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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Economic aspects of Wars

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Academic literature on the topic 'Economic aspects of Wars'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 7 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Economic aspects of Wars"

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Jelonek, Przemysław. "Wojny walutowe." Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego. Studia i Prace, no. 3 (November 29, 2014): 127–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/kkessip.2014.3.7.

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The paper refers to two important aspects of currency wars: their structure and possible changes resulting from the post -crisis adaptation on one hand, and the possibilities of preventing currency wars on the other. The article argues that using currency rate as an instrument of economic policy may increase as economic growth recovery becomes increasingl difficult. The results of the currency war escalation include protectionism in trade and funds transfer

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Arsahanova, Zina, Yuriy Bokov, and Alexander Larin. "The impact of wars on the economy of countries: theoretical and practical aspects." Economic Annals-ХХI 182, no. 3-4 (April 15, 2020): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21003/ea.v182-04.

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Wars leave deep traces in the country’s economy during and after the war, as well as social and psychological consequences. At the beginning of the economic consequences of war, there is a loss of labour. The withdrawal of skilled labour from the country due to the war, the reduction of the population as a result of injuries and deaths leads to serious losses in production and national income. The decline in production leads to inflation and the emergence of a «black» market, faced with difficulties in meeting the needs of the population, whose incomes are falling due to the war. The division of resources into army and defence needs during this period leads to bottlenecks in meeting the resource needs of many sectors, especially basic consumer goods. With war, it becomes impossible to provide new production tools, find loans, continue working without interruption in the face of possible enemy attacks, and increase production within the optimal norms of leasing. This study is intended to discuss the economic consequences of wars. The basic macroeconomic effects of war on the economy are discussed, and the economic costs of war through experiences of the most significant countries are explained with regard to World War I and II. The effects of the Syrian war on the Turkish economy are opened up, and political and economic recommendations are given.

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Fedyakina, Lora N., and Arina A. Tinkova. "US foreign trade policy as a tool for protecting national interests." RUDN Journal of Economics 28, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 842–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2329-2020-28-4-842-857.

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National economic interests are changing in terms of high competition in the world economy, and its global players foreign trade policy direction is correlated with the protectionist sentiments of the United States. The purpose of the study is to identify and analyze the evolution, correlation and new trends in the mechanisms of US trade policy. As a result of the analysis of four mechanisms (international organizations, the official financing system, international integration, tariff and non-tariff regulation, as well as their variations in the form of trade wars and sanctions within the framework of a trade war instrument), authors describe the theoretical, evolutionary and practical aspects of protecting national interests and their impact on the world economy. The authors opinion on the place and role of sanctions in the system of trade policy mechanisms is presented, the sanctions economic aspect in the framework of trade wars is highlighted.

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Nikolaidou, Eftychia. "INTRODUCTION: THE ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL ASPECTS OF STATE TERRORISM, DEFENCE SPENDING, WARS AND INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS." Defence and Peace Economics 18, no. 5 (October 2007): 403–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10242690701455409.

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Nwaodu, Nnamdi, David Adam, and Okechukwu Okereke. "A Review of Anti-Corruption Wars in Nigeria." Africa’s Public Service Delivery and Performance Review 2, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/apsdpr.v2i3.63.

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Corruption still subsists as one of the greatest challenges facing Nigeria. The existence of this phenomenon in virtually all aspects of the nation’s socio-economic life is said to be one reason why poverty level remains high irrespective of her position as the six highest suppliers of oil to the whole wide world, and a possessor of numerous other human and natural resources. A recent attempt by the Federal Government of Nigeria to curb this societal ill led to the establishment of Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC), the Independent Corrupt Practices & Related Offences Commission (ICPC) among others bodies. This paper historically explores the anti-corruption war in Nigeria and specifically zeros itself to review EFCC’s role in this war. The methodology adopted in this paper is the narrative-textual case study (NTCS), a research method that sources the required quantitative and qualitative secondary data on the phenomenon of study from secondary sources like the internet, World Wide Web, online databases, e-libraries et cetera. On the strength of the qualitative data sourced, it was discovered that the agency has made some successes but is being hindered by political, administrative and judicial bureaucracy from efficient performance. The paper therefore boldly recommends that transparency be enshrined into all aspect Nigerian political and administrative life and extant anti-graft laws be reviewed, harmonized and strengthened to enhance the effectiveness of fight against corruption and breach of corporate governance ethics by those holding political and non-political positions in Nigeria.

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Akel, Maged. "The Role of Voluntary Work in Society During Periods of Crises and Wars." International Journal of Information Systems and Social Change 12, no. 2 (April 2021): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijissc.2021040103.

