, hot and rainy events.ReferencesAhmed S., 2014. Tea and the taste of climate change, www.herbalgram.org, issue, 103, 44–51.Ahmed S., Stepp J.R., Orians C., Griffin T., Matyas C., 2014. Effects of extreme climate events on tea (Camellia sinensis) functional quality validate indigenous farmer knowledge and sensory preferences in tropical China. PloS one, 9(10), e109126.Bhagat R.M., Deb Baruah R., Safique S., 2010. climate and tea [camellia sinensis (l.) o. kuntze] Production with Special Reference to North Eastern India: A Review. Journal of Environmental Research And Development, 4(4), 1017–1028.Carr M., 1972. The Climatic Requirements of the Tea Plant: A Review. Experimental Agriculture, 8(01), 1–14. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0014479700023449.Carr M.K.V., Stephen W., 1992. Climate, weather and the yield of tea. In: Tea Cultivation to consumtpion. K.C. Wilson and M.N. Clifford (Eds). Chapman and Hall, 87–135.Daleen Lotter, David le Maitre, 2014. Modeling the distribution of Aspalathus linearis (Rooibos tea): implications of climate change for livelihoods dependent on both cultivation and harvesting from the wild. Ecology and Evolution, 4(8), 1209–1221.Ducan J.M.A., Saikia S.D., Gupta N., Biggs E.M., 2016. Observing climate impacts on tea yield in Assam, India. Applied Geogr., 77, 64–71.Institute of Geography, 2016. Department of Climatically Geography. The precipitation and temperature data at meteorological measuring stations in the West of Nghe An Province between 1984 and 2014. Data stored at Department of Climatically Geography, Institute of Geography, Ha Noi, 46p.Gaussen H., 1954. 8 ème Congrès international de Botanique. Section 7 et 3. Paris.Hadfield W., 1976. The effect of high temperature on some aspects of the physiology and cultivation of tea bush (Camellia sinensis) in North East India. In: Light as an Ecological factor. G.C. Evans, R. Bainbridge and O. Rackham (Eds.) Blackwel Sci. Publ., London, 477–495.Hoang Luu Thu Thuy, 2012. The comprehensive assessment of natural, socio-economic and environmental conditions for environmental protection planning in Nghe An Province. Doctoral Thesis. Institude of Geography, Hanoi, 150p.Huang Shoubo, 1989. Meteorology of tea plants in China: a review. Agri. Forest Meteorol., 47, 19–30.Huang Shoubo, 1991. A study on the ecological climates of some famous tea growing areas in high mountainous regions of China. Chinese Geographical Science, 1(2), 121–128.International Center for Tropical Agriculture, 2017. Identification of suitable tea growing areas in Malawi under climate change scenarios. Ciat report, Cali, Colombia, 39p.Kabir S.E., 2001. A study on Ecophysiology of Tea (Camellia sinensis) with special reference to the influence of climatic factors on physiology of a few selected Tea clones of Darjeering. International Journal of Tea Science, 1(4), 1–9.Kandiah S., Thevadasan T., 1980. Quantification of weather parameters to predict tea yields. Tea Q., Srilanka, 49(1), 25–33.Kaye L., 2014. Climate change threatens Sri Lanka’s tea industry. Triple Pundit: People, Planet, Profit. Available at: www.triplepundit.com/2014/06/climate-changethreatens-sri-lanka-tea-industry. Accessed July 25, 2014.Nakayama A., Harada S., 1962. Studies on the effect on the growth of tea plant. IV. The effect of temperature on the growth of young plants in summer. Bull. Tea Res. Station, Japan, 1, 28–40.Nguyen Bao Ve, 2005. The syllabus of industrial trees. Hanoi Argricultural Publishing House, 224p.Nguyen Dai Khanh, 2003. The assessment of agricultural climatic conditions for tea’s growth in major tea regions of Vietnam. Doctoral Thesis. Institute of Meteorology and Hydrology, 149p.Nguyen Khanh Van, Nguyen Thi Hien, Phan Ke Loc, Nguyen Tien Hiep, 2000. The bioclimatic diagrams of Vietnam. Vietnam National University Publishing House, Ha Noi, 126p.Nguyen Van Hong, 2017. Analyzing, assessing landscape for agriculture, forestry development and biodiversity conservation in the southwestern border districts in Nghe An province. Doctoral thesis. Vietnam National University, Hanoi, 150p.Nguyen Van Tao (ed.), 2004. Completing the asexual propagation process of LDP1 and LDP2 cultivars by cuttings in order to transfer to production. State Project of production pilot, coded KC.06.DA.09.NN. Institute of Tea Research, Phu Tho, 50p.Nkomwa E.C., Joshua M.K., Ngongondo C., Monjerezi M., Chipungu F., 2014. Assessing indigenous knowledge