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Journal articles on the topic 'Economic aspects of Wars'
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Jelonek, Przemysław. "Wojny walutowe." Kwartalnik Kolegium Ekonomiczno-Społecznego. Studia i Prace, no. 3 (November 29, 2014): 127–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.33119/kkessip.2014.3.7.
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The paper refers to two important aspects of currency wars: their structure and possible changes resulting from the post -crisis adaptation on one hand, and the possibilities of preventing currency wars on the other. The article argues that using currency rate as an instrument of economic policy may increase as economic growth recovery becomes increasingl difficult. The results of the currency war escalation include protectionism in trade and funds transfer
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Arsahanova, Zina, Yuriy Bokov, and Alexander Larin. "The impact of wars on the economy of countries: theoretical and practical aspects." Economic Annals-ХХI 182, no. 3-4 (April 15, 2020): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.21003/ea.v182-04.
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Wars leave deep traces in the country’s economy during and after the war, as well as social and psychological consequences. At the beginning of the economic consequences of war, there is a loss of labour. The withdrawal of skilled labour from the country due to the war, the reduction of the population as a result of injuries and deaths leads to serious losses in production and national income. The decline in production leads to inflation and the emergence of a «black» market, faced with difficulties in meeting the needs of the population, whose incomes are falling due to the war. The division of resources into army and defence needs during this period leads to bottlenecks in meeting the resource needs of many sectors, especially basic consumer goods. With war, it becomes impossible to provide new production tools, find loans, continue working without interruption in the face of possible enemy attacks, and increase production within the optimal norms of leasing. This study is intended to discuss the economic consequences of wars. The basic macroeconomic effects of war on the economy are discussed, and the economic costs of war through experiences of the most significant countries are explained with regard to World War I and II. The effects of the Syrian war on the Turkish economy are opened up, and political and economic recommendations are given.
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Fedyakina, Lora N., and Arina A. Tinkova. "US foreign trade policy as a tool for protecting national interests." RUDN Journal of Economics 28, no. 4 (December 15, 2020): 842–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2329-2020-28-4-842-857.
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National economic interests are changing in terms of high competition in the world economy, and its global players foreign trade policy direction is correlated with the protectionist sentiments of the United States. The purpose of the study is to identify and analyze the evolution, correlation and new trends in the mechanisms of US trade policy. As a result of the analysis of four mechanisms (international organizations, the official financing system, international integration, tariff and non-tariff regulation, as well as their variations in the form of trade wars and sanctions within the framework of a trade war instrument), authors describe the theoretical, evolutionary and practical aspects of protecting national interests and their impact on the world economy. The authors opinion on the place and role of sanctions in the system of trade policy mechanisms is presented, the sanctions economic aspect in the framework of trade wars is highlighted.
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Nikolaidou, Eftychia. "INTRODUCTION: THE ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL ASPECTS OF STATE TERRORISM, DEFENCE SPENDING, WARS AND INTERNATIONAL CONFLICTS." Defence and Peace Economics 18, no. 5 (October 2007): 403–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10242690701455409.
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Nwaodu, Nnamdi, David Adam, and Okechukwu Okereke. "A Review of Anti-Corruption Wars in Nigeria." Africa’s Public Service Delivery and Performance Review 2, no. 3 (September 1, 2014): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/apsdpr.v2i3.63.
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Corruption still subsists as one of the greatest challenges facing Nigeria. The existence of this phenomenon in virtually all aspects of the nation’s socio-economic life is said to be one reason why poverty level remains high irrespective of her position as the six highest suppliers of oil to the whole wide world, and a possessor of numerous other human and natural resources. A recent attempt by the Federal Government of Nigeria to curb this societal ill led to the establishment of Economic and Financial Crimes Commission (EFCC), the Independent Corrupt Practices & Related Offences Commission (ICPC) among others bodies. This paper historically explores the anti-corruption war in Nigeria and specifically zeros itself to review EFCC’s role in this war. The methodology adopted in this paper is the narrative-textual case study (NTCS), a research method that sources the required quantitative and qualitative secondary data on the phenomenon of study from secondary sources like the internet, World Wide Web, online databases, e-libraries et cetera. On the strength of the qualitative data sourced, it was discovered that the agency has made some successes but is being hindered by political, administrative and judicial bureaucracy from efficient performance. The paper therefore boldly recommends that transparency be enshrined into all aspect Nigerian political and administrative life and extant anti-graft laws be reviewed, harmonized and strengthened to enhance the effectiveness of fight against corruption and breach of corporate governance ethics by those holding political and non-political positions in Nigeria.
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Akel, Maged. "The Role of Voluntary Work in Society During Periods of Crises and Wars." International Journal of Information Systems and Social Change 12, no. 2 (April 2021): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijissc.2021040103.
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Voluntary work is considered one of important and effective means that is used to advance the status of societies and to meet necessary and urgent needs of its members, so its importance increases day after day, especially during circumstances' times, which society is exposed to destructive crises and wars. In developed or developing countries, they are able to meet and satisfy the needs of their members, so there was a need for another party to support and partner with government efforts and complement the role that government agencies play in meeting living, social, and economic needs, especially in conditions of instability, disintegration, and decrepitude that society experiences during crisis and disastrous wars that affect society and its members in various aspects of social, economic, security, and cultural life. The current study aims to identify the concept of voluntary work, its importance, types, and fields in society during wars and crises to identify the role that voluntary work plays within society in conditions of instability and cohesion that it suffers due to crises and wars.