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Voluntary work is considered one of important and effective means that is used to advance the status of societies and to meet necessary and urgent needs of its members, so its importance increases day after day, especially during circumstances' times, which society is exposed to destructive crises and wars. In developed or developing countries, they are able to meet and satisfy the needs of their members, so there was a need for another party to support and partner with government efforts and complement the role that government agencies play in meeting living, social, and economic needs, especially in conditions of instability, disintegration, and decrepitude that society experiences during crisis and disastrous wars that affect society and its members in various aspects of social, economic, security, and cultural life. The current study aims to identify the concept of voluntary work, its importance, types, and fields in society during wars and crises to identify the role that voluntary work plays within society in conditions of instability and cohesion that it suffers due to crises and wars.

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Yakovlev, P. "Russia and Spain in the midst of global trade wars." Cuadernos Iberoamericanos, no. 4 (December 28, 2019): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2019-4-58-66.

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In recent years, the world economy has become more unstable and relations between countries in different regions have deteriorated. As a result, we can talk about an international economic confrontation. The main reasons for this situation seem to be traceable: so-called trade wars, neo-protectionism, financial and other sanctions. Many countries around the world, including Russia and Spain, are victims of one or more aspects of the phenomenon. Trade wars are undoubtedly at the heart of economic battles. They have a long history, but the current wave of trade wars has been driven by President Donald Trump’s economic policies. In his opinion, the root of the U.S. economic problems lies in its trade deficit with China, the European Union, Mexico and some other countries of the world. With the idea that “trade wars are good and easy to win”, Washington unilaterally tore up the agreements reached: the Paris climate accord, the Trans-Pacific Partnership, the nuclear deal with Iran, the free trade agreement with Mexico and Canada. In addition, Trump has raised tariffs on hundreds of manufactured goods imported by the United States (steel, aluminum, washing machines, solar panels, etc.) and threatened the European Union with higher tariffs on cars. The trade wars unleashed by the White House will have long-term direct and indirect consequences for the state of the world economy. Russia and Spain are heavily dependent on international markets. That is why complications in world trade are contrary to the interests of both countries.

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Miklósné Zakar, Andrea. "Transylvanian Autonomy: Romanian and Saxon Models between the Two World Wars." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, European and Regional Studies 17, no. 1 (October 1, 2020): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/auseur-2020-0002.

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Abstract The establishment of Greater Romania between 1918 and 1920 induced several social, political, administrative, and economic problems in the new state. The differences between the history and traditions of the diverse parts of the country impeded the unifying centralization efforts. The peculiarities of Transylvania and the issue of the autonomous Transylvania appeared in the writings of several intellectuals and politicians between the two world wars. In addition to the Hungarian plans, Romanian and Saxon ideas were also born, emphasizing the importance and possibilities of Transylvanian autonomy. The study tries to present some aspects of the special regionalism of Transylvania between the two world wars and to analyse some Romanian and Saxon models.

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Savun, Burcu, and Daniel C. Tirone. "Exogenous Shocks, Foreign Aid, and Civil War." International Organization 66, no. 3 (July 2012): 363–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818312000136.

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AbstractThe recent civil war literature suggests that negative economic shocks in low-income countries increase the risk of civil war. Foreign aid can be an effective conflict-prevention tool in times of severe economic conditions. Aid cushions government spending from the downward pressures of economic shocks, providing recipient governments with resources they can use to make rebellion a less attractive option for aggrieved domestic groups. Using Official Development Assistance (ODA) data covering 1990 through 2004, we find that foreign aid appears to be a useful tool for preventing civil wars in the wake of negative economic shocks, and as such aid should be assessed by donors with these conflict-suppressing aspects in mind.

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Delile, Hugo, Elisa Pleuger, Janne Blichert-Toft, Jean-Philippe Goiran, Nathalie Fagel, Ahmed Gadhoum, Abdelhakim Abichou, Imed Ben Jerbania, Elizabeth Fentress, and Andrew I. Wilson. "Economic resilience of Carthage during the Punic Wars: Insights from sediments of the Medjerda delta around Utica (Tunisia)." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 20 (April 29, 2019): 9764–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1821015116.

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While the Punic Wars (264–146 BC) have been the subject of numerous studies, generally focused on their most sensational aspects (major battles, techniques of warfare, geopolitical strategies, etc.), curiously, the exceptional economic resilience of the Carthaginians in the face of successive defeats, loss of mining territory, and the imposition of war reparations has attracted hardly any attention. Here, we address this issue using a newly developed powerful tracer in geoarchaeology, that of Pb isotopes applied to paleopollution. We measured the Pb isotopic compositions of a well-dated suite of eight deep cores taken in the Medjerda delta around the city of Utica. The data provide robust evidence of ancient lead–silver mining in Tunisia and lay out a chronology for its exploitation, which appears to follow the main periods of geopolitical instability at the time: the Greco-Punic Wars (480–307 BC) and the Punic Wars (264–146 BC). During the last conflict, the data further suggest that Carthage was still able to pay indemnities and fund armies despite the loss of its traditional silver sources in the Mediterranean. This work shows that the mining of Tunisian metalliferous ores between the second half of the fourth and the beginning of the third century BC contributed to the emergence of Punic coinage and the development of the Carthaginian economy.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Economic aspects of Wars"

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Wong, Yi-lee, and 黃綺妮. "Family history and household economic strategies: a study of post-war Hong Kong." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1995. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31214769.