systems and climate change adaptation strategies in agriculture: A case study of Chagaka Village, Chikhwawa, Southern Malawi. Physics and Chemistry of the Earth, Parts A/B/C, 67–69, 164–172.Pham Hoang Ho, 2003. An Illustrated Flora of Vietnam, 2, 430–434. Youth Publishing House, 952p.Rebecca Boehm, Sean B. Cash, Bruce T. Anderson, Selena Ahmed, Timothy S. Griffin, Albert Robbat Jr., John Richard Stepp, Wenyan Han, Matt Hazel and Colin M. Orians, 2016. Association between Empirically Estimated Monsoon Dynamics and Other Weather Factors and Historical Tea Yields in China: Results from a Yield Response Model. Climate, 4, 20; doi:10.3390/cli4020020. www.mdpi.com/journal/climate.Schepp K., 2014. Strategy to adapt to climate change for Michimikuru tea farmers in Kenya. Adap CC Report. 2008. Available at: www.adapcc.org/en/kenya.htm. Accessed July 25, 2014.Sen A.R., Biswas A.K., Sanyal D.K., 1966. The Influence of Climatic Factors on the Yield of Tea in the Assam Valley, J. App. Meteo., 5(6), 789–800.Statistics Office of Nghe An Province, 2016. The annual abstracts of statistics 2015. Nghe An Publishing House, Nghe An, 453p.Tanton T.W., 1982. Environmental factors affecting yield of tea (camellia sinensis). Effect of air temperature. Expl. Agri., 18, 47–52.The People’s Committee of Nghe An Province, 2013. The Decision No. 448/QĐ-UBND dated 31/01/2013 to approve the hi-tech agriculture planning on the production of tea in Nghe An Province.The People’s Committee of Nghe An Province, 2013. The Decision No. 6290/QĐ-UBND dated 24/12/2013 to approve the adjustments and supplements for the development of Nghe An tea Industrial zone planning in 2013–2020.Walter H, Lieth, 1967. Klimadiagram - Weltatlas. Veb Gustav Fischer Verlag Jena.Wijeratne M.A., 1996. Vulnerability of Sri Lanka tea production to global climate change. Water, Air and Soil Pollution, 92(1-2), 87–94.Wijeratne M.A., Anandacoomaraswamy A., Amarathunga M., Ratnasiri J., 2007. Assessment of impact of climate change on productivity of tea (Camellia sinensis L.) plantations in Sri Lanka, 119–126.http://nghean.gov.vn, 05/06/2015. Many crops are withered in Con Cuong.http://baonghean.vn, 25/03/2013. Drought threaten rice and tea in Con Cuong. http://baonghean.vn/con-cuong-han-han-de-doa-lua-che-44581.html.
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Aji, B. D. S., N. Wijayanto, and B. Wasis. "Visual Evaluation of Soil Structure (VESS) Method to Assess Soil Properties of Agroforestry System in Pangalengan, West Java." Jurnal Manajemen Hutan Tropika (Journal of Tropical Forest Management) 27, no. 2 (August 1, 2021): 80–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.7226/jtfm.27.2.80.
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Agroforestry is an alternative land use that not only provides benefits in economic aspects, but also in ecological aspects including improving soil quality. This research aims to evaluate the physical quality of soil in various types of land use, including agroforestry systems and evaluate the efficiency of the VESS method in determining soil physical quality. This study uses the VESS method to analyze soil quality in six land uses in Pangalengan, West Java (i.e. agroforestry, forest, tea plantations, coffee plantations, agriculture cultivation, and abandoned land). It used The VESS method because it has been widely applied in many countries, but has never been applied in Indonesia. Soil property parameters (BD, soil porosity, soil permeability, and SOC) were measured to correlate with the VESS score. VESS score ranged from 1 (good soil quality) to 5 (poor soil quality). The VESS score for each land type ranged from Sq 1.3–4.33. The soil quality in agroforestry (Sq 1.89–2.04) is not much different from natural forest (Sq 1.3). The VESS score has strong correlation (r) with soil property parameters (BD = 0.97, soil porosity = -0.97, soil permeability = -0.83, SOC = -0.94). A Strong correlation value indicates that the VESS method can be used to analyze soil quality
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Botha, P. J., and J. van Zyl. "ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF THE OPTIMUM REPLACEMENT OF SEEDLING TEA BY HIGHER YIELDING CLONAL VARIETIES / Ekonomiese aspekte van die optimum vervanging van saadtee deur hoër opbrengs kloonvariëteite." Agrekon 31, no. 2 (June 1992): 55–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03031853.1992.9524270.