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Yakovlev, P. "Russia and Spain in the midst of global trade wars." Cuadernos Iberoamericanos, no. 4 (December 28, 2019): 58–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.46272/2409-3416-2019-4-58-66.
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In recent years, the world economy has become more unstable and relations between countries in different regions have deteriorated. As a result, we can talk about an international economic confrontation. The main reasons for this situation seem to be traceable: so-called trade wars, neo-protectionism, financial and other sanctions. Many countries around the world, including Russia and Spain, are victims of one or more aspects of the phenomenon. Trade wars are undoubtedly at the heart of economic battles. They have a long history, but the current wave of trade wars has been driven by President Donald Trump’s economic policies. In his opinion, the root of the U.S. economic problems lies in its trade deficit with China, the European Union, Mexico and some other countries of the world. With the idea that “trade wars are good and easy to win”, Washington unilaterally tore up the agreements reached: the Paris climate accord, the Trans-Pacific Partnership, the nuclear deal with Iran, the free trade agreement with Mexico and Canada. In addition, Trump has raised tariffs on hundreds of manufactured goods imported by the United States (steel, aluminum, washing machines, solar panels, etc.) and threatened the European Union with higher tariffs on cars. The trade wars unleashed by the White House will have long-term direct and indirect consequences for the state of the world economy. Russia and Spain are heavily dependent on international markets. That is why complications in world trade are contrary to the interests of both countries.
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Miklósné Zakar, Andrea. "Transylvanian Autonomy: Romanian and Saxon Models between the Two World Wars." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, European and Regional Studies 17, no. 1 (October 1, 2020): 29–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/auseur-2020-0002.
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Abstract The establishment of Greater Romania between 1918 and 1920 induced several social, political, administrative, and economic problems in the new state. The differences between the history and traditions of the diverse parts of the country impeded the unifying centralization efforts. The peculiarities of Transylvania and the issue of the autonomous Transylvania appeared in the writings of several intellectuals and politicians between the two world wars. In addition to the Hungarian plans, Romanian and Saxon ideas were also born, emphasizing the importance and possibilities of Transylvanian autonomy. The study tries to present some aspects of the special regionalism of Transylvania between the two world wars and to analyse some Romanian and Saxon models.
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Savun, Burcu, and Daniel C. Tirone. "Exogenous Shocks, Foreign Aid, and Civil War." International Organization 66, no. 3 (July 2012): 363–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020818312000136.
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AbstractThe recent civil war literature suggests that negative economic shocks in low-income countries increase the risk of civil war. Foreign aid can be an effective conflict-prevention tool in times of severe economic conditions. Aid cushions government spending from the downward pressures of economic shocks, providing recipient governments with resources they can use to make rebellion a less attractive option for aggrieved domestic groups. Using Official Development Assistance (ODA) data covering 1990 through 2004, we find that foreign aid appears to be a useful tool for preventing civil wars in the wake of negative economic shocks, and as such aid should be assessed by donors with these conflict-suppressing aspects in mind.
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Delile, Hugo, Elisa Pleuger, Janne Blichert-Toft, Jean-Philippe Goiran, Nathalie Fagel, Ahmed Gadhoum, Abdelhakim Abichou, Imed Ben Jerbania, Elizabeth Fentress, and Andrew I. Wilson. "Economic resilience of Carthage during the Punic Wars: Insights from sediments of the Medjerda delta around Utica (Tunisia)." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 116, no. 20 (April 29, 2019): 9764–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1821015116.
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While the Punic Wars (264–146 BC) have been the subject of numerous studies, generally focused on their most sensational aspects (major battles, techniques of warfare, geopolitical strategies, etc.), curiously, the exceptional economic resilience of the Carthaginians in the face of successive defeats, loss of mining territory, and the imposition of war reparations has attracted hardly any attention. Here, we address this issue using a newly developed powerful tracer in geoarchaeology, that of Pb isotopes applied to paleopollution. We measured the Pb isotopic compositions of a well-dated suite of eight deep cores taken in the Medjerda delta around the city of Utica. The data provide robust evidence of ancient lead–silver mining in Tunisia and lay out a chronology for its exploitation, which appears to follow the main periods of geopolitical instability at the time: the Greco-Punic Wars (480–307 BC) and the Punic Wars (264–146 BC). During the last conflict, the data further suggest that Carthage was still able to pay indemnities and fund armies despite the loss of its traditional silver sources in the Mediterranean. This work shows that the mining of Tunisian metalliferous ores between the second half of the fourth and the beginning of the third century BC contributed to the emergence of Punic coinage and the development of the Carthaginian economy.
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حسين محمد, علي, and أ. د. نضال شاكر. "التوطين العسكري-الاقتصادي وانعكاساته على مسار التنمية/ تجارب دولية مع اشارة لإمكانية تطبيقها في العراق." Iraqi Journal For Economic Sciences 2020, no. 66 (October 31, 2020): 65–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.31272/ijes2020.66.3.