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Liebenberg, Frederick Sybert. "A proposed theory of war economies and supporting policy framework for dismantling war economies in Sub-Saharan Africa." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/3235.

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Utilising the Grounded Theory Research Method, this study identified a range of open, axial and selective codes, through a literature review, which resulted in the formulation of a proposed theory of how war economies are formed and maintained. Based on the theoretical proposition of the proposed theory, a policy framework for dismantling such war economies was also developed and presented. The proposed theory of war economies essentially argues that war economies are formed in post-colonial sub-Saharan Africa because of the existence of an artificial state. The existence of an artificial state is ascribed to the emerging legacies of colonial state formation processes, which created failed state entities which are unable to produce public goods for all its citizens because of its inability to maintain a monopoly of violence whilst maintain full administrative control over its territory. This inability results in an increase in the vulnerability of state and non-state actors. In response to these vulnerabilities, both state and non-state actors established a range of parallel political, economic and military structures. These structures in turn made use of both network and resource capacities to create an environment where politics are economised and conflict is commercialised, in order to mitigate the impacts of state failure and the inability to produce public goods. The result of the creation of an environment where politics are economised and conflict is commercialised, is the creation of incentives, structures and processes to ensure that conflict and associated conditions of instability are sustained in order to ensure primitive accumulation of wealth and resources. Based on the core theoretical proposition of the proposed theory, the study also presents a broad policy framework for dismantling war economies. In broad terms the framework proposes an integrated state-building process, based on a range of policy mechanisms aimed at maintaining a monopoly over violence, increasing administrative control, dismantling conflict networks and ensuring effective and efficient resource management.

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Krige, Greta. "Perspectives on "New wars" in Africa: the case of Sierra Leone." Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2601.

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Thesis (MPhil (Political Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2008.
The primary goal of this thesis is to explore, analyse and apply the New War theory to the West African case of Sierra Leone. The motivation for conducting a study of this nature was that much literature exists on the assumption that the Sierra Leonean conflict equates to a resource war. This research project attempts to bridge the gap between the New War schools of thought and those who maintain a resource war approach. Although Kaldor’s (2006) work on New Wars is significant, she does not place much emphasis on Africa. In order to supplement this, William Reno (2001) and Paul Collier (2000) have also been studied. Both write about Africa. The RUF virtually razed the Sierra Leonean society to the ground. The overtly violent methods employed were dissimilar to the interstate and intrastate wars of the past. Blatant exploitation of the country’s mineral wealth aggravated the situation. In attempting to reach a relevant finding, this study is divided into distinctive sections. Chapter two documents the theoretical background. The writings of Kaldor (2006), Reno (2001) and Collier (2000) are explored and applied. The third chapter investigates the factors in the conflict. Issues such as the resource factor (diamonds) and poverty are discussed; the failed state in Sierra Leone; criminal networks; social conditions; arms; and the role of youth and children. The general finding of this chapter indicates that Sierra Leone fits this model. Chapter four describes and analyses the actors. Identity was not an issue in the Sierra Leone war; thus a large part of Kaldor’s theory becomes redundant. In the final assessment the study establishes what Sierra Leone’s position is: New War or merely resource war? The bulk of the applied theory proved to be applicable to this case; but the study also acknowledges the mistaken views regarding Kaldor’s identity theories. Collier and Reno’s works prove to be significantly more relevant. This study was able to determine that Sierra Leone was indeed an example of New Wars, albeit considerably affected and influenced by greed.

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Brück, Tilman. "Coping with peace : post-war household strategies in northern Mozambique." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2001. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:c5125a10-70c9-4cfa-9257-31386d1ae0af.