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e Oliveira, Maria da Conceição T. B., and Kurt A. Rosentrater. "An Environmental and Economic Analysis of Flocculation Technology Applied to a Corn-Based Ethanol Plant." Processes 8, no. 3 (February 27, 2020): 271. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8030271.
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The stimulation of renewable fuel production is related to the environmental issues resulting from the extraction and utilization of fossil fuels. Although corn-based ethanol is one of the leading renewable fuels and promises to mitigate these environmental impacts, it generates large volumes of wastewater with high concentrations of organic material (CODcr > 30,000 mg/L) and low pH (3.5–4.5), which leads to serious environmental concerns. A common method of treatment of distillery wastewater is the Dry Distilled Grain Soluble (DDGS) process, which separates liquid and solid fractions; however, a disadvantage of this process is its high energy consumption. Other commonly implemented methods are often costly and not environmentally safe. To minimize these problems, a flocculation process can be applied as a potential lower energy consumption process utilizing bioflocculants, which have been proven harmless to the environment. Therefore, the main goal of this study was to analyze the economic and environmental impacts of using bioflocculants instead of evaporation process in a corn-based ethanol plant. The procedures were evaluated by analyzing the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) and Techno-Economic Analysis (TEA). From the results, it can be seen that the flocculation system can be an alternative process for effectively minimizing energy consumption during the production of DDGS, Distilled Wet Grains with Solubles (DWGS), and corn oil. The flocculation process achieved a significantly (28%) lower utility cost when compared to the conventional system. However, the overall fixed costs and annual operating costs for the flocculation system were higher than those of the conventional system. Additionally, both processes resulted in negative profit and a sensitivity analysis showed that the feedstocks cost substantially impacted the DDGS, DWGS, and corn oil production costs. Related to environmental aspects, the LCA results showed that the flocculation process achieved the lowest Global Warming Potential (GWP) of the several electricity supply technologies analyzed and presented a significant reduction in CO2 equivalent emissions when compared to a conventional system. The flocculation process resulted in approximately 57% lower greenhouse gas emissions.
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Yakusyk, Tetiana. "The Nutrition of the Kyiv Theological Academy Students (1819–1869)." Kyivan Academy, no. 17 (March 10, 2021): 11–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.18523/1995-025x.2020.17.11-38.
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The article depicts the peculiarities of Kyiv Theological Academy students’ nutrition in the years of 1834–1863. The investigation uses documents from the Central State Historical Archive of Ukraine in Kyiv. These are mainly monthly and annual economic reports which inform about the filling of the student’s menu during the year and logs of behavior, where the inspector recorded deviations from the rules by students. Archival documents help to illuminate aspects connected to the nutrition of students of Kyiv Theological Academy. The ego-documents of graduates, notes, instructions of rectors, economists, and inspectors of the educational institution are extremely important.Attention is paid to regulatory requirements on food that are in the “Statut” of the theological academies. The Nutrition of students in Kyiv Theological Academy depended on many aspects and did not remain stable during 1819–1869. The students could diversify their diet at their own expense. The student menu was considered, and an attempt was made to analyze the changes that occurred with the filling of the student menu during these years. Also the paper describes how the diet changed depending on the period of the liturgical year. The traditions of informal students’ meetings and the use of prohibited (alcohol) and permitted (tea) drinks by the students are considered.Special attention is paid to the question of the diet and nutrition value of products for students. Сalculations are approximate, but there are reasons to conclude that the food energy value was enough for the students’ nutrition in the Academy at least on ferias.
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Meiliana, Anna, Nurrani Mustika Dewi, and Andi Wijaya. "Red Meats and Processed Meat as the Carcinogenic Foods and Phytochemical-chemoprevention." Indonesian Biomedical Journal 11, no. 3 (December 3, 2019): 225–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.18585/inabj.v11i3.965.
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BACKGROUND: Along with its increased prevalence, in the past decade, cancer had joined the list of chronic debilitating diseases. Nutrition become substantial aspects, due to its time-dependent effect to modulate inflammation thus trigger carcinogenic effects by altering the immune check point. Thus, nutrition contributes to the progression and therapeutic response of cancer, both in human or animal models.CONTENT: Meat is well favored food with appreciable appealing. Due to its high nutritional values it plays a central role in human development. Meat or meat derivate are important sources of proteins, minerals and vitamins. Their nutritional importance is worth compare to their economic impact but recent publication of WHO has set the social alarm about the relationship between red and/or processed meat consumption and cancer. On the other side, some natural or biologic agents may inhibit or reverse tumor growth. Some phytochemical agents including curcumin, resveratrol, lycopene, folates and tea polyphenols clinically proved to tune the signaling pathways regulating cell proliferation and apoptosis in transformed cells, enhance the host immune system and sensitize malignant cells to cytotoxic agents.SUMMARY: Recent studies on chemopreventive agents involves a wide range of molecules, natural (plants, fruits and vegetables) or synthetic will provide better insights for cancer early pathogenesis, important end-point biomarker, and finally potential for reducing the burden of cancer.KEYWORDS: blocking agents, suppressing agents, red meat, processed meat, chemoprevention, phytochemicals
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Gomo, Modreck, and Danie Vermeulen. "A transboundary aquifer of potential concern in Southern Africa." Water Policy 19, no. 6 (August 28, 2017): 1160–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2017.049.