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This study dealt with the impact of military expenditures on some economic and social indicators by examining the damage and losses in many civilian sectors. On the other hand, the research referred to the experiences of some selected countries in the possibility of re-directing military expenditures to aspects of development of an economic and social nature and possibility Benefit from those experiences in Iraq. Accordingly, the study was divided into three axes, in addition to the introduction and conclusion. The first axis dealt with studying the most important concepts related to military spending, while the second axis was with regard to damage and losses formed as a result of conflicts and wars, and the third axis related to the experiences of some development countries and the involvement of their armies in civilian investments, and the possibility of benefiting from these experiences and the possibility of resettling them in Iraq. The research started from the hypothesis that the duality of the impact of military expenditures on the path of economic and social variables makes the means of settling them in the economies of peace with permanent economic and social feasibility for sustainable development. Finally, the research included a conclusion and some conclusions and recommendations, the most important of which was that Iraq had witnessed many wars and conflicts, which led to the depletion of huge amounts of its economic resources, which led to the depletion of many economic and human resources as a direct result of the wars, while the main recommendation was that it was necessary to allocate a part. From military spending to serve the civil sector by involving the army in investing in stalled and stalled projects and reconstruction projects in the liberated cities.
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Wójcicki, Włodzimierz. "Protoeconomics - Elements of Economics in Antiquity." Economic and Regional Studies / Studia Ekonomiczne i Regionalne 11, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 147–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/ers-2018-0043.
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Summary Subject and purpose of work: The work presents the emergence and shaping of basic economic issues since the dawn of human economic activity. Contemporary views on important economic issues have their roots in antiquity. The shaping of concepts such as money, interest, contract, credit as a part of the law, began a long time ago and exerted an influence on the way they are understood today. Materials and methods: The basis for the considerations is the study of literature on the history of the development of economics and the science of management in economic, philosophical and ethical aspects. The work has shown the non-linear nature of the development of new phenomena emerging in volatile political, technical, religious and moral conditions, which are largely spontaneous, and a reciprocal overlap of various fields of knowledge in a general and individual sense. Particular discoverers were found to present a wide spectrum of interests. Results: Historically, the development of economic knowledge began with the issues from the border of economics and management, from microeconomics (household) to macroeconomics (money); little information concerns large undertakings such as irrigation systems, pyramids or waging wars. Conclusions: Generally speaking - monarchs’ edicts came before the deliberations of thinkers, concrete reasoning came before abstract considerations.
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Severinova, Oleksandra. "LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY OF MILITARY SERVANTS: HISTORICAL LAW ASPECTS." Ukrainian polyceistics: theory, legislation, practice 1, no. 1 (April 2021): 116–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.32366/2709-9261-2021-1-1-116-122.
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The article analyzes the historical law bases of legal responsibility of servicemen during armed conflicts. The typification of armed conflicts is classified and carried out on various grounds, including on the basis of evolutionary nature (four generations of wars). It is concluded that in the XXI century armed conflicts have a number of fundamentally new features (unconventionality, nonlinearity, irregularity, asymmetry and non-military nature), which distinguishes them from the armed confrontations of previous epochs and refers to the fourth generation wars. The analysis described the following similar terms: «war», «military conflict», «armed conflict», and identified similarities, identities or substantive differences between them, which is important for the correct legal classification of war crimes. The relevance of the research topic is due to the fact that today the aggressor states in armed conflicts use the so-called «hybrid means of warfare», which include, in addition to confrontation on the battlefield in the classical sense, confrontation on economic, informational, political and cultural fronts. The emergence of these new weapons requires the study of the essence of «hybrid» confrontation: the means, methods and tactics used, the purpose of defeat by one means or another to deter the aggressor states, as well as to counter them. The urgency of the topic is also due to the fact that Ukraine today, unfortunately, found itself in a state of armed confrontation, fell victim to a «hybrid conflict» on the part of the Russian Federation. As practice shows, the nature of the discussion of this problem and the process of developing and approving specific measures aimed at counteracting and deterring the aggressor state proves the inability of most international organizations responsible for international peace and security to address such issues in practice. From this point of view, a historical and legal analysis of the formation of the institution of legal responsibility of servicemen during armed conflicts, given the crucial importance of bringing to justice those guilty of war crimes.
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H.Saleem, Dr Qasem Mohammed. "La Soledad y la Alienación Psicológica en la novela "Nada" de Carmen Laforet …La tentativa de la interpretación (Un estudio analítico)." ALUSTATH JOURNAL FOR HUMAN AND SOCIAL SCIENCES 221, no. 1 (June 1, 2017): 19–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.36473/ujhss.v221i1.414.
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In this research we discuss negative effects of isolation and alienation in Spanish society , in the period after the Spanish civil war directly , this situation have bad effect on both person and society , by the novel (Nothing) of Spanish writer (Carmen Laforet) , It's an invitation to writers and thinkers to succor and support their community Through their literature creativity , the bad effect of wars , disasters and crises destroyed all aspects of life (social , economic, political, cultural ) , which lead to isolation and alienation and also on human Leaves psychological impact .
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Pratiwi, Desni, Ani Widayati, and Riyanto Efendi. "The Implementation of Multicultural Education in Economic Learning." International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 7, no. 11 (December 2, 2020): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v7i11.2143.
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The emergence of problems related to multicultural issues such as tribal wars, separatism, and other movements that have the potential to cause national disintegration is urgent and requires the right solution. In the Indonesian context, the younger generation (students) are potential subjects for solving multicultural conflicts. In connection with this problem, one form of a potential solution is multicultural education, especially through economic learning because of its potential to build tolerance and mutual respect. Therefore, this article will focus on a discussion on the implementation of multicultural education in economic learning at SMAN 3 Bandar Lampung. The methodology used is a case study with Robert K. Yin design. The results showed that the strategy used by history teachers in implementing multicultural education in history learning was cooperative learning in the form of discussions, group work, and presentations. This strategy is considered suitable because it is able to know the affective, cognitive, and psychomotor aspects of students. The obstacles experienced are very diverse, including student saturation, dissatisfaction with the group of teachers to the limitations of the cost of studying outside the classroom in site observation activities that are in accordance with economic learning materials so that most learning is carried out in class using photos and video media.