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The objective of this thesis is to understand how poor farm households in developing countries are affected by and cope with the legacy of internal war. The theoretical analysis is based on a peasant household model for land abundant countries as war can be shown to weaken markets, re-enforce household subsistence and increase overall land abundance. The empirical analysis uses regression techniques and a household survey from post-war northern Mozambique to assess the implications of the war legacy for land access, coping strategies, and household welfare. The key findings include that war can enhance the degree of land abundance while also creating barriers to land access for some households, thus re-defining land abundance as a household-level concept. Land emerges as the least war vulnerable asset thus encouraging households to shift to land-based subsistence activities during the war. The experience of war increases the number of endogenously determined land variables, which should therefore be reflected in models of African land use. The thesis advances the literature of household coping strategies by focussing on little researched post-disaster and war-induced strategies. Households are found to respond to indirect war effects and thus to rely on subsistence and non-market activities and to make selective use of markets. Surprisingly, social exchange does not play a large role for insuring incomes. Finally, the thesis finds that the war legacy continues to depress household welfare for many years after the end of the conflict, which is attributed to a variety of poverty traps. Importantly, and in contrast to other studies of post-war Mozambique, education and cotton adoption are not found to enhance household welfare significantly but a larger area farmed does. The findings indicate that post-war reconstruction policy should re-capitalise household endowments and stimulate rural markets as part of a broadly based programme of rural development.

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Mills, Jared G. "Social studies and global education: viewing economic, social and political aspects of the civil war through multiple perspectives." The Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1407404987.

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Johnson, Daniel G. "Distributional economic impacts of Civil War battlefield preservation alternatives in the Shenandoah Valley of Virginia." Thesis, This resource online, 1991. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-02092007-102012/.

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Woxblom, Lotta. "Warp of sawn timber of Norway spruce in relation to end-user requirements : quality, sawing pattern and economic aspects /." Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 1999. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/1999/91-576-5860-9.pdf.

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MacDonald, Alexander. "The long space age : an economic perspective on the history of American space exploration." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.711674.

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葉碧梅 and Pik-mui Irene Ip. "HK media's new battlefield: Afghanistan: the decisions of sending war correspondents." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2002. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31972652.

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Dimico, Arcangelo. "Civil Wars and Economic Development." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.517783.

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Books on the topic "Economic aspects of Wars"

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Petras, James F. Global depression and regional wars. Atlanta, GA: Clarity Press, 2010.

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1954-, Malone David, and International Development Research Centre (Canada), eds. Greed and grievance: Economic agendas in civil wars. Ottawa: International Development Research Centre, 2000.

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Keen, David. The economic functions of violence in civil wars. Oxford: Oxford University Press for the International Institute for Strategic Studies, 1998.

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Petras, James F. Global depression and regional wars. Atlanta, GA: Clarity Press, 2010.

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Navarro, Peter. The Coming China Wars. Upper Saddle River: Pearson Education, 2007.

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Catastrophic consequences: Civil wars and American interests. Baltimore, Md: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 2008.

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Grossman, Gene M. Trade wars and trade talks. London: Centre for Economic Policy Research, 1993.

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Grossman, Gene M. Trade wars and trade talks. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1993.

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O'Rourke, Kevin H. The worldwide economic impact of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic wars. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2005.

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O'Rourke, Kevin H. The worldwide economic impact of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2005.

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Book chapters on the topic "Economic aspects of Wars"

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Vasyunin, Egor A., Artur A. Dmitriev, and Inna V. Lipatova. "Economic and Institutional Aspects of Environmental Protection." In Current Problems and Ways of Industry Development: Equipment and Technologies, 752–57. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69421-0_81.

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Shumilin, Petr E., Ekaterina P. Davydova, Olga V. Dudkina, Irina V. Kedrova, and Liliya V. Karich. "Accounting and Economic Aspects of Client Management at Service Enterprises." In Current Problems and Ways of Industry Development: Equipment and Technologies, 849–55. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-69421-0_93.

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Katsikas, Dimitris. "European Union’s Democratic Legitimacy after the MoUs: The Political Legacy of an Economic Crisis." In Financial Crisis Management and Democracy, 111–24. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-54895-7_5.

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AbstractThis chapter focuses on two significant aspects of crisis management in the Eurozone: (a) its democratic legitimacy and (b) its socioeconomic consequences. The two issues are very important, since both the socioeconomic effects of an adjustment program and its democratic credentials determine to a large extent its “ownership” by local societies and consequently its chances of success. Effectively, these two aspects refer to the “input” and “output” side of democratic legitimacy, that is, to legitimation through democratic processes and representation, and policy outcomes respectively. The analysis evaluates the first aspect of the legitimacy equation using criteria derived from democratic theory and applying them to the governance structure of the bailout programs. On the second aspect of legitimacy, that of outcomes, the socioeconomic consequences of the crisis management are reviewed, and their distributive aspects discussed. The chapter demonstrates that the EU’s legitimacy has suffered along both aspects as a result of the crisis and the way it was handled. This leaves the EU in a particularly vulnerable state in the event of a future crisis.