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Abstract Tuli Karoo transboundary aquifer (TBA) is shared between Botswana, South Africa and Zimbabwe in the Southern African Development Community (SADC) region. The TBA provides groundwater resources for various economic activities. Irrespective of the value offered by this TBA, there is very little research that has been conducted to improve understanding of the physical system and potential cross-border impacts that can result from exploitation of the aquifer. In the wake of this limited research, this paper uses theoretical background and conceptual understanding to highlight some of the activities that have the potential to cause conflicts within the TBA. This article presents and discusses the current hydrogeological conceptual understanding of the Tuli Karoo TBA system, social and economic activities and their potential impacts on the TBA. Based on the discussions of various scenarios, it can be argued that the potential for groundwater cross-border flow and impacts exist within the TBA. With the ever-increasing and competing demands for fresh water and unpredictable rainfall patterns in the region, the possibility of future conflicts cannot be ruled out. It is hoped that this study can assist in raising awareness about the need to address aspects of sustainable exploitation and management of the TBA.
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Umar, Syuhada A., M. Edi Armanto, Ari Siswanto, and Muhammad Yazid. "Development of Food Agriculture Based on Superiority Cultivation Area in Tanjung Api-Api, Banyuasin District." E3S Web of Conferences 202 (2020): 02005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020202005.
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Leading commodity development area is a developed area for one or a combination of superior commodities that comply with the land use characteristics that provide the highest farm household's income, communities, and the region. This research was aimed to determine and describe the factors which have a significant effect on the superiority of Tanjung Api-Api (TAA) area, measure and analyze of the superiority of TAA cultivation area for food crops,and formulate a grand strategy matrix for food crops development based on its regional. The descriptive methods, Policy Analysis Matrix (PAM), and Grand Strategy Analysis. The factors which affect the superiority of TAA cultivation area include ecological, socio-cultural, and economic factors. The result shows, rice and corn plants included in the SI category or suitable for cultivation in the TAA region with Soil Mapping Unit (SPT) value of 20.70%. Socio-cultural aspects that affect the development of food agriculture such as the labors, Village Unit Cooperative (KUD), and Farmers Group that support agricultural development. Rice and corn crops have 0.69 and 0.97 on the competitive advantage (PCR) value respectively, therefore the rice and corn plants are concluded to have a competitive advantage. The comparative advantages (DRCR) value shows 0.68 and 0.65 for rice and corn plants respectively, which have comparative advantages and have the potential to develop in TAA area. Food crops in the TAA area are in a good competitive position. The strategy that must be applied under these conditions is to support an aggressive growth policy (Growth-oriented strategy).
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Kendell, Peter. "Economic aspects." Tourism Management 8, no. 2 (June 1987): 140–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0261-5177(87)90020-3.
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Максимчук, Ольга, Olga Maksimchuk, Татьяна Першина, and Tatyana Pershina. "Theoretical and methodological basis of competitiveness of the region in terms of assessment of comfort of living." Russian Journal of Management 4, no. 3 (November 2, 2016): 314–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/21962.
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In modern conditions of each region of Russia solves the problem of increasing con competitiveness and self-sufficiency. However, the solution to this problem without the Centre the instrumentation the primary function of the region - the creation of environments and human reproduction - socially and economically unjustified. Environment, this should be comfortable, high quality, and for all regions historically given conditions should be developed on the basis of relatively competitive interaction and cooperation, which is not performed. This explains the relevance of the research, in which the authors were based on the scientific work of Russian and foreign scientists: Ayvazyan S.A., Bezyazichny V.F., Gerasimov B.I., Gundarova I.A., Drobysheva V. V., Egorshina A.P., Kozlova M.I., Malikova K.S., Navrotskiy B.A., Neretina E.A., Salimova T.A., Albrecht G.L., Boyce C.J., Catalano T., Devlieger P., Hajiran H., Kendall E., Ortega F., Peri G., Wood A.M. Research subject - the factors that determine stay of comfort population in the region in various aspects, and object - the region (and the city as a structural unit of the region). Methodologically the research is based on the complex and systematic approach using comparative methods, retrospective, statistical, mathematical, logical analysis, modeling and forecasting. The purpose of copyright is to find theoretical and methodical substantiation of competitiveness of the region with the comfort of assessment items residing in it with scientists-including historical, socio-cultural, economic and environmental aspects. To achieve this goal the authors solved the problem: 1) revealed a problem of competitiveness of regions from the point of evaluating stay of comfort population in the region grounded and the trend in the functional role of temporal cities to ensure the region´s competitiveness; 2) defines competitiveness of the region from the standpoint of evaluating stay of comfort population in the region in it and a comparative analysis of the theoretical and methodological approaches to the identification and assessment of the level and quality of life, and stay of comfort population in the region; 3) developed and tested an original theoretical approach to the definition comfort of living in the region as an indicator of competitiveness, and the expediency of its use in the development of socio-economic development programs.
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Zheng, Wen, Senarath Dharmasena, Oral Capps Jr, and Ramkumar Janakiraman. "Consumer demand for and effects of tax on sparkling and non-sparkling bottled water in the United States." Journal of Agribusiness in Developing and Emerging Economies 8, no. 3 (September 3, 2018): 501–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jadee-09-2017-0089.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the factors affecting consumer demand for and the effects on tax on sparkling and non-sparkling bottled water in the USA. Design/methodology/approach Using nationally representative data from 62,092 households and tobit econometric procedure, conditional and unconditional factors affecting the demand for sparkling and non-sparkling bottled water were estimated. Findings The own-price elasticity of demand for sparkling and non-sparkling bottled water is −0.664 and −0.229, respectively. Coffee, fruit drinks, whole milk and tea are substitutes for non-sparking bottled water. Non-sparking bottled water, coffee, fruit drinks and whole milk are substitutes for sparking bottled water. Household income, race, region and presence of children significantly affect the demand for bottled water. A 10 percent increase in price due to a tax on bottled water decreased plastic use by 50 grams per household per year. This is equivalent to saving 9.5m pounds of plastic annually. Research limitations/implications Data used in this analysis only captured at-home consumption of bottled water by US households. While tax on bottled water may reduce the consumption of bottled water, it may increase the consumption of competitive beverages such as carbonated soft drinks or fruit drinks. Although the use of plastic with regards to water bottles may go down as a result of the tax, the plastic consumption could go up with regards to consumers’ increased purchase of other beverages. This might contribute net increase plastic bottle consumption, undermining the effects of a bottled water tax. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first to look at demand and tax aspects with regards to disaggregated bottled water products.
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Dong, Tek Bahdur. "Cultural Tourism: An Ethnographic Study of Home stay in Briddim Village, Nepal." Gaze: Journal of Tourism and Hospitality 11, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 10–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/gaze.v11i1.26612.
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The present scenarios of global tourism reflect that growing not only in the number of tourists around the world but also significantly diffusion of global and tourists’ culture. While tourism brings different peoples together, question may beasked what happened when different societies, one as a host and the other as tourists, encounter in the social field. This study examines the local perspective of home stay tourism with the objective of how private houses and individuals are connected to global tourism and how host community and tourists influence each other lead for cultural change. By applying an ethnographic research methods and tools in the field and reviewing relevant literatures, I argue that home stay businesses not always associated with an economic aspect of profit and loss. Rather it has to be analyzed in the local situational context. Although home stay brought number of positive impacts especially directly employment, women empowerment, increased tourism skills, and community development, this will be incomplete analysis if we look only from the perspective of sustainable business. Engaging with anthropological theories on globalization and theory of cultural change, my study also highlights on cultural exchange between host community and tourists through which both local people and visitors feel change in some movement of their life. While few cultural changes were found among the tourists like food culture, i.e Dal-bhat and Masala tea, the host community was largely influenced by the tourists’ culture. The trekking guides are the best example of tourist culture as they wear tourists’ gears and acculturated with tourists’ norms and values. This culture now became a reality in part of their life with the interconnection of village and global tourism.
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Festel, G. W. "Biofuels – Economic Aspects." Chemical Engineering & Technology 31, no. 5 (May 2008): 715–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.200700335.
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Wulandari, Suci, Sumanto Sumanto, and Saefudin Saefudin. "PENGELOLAAN BIOMASSA TANAMAN DALAM BIOINDUSTRI PERKEBUNAN MENDUKUNG PENGEMBANGAN BIOENERGI Plant Biomass Management in Plantations Bioindustry Supporting Bioenergy Development." Perspektif 18, no. 2 (May 19, 2020): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.21082/psp.v18n2.2019.135-149.