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Leibner, Uzi, and Chaim Ben David. "Imported Fine Ware in Palaestina Secunda: Geographic, Economic, and Ethnic Aspects." Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 371 (May 2014): 185–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.5615/bullamerschoorie.371.0185.
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Nielsen, Kenneth Bo, and Heather Plumridge Bedi. "The regional identity politics of India’s new land wars: Land, food, and popular mobilisation in Goa and West Bengal." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 49, no. 10 (July 17, 2017): 2324–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0308518x17719884.
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India has over the recent decade witnessed a spate of land transfers as Special Economic Zones, extractive industries, or real estate dispossess farmers, land owners, and indigenous groups of their land. As a result, struggles over land have emerged with force in many locations, almost across India. Yet while the political economy and legal aspects of India’s new ‘land wars’ are well documented, the discourses and identities mobilised against large-scale forcible land transfers receive less scholarly attention. We suggest ‘the regional identity politics’ of India’s current land wars to explain the important role of place-based identities in garnering broad, public support for popular anti-dispossession movements. We explore how land, and its produce, are mobilised by anti-dispossession movements in the Indian states of Goa and West Bengal. The movements mobilised land and food not as emblematic of structural changes in the political economy, but first and foremost within a symbolic field in which they came to stand metaphorically for regional forms of belonging and identity under threat. While reinforcing regional solidarity, these identities also contributed to the fragmented and often highly localised nature of India’s current land wars, while also potentially disrupting efforts to sustain organising in the long term.
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Widome, Rachel, Agnes Jensen, Ann Bangerter, and Steven S. Fu. "Food insecurity among veterans of the US wars in Iraq and Afghanistan." Public Health Nutrition 18, no. 5 (May 8, 2014): 844–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s136898001400072x.
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AbstractObjectiveFood insecurity, or lack of access to sufficient food for a healthful lifestyle, has been associated with many aspects of poor health. While the economic struggles among veterans of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan have been documented, it is unknown how commonly this population struggles to afford food. Our purpose was to document the prevalence and correlates of food insecurity among US veterans of the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan.DesignA cross-sectional survey.SubjectsUS military veterans who had served in the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan since October 2001.SettingSubjects responded to a survey mailed to them in summer 2012. Food security was measured by the US Household Food Security Module: Six Item Short Form. Demographic and behavioural health items were also included. Survey data were matched to medical record data from the Department of Veterans Affairs.ResultsOver one in four veterans reported past-year food insecurity with 12 % reporting very low food security. Food-insecure veterans tended to be younger, not married/partnered, living in households with more children, earning lower incomes, had a lower final military pay grade, were more likely to use tobacco, reported more frequent binge drinking and slept less, compared with those who were food secure (P<0·05 for all associations listed).ConclusionsPreviously undocumented, the problem of hunger among our newest veterans deserves attention.
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Bellani, Jayesh, Harsh Kumar Verma, Dhrumil Khatri, Dhruv Makwana, and Manan Shah. "Shale gas: a step toward sustainable energy future." Journal of Petroleum Exploration and Production Technology 11, no. 5 (April 17, 2021): 2127–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13202-021-01157-7.
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AbstractThe world energy consumption is going to rise by nearly 50% in 2050 when compared to 2010. With conventional and unconventional reserves depleting, demand for energy supply is rising. The feasibility and the current efficiency of renewable energy sources may not be capable of satisfying the world energy demand by themselves. Increase in production of non-renewable energy source, i.e., the fossil fuels may help to fulfill the energy requirement of future generations. Shale gas is one of the unconventional sources of energy. Shale gas deposits are scattered all over the planet in low-permeability and low porosity reservoirs. India has overall reserves of shale gas between 600 and 2000 TCF, of which 63 TCF is of recoverable shale gas (Pradhan and Prakash 2000). Shale production depends on many factors such as political matters, wars, social and economic aspects, and exploration techniques. Depending on the recoverable reserve (RR), production of shale gas entails different methods and with a different method, comes different problems described and discussed in this manuscript. Along with the problems, the technically recoverable reserves of different countries, different production mechanisms, and economic aspects of shale gas are also discussed.
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Edward, Jane Kani. "Reconfiguring the South Sudanese Women’s Movement." Hawwa 17, no. 1 (April 4, 2019): 55–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15692086-12341345.
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Abstract This article examines multiple aspects that prompted the emergence and development of the women’s movement in South Sudan. It intends to outline challenges and opportunities for the women’s movement over the years. Indeed, there are numerous sociocultural, economic, political, and structural aspects that impinge on women’s collective actions and mobilization. Nevertheless, this article focuses on how the efforts of the women’s movement strived to articulate and promote critical issues related to women and gender in South Sudan that are partly constrained by three interrelated factors: its close association with the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement (SPLM), persistent civil wars and political instability, and donor agencies’ influence on its agenda and activities. The paper argues that, without any tangible changes in these dynamics, the women’s movement in South Sudan will not be able to simultaneously and effectively tackle practical and strategic gender concerns and interests and achieve gender equality in South Sudan.
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Avieli, Nir. "The Hummus Wars Revisited: Israeli-Arab Food Politics and Gastromediation." Gastronomica 16, no. 3 (2016): 19–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/gfc.2016.16.3.19.