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Yi-Lin Forrest, Jeffrey, Jesus Valencia, Yirong Ying, Zaiwu Gong, Baohua Yang, and Qiaoxing Li. "Systemic Representation of Economic Organizations." In Currency Wars, 51–72. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-67765-1_3.

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Jakobi, G., P. Krings, and E. Schmadel. "Economic Aspects." In Surfactants in Consumer Products, 504–16. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-71545-7_10.

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Beissel, Stefan. "Economic Aspects." In Cybersecurity Investments, 79–141. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30460-1_4.

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Hasegan, Diana, and Alan Perks. "Economic Aspects." In Engineering for Sustainable Communities, 67–85. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/9780784414811.ch07.

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Gebhardt, Andreas, and Jan-Steffen Hötter. "Economic Aspects." In Additive Manufacturing, 457–73. München: Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/9781569905838.008.

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Gebhardt, Andreas. "Economic Aspects." In Rapid Prototyping, 283–93. München: Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/9783446402690.006.

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Burg, Tsjalle. "Economic Aspects." In Joint Implementation to Curb Climate Change, 71–126. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8370-1_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Economic aspects of Wars"

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HELMBRECHT, UDO. "PRIVACY IN INTERNET TRANSACTIONS: ECONOMIC AND SECURITY ASPECTS." In Proceedings of the 45th Session of the International Seminars on Nuclear War and Planetary Emergencies. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789814531788_0040.

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Hamah Saeed, Tahseen. "The normative role of the economic legal rule and the results of its application to the investment law in the Kurdistan region." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF DEFICIENCIES AND INFLATION ASPECTS IN LEGISLATION. University of Human Development, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21928/uhdicdial.pp104-122.

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The reciprocal treatment between law and economics has become a fact in the real world. And that the influence and influence between them reached the point of putting the independence of each under question. The central role that the economy plays in the modern era, especially after the emergence of the phenomenon of globalization and the spread of transnational companies and the dominance of the liberal and capitalist intellectual current, caused the emergence of a special type of law and legal rules called economic legal rules that have characteristics that distinguish them from other legal rules. This is due to the special nature of the economy of change. Fast and complex. And it came to the point that some scholars claimed that the economy has become in the center and that the law lacks its independence and has no function but to regulate the affairs of the economy so that the latter performs its original and important function in modern societies. Although the opinion regarding the relativity of this independence differs among the jurists of the Latin school from the Anglo-Saxon school. The jurists of the Latin school in general recognize more independence of the law, while the Anglo-Saxon jurists go to the more influence of the economy on the law than the effect of the law on the economy. Especially in developing countries in need of development and development. That is why the researcher tries to apply the result of the structural role of the economic legal base on one of the economic laws in the afflicted Kurdistan region, which needs the most what it needs is change and development in both areas of law and economy. Especially with regard to investing and working with internal capital and attracting foreign investors, in order to remove some injustice from the oppressed people at a time when the reality was finally fair and gave them the opportunity to have their legitimate authority and enjoy the opportunity to rise and move to reach the level of progress of the world in the modern era and keep pace with what its brothers have reached in humanity from other peoples.

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Hull, Russell D., and Gary E. Raskob. "TREATMENT OF DEEP VENOUS THROMBOSIS AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1642968.