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<p>Biomassa tanaman perkebunan dapat dimanfaatkan untuk pangan, pakan, dan bioenergi. Hasil penelitian dan perkembangan teknologi telah mendorong pemanfaatan biomassa bagian-bagian tanaman tersebut. Tanaman perkebunan memiliki potensi besar untuk menghasilkan biomassa yang dapat dimanfaatkan dalam pengembangan energi terbarukan. Pemetaan potensi biomassa telah banyak dilakukan pada tanaman perkebunan, seperti pada: tebu, kakao, kelapa sawit, kemiri sunan, jarak pagar, kopi, kelapa dalam, karet dan teh. Pengembangan sistem produksi pangan dan biomassa untuk pembangkit energi melalui sistem multi tanam berbasis komoditas perkebunan telah dikembangkan. Di Kabupaten Aceh Timur telah dilakukan pengembangan sistem agroindustri juga memanfaatkan semua produk samping, mendorong daur ulang dan pemanfaatan residu. Pemanfaatan potensi bioenergi masih dihadapkan pada berbagai kendala distribusi, kontinuitas pasokan bahan dan aspek ekonomi. Menyikapi hal tersebut langkah strategis dapat dilakukan melalui: analisis neraca karbon, alokasi lahan, pemanfaatan lahan, pemanfaatan sumber daya secara berkelanjutan, dukungan teknologi, fokus pada nilai tambah yang tinggi dan perbaikan tata kelola. Selanjutnya perbaikan pada pengembangan sistem pangan energi terpadu dapat ditempuh melalui: (1) sosialisasi dari inovasi teknologi, (2) membentuk kawasan-kawasan pertanian terpadu di daerah sentra pengembangan dan (3) memperkuat kelembagaan petani untuk mengembangkan agroindustri.</p><p> </p><p><strong> </strong><strong> </strong>ABSTRACT</p><p align="center">Biomass from estate crops can be used for food, feed, and bioenergy. The results of research and technological developments have encouraged the utilization of biomass of these plant parts. Plantation crops have great potential to produce biomass that can be utilized in the development of renewable energy. Mapping of biomass potential has been carried out in plantation crops, such as: sugar cane, cocoa, oil palm, candlenut, jatropha, coffee, deep coconut, rubber, and tea. The development of food and biomass production systems for energy generation through a commodity-based multi-cropping system has been developed. In East Aceh District an agro-industrial system development has also been carried out utilizing all byproducts, encouraging recycling and utilizing residues. The utilization of bioenergy is still faced with various distribution constraints, continuity of material supply and economic aspects. In response to this, strategic steps can be taken through carbon balance analysis, land allocation, land use, sustainable use of resources, technology support, focus on high added value and improved governance. Furthermore, improvements to the development of integrated energy food systems can be pursued through (1) socialization of technological innovations, (2) establishing integrated agricultural areas in plant centers and (3) strengthening farmer institutions to develop agro-industries.</p><p> </p>
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Danaah Malick, Martin Mumuni, Aloysius Maalekuu, and Odalys Hernandez Rivera. "Prevalence and Factors Associated with Anemia in Pregnancy among Women Receiving Antenatal Care at the West Gonja District Hospital of Northern Ghana." International Journal of Innovative Research in Medical Science 5, no. 08 (August 1, 2020): 271–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.23958/ijirms/vol05-i08/915.
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Background: Anemia in pregnancy is a major public health problem especially in Low and Middle-income countries (LMIC) including Ghana and is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as being present when the hemoglobin concentration in the peripheral blood is 11g/dl or less. In most African countries anemia in pregnancy occurs if the hemoglobin concentration falls below 10g/dl. Pregnant women are at a higher risk of developing anemia due to several factors such as hemodilution, nutritional factors, multiple gestation, socio-economic status and malaria infestation. Anemia in pregnancy is an important cause of maternal mortality and affects half of pregnant women worldwide; with 56% of West African pregnant women being anemic. The objective of this study is to assess the prevalence and identify the risk factors associated with anemia among pregnant women receiving antenatal care at the West Gonja Hospital(WGH) Methods: A cross-sectional was conducted with 136 pregnant women receiving antenatal care at the WGH between January 2017 to February 2018. Random sampling was used to select participants and data was collected using a structured questionnaire. Data was analyzed using the SPSS Version 24.0. Results: A total 71(52.2%) of the study population were anemic, while 65 (47.8%) were not anemic. 20(74.1%) of the 27 pregnant housewives were anemic, while 11(64.7%) of the pregnant farmers were anemic. 27 (96.4%) of the 28 pregnant women who took their iron/folate supplement only some few days were anemic. 12 (100%) of the 12 participants who took their iron/folate supplement a few times a week were anemic. 4 (80%) of the 5 participants who never took their iron/folate supplement were anemic. 21 (70%) of those who did not sleep under ITN were anemic. 33 (84.6%) of the 39 patients who were diagnosed with malaria were also anemic. 28 (87.5%) of the 32 participants who took only 2 meals a day were anemic. 27 (79.4%) of the 34 patients who took liver, beef, chicken and fish only twice weekly were anemic. 15 (88.2%) of the 17 patients who drank tea some days in a week were anemic. Conclusion: Although most of the pregnant women were adequately educated on the most relevant aspects of anemia in pregnancy, more than half of them were still anemic. Anemia was more prevalent among pregnant uneducated housewives with poor nutritional habits. All the pregnant sickle cell disease patients as well as those diagnosed with malaria were also anemic.