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The state of Israel has been involved in a long-standing violent conflict with its Arab neighbors, yet Jews and Arabs share a culinary passion: hummus. This humble dip of mashed chickpeas seasoned with tahini and lemon juice is ubiquitous in Middle Eastern public and private culinary spheres and is extremely popular among Arabs and Israeli Jews and, as of recently, among Western consumers lured by the health qualities of the “Mediterranean diet” and by the exotic nature of the dish itself. In 2008, hummus became the subject of a heated debate between Israel and Lebanon that revolved around cultural copyrights, culinary heritage, and economic revenues. In this article I return to the so-called Hummus Wars, a series of culinary undertakings performed in Lebanon and Israel in an attempt to claim ownership over hummus by setting a Guinness World Record for the largest hummus dish. I focus on one of these events, which attracted substantial attention in Israel and beyond: the breaking of the Guinness record at the Palestinian-Israeli village of Abu Gosh. In my analysis of this event I highlight two aspects of the “Hummus Wars” that are of specific interest to food scholars. First, I argue that food metaphors acquire a life of their own and may express unexpected meanings. Second, I point to the unexpected role of mediator undertaken by Palestinians of Israeli citizenship in this event. I suggest that a process of what I term “gastromediation” was taking place in Abu Gosh, in which the smooth oily paste was intended to serve as a material and social lubricant for the Israeli-Arab-Jewish-Palestinian conflict.
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WRIGHT, TIM. "Distant Thunder: The Regional Economies of Southwest China and the Impact of the Great Depression." Modern Asian Studies 34, no. 3 (July 2000): 697–738. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x0000384x.
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A study of the impact of the 1930s World Depression on Southwest China intersects with two major controversies in modern Chinese economic history. First, there is still substantial disagreement over the severity of the impact of the Depression on China. The ‘traditional’ interpretation inside China has focused on the ‘bankruptcy’ of the economy in the 1930s (of which the Depression was one but not the only cause). While many aspects of the ‘bankruptcy’ and ‘stagnation’ theses have more recently been discarded or modified by Chinese scholars, recognition is still made of the gravity of the crisis of the 1930s: China's leading historian of its modern economy, Wu Chengming, writes in the third volume of the History of Chinese Capitalism: ‘The economic crisis of 1932–1935 was, with the exception of the wars of invasion launched by foreign countries, the single most severe blow to the Chinese economy’.
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Daković, Nevena. "Belgrade between the Wars: Imperial Shadows on the Screen." European Review 28, no. 1 (November 6, 2019): 90–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1062798719000292.
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The aim of this article is to analyse the TV series Black Sun/Shadows over the Balkans (Senke nad Balkanom, 2017, Dragan Bjelogrlić), understood as a reflection of the ways in which diverse imperial legacies, persisting differences and contrasting pasts shaped the (ambivalent) post-imperial traumatic history of the newly formed Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes in 1918. The burden of imperial legacy – mostly manifested in ethnic, political, cultural and economic tensions among diverse nations in the new multi-ethnic state – kept brewing under the surface and came to represent a constant threat of balkanization i.e. further fragmentation of the multicultural kingdom. In this article I claim that the same danger of balkanization – traced back to the years after the Great War – continued to haunt all successor states of the Kingdom of Yugoslavia (and Yugoslavias ensuing from 1943 until 1992) eventually resulting in the break-up of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) in 1992. The irreconcilable differences and competing ambitions of different national, social and geopolitical identities define the structure, characters and their relations in the TV narrative, and are also reflected in the cityscape of Belgrade – the capital of the Kingdom and paradigmatic Balkan metropolis – in the late 1920s. The series is read against the theories of Dominique Moisi’s Geopolitics of Emotions (2010) and La géopolitique des séries/Geopolitics of TV Series (2016), and his assertion that TV series have become crucial in understanding our world in its many aspects – from domestic politics to geopolitics. The story of Belgrade between the two World Wars reveals the traumatic imperial legacy as determining the emergence of a ‘culture of fear, hope and humiliation’, tensions of balkanization and search for identity in the city suspended between an Ottoman casaba and a European metropolis. On the other side – in terms of narrative, genre, and visual style – the series itself is seen as the acculturated version of both the novel Der nasse Fisch (Volker Kutscher, 2007) and the TV series Babylon Berlin (2017), illustrating the rise of cultural imperialism in post-imperial times.
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Chorowski, Maciej, and Wojciech Gizicki. "Technical and economic aspects of oxygen separation for oxy-fuel purposes." Archives of Thermodynamics 36, no. 1 (March 1, 2015): 157–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aoter-2015-0011.
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Abstract Oxy combustion is the most promising technology for carbon dioxide, originated from thermal power plants, capture and storage. The oxygen in sufficient quantities can be separated from air in cryogenic installations. Even the state-of-art air separation units are characterized by high energy demands decreasing net efficiency of thermal power plant by at least 7%. This efficiency decrease can be mitigated by the use of waste nitrogen, e.g., as the medium for lignite drying. It is also possible to store energy in liquefied gases and recover it by liquid pressurization, warm-up to ambient temperature and expansion. Exergetic efficiency of the proposed energy accumulator may reach 85%.
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Mama, Amina, and Margo Okazawa-Rey. "Militarism, Conflict and Women's Activism in the Global Era: Challenges and Prospects for Women in Three West African Contexts." Feminist Review 101, no. 1 (July 2012): 97–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/fr.2011.57.