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Initial therapy with intravenous heparin, followed by long-term anticoagulant therapy for three months or more, is the treatment of choice for most patients with acute venous thrombosis. Inferior vena caval interruption, using a transvenously inserted filter, is the management of choice for preventing pulmonary embolism in patients in whom anticoagulant therapy is contraindicated, and in the very rare patient in whom anticoagulant therapy is ineffective. The role of thrombolytic therapy has not been completely resolved. It was hoped that thrombolytic therapy would minimize or prevent the post-phlebitic syndrome; unfortunately, this may not be the case because the critical factor in the development of the post-phlebitic syndrome appears to be venous valve damage, which occurs early in the formation of venous thrombosis. Thrombolytic therapy should be considered in selected patients with acute massive venous thrombosis (eg. the patient with phlegmasia cerulea dolens).Intravenous heparin administered in doses which prolong the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT) to 1.5 to 2 times control is highly effective and is associated with a low frequency (2%) of recurrent venous thromboembolism. A recent randomized trial (1) in patients with proximal-vein thrombosis indicates that failure to achieve an adequate anticoagulant response (APTT > 1.5 times control) is associated with a high risk (20%) of recurrent venous thromboembolism. Therefore, sufficient heparin should be administered to maintain the APTT above 1.5 times the control value.Intravenous heparin is continued for 7 to 10 days, overlapped with oral anticoagulant therapy for 4 to 5 days before heparin is stopped. Multiple randomized clinical trials in patients with proximal-vein thrombosis indicate that when heparin is administered for 7 to 10 days, followed by adequate long-term anticoagulant therapy, the frequency of recurrent venous thromboembolism is very low (2%). An alternative approach is to commence heparin and oral anticoagulants together at the time of diagnosis, and to discontinue heparin on the fourth or fifth day. If this latter approach is effective, it would avoid 4 to 5 days of unnecessary hospitalization in many patients, and would markedly reduce the cost of initial heparin therapy. A recent randomized trial (2) in patients with submassive venous thromboembolism suggests that 4 to 5 days of initial heparin therapy is effective and safe, but this approach must be evaluated by further randomized clinical trials before it is routinely recommended.Recent clinical trials indicate that inadequate long-term therapy in patients with proximal-vein thrombosis results in a high frequency (40-50%) of recurrent venous thromboembolism and is cost-ineffective because of the diagnostic and treatment costs of recurrent venous thromboembolism (3). The risk of recurrence is markedly reduced to 2% by adequate long-term anticoagulant therapy with warfarin sodium or adjusted subcutaneous heparin; both of these approaches are markedly more cost-effective than inadequate long-term therapy (3). Oral anticoagulant therapy with warfarin sodium for three months (or longer in selected patients), is less expensive than adjusted subcutaneous heparin and is preferred in most patients with acute proximal-vein thrombosis. The risk of bleeding associated with oral anticoagulant therapy can be reduced to less than 5%, without loss of effectiveness for preventing recurrent venous thromboembolism, by adjusting the dose of warfarin sodium to achieve a less intense anticoagulant effect (PT 1.25 to 1.5 times control using a rabbit brain thromboplastin such as Simplastin or Dade-C, corresponding to an INR of 2.0 to 3.0). Less intense warfarin sodium therapy is the most cost-effective of the alternative long-term anticoagulant regimens (3). Adjusted dose subcutaneous heparin is an effective and safe alternative to warfarin sodium; although slightly more expensive, it is the long-term regimen of choice in pregnant patients, and in patients returning to geographically remote areas lacking the facilities for anticoagulant monitoring (in whom the dose is adjusted during the first few days of long-term therapy and then fixed). REFERENCES: (1) Hull R, Raskob G, Hirsh J et al. N Engl J Med 1986;315:1109-1114. (2) Gallus A, Jackaman J, Tillett J et al.Lancet 1986;2:1293-1296. (3) Hull R, Raskob G, Hirsh J, Sackett DL. JAMA 1984;252:235-239.

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4

Lonia, B., N. K. Nayar, S. B. Singh, and P. L. Bali. "Techno Economic Aspects of Power Generation From Agriwaste in India." In 17th International Conference on Fluidized Bed Combustion. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fbc2003-170.