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Malick, Martin. "Prevalence and factors associated with anemia in pregnancy among women receiving antenatal care at the West Gonja District Hospital of Northern Ghana." Obstetrics Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences 4, no. 3 (December 14, 2020): 01–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2578-8965/042.
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Background: Anemia in pregnancy is a major public health problem especially in Low and Middle-income countries (LMIC) including Ghana and is defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) as being present when the hemoglobin concentration in the peripheral blood is 11g/dl or less. In most African countries anemia in pregnancy occurs if the hemoglobin concentration falls below 10g/dl. Pregnant women are at a higher risk of developing anemia due to several factors such as hemodilution, nutritional factors, multiple gestation, socio-economic status and malaria infestation. Anemia in pregnancy is an important cause of maternal mortality and affects half of pregnant women worldwide; with 56% of West African pregnant women being anemic. The objective of this study is to assess the prevalence and identify the risk factors associated with anemia among pregnant women receiving antenatal care at the West Gonja Hospital (WGH) Methods: A cross-sectional was conducted with 136 pregnant women receiving antenatal care at the WGH between January 2017 to February 2018. Random sampling was used to select participants and data was collected using a structured questionnaire. Data was analyzed using the SPSS Version 24.0. Results: A total 71(52.2%) of the study population were anemic, while 65 (47.8%) were not anemic. 20(74.1%) of the 27 pregnant housewives were anemic, while 11(64.7%) of the pregnant farmers were anemic. 27 (96.4%) of the 28 pregnant women who took their iron/folate supplement only some few days were anemic. 12 (100%) of the 12 participants who took their iron/folate supplement a few times a week were anemic. 4 (80%) of the 5 participants who never took their iron/folate supplement were anemic. 21 (70%) of those who did not sleep under ITN were anemic. 33 (84.6%) of the 39 patients who were diagnosed with malaria were also anemic. 28 (87.5%) of the 32 participants who took only 2 meals a day were anemic. 27 (79.4%) of the 34 patients who took liver, beef, chicken and fish only twice weekly were anemic. 15 (88.2%) of the 17 patients who drank tea some days in a week were anemic. Conclusion: Although most of the pregnant women were adequately educated on the most relevant aspects of anemia in pregnancy, more than half of them were still anemic. Anemia was more prevalent among pregnant uneducated housewives with poor nutritional habits. All the pregnant sickle cell disease patients as well as those diagnosed with malaria were also anemic.
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Sur, Subhayan, and Chinmay Kumar Panda. "Molecular aspects of cancer chemopreventive and therapeutic efficacies of tea and tea polyphenols." Nutrition 43-44 (November 2017): 8–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2017.06.006.
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Suleiman, Rashid, and Kurt Rosentrater. "Techno-economic Analysis (TEA) of Extruded Aquafeeds." Journal of Food Research 7, no. 5 (July 11, 2018): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jfr.v7n5p57.
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The worldwide decline and overexploitation of ocean fisheries stocks had provided an incentive for the rapid growth of aquaculture. The aquaculture industry has been recognized as the fastest-growing food production system globally, with a 10% increase in production per year and is one of the most reliable and sustainable growth markets for manufactured feeds. Extrusion technology has been extensively used in the modern aquatic feed manufacturing, due to nutritional, physical properties improvements and cost effectiveness of feeds. Cost related to aquatic feed remains the biggest challenge, especially for small-scale producers. In order to understand costs and potential breakeven points, a single screw extruder and three different production scenarios (0.2, 2 and 20 t/day) throughput were used to develop techno-economic models for small-scale producers of extruded aquatic feeds. The results show annualized capital costs decreased as production capacity increased. Thus, aquatic feed producers could use this tool to evaluate annual costs and benefits to determine processing economics. Producers will have to consider the ingredients used, though, as raw ingredients constitute the greatest cost for the production of feeds.
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To-i, Masami. "Yoshiaki Masuda, An Economic Analysis of Tea." Journal of Rural Problems 25, no. 3 (1989): 146–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.7310/arfe1965.25.146.
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Cloete, T. E., and J. M. Kotze. "MICROBIOLOGICAL ASPECTS OF TEA MANUFACTURE IN SOUTH AFRICA." Acta Horticulturae, no. 275 (July 1990): 691–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.1990.275.86.
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Świeboda, Halina. "ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF CRYPTOCURRENCIES." Ekonomiczne Problemy Usług 131 (2018): 371–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.18276/epu.2018.131/1-36.
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Hanson, Philip. "Economic aspects of Helsinki." International Affairs 61, no. 4 (1985): 619–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2617707.
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Beker, Emilija. "Economic aspects of globalization." Privredna izgradnja 48, no. 3-4 (2005): 135–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/priz0504135b.
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Economic aspects of globalization are related to the increasing economic integration and interdependence on a global level through the processes of overall trade and financial liberalization and deregulation, minimization the role of the state, domination of market principles and mechanisms, and appearance of new actors on international economic scene. Ideological background of the new globalization wave is neoliberalism or market fundamentalism that is institutionalized in the form of trilateralism in international economic relations. Trilateralism includes concentrating the power of governing and regulation of international relations on three regional blocks in the world economy (SAD, Western Europe and Asia) and three international economic institutions (IMF, WTO and WB) that regulate specific area of international economic relations. Although globalization represents huge potential for creation of enormous economic prosperity these benefits aren't evenly distributed, so there exists an increasing gap between the wealthy and the poor that deepens the discontents of the globalization process. Considering that the only alternative is autarky and isolation of economy, globalization cannot be an option, but a reality that must be accepted, however, not at the cost of annulling national interests and sovereignty, degrading economic positions and initiating enormous social tensions.
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Carson, Scott Alan. "Economic Aspects of Obesity." Social Science Journal 50, no. 2 (June 1, 2013): 264–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.soscij.2013.05.001.
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Drummond, Michael F. "Economic Aspects of Cataract." Ophthalmology 95, no. 8 (August 1988): 1147–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0161-6420(88)33063-0.
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Göran Karlsson, Peter Nygren, Bengt. "Economic Aspects of Chemotherapy." Acta Oncologica 40, no. 2-3 (January 2001): 412–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02841860118330.
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Karlsson, Göran, Peter Nygren, and Bengt Glimelius. "Economic Aspects of Chemotherapy." Acta Oncologica 40, no. 2 (March 1, 2001): 412–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02841860151116501.
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Snape, Richard H. "Economic aspects of APEC." Australian Journal of International Affairs 46, no. 2 (November 1992): 198–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10357719208445085.
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Nelzèn, O. "Leg Ulcers: Economic Aspects." Phlebology: The Journal of Venous Disease 15, no. 3-4 (December 2000): 110–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026835550001500305.
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Objective: To review what is known about the cost of leg ulcers, and venous leg ulcers in particular. Method: Searches of the Medline and Cochrane Library databases. Reviewing reference lists of personally gathered articles in the field of chronic leg ulcers. Synthesis: Most publications dealing with the economics of leg ulcers are cost studies assessing the cost of different dressings or bandages, and only a few have given estimates of the total costs of leg ulcer management. The latter, in conjunction with accurate epidemio-logical data, are essential to estimate the nationwide costs of leg ulcer management. The costs consist of direct and indirect costs for society. Direct costs are mainly staff costs for managing dressing-changes. Based on the few estimates made, approximately 1% of the total health care costs in the western world are likely to be used for management of chronic leg ulcers. To reduce the costs of leg ulcer management a reduction in the frequency of dressing-change is recommended. Improved use of high technology, such as duplex Doppler diagnostics and varicose vein surgery, is also likely to be cost-effective. On the basis of two health economic analyses leg ulcer clinics alone do not appear to reduce the costs of leg ulcer management, mainly because of an inability to prevent recurrent ulceration. Conclusion: The cost implications of chronic leg ulcers are insufficiently studied but there is no doubt that managing patients with leg ulcers takes a substantial proportion of the health care budget. More health economic analyses are needed to define the best treatment in order to reduce total costs.
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McGrath, Graeme. "Economic aspects of psychotherapy." Current Opinion in Psychiatry 7, no. 3 (May 1994): 241–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001504-199405000-00008.
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Tuli, Karunesh. "Economic Aspects of Obesity." JAMA 306, no. 12 (September 28, 2011): 1382. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2011.1369.
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Schondelmeyer, Stephen W. "Economic Aspects of Switch." Drug Information Journal 24, no. 1 (January 1990): 57–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009286159002400111.
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McKillop, William. "Critique of Economic Aspects." Journal of Forestry 92, no. 4 (April 1, 1994): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jof/92.4.37.
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Máca, V., A. Daňková, J. Jedlička, and R. Haitmarová. "Economic Aspects of Transportation." Transactions on Transport Sciences 4, no. 2 (June 1, 2011): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10158-011-0008-6.
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Day, M. J. "Economic aspects of biotechnology." Endeavour 11, no. 2 (January 1987): 109. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0160-9327(87)90271-7.
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