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This article develops a feminist perspective on militarism in Africa, drawing examples from the Nigerian, Sierra Leonean and Liberian civil wars spanning several decades to examine women's participation in the conflict, their survival and livelihood strategies, and their activism. We argue that postcolonial conflicts epitomise some of the worst excesses of militarism in the era of neoliberal globalisation, and that the economic, organisational and ideological features of militarism undermine the prospects for democratisation, social justice and genuine security, especially for women, in post-war societies. Theorisations of ‘new wars’ and the war economy are taken as entry points to a discussion of the conceptual and policy challenges posed by the enduring and systemic cultural and material aspects of militarism. These include the contradictory ways in which women are affected by the complex relationship between gendered capitalist processes and militarism, and the manner in which women negotiate their lives through both. Finally, we highlight the potential of transnational feminist theorising and activism for strengthening intellectual and political solidarities and argue that the globalised military security system can be our ‘common context for struggle' 1 as contemporary feminist activist scholars. 1 Mohanty, 2003.
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Lentner, Csaba, and Pál Péter Kolozsi. "Innovative ways of thinking concerning economic governance after the global financial crisis." Problems and Perspectives in Management 17, no. 3 (August 2, 2019): 122–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ppm.17(3).2019.10.
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The global financial crisis highlighted the limitations of the mainstream economic thinking. The post-crisis reflection has not resulted yet in any new paradigm, however, several new, still separate, innovative approaches appeared in the field of public finances and economic governance. The aim of the paper is to provide a structured presentation of these new innovative approaches, which can serve as a potential basis of a new way of thinking about economic and financial governance and the innovation of public finances. The paper reviews the relevant international literature published after the global financial crisis and, as a result, presents the innovations, especially in respect of the role of the state, the renewal of central banking, the reassessment of the stability and geopolitical aspects of economic policy, the relevance of confidence and cooperation in public policy, the increasing role of the public sector concerning the sustainability of economic development and the renaissance of institutional economics. Based on these new approaches, the paper concludes that the smart, inclusive and sustainable, innovation-led growth requires the rethinking of the role, the functions, the objectives and the instruments of public policy and economic governance.
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Sajid, Muhammad Jawad. "Continued increases in military and police spending can lead to economic collapse." E3S Web of Conferences 253 (2021): 03036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202125303036.
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Human defence expenditure has increased due to the need for permanent military and police forces, which has led to the creation of a perpetual fear industry. The so-called fear industry refers to the industry created due to real or perceived fear, without this fear, the industry cannot be created. Most defence economic studies (both military and police) focus on various empiric aspects such as opportunity costs, GDP growth, public expenditure and defence industry taxes. However, this study focuses on the development and explanation of the theory behind the creation and death of this preputial industry of fear. This study also presents the concept of social GDP and free GDP, which can help to present the long-term economic effects of the reduction or possible elimination of defence spending by national governments. Decreased defence spending generally has economic and social benefits for the general public. In the long run, rising costs of the defence industry (military and police spending, etc.) and other miscellaneous social issues can lead to civil unrest or possible civil wars, which can have a devastating impact on global economies in the long run. It is therefore in the interests of global economies to begin to reduce expenditure, to seek cheaper and more acceptable alternatives, and eventually to get rid of these fear-based expenditures.
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Antošová, A., N. Birčiaková, and J. Stávková. "Income aspects of Czech farmers’ living conditions." Agricultural Economics (Zemědělská ekonomika) 59, No. 6 (June 12, 2013): 262–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/133/2012-agricecon.
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The paper analyses the income and living conditions of farm households in the Czech Republic. The period under review ware the years of 2005–2010 since more recent data was not available when this paper was being prepared. The primary source of data is the results of the European Union Statistics on Income and Living Conditions (EU SILC) survey. The structure of farm households is established by the household type, education, and economic activity. Households have been assigned to particular groups based on the situation of the household leader. The primary indicator is the average disposable income per 1 equivalent member. Other indicators under review include poverty, poverty depth, and material deprivation. The national poverty line has been defined as 60% of the median average equivalent income. Another important aspect also includes the households’ subjective views of the selected matters.
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Ni, Ming Fang, Lu Xi Kang, Zheng Wang, and Shi Lun Liu. "The New Energy Development of U.S. Army and its Inspiration." Advanced Materials Research 512-515 (May 2012): 878–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.512-515.878.
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Energy is the essential strategic material to the national economy and national defense. Throughout the trend of the modern and future wars, military equipment has always been inseparable from the energy support. Confronting with serious challenges, ease the oil crisis only by strengthening the strategic petroleum reserve, or improve the efficiency of oil is not a long-term strategy. This paper analyzes the current grim situation of the world's energy, as well as its influence to economic, political and military levels through the latest data and charts. Briefly summarize the major energy strategy of U.S. army, list and describe its latest new energy research, development approach and its applications in military equipment. Finally, make suggestions to reduce energy consumption, use alternative energy, carry out resource-ability studies and other aspects of our equipment.
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Minkler, Meredith, and Ann Robertson. "The Ideology of ‘Age/Race Wars’: Deconstructing a Social Problem." Ageing and Society 11, no. 1 (March 1991): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0144686x00003809.