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The agricultural operations in India are suffering from a serious problem of shortage of electrical power on one side and economic and effective disposal of agriwaste stuff on the other. India being agriculture based country, 70% of its main income (share in GDP) comes from agriculture sector. Any enhancement of income from this sector is based upon adequate supply of basic inputs in this sector. Regular and adequate power supply is one such input. But, the position of power supply in our country defies both these characteristics. With a major portion of power produced being sent to the industrial and urban consumers, there is a perennial shortage of power in the agriculture sector. Consequently, there is an emergent need to produce more power in order to fulfil the needs of this sector effectively. One way of accomplishing this is setting up captive, preferably rural based, small power generation plants. In these power plants, instead of water-head, diesel oil or coal, we can use agri-residue to produce electricity. One such power plant (1–2 MW capacity) can satisfy the power need of 25 to 40 nearby villages. The agriwaste like rice straw, sugarcane-trash, coir-pith, peanut shells, wheat stalks & straw, cottonseed, stalks and husk, soyabean stalks, maize stalks & cobs, sorghum. Bagasse, wallnut shells, sunflower seeds, shells, hulls and kernels and coconut husk, wastewood and saw dust can be fruitfully utilized in power generation. This stuff is otherwise a waste and liability and consumes a lot of effort on its disposal; in addition to being a fire and health hazard. Agriwaste stuff which at present is available in abundance and prospects of its utilization in producing energy are enormous. This material can be procured at reasonably low rates from the farmers who will thus be benefited economically, apart from being relieved of the responsibility of its disposal. Agri-residue has traditionally been a major source of heat energy in rural areas in India. It is a valuable fuel even in the sub-urban areas. Inspite of rapid increase in the supply of, access lo and use of fossil fuels, agri-residue is likely to continue to play an important role, in the foreseeable future. Therefore, developing and promoting techno-economically-viable technologies to utilize agri-residue efficiently should be a persuit of high priority. Though there is no authentic data available with regard to the exact quantity of agricultural and agro-industrial residues, its rough estimate has been put at about 350 mt per annum. It is also estimated that the total cattle refuse generated is nearly 250 mt per year. Further, nearly 20% of the total land is under forest cover, which produces approximately 50 mt of fuel wood and with associated forest waste of about 5 mt.(1). Taking into account the utilization of even a portion (say 30%) of this agri-residue & agro-industrial waste as well as energy plantation on one million hectare (mha) of wastelands for power generation through bioenergy technologies, a potential of some 18000 MW of power has been estimated. From the foregoing, it is clear that there is an enormous untapped potential for energy generation from agri-residue. What is required is an immediate and urgent intensification of dedicated efforts in this field, with a view to bringing down the unit energy cost and improving efficiency and reliability of agri-waste production, conversion and utilisation, leading to subsequent saving of fossil fuels for other pressing applications. The new initiatives in national energy policy are most urgently needed to accelerate the social and economic development of the rural areas. It demands a substantial increase in production and consumption of energy for productive purposes. Such initiatives are vital for promoting the goals of sustainability. cleaner production and reduction of long-term risks of environmental pollution and consequent adverse climatic changes in future. A much needed significant social, economic and industrial development has yet to take place in large parts of rural India; be it North, West, East or South. It can be well appreciated that a conscious management of agri-residue, which is otherwise a serious liability of the farmer, through its economic conversion into electric power can offer a reasonably viable solution to our developmental needs. This vision will have to be converted into a reality within a decade or so through dedicated and planned R&D work in this area. There is a shimmering promise that the whole process of harvesting, collection, transport and economic processing and utilisation of agri-waste can be made technically and economically more viable in future. Thus, the foregoing paras amply highlight the value of agri-residue as a prospective source of electric power, particularly for supplementing the main grid during the lean supply periods or peak load hours and also for serving the remote areas in the form of stand-alone units giving a boost to decentralised power supply. This approach and option seems to be positive in view of its potential contribution to our economic and social development. No doubt, this initiative needs to be backed and perused rigorously for removing regional imbalances as well as strengthening National economy. This paper reviews the current situation with regards to generation of agriwaste and its prospects of economic conversion into electrical power, technologies presently available for this purpose, and the problems faced in such efforts. It emphasizes the need for an integrated approach to devise ways and means for generating electrical power from agriwaste; keeping in mind the requirements of cleaner production and environmental protection so that the initiative leads to a total solution.

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5

Negriy, Varvara, and Grigoriy Lagutin. "Psychological aspects of digitalization of education." In Safety psychology and psychological safety: problems of interaction between theorists and practitioners. «Publishing company «World of science», LLC, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15862/53mnnpk20-26.

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The article substantiates the relevance of digitalization of education. The economic, technological and psychological reasons for this process in modern society are given in the article. The main types of training using digital technologies are considered. One of the ways to digitalize education, which is gamification, is presented in the article in detail.

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Yuchao, Chi, and Xu Xiaobo. "RUSSIAN-CHINESE ECONOMIC COOPERATION AFTER THE EPIDEMIC." In SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF THE RUSSIAN EAST: NEW CHALLENGES AND STRATEGIC GUIDELINES. Khabarovsk: KSUEL Editorial and Publishing Center, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.38161/978-5-7823-0746-2-2021-102-107.

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7

BABINA, Yulia. "ORGANIZATIONAL AND ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF CAPACITY ASSESSMENT MODEL TYPES OF SUSTAINABLE LAND USE." In Land Degradation and Desertification: Problems of Sustainable Land Management and Adaptation. LLC MAKS Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m1706.978-5-317-06490-7/191-194.

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The presented materials analyze the impact of organizational, legal and socio-economic factors in the formation of a type of sustainable land management (SLM), taking into account regional features that limit the supported SLM or contribute to an expanded SLM. To assess the impact of these factors, the main groups of possible indicators of organizational, legal and socio-economic orientation for the diagnosis of effective practices of SLM are considered. Based on the available sources of input the proposed structured system of possible quantitative and qualitative indicators that apply directly to the diagnostic object (land parcel) applicable to the owner of land, and applicable to the context of the activities of the owner of land, including the characteristics of adjacent lands and the General conditions of the area of land that relate to the objectives of the SLM. To identify possible indicators of legal, economic and social orientation, an integrated approach based primarily on a combination of system-structural and comparative-legal methods was used to diagnose effective SLM practices.

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Karaköy, Çağatay, Ahmet Uzun, and Ömer Selçuk Emsen. "The Changes in Foreign Debt for the Transition Economies." In International Conference on Eurasian Economies. Eurasian Economists Association, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.36880/c02.00279.

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1989 and the years following 1991 were the times in which many important economic and political turnovers had taken place in the world. That was the time when Berlin Wall fall down with scattering the Eastern block and many politically and economically independent states came into being, at the same time, ongoing about 70 years socialist system also started to spin into liberal system. The constituted 27 states in 1991 were tended to liberal economic system instead of socialist economy, and these stated were called as transition economies. With the transition period, there has have been significant decreases in the level of affluence, hyperinflation and some common properties seen at the beginning. It became inevitable to get foreign debt for reorganization and configuration of these economies. Nevertheless these foreign debts caused many serious problems in some of these economies. In the present work we tried to understand the economic structure and external loans of the transition economies, which are different with respect to their natural resources and are similar to each other in term of social, political and cultural aspects. It was under debated to investigate the relationship between indicated foreign debts and indicated domestic income and external trade so foreign trade financing problematic which thought to be the source of going into debt and economical development relations are searched.

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Rodgers, C. "25-5 Kwe Microturbine Design Aspects." In ASME Turbo Expo 2000: Power for Land, Sea, and Air. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/2000-gt-0626.

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In concert with the growing emphasis placed on distributed power generation there will be a need, in the first decade of the 21st century, for a compact thermal energy system capable of providing the total energy needs of individual homes. A natural gas fueled cogeneration microturbine with ultra low emissions will meet this need. The results of a study to assess the thermal and economic aspects of microturbines in the 25 to 5 Kwe range are presented. It was determined that with current state of art component peak performance levels, and metallic materials, thermal efficiency goals of 27 and 22.5% respectively at sea level standard day conditions are attainable. Higher overall thermal efficiencies of 60% are attainable with a microturbine combined with a fuel cell, and approaching 80% combined with exhaust fired boilers. Development of a low cost natural gas combustor injection method, combined with a low cost high effectiveness recuperator were considered mandatory for market acceptance.

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Parishev, Aleksandar, Goran Hristovski, Petar Jolakoski, and Viktor Stojkoski. "E-COMMERCE IMPACT ON ECONOMIC GROWTH." In Economic and Business Trends Shaping the Future. Ss Cyril and Methodius University, Faculty of Economics-Skopje, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.47063/ebtsf.2020.0017.

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Ever since the dawn of merchanting, traders have sought ways to ease the cost of transactions. The recent growth of information and communication technology provided a wide range of solutions for international and national transactions by introducing ecommerce. As a result of this development, e-commerce recently emerged as a dominant transaction activity with a significant impact on the national economies. In recent years the potential of e-commerce has been widely discussed, with a particular focus on its effects on greater economic welfare and prosperity. Yet, despite an abundance of studies that have been done on investigating the role of e-commerce in an economy, a thorough and detailed econometric examination on its impact is still an underexplored avenue. This paper attempts to bridge this gap by investigating the impact of volume of online transactions (e-commerce) and gross capital formation on economic growth, using panel data on 31 European countries covering a 16 years’ period. The empirical panel data model is estimated by employing the Generalized Method of Moments. The main findings from the study show that e-commerce and gross capital formation have positive and significant effects on GDP per capita based on purchasing power parity, with e-commerce having a weaker development-enhancing effect in comparison to gross capital formation. In addition, this paper proposes a fruitful discussion on how to provide balance between the growth of e-commerce, the focus on improving other aspects and generating optimal economic welfare and prosperity. Our paper ends with directions for future research.

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Reports on the topic "Economic aspects of Wars"

1

J.A. Schmidt. Socio-economic Aspects of Fusion. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/835924.

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Freeman, Richard. Trade Wars: The Exaggerated Impact of Trade in Economic Debate. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w10000.

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O'Rourke, Kevin. The Worldwide Economic Impact of the Revolutionary and Napoleonic Wars. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w11344.

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Heal, Geoffrey. Economic Aspects of the Energy Transition. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w27766.

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Feldstein, Martin. Aspects of Global Economic Intergration: Outlook for the Future. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, September 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w7899.

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Evans, David, and Richard Schmalensee. Some Economic Aspects of Antitrust Analysis in Dynamically Competitive Industries. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, May 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w8268.

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Campling, Liam. Fisheries Aspects of ACP-EU Interim Economic Partnership Agreements: Trade and Sustainable Development Implications. Geneva, Switzerland: International Centre for Trade and Sustainable Development, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.7215/nr_ip_20081013.

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Abhyankar, Nikit, Nihar Shah, Amol Phadke, and Won Young Park. Technical and Economic Aspects of Designing an Efficient Room Air-Conditioner Program in India. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1430684.

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Fowler, T. K., E. Greenspan, and J. P. Holdren. Code development incorporating environmental, safety and economic aspects of fusion reactors; Annual progress report. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), December 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/140924.

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Ho, S., T. Fowler, and J. Holdren. Code development incorporating environmental, safety, and economic aspects of fusion reactors (FY 89--91). Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6087992.

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