Academic literature on the topic 'Economic aspects of Veterinary epidemiology'
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Journal articles on the topic "Economic aspects of Veterinary epidemiology"
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Harris, N. Beth, and Raúl G. Barletta. "Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosisin Veterinary Medicine." Clinical Microbiology Reviews 14, no. 3 (July 1, 2001): 489–512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cmr.14.3.489-512.2001.
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SUMMARY Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (basonym M. paratuberculosis) is the etiologic agent of a severe gastroenteritis in ruminants known as Johne's disease. Economic losses to the cattle industry in the United States are staggering, reaching $1.5 billion annually. A potential pathogenic role in humans in the etiology of Crohn's disease is under investigation. In this article, we review the epidemiology, pathogenesis, diagnostics, and disease control measures of this important veterinary pathogen. We emphasize molecular genetic aspects including the description of markers used for strain identification, diagnostics, and phylogenetic analysis. Recent important advances in the development of animal models and genetic systems to study M. paratuberculosis virulence determinants are also discussed. We conclude with proposals for the applications of these models and recombinant technology to the development of diagnostic, control, and therapeutic measures.
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Woźniakowski, Grzegorz, Magdalena Frączyk, Krzysztof Niemczuk, and Zygmunt Pejsak. "Selected aspects related to epidemiology, pathogenesis, immunity, and control of African swine fever." Journal of Veterinary Research 60, no. 2 (June 1, 2016): 119–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jvetres-2016-0017.
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Abstract African swine fever (ASF) is currently one of the most severe viral infections of domestic pigs, wild boars, and other hosts belonging to Suidae family. ASF is also considered as the most complex and devastating infectious and haemorrhagic disease of swine due to its severe socio-economic impact and transboundary character. ASF it is a notifiable disease and due to the lack of specific treatment and vaccine, the disease can be only limited by the administrative measures comprising wild boar hunting and stamping out of affected pigs. ASF occurred for the first time in Kenya in 1921 while in Europe (Portugal) the virus was detected at the end of the 1950s. In spite of successful eradication of this threat in a number of affected regions, the virus remains endemic in both feral and domestic pigs in Africa and Sardinia. The ‘new era’ of ASF started in 2007 after its re-introduction to Georgia. Following its intensive expansion, the virus spread to other Caucasian countries, including the territory of the Russian Federation. In 2014 the virus reached Ukraine, Belarus, and, consequently, European Union countries: Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, and Poland. The occurrence of ASF in wild boars and pigs had a severe impact on both epidemiology and economy because of the national and international transport and trade consequences. Up to date, starting from the February 2014, eighty ASF cases in wild boar and three outbreaks in domestic pigs have been diagnosed. Taking into account the diverse rate of spread in Poland, this review aims to present and discuss the current state of knowledge on ASF including its epidemiology, pathology, transmission, and perspectives of control.
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Awa, Daniel Ndzingu, and Mbunkah Daniel Achukwi. "Livestock pathology in the central African region: some epidemiological considerations and control strategies." Animal Health Research Reviews 11, no. 2 (January 15, 2010): 235–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1466252309990077.
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AbstractDisease consistently features among the major constraints of livestock production in the central African region, orchestrating important economic losses. This article reviews livestock diseases of economic importance, including foot-and-mouth disease, trypanosomosis and dermatophilosis in cattle, peste des petits ruminants and gastrointestinal helminthosis in sheep and goats, and Newcastle disease in poultry. Some aspects of epidemiology such as pathogen identification, prevalence and risk factors are examined in the light of research findings in the region. Control tools such as vaccines, chemotherapeutic or prophylactic agents, and protocols developed for their efficient use are also reviewed. Constraints to the effective use of these tools have been identified as mostly due to institutional insufficiencies and measures for improvement have been proposed. These include the promotion of private professional veterinary services endowed with greater responsibility in animal health care, creation and promotion of community-based animal health care units in areas of marginal professional coverage, and adoption of a regional approach to the control of diseases of economic importance.
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Weiblen, Carla, Daniela Isabel Brayer Pereira, Valéria Dutra, Isabela de Godoy, Luciano Nakazato, Luís Antonio Sangioni, Janio Morais Santurio, and Sônia de Avila Botton. "Epidemiological, clinical and diagnostic aspects of sheep conidiobolomycosis in Brazil." Ciência Rural 46, no. 5 (May 2016): 839–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20150935.
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ABSTRACT: Conidiobolomycosis is an emerging disease caused by fungi of the cosmopolitan genus Conidiobolus . Particular strains of Conidiobolus coronatus, Conidiobolus incongruus and Conidiobolus lamprauges , mainly from tropical or sub-tropical origin, cause the mycosis in humans and animals, domestic or wild. Lesions are usually granulomatous and necrotic in character, presenting two clinical forms: rhinofacial and nasopharyngeal. This review includes the main features of the disease in sheep, with an emphasis on the epidemiology, clinical aspects, and diagnosis of infections caused by Conidiobolus spp. in Brazil. In this country, the disease is endemic in the Northeast and Midwest, affecting predominantly woolless sheep breeds and occasioning death in the majority of the studied cases. The species responsible for infections of sheep are C. coronatus and C. lamprauges and the predominant clinical presentation is nasopharyngeal. These fungal infections are very important, since they compromise the health status of the sheep flock and cause serious economic losses to the sheep industry. Thus, research is needed to investigate faster tools for diagnosis and effective methods for the control and treatment of conidiobolomycosis.
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Benkirane, A., and Alwis MCL De. "Haemorrhagic septicaemia, its significance, prevention and control in Asia." Veterinární Medicína 47, No. 8 (March 30, 2012): 234–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/5830-vetmed.
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Haemorrhagic septicaemia (HS) is an endemic disease in most countries of Asia and sub-Saharan Africa. Within the Asian Region, countries can be classified into three categories, on the basis of incidence and distribution of the disease; these are respectively countries where the disease is endemic or sporadic, clinically suspected but not confirmed, or free. Economic losses due to HS are not only confined to losses to the animal industry, but also rice production on account of its high prevalence among draught animals used in rice fields. Only a few attempts have been made to estimate economic losses, the methodologies used in different countries have varied, and many are not based on active surveillance, and a consideration of all components of direct and indirect losses. Most Asian countries rank HS as the most important contagious disease or the most important bacterial disease in cattle and buffaloes. Resource allocation for prevention and control of HS nationally or internationally will evidently depend on a correct estimate of its economic impact. The key factors in prevention and control would be timely and correct reporting, accurate and rapid diagnosis, strategic use of vaccines with the attainment of a high coverage where necessary with a high quality vaccine. National level activities geared towards attainment of these objectives may be with advantage supported and strengthened by international organisations involved in animal health. The present paper attempts to review aspects related to the epidemiology, control and containment of HS in Asia and, proposes some key issues on which a regional programme for HS control in this continent should be centred.
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Goeckmann, Victoria, Sophie Rothammer, and Ivica Medugorac. "Bovine spastic syndrome: a review." Veterinary Record 182, no. 24 (April 20, 2018): 693. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.104814.
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Bovine spastic syndrome (BSS) was described for the first time in 1941. The disease occurs in various—maybe even all—cattle breeds and is a chronic-progressive neuromuscular disorder that commonly affects cattle of at least three years of age. Typical clinical signs of the disease are clonic-tonic cramps of the hindlimbs that occur in attacks. Since BSS does not recover, affected animals can only be treated symptomatically by improving welfare conditions and management factors, or with physical therapy or drugs. Although still not irrevocably proven, BSS is assumed to be a hereditary disease. Therefore, affected animals should be excluded from breeding, which negatively affects economics and breeding. Besides epidemiology, clinical signs, aetiopathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment, this review discusses genetic aspects and differences to the similar disease bovine spastic paresis. Furthermore, this review also picks up the discussion on possible parallels between human multiple sclerosis and BSS as a further interesting aspect, which might be of great interest for future research.
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Jacobs‐Reitsma, W. F. "Aspects of epidemiology ofcampylobacterin poultry." Veterinary Quarterly 19, no. 3 (September 1997): 113–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01652176.1997.9694753.
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Fedichkina, Tatiana P., L. G. Solenova, I. E. Zykova, S. V. German, A. V. Modestova, V. A. Kislitsyn, Yu A. Rakhmanin, and I. P. Bobrovnitsky. "Socio-economic aspects of epidemiology of helicobateriosis." Hygiene and sanitation 95, no. 9 (October 28, 2019): 861–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2016-95-9-861-864.
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There are considered special social and economic aspects of the epidemiology of Helicobacter pylori. These aspects acquired the particular importance for the last time due to the fact that the provision of the people with pure water has been becoming the focus of the attention of geopolitical and socio-economic interests in a number of countries. The availability ofpure drinking water serves a marker of the socio-economic state of the territory and the population living there. In Russia where different climatic conditions are deposited by considerable regional differences in the conditions of communal services caused both by various level of the socio-economic development of the territory, the supplementation with pure drinking water serves as the social determinant of the ecological conditions of the population’s life. This particularly has impact on the unfeasible technical state of the water distribution systems, microorganism ecology of which can substantially affect public health. The performed by authors a specialized screening ofpresented at the official web site of the joint-stock company «Mosvodokanal» current data concerning the quality of drinking water consumed by 2500 Moscovites, tested for the Helicobacter pylori infection revealed no deviations from the sanitary standards in the water received by the consumers. Along with that, the comparison of the map documents of the distribution of the Helicobacter pylori infection in Moscow with the distribution of citizens’ complaints of the decline of the quality of tap water has revealed a territorial fastening of the high values of the population infection rate of n^ylori and the urban sites with the greatest number of complaints. In the microbial ecology of water-distribution systems there are tightly aligned problems of their epidemiological safety, technical state and economic damage caused by corrosion as a result of microbiotic activity. In contrast to acute bacterial and viral infections which are deemed of the greatest importance when assessing the sanitary condition of water sources and water-distribution systems, the consequences of infection with H. pylori may not be manifestedfor a long time but some years later they may be manifested as serious chronic diseases (from gastritis to adenocarcinoma of the stomach and a wide range of extraintestinal pathologies), which causes great social and economic losses. Thus, the socio-economic aspect of the epidemiology of helicobacteriosis includes at least two components: the technic - the maintenance of the feasible technic and sanitary state of the water distribution systems and the medico-social - expenditures for screening and treatment of infected patients. In total they are an inseparable part of the prevention of socially-important diseases in the public health system.
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Dorn, C. Richard. "Veterinary epidemiology and its economic importance in A.D. 2000." Preventive Veterinary Medicine 13, no. 2 (June 1992): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0167-5877(92)90097-y.
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KANYARI, PWN. "Coccidiosis in goats and aspects of epidemiology." Australian Veterinary Journal 65, no. 8 (August 1988): 257–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1751-0813.1988.tb14314.x.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Economic aspects of Veterinary epidemiology"
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Kshirsagar, Shukla. "Economic impacts of the Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine on the Commonwealth of Virginia." Thesis, This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-05022009-040712/.
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Adam, Katherine. "The future of farm animal practice in a changing veterinary business landscape." Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.669189.
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Ramothibe, J. C. (Joseph Colin). "The demographic and socio-economic impact of HIV/Aids on the Khomas region and the implications for the Windhoek local authority." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50131.
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Thesis (MBA)--Stellenbosch University, 2004.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: HIV/AIDS is one of the biggest challenges faced by many countries in this century. The rate of infection is rapidly increasing and more and more people are getting ill and dying from AIDS. Of all the people living with AIDS in the world, seven out of ten live in Sub-Saharan Africa. Namibia is one of the top five most HIV/AIDS affected countries in the world. There is therefore no question about the urgent need to accelerate actions to reduce prevalence, expand care and support and extend access to treatment. AIDS is eroding decades of progress made in extending life expectancy; thus hundreds of adults are dying young or in early middle age. The national strategic plan (2004) on HIV/AIDS indicated that the average life expectancy in Namibia is now 42 years, when it could have been 60 without AIDS. A 2003 study on the impact of HIV/AIDS on Windhoek indicated that the antenatal HIV/AIDS prevalence rate in Windhoek for 2002 was 27%, while the national prevalence rate was estimated at 22.3%. The prevalence rate for Windhoek is expected to reach its peak at 38% during 2005. Even though HIV/AIDS will have a diminishing effect on population growth, Windhoek's population is expected to continue growing, particular as a result of inward migration, but at a slower pace. Similarly, HIV/AIDS will have an abating effect on GDP growth as the virus will mainly affect the economic active and available labour force of the population and result in increased labour costs and skilled labour shortages. The impact on the informal sector is potentially more damaging than on the formal economic sector, as the majority of micro- enterprises and informal businesses are build around one individual. As the breadwinner dies, household income and expenditures levels deteriorate and increase poverty levels, because households within the city are very dependent on family structures to support their income levels. Informal settlements are also more volatile to HIV transmission and the majority of HIV infected individuals are likely to be found within these areas as the populations is poorer, crowded, has fewer social services facilities and is more likely migratory compared to those in affluent formal settlements. Considering that the incubation period of HIV/AIDS from infection to death takes about ten years, the real impact of current HIV infections in Windhoek will only be experienced during 2010. Health services will have to attend to a greater demand for curative services as well as to social care and support programs. Social welfare programmes will need to find ways of caring for a large population of HIV/AIDS orphans. Municipalities can playa critically important role in addressing HIV/AIDS at a local level as they are at the interface of community and government. They are ideally placed to playa coordinating and facilitating role that is needed to make sure that partnerships are built to bring prevention and care programmes to every community affected by AIDS. Therefore, in order to succeed in confronting HIV/AIDS, it is important to work closely with all levels of government as well as working with local partners in civil society that are fighting HIV/AIDS at the community level. By taking action against HIV/AIDS, municipalities are securing the future of their towns and communities.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: MIV/VIGS is een van die grootste uitdagings wat baie lande hierdie eeu in die gesig staar. Die koers van infeksie is vinnig aan die toeneem en al hoe meer mense word siek en sterf as gevolg van VIGS. Van al die mense wat met VIGS lewe in die wêreld, bly sewe uit tien in sub-Sahara Afrika. Namibië is een van die vyf mees MIV/VIGS geaffekteerde lande in die wêreld. Derhalwe is daar geen twyfel rakende die noodsaaklikheid om daadwerklike aksies te bewerkstellig om die voorkoms te verminder, sorg en ondersteuning te verhoog en toegang na behandeling uit te brei. VIGS vernietig dekades van groei behaal in die verlenging van lewensverwagting; dus sterf honderde volwassenes vroeg of gedurende hul middeljare. Die nasionale strategiese plan (2004) rakende MIV/VIGS toon dat die gemiddelde lewensverwagting in Namibië huidiglik 42 jaar is instede van 60 sonder VIGS. 'n Studie onderneem gedurende 2003, rakende die effek van MIV/VIGS in Windhoek, dui aan dat die voorgeboorte MIV/VIGS voorkoms koers 27% vir 2002 was, terwyl die nasionale voorkoms koers slegs 22.3% was. Daar word verwag dat die voorkoms koers vir Windhoek sy maksimum van 38% sal bereik gedurende 2005. Alhoewel MIV/VIGS 'n negatiewe effek op bevolkingsgroei groei gaan het, sal Windhoek se inwoners getalle steeds groei, alhoewel teen 'n stadiger koers, as gevolg van inwaartse migrasie. Terselfdertyd, gaan MIV/VIGS 'n verminderde effek het op die groei van die Bruto Binnelandse Produk (BBP), omdat die virus hoofsaaklik die ekonomiese aktiewe en beskikbare arbeidsmag van die bevolking affekteer wat as gevolg hiervan 'n verhoging in arbeidskoste en tekort aan geskoolde arbeid het. Die effek op die informele sektore is potensieel meer skadelik as op die formele ekonomiese faktore, aangesien die meeste klein en informele besighede rondom een persoon gebou is. lndien die broodwinner sterf, versleg die vlakke van huishoudelike inkomste en uitgawes wat lei tot verhoogde armoede, omdat huishoudings in die stad baie afhanklik is op familie strukture om hulle inkomste te ondersteun. Informele vestigings is meer kwesbaar in die oordrag van MIV en die meerderheid van die MIV geïnfekteerde individue word gewoonlik in hierdie areas aangetref omdat die bevolking armer is, meer persone huisves, minder welsyn dienste fasiliteite het en meer swerwend is in vergelyking met die meer welgestelde formele vestigings. As in ag geneem word dat die ontkiemings periode van MIV/VIGS vanaf infeksie tot en met sterfte omtrent tien jaar neem, sal die werklike effek van die huidige VIGS besmettings in Windhoek slegs ervaar word gedurende 2010. Gesondheidsdienste sal moet aandag skenk aan 'n groter aanvraag vir geneeslike dienste sowel as sosiale sorg en ondersteunings programme. Gemeenskaplike welsyn programme sal maniere moet vind om vir 'n groot populasie van MIV/VIGS weeskinders te sorg. Munisipaliteite kan 'n belangrike rol speel in die aanspreek van die MIV/VIGS epidemie op 'n plaaslike vlak omdat hulle die skakel is tussen die gemeenskap en die regering. Hulle is ideaal geplaas om 'n koordineerende en fasiliterende rol te speel wat nodig is om seker te maak dat vennootskappe gebou word om voorkomings en versorgings programme te lewer aan elke gemeenskap wat deur MIV/VIGS geraak word. Dus, om sukses te behaal in die bekamping van MIV/VIGS , is dit belangrik om nou saam te werk met alle vlakke van die regering sowel as met plaaslike vennote in die gemeenskap wat MIV/VIGS bekamp op gemeenskapsvlak. Deur aksie te neem teen MIV/VIGS , kan munisipaliteite die toekoms van hulle dorpe en gemeenskappe verseker.
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Sanoamuang, Niwat. "Epidemiological aspects of MBC resistance in Monilinia fructicola (Wint.) Honey and mechanisms of resistance." Lincoln University, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/1362.
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Isolates of Monilinia fructicola (Wint.) Honey obtained from stone fruit orchards in Hawkes Bay, North Island and from Californian fruit exported to New Zealand, were tested for resistance to methyl benzimidazole carbamate (MBC). Resistant isolates from the North Island had EC₅₀ values of >30,000, and most isolates from the imported fruit had of values approximately 1.5 mg a.i./l carbendazim. Sensitive isolates failed to grow on 1 mg a.i./l carbendazim. A detached peach shoot system was used in controlled conditions for estimation of values for incubation period, latent period and rate of spore production on flowers (cv Glohaven). The same variables and the rate of colonisation of host tissue were measured on fruit (cv Fantasia) in controlled conditions. An inoculum density of 1x10⁴ spore/flower or fruit greatly increased fitness in vivo compared to an inoculum density of 1x10² spore/flower (fruit). Isolates varied considerably, but there was no consistent relationship between the degrees of resistance and fitness. This was in contrast to earlier studies with dicarboximide resistant strains of M. fructicola. The survival in the field of 10 isolates resistant or sensitive to MBC or dicarboximide fungicides on twig cankers and mummified fruit was compared. The ability to produce conidia on twig cankers inoculated in late spring 1989 was maintained by all sensitive and MBC resistant isolates for at least 1 year. The production of conidia on mummified fruit inoculated in February 1990 decreased after 2-3 months in the field but some conidia were still produced on all fruit in the following spring. Dicarboximide resistant isolates produced less conidia than either the MBC resistant and the sensitive isolates. The pathogenicity and fitness of all isolates were similar to the original values after survival for 1 year. A technique was developed to produce apothecia reliably from inoculated peach (cv Black Boy) and nectarine (cv Fantasia) fruit in controlled conditions in the laboratory. The fruit were inoculated with resistant or sensitive isolates, or combinations, and were incubated for 8 weeks at 25°C (±1°C) with 12 hours photoperiod of fluorescent light (Sylvania 2x65 W, daylight) to produce mummified fruit. The fruit were then buried in moist autoclaved peat moss for 10 weeks at 25°C (±1°C) in the dark to form stromata. These fruit were then hydrated with running tap-water (total hardness (CaCO₃) = 47 g/m³ and conductivity at 20°C = 12.7 mS/m) for 72 hours. The hydrated mummified fruit were placed in moist peat moss and were incubated for 13-14 weeks at 8°C (±0.5°C) in the dark. At the end of this period, stipe initials were visible. Differentiation of stipe initials into mature apothecia occurred within 15-20 days after transfer to 12°C (±2 °C) with a 12 hour photoperiod of fluorescent and incandescent light. All isolates produced apothecia when treated in this way. A technique for isolation of ascospore sets in linear arrangement was developed for tetrad analysis of the inheritance of resistance. At least 3 hours of fluorescent and incandescent light at 12°C (±2°C) was essential to allow ascospore ejection from individual asci taken from apothecia previously maintained in a 12 hour photoperiod at 12°C (±1°C). A water film on the surface of water agar was necessary to hold a set of ejected ascospores in linear sequence. Single ascospores were obtained in sequence with the aid of a micromanipulator. Genetic analysis of MBC resistant isolates was carried out on ascospores derived from apothecia produced in the laboratory. Analysis of ascospore sets in linear arrangement and ascospore populations indicated that resistance to >30,000 mg a.i./l carbendazim (high-resistant) is governed by a single major gene and is affected by gene conversion mechanisms. Crossing over was frequent, suggesting that recombination of resistance with other characters, such as pathogenicity and fitness, may occur readily. The segregation ratio (1:1) from most resistant isolates revealed that heterokaryons containing both resistant and sensitive alleles were common in resistant populations and that resistance is dominant. Allozyme analysis of ascospore progeny through electrophoresis revealed a narrow genetic base of M. fructicola in New Zealand. The technique for reliable apothecial production in controlled conditions developed in this study provided an important step for the determination of the biology of M. fructicola strains resistant to MBC fungicides, and the complexity of its life cycle. Genetic heterogeneity in field populations can be conserved in one isolate through heterokaryosis, thus providing for adaptability of the pathogen to the changing environmental conditions. Knowledge on genetic variability, overwintering ability, pathogenicity and fitness factors may be useful for future management strategies of stone fruit brown rot. Special emphasis should be made in particular to prevent primary infection on blossoms, which would delay the establishment of recombinant strains of M. fructicola and the onset of brown rot epidemics.
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Katzenellenbogen, Judith Masha. "Use of data linkage to enhance burden of disease estimates in Western Australia : the example of stroke." University of Western Australia. School of Population Health, 2009. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0117.
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[Truncated abstract] The Disability-Adjusted Life Year index, developed by the Global Burden of Disease Study, is used extensively to compare disease burden between locations and over time. While calculation of the fatal component of this measure, Years of Life Lost, is relatively straight-forward, the non-fatal component, Years Lived with Disability, is based on parameters that are challenging to estimate. This thesis pioneers the use of the Western Australian Data Linkage System to enhance epidemiological parameters underpinning Years Lived with Disability, providing, by way of illustration, a robust quantitative profile of burden of stroke in the state of Western Australia at the turn of the 21st century. The principal methodological objective was to utilise data linkage analytic methods for the specific requirements of burden of disease estimation. The principal stroke-related objectives were: 1. To estimate the parameters underpinning the non-fatal burden of stroke (Years Lived with Disability) in Western Australia in 2000. 2. To estimate the total burden of stroke (Disability-Adjusted Life Years) in Western Australia in 2000. 3. To investigate differentials in stroke burden between different sub-populations in Western Australia. 4. To calculate projections of stroke burden for Western Australia in 2016. Years Lived with Disability from stroke were calculated for Western Australia from nonfatal stroke incidence, expected duration and disability (severity) weights. Non-fatal incidence was estimated using linked hospital and death records of first-ever hospitalised stroke 28-day survivors in 2000. This was then adjusted for out-of-hospital cases determined from the population-based Perth Community Stroke Study. iv Analysis of mortality in hospitalised 28-day survivors using linked data revealed that the excess mortality in prevalent, rather than incident cases was the main disease-specific parameter required for modelling stroke duration using DisMod II specialised software. ... Access to data linkage and population-based stroke studies in Western Australia allowed more accurate estimation of non-fatal stroke burden, with previous reports most likely underestimating disability as a contributor to total burden. Although predominantly affecting the growing aged population, stroke also affects a sizable number under the age of 65 years, the age group where differentials in stroke burden are the greatest. The findings highlight the continued need for primary prevention efforts for all ages, targeting especially younger people in disadvantaged groups. The shift to greater disability burden in the future and the needs of disadvantaged groups must be considered when planning stroke services. The multiple studies undertaken for this thesis contribute to ongoing improvement of data quality and methodological refinements underpinning estimates of Years Lived with Disability, specifically for stroke, but applicable also to other diseases. Similar linked data approaches can be used in other Australian states in the future once infrastructure is developed, thereby improving estimates of disease burden for health policy and planning in the future.
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Ilunga-Ilunga, Félicien. "Le paludisme grave de l'enfant: profil des ménages, aspects épidémio-cliniques, et analyse de coûts de prise en charge dans les hôpitaux de Kinshasa, République Démocratique du Congo." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/209063.
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Le paludisme grave de l’enfant est une maladie potentiellement mortelle dans de nombreuses zones tropicales et subtropicales. Sa prise en charge nécessite des moyens coûteux et pèse lourdement sur l’économie des ménages. En République Démocratique du Congo, les ménages sont obligés de débourser directement les frais de prise en charge, faute de la quasi-inexistence de la sécurité sociale. En dépit de la conférence d’Abidjan 2001, demandant aux chefs d’Etats africains de consacrer 15% des budgets nationaux à la santé, le budget alloué à la santé en RDC reste faible. La charge financière s’est transférée graduellement sur les ménages qui sont paupérisés à l’extrême. La subvention de l’Etat seule ne suffit plus à subvenir aux besoins de la population. Objectifs et hypothèses.
Les hypothèses suivantes ont été posées:
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Doctorat en Sciences de la santé publique
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Williams, Rachael M. "Do geographical indications promote sustainable rural development? : two UK case studies and implications for New Zealand rural development policy." Lincoln University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10182/585.
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Geographical indications (GIs) are one form of protective labelling used to indicate the origin of food and alcohol products. The role of protected geographical indicators as a promising sustainable rural development tool is the basis for this research. The protection of geographical indications is a rather controversial subject and much research is still required for both sides of the debate. The research method employed for this study is qualitative critical social science. Two Case studies are used to investigate the benefits brought to rural areas through the protection of GIs. The case studies include the GIs Jersey Royal and Welsh Lamb both from the United Kingdom a member of the European Union (the EU is in favour of extended protection of GIs for all agro-food products under the 1994 WTO/TRIPS agreement on geographical indications). Twenty-five indepth interviews were conducted for this study the duration of the interviews was approximately one hour. The study identifies predominantly indirect links between GIs and sustainable rural development, through economic and social benefits bought to rural areas by the GIs investigated - less of a connection was found to ecological elements. No considerable cost for GI protection was discovered. This finding suggests that GIs are worthwhile for implementation in New Zealand as a rural development tool.
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Simelane, Mandla Collen. "Socio-economic and socio-cultural factors influencing people's involvement and participation in the animal health service at Madinyane." Diss., 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/29057.
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Rubenstein, Beth L. "Microcredit, temptation spending and health outcomes in Indonesia: A longitudinal evaluation." Thesis, 2019. https://doi.org/10.7916/d8-qfe2-x330.
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This dissertation examined whether or not microcredit, the provision of small loans to people usually excluded from mainstream financial institutions, demonstrably improved health for typical borrowers in Indonesia. The underlying idea behind microcredit is that loans will increase borrowers’ income and lead to positive changes in their lives, including their health. However, microcredit may actually be harmful to borrowers’ health because of stress associated with repayment obligations, extra working hours needed to start a business and tensions caused by shifting power dynamics in the household. Moreover, for some borrowers, a loan may facilitate increased spending on so-called temptation goods that are damaging to health, such as tobacco and processed foods. Previous research has not adequately explored these competing positive and negative pathways linking microcredit and health.
The project consisted of three parts: a systematic review and two empirical papers. The systematic review synthesized the scientific literature related to individual microcredit loans, health-related temptation spending, psychological stress and self-reported health outcomes in adults. The empirical papers estimated the causal effect of microcredit on household expenditures on tobacco and processed foods, and individual psychological distress and self-rated health. Both empirical papers used data from the Indonesia Family Life Survey, a longitudinal study that followed more than 7,000 households over 21 years.
After adjusting for confounding, people living in borrowing households had levels of psychological distress and self-rated health that were similar to people living in non-borrowing households. These predominantly null findings were relatively robust across multiple models. Microcredit households did spend substantially more money on tobacco than non-borrowers. This difference was driven by households with male borrowers. Still, tobacco spending ultimately did not affect health outcomes. Based on empirical evidence from this dissertation along with findings from other studies, policymakers and practitioners should recalibrate their high expectations of microcredit as a socially transformative intervention. At the same time, fears about the unintended health consequences of microcredit may have been exaggerated. Reliance on longitudinal data generated insights into microcredit and health that could not be established from randomized controlled trials.
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DeCuir, Jennifer Marie. "The influence of neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage and social discomfort on high-risk injection behavior among people who inject drugs." Thesis, 2016. https://doi.org/10.7916/D8KH0N5K.
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Research on the determinants of injection drug use behavior has traditionally concentrated on factors operating at the individual level. However, more recent studies have found that behaviors surrounding injection drug use are shaped, not only by individual-level characteristics, but also by the environment in which they occur. The risk environment paradigm, proposed by Rhodes and colleagues, describes how factors exogenous to the individual influence high-risk injection behavior and blood borne virus (BBV) transmission among people who inject drugs (PWID). To date, few elements of the risk environment have been evaluated as potential determinants of high-risk injection behavior. The purpose of this dissertation was to study the influence of two elements of the risk environment on unsafe injection practices among PWID – neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage and social discomfort surrounding the acquisition of sterile syringes from syringe exchange programs (SEPs) and pharmacies. To this end, a systematic literature review was conducted on the relation between neighborhood context and injection drug use behavior. Research gaps and methodological challenges identified in this review were used to design analyses exploring relations among neighborhood disadvantage, social discomfort, and high-risk injection behavior. These analyses were conducted using data collected from 484 PWID enrolled in the Pharmacists as Resources Making Links to Community Services (PHARM-Link) study, combined with data from the American Community Survey. Poisson regression with robust error variance was used to estimate associations between measures of neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage and high-risk injection behavior. SEP accessibility and drug-related police activity were evaluated as potential modifiers of these relations. Similar methods were used to estimate associations between measures of social discomfort and high-risk injection behavior, including neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage as a potential effect modifier. The systematic literature review on neighborhood context and injection drug use behavior identified few articles pertaining to this relation (n=22). Selected studies primarily investigated the influence of structural aspects of the neighborhood environment on behaviors surrounding injection drug use, while aspects of the social environment and potential modifiers of neighborhood-behavior relations were understudied. Subsequent quantitative analyses revealed that neighborhood socioeconomic disadvantage was associated with safer injection behaviors among PWID. Injectors in disadvantaged neighborhoods reported less receptive syringe sharing and less unsterile syringe use than their counterparts in relatively better off neighborhoods. Drug-related police activity attenuated associations between neighborhood disadvantage and unsterile syringe use, while the direction of associations between neighborhood disadvantage and the use of unsafe syringe sources varied with levels of SEP accessibility. In neighborhoods with high SEP accessibility, neighborhood disadvantage was associated with decreased use of unsafe syringe sources, while in neighborhoods with low SEP accessibility, neighborhood disadvantage was associated with increased use of unsafe syringe sources. Social discomfort was not associated with high-risk injection behavior, but effect modification was detected between neighborhood disadvantage and two items measuring the quality of relationships between participants and syringe staff: “Pharmacists care about my health and well-being” and “The staff at syringe exchange programs seems to care about my health and well-being.” In disadvantaged neighborhoods, participants who reported positive relationships with syringe staff were less likely to engage in receptive syringe sharing. However, in relatively better off neighborhoods, positive relationships with syringe staff were associated with increased receptive syringe sharing. Overall, the results of this dissertation support the validity of the risk environment paradigm in shaping high-risk injection behavior among PWID. Future studies should continue to investigate contextual factors as determinants of behavior surrounding injection drug use. Understanding how aspects of local-area environments influence injection risk behavior will be essential to eliminating the transmission of BBVs among PWID.
Books on the topic "Economic aspects of Veterinary epidemiology"
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International Symposium on Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics (6th 1991 Ottawa, Canada). Proceedings of the 6th ISVEE. Guelph, Ont: Distribution, ISVEE Office, Dept. of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, 1991.
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International Symposium on Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics (4th 1985 Singapore). Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Veterinary Epidemiology & Economics: 18-22 November 1985, Singapore. Singapore: Singapore Veterinary Association, 1986.
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International Symposium on Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics (4th 1985 Singapore). Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Veterinary Epidemiology & Economics: 18-22 November 1985, Singapore. Singapore: Singapore Veterinary Association, 1986.
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Hamerman, Warren J. Economic breakdown and the threat of global pandemics. Washington, D.C. (P.O. Box 17390, Washington 20041-0390): Executive Intelligence Review, 1985.
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Philipson, Tomas J. Economic epidemiology and infectious diseases. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1999.
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Veterinary medicine in economic transition. Ames: Iowa State University Press, 1997.
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Kimberlin, Richard Henry. Transmissible spongiform encephalopathies in animals and humans: Epidemiology, pathogenesis and research aspects. Edinburgh: Scrapie and Related Diseases Advisory Service (SARDAS), 1996.
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Monheiser-List, Lorraine. Valuation of veterinary practices. [Lakewood, Co.]: American Animal Hospital Association, 2008.
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Association, American Animal Hospital. Veterinary fee reference: Vital statistics for your veterinary practice. Lakewood, Colorado: American Animal Hospital Association Press, 2015.
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Codd, Mary B. Heart failure in Ireland: Epidemiology and economic implications. Dublin: University College Dublin, Centre for Health Economics, 1994.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Economic aspects of Veterinary epidemiology"
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Naldi, Luigi, Simone Cazzaniga, and Giovanna Rao. "Epidemiology and economic aspects." In Psoriasis, 1–10. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118661796.ch1.
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Perry, Brian, Bernard Bett, Eric Fèvre, Delia Grace, and Thomas Fitz Randolph. "Veterinary epidemiology at ILRAD and ILRI, 1987-2018." In The impact of the International Livestock Research Institute, 208–38. Wallingford: CABI, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789241853.0208.
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Abstract This chapter describes the activities of the International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI) and its predecessor, the International Laboratory for Research on Animal Diseases (ILRAD) from 1987 to 2018. Topics include scientific impacts; economic impact assessment; developmental impacts; capacity development; partnerships; impacts on human resources capacity in veterinary epidemiology; impacts on national animal health departments and services; impacts on animal health constraints in developing countries; impacts on ILRI's research and strategy; the introduction of veterinary epidemiology and economics at ILRAD; field studies in Kenya; tick-borne disease dynamics in eastern and southern Africa; heartwater studies in Zimbabwe; economic impact assessments of tick-borne diseases; tick and tick-borne disease distribution modelling; modelling the infection dynamics of vector-borne diseases; economic impact of trypanosomiasis; the epidemiology of resistance to trypanocides; the development of a modelling technique for evaluating control options; sustainable trypanosomiasis control in Uganda and in the Ghibe Valley of Ethiopia; spatial modelling of tsetse distributions; preventing and containing trypanocide resistance in the cotton zone of West Africa; rabies research; the economic impacts of rinderpest control; applying economic impact assessment tools to foot and mouth disease (FMD) control, the southern Africa FMD economic impact study; economic impacts of FMD in Peru, Colombia and India; economic impacts of FMD control in endemic settings in low- and middle-income countries; the global FMD research alliance (GFRA); Rift Valley fever; economic impact assessment of control options and calculation of disability-adjusted life years (DALYs); RVF risk maps for eastern Africa; land-use change and RVF infection and disease dynamics; epidemiology of gastrointestinal parasites; priorities in animal health research for poverty reduction; the Wellcome Trust Epidemiology Initiatives; the broader economic impact contributions; the responses to highly pathogenic avian influenza; the International Symposium on Veterinary Epidemiology and Economics (ISVEE) experience, the role of epidemiology in ILRAD and ILRI and the impacts of ILRAD and ILRI's epidemiology; capacity development in veterinary epidemiology and impact assessment; impacts on national animal health departments and services; impacts on animal health constraints in developing countries and impacts on ILRI's research and strategy.
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Ndazi, Machunda, and Beda John Mwang’onde. "Leptospirosis in Pigs: A Silent Economic Drawback in Piggery Industry." In Research Aspects in Agriculture and Veterinary Sciences Vol. 1, 11–19. Book Publisher International (a part of SCIENCEDOMAIN International), 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/bpi/raavs/v1/9170d.
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Kimaro, Esther Gwae, and Popoola Moshood Abiola. "Epidemiology and Economic Importance of African Animal Trypanosomiasis." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 24–52. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6433-2.ch002.
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African animal trypanosomiasis (AAT), also called Nagana, is a vector-borne parasitic disease caused by an extracellular protozoan belonging to the genus Trypanosoma. It has serious effects on the health status and welfare of domestic mammals which considerably results in a reduction in their productivity. In this review, a comprehensive overview of the epidemiology of AAT was provided with a special focus on its general clinical aspects (the clinical signs and pathogenesis as well as its transmission cycle), the parasite (Trypanosoma spp.), the parasite life cycle and transmission, its vector (Glossina spp.), tsetse fly lifecycle and reproduction, risk factors of AAT, and economic importance of AAT in the affected countries. The present work gave a detailed account of epidemiology in the context of infestation patterns, the parasite causing it, its vector, and the economic impacts of the disease on different livestock species.
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Mukolwe, Donald Lubembe, Charles Byaruhanga, and Fredrick Ojiambo Obonyo. "Epidemiology and Economic Importance of Tick-Borne Diseases of Cattle in Africa." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 144–65. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6433-2.ch007.
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The tropical and sub-tropical climate in Africa favours multiplication and maintenance of tick vectors and transmission of various pathogens to cattle. Key challenges including acaricide resistance, policy issues, transboundary animal movements, and inadequate veterinary services compromise effective control of tick-borne diseases (TBDs). This chapter discusses important host, pathogen, climatic, and management factors that impact the control of TBDs among cattle in Africa, and which affect the productivity and overall contribution to economic development. The economic losses in cattle production attributed to tick infestation and TBDs in Africa are also reviewed. The use of a sustainable integrated control approach, including vaccination, strategic tick control, surveillance for acaricide resistance, and multi-stakeholder involvement is also evaluated.
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Neeleman, Jan. "Ecological and cross-level studies." In Practical Psychiatric Epidemiology, 97–110. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198515517.003.0006.
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Ecological studies differ from other study designs by having groups of individuals as their unit of analysis. Studying differences in risk factors between individuals cannot fully explain variations in the health of populations in different regions or over time, and ignores the fact that a population's health impacts on social functioning and collective economic performance (McMichael and Beaglehole 2000). Similarly, there is increasing interest on the impact of social capital, or those aspects of the social environment that promote cohesion and cooperation, which have been associated with improved health and other outcomes. For example, a recent study found higher rates of common mental disorder among British women living in areas of low social capital (McCulloch 2001). Thus ecological associations can be analysed to gain insight into aetiological mechanisms at the level of individuals (cross-level inference), although there is ongoing debate about whether ecological analyses can add to insights obtained from studies of individual persons. Kasl (1979) stated that ‘ecological analyses lead to results which, in themselves, are opaque, unhelpful, potentially misleading’. Others emphasize that population health is more than the sum of the health of individual population members, and that therefore, ecological studies have a separate role alongside individual-level epidemiological research (Rose 1992). This chapter summarizes the principles and the place of ecological studies in the history of epidemiology, and the distinguishing properties of ecological data. After a description of ecological study designs and their analysis, the chapter argues that ecological data have added value even if individual-level information is available on the associations of interest.
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Colangeli, Patrizia, Fabrizio De Massis, Francesca Cito, Maria Teresa Mercante, and Lucilla Ricci. "Laboratory Information Management Systems." In Advances in Healthcare Information Systems and Administration, 297–309. IGI Global, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-4666-6320-6.ch015.
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The Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) is recognized as a powerful tool to improve laboratory data management and to report human health as well as veterinary public health. LIMS plays an essential role in public health surveillance, outbreak investigations, and pandemic preparedness. The chapter aims is to provide an overview of LIMS use in veterinary fields as well as to report 20 years of experience of a Veterinary Public Institute in working with LIMS, illustrating the features of the LIMS currently in use in the institute and highlighting the different aspects that should be considered when evaluating, choosing, and implementing a LIMS. In depth, the chapter illustrates how LIMS simplifies the accreditation path according to ISO IEC 17025 and the role in the epidemiology and veterinary public health. For this aspect, it is very important to collect clear data, and for this reason, a LIMS has to activate formal checks and controls on business rules. To facilitate this issue, an interconnection between LIMS and other applications (internal or external to laboratory) could be improved to allow automatic data exchange. At the same time, the unique data encoding at national/international level should be used.
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Inyagwa, Charles Muleke, and Erick O. Mungube. "Control of African Swine Fever and Avian Spirochaetosis." In Advances in Environmental Engineering and Green Technologies, 329–53. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-6433-2.ch015.
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Ticks are distributed worldwide and have an enormous medical and veterinary importance owing to the direct damage they cause and indirectly as vectors of a large variety of human and animal pathogens. The family Argasidae (soft ticks) comprises five genera and with about 193 species. Among all the argasid ticks, only four Argas and two Ornithodoros species are competent to transmit diseases. This chapter describes the various ticks of the argasidae family, diseases they transmit, and strategies for their control. A description of the two important genera, Ornithodorus and Argas, that belong to the family argasidae are provided. Emphasis is on the mammalian hosts affected, tick species involved, morphological features (with relevant pictorials), geographic distribution, life cycle, and economic importance. A detailed description of the two most important diseases transmitted by argasidae ticks namely African swine fever (ASF) and avian spirochaetosis is given. Emphasis is laid on the historical background, epidemiology, clinical signs, and strategies for their control.
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Roe, Alan R. "Mozambique—Bust before Boom." In Mining for Change, 161–82. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198851172.003.0008.
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This chapter is a sequel to an earlier study that looked in broad terms at many of the issues that Mozambique faces in managing its new extractive resources. The chapter first describes the investment surge prompted by new gas discoveries, then summarizes some recent literature that examines the effects of such resource surges in other countries. It next examines aspects of the disappointing economic outcomes seen through 2018, and analyses some of the implications of these outcomes for future policy. The chapter concludes by exploring the epidemiology of a large public investment surge. In following this sequence of argument, the chapter also throws light on a number of critical general policy questions—such as the route to economic diversification and the need for both institutional change and improved policy co-ordination—that arise in the context of a major new resource discovery.
Conference papers on the topic "Economic aspects of Veterinary epidemiology"
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Stärk, Katharina, and S. Babo Martins. "Economic aspects of food borne disease surveillance." In Fourth International Symposium on the Epidemiology and Control of Salmonella and Other Food Borne Pathogens in Pork. Iowa State University, Digital Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.31274/safepork-180809-245.
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Al-Khalaifah, Hanan, Mohammad Al-Otaibi, and Abdulaziz Al-Ateeqi. "SARS-COV-2 CORONAVIRUS: NOMENCLATURE, CLASSIFICATION, STRUCTURE, HISTORY, SYMPTOMS EPIDEMIOLOGY, PATHOGENESIS, ETIOLOGY, DIAGNOSES, TREATMENT, AND PREVENTION." In GEOLINKS Conference Proceedings. Saima Consult Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2021/b1/v3/22.
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With the onset of the coronavirus pandemic in December 2019 in China, and the alarming rate at which it has spread across the world has unleashed not only fear, but has taken a toll on social, economic, health, and governing capabilities of the various countries infected with the virus. The pandemic is affecting all aspects of life, including industries such as the animal production industry all over the world. This includes plant, livestock and poultry production. Food security is accordingly impacted, as these industries are vital elements that are contributing to securing food to populations worldwide. In this review, light is shed on the origin of coronaviruses with special emphasis on COVID-19. It also includes introduction of symptoms, epidemiology and pathogenesis, etiology, and prevention. As the disease progresses, scientists are working around the clock in the hope of an effective vaccine, and they managed to introduce some to the worldwide populations. The world faces challenges on a day-to-day basis until most people are vaccinated.