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ABSTRACTEfforts in the United States to encourage divisiveness within the working class have been widely recognised as a key strategy in the war on welfare. This paper examines one aspect of this overall strategy, namely the creation of an ideology based on generational equity and ‘age/race wars’ thinking, which blames the old for poverty and economic hardship in the young. Attempts to frame problem analysis and policy deliberations within such an ideological framework are seen to be based on spurious assumptions concerning the relative financial well-being of the old, the role of elderly entitlements as a cause of poverty in minority children, and growing resentment of programmes for the old among minorities and youth.This paper examines recent attempts to de-legitimate the claims of the elderly through the advancement of an ideology of age/race wars. The assumptions underlying this approach to policy are critiqued, and a case is made for developing an alternative framework which would stress the interdependence of generations, rather than age/race group competition.
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Bryntsev, Alexander N. "Macroeconomic analysis and forecasting of the impact of energy wars and geopolitics on currency rates and oil prices." Market economy problems, no. 3 (2020): 7–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.33051/2500-2325-2020-3-7-20.
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Subject/topic. In modern conditions, it is advisable to consider geopolitics through the prism of hybrid wars, when the theaters of war have moved from the ocean and land to the world financial and commodity markets. There is a close correlation be-tween changes in exchange rates and the price of oil on the results of energy wars. The aim of the article is to study the theoretical and empirical aspects of the impact of energy wars and geopolitics on the formation of oil prices and the dynamics of currency rates in modern conditions, as well as determining their vector of influence on the development of the world economy as a whole. Methodology of the article. To complete this article, a comparative and economic-statistical analysis was used. Results. The article shows that in the context of globalization of the world economy, there is a deep correlation between changes in currency rates and the price of oil and the consequences of energy wars, on the one hand, and on the other, currency rates and oil prices are the tools for geopolitics in achieving their goals. In addition, there is a fairly strong direct link between oil prices and exchange rates. Factors affecting the formation of the currency exchange and oil markets are sometimes artificial in nature by influencing appropriate macroeconomic conditions, for example, changing the balance of supply and demand. Findings. A macroeconomic analysis of the nature of the relationship between the dynamics of oil prices and currency fluctuations reveals the geopolitical interests of the main players in the oil market, indicating its redistribution. The stage of ousting Russia from the Chinese oil market with dumping prices began, not only with supplies from Saudi Arabia, but also with the active participation of the former partners of Iran and Venezuela, which themselves were under sanctions. The budget of these countries directly depends on oil imports. It is the force majeure circumstances that force them to abandon further partnership with Russia and become independent players in the Chinese hydrocarbon market.
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Черняев, М. В., and Д. Ф. Кудряков. "DEVELOPMENT OF TRADE RELATIONS BETWEEN RUSSIA AND CHINA: YESTERDAY, TODAY, TOMORROW." Modern Science, no. 1 (July 5, 2021): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.53039/2079-4401.2021.3.1.012.
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Статья посвящена изучению торговых взаимоотношений Российской Федерации и Китайской Народной Республики, ретроспективного опыта, перспектив развития в среднесрочном периоде. Цель исследования – определить характер экономического и политического партнерства РФ и КНР, а также понять, насколько Китаю необходима дружба с Россией. Исследование отражает взаимозависимость экономических и политических аспектов в по- строении межгосударственных связей и влияние на них новой экономической реальности в условиях санкционных ограничений и ведения торговых войн. Актуальность исследования обусловлена новой многополярной моделью мира и перераспределением влияния сверхдержав, появлением новых вызовов мировой экономике. The paper is dedicatedto the study of trade relations between the Russian Federation and the PRC, retrospective experience, current state and development prospects in the medium term. The aim of the study is to determine the nature of the economic and political partnership between the Russian Federation and the PRC. The main question to which this work answers is how much does China need friendship with Russia? The study also reflects the interdependence of economic and political aspects in the construction of inter-state relations, the influence of the new economic reality in the context of sanctions, restrictions and trade wars. The relevance of the work is caused by the new multipolar model of the world and the redistribution of superpowers' influence, the emergence of new challenges to the world economy.
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Tezcür, Güneş Murat, and Clayton Besaw. "Jihadist waves: Syria, the Islamic State, and the changing nature of foreign fighters." Conflict Management and Peace Science 37, no. 2 (November 21, 2017): 215–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0738894217738990.
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This article offers the first systematic analysis of cross-generational and cross-organizational aspects of jihadist foreign fighter (JFF) mobilization. How are individuals fighting in Syria different from foreign fighters who fought in the previous jihadist wars? What factors distinguish the Islamic State (IS) fighters from individuals joining other jihadist groups in Syria? The article builds an original sample of 477 JFFs from Turkey spanning three decades and employs the Random Forest technique, a method with several distinct advantages over regression analysis in the study of small N conflict data. The results have substantial and practical implications and show that fighters in Syria and IS fighters have different demographic characteristics and life experiences than fighters in pre-Syria wars and non-IS fighters in Syria, respectively. They inform more empirically grounded theory building about the recruitment motives and methods of JFFs.
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Poplavskyy, Oleh, Volodymyr Sarychev, and Oleh Levin. "Socio-economic and informationcommunication aspects of the military confrontation between Azerbaijan and Armenia in the "Second Karabakh War"." Naukovyy Visnyk Dnipropetrovs'kogo Derzhavnogo Universytetu Vnutrishnikh Sprav 1, no. 1 (March 29, 2021): 61–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.31733/2078-3566-2021-1-61-71.
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In the article the author examines the features of the information confrontation between Azerbaijan and Armenia during the "second Karabakh war", identifies the correlation between the socioeconomic potential of countries and the possibilities of application of information and communication technologies as a strategic resource for each of the parties to the military conflict. For comparison, we also used facts about Ukraine, Belarus and the Russian Federation, as countries of Eastern Europe region, which are in a similar state of military-political and socio-economic instability. The content and forms of information confrontation as a rivalry between countries in the information and communication sphere due to the desire to influence the formation of public opinion of the population, the level of national identity, the nature of social relations in the adjacent territory are revealed. Against the backdrop of the dynamics of the armed confrontation between the countries, specific forms of using information and communication technologies as one of the most effective means of warfare were analyzed, and the effectiveness of information and psychological operations in solving and escalating a military conflict was determined. The features of information war with using communication technologies as the aim of strenothening morale of their army and consolidation the moral and political potential of the people are characterized. Based on the analysis of the armed confrontation, we made conclusions that, in modern conditions, each of the countries, which are in a state of military, political and social instability must develop their own strategies for preventing military conflicts. Such strategies should take into consideration external threats, the existing economic potential, the possibilities of storing and disseminating of official information in peacetime, as well as the experience of effective government regulation of the practice of using the media and network technologies during an aggravation of the military situation. Based on the results of our research, a number of practical recommendations were formulated regarding the directions of the formation and development of information and communication technologies, which are used to protect the information space of the country and counteraction the unwanted influence of the enemy. The importance of the results obtained is substantiated for understanding the nature, tools and methods of modern information and psychological wars, as well as for the implementation of an effective state policy of countering the negative propaganda influence of the enemy in situation of active and large-scale information confrontation.
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Tenreiro Machado, J. A., and Maria Eugénia Mata. "Multidimensional Scaling Analysis of the Dynamics of a Country Economy." Scientific World Journal 2013 (2013): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/594587.
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This paper analyzes the Portuguese short-run business cycles over the last 150 years and presents the multidimensional scaling (MDS) for visualizing the results. The analytical and numerical assessment of this long-run perspective reveals periods with close connections between the macroeconomic variables related to government accounts equilibrium, balance of payments equilibrium, and economic growth. The MDS method is adopted for a quantitative statistical analysis. In this way, similarity clusters of several historical periods emerge in the MDS maps, namely, in identifying similarities and dissimilarities that identify periods of prosperity and crises, growth, and stagnation. Such features are major aspects of collective national achievement, to which can be associated the impact of international problems such as the World Wars, the Great Depression, or the current global financial crisis, as well as national events in the context of broad political blueprints for the Portuguese society in the rising globalization process.
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Bergeron, Suzanne, Carol Cohn, and Claire Duncanson. "Rebuilding Bridges: Toward a Feminist Research Agenda for Postwar Reconstruction." Politics & Gender 13, no. 04 (November 24, 2017): 715–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1743923x17000368.
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As feminists who think about war and peacebuilding, we cannot help but encounter the complex, entwined political economic processes that underlie wars’ causes, their courses, and the challenges of postwar reconstruction. For us, then, the increasing academic division between feminist security studies (FSS) and feminist (international) political economy (FPE/FIPE) has been a cause for concern, and we welcomed Politics & Gender’s earlier Critical Perspectives section on efforts to bridge the two (June 2015). We noticed, however, that although violence was addressed in several of the special section's articles, war made only brief and somewhat peripheral appearances, and peacebuilding was all but absent. While three contributions (Hudson 2015; Sjoberg 2015; True 2015) mentioned the importance of political economy in the analysis of armed conflict, the aspects of war on which the articles focused were militarized sexualities (Sjoberg 2015) or conflict-related and postwar sexual and gender-based violence (Hudson 2015; True 2015).
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Levy, David L., and André Spicer. "Contested imaginaries and the cultural political economy of climate change." Organization 20, no. 5 (September 2013): 659–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1350508413489816.
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This article analyses the evolving cultural political economy of climate change by developing the concept of ‘climate imaginaries’. These are shared socio-semiotic systems that structure a field around a set of shared understandings of the climate. Climate imaginaries imply a particular mode of organizing production and consumption, and a prioritization of environmental and cultural values. We use this concept to examine the struggle among NGOs, business and state agencies over four core climate imaginaries. These are ‘fossil fuels forever’, ‘climate apocalypse’, ‘techno-market’ and ‘sustainable lifestyles’. These imaginaries play a key role in contentions over responses to climate change, and we outline three main episodes in the past two decades: the carbon wars of the 1990s, an emergent carbon compromise between 1998–2008 and a climate impasse from 2009 to the present. However, climate imaginaries only become dominant when they connect with wider popular interests and identities and align with economic and technological aspects of the energy system to constitute ‘value regimes’.
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Berdnikova, E. N. "Coherent Influence of Educational Process on the Formation of Ethno-Cultural Tolerance of Youth." Prepodavatel XXI vek, no. 1, 2020 (2020): 38–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.31862/2073-9613-2020-1-38-55.
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The article considers the theoretical aspects of the nature and mechanisms of the influence of the media and education on the formation of the individual’s worldview, in particular with regard to ethno-cultural attitudes, identifies the relationship between these social institutions, and analyzes the studies on the ethno-cultural tolerance of citizens of the Russian Federation. The intensification of the integrative interaction of representatives of various ethno-cultural communities, and the tendency to destruct the relations between individual countries are the result not only of the development of economic, political, social and other systems, but also of collisions arising on religious and international grounds, manifestations of aggression, the initiation and conduct of local wars, acts of terrorism, etc. The formation of ethno-cultural tolerance in the youth environment in this case can act as a stabilizing factor, becoming the most effective and cost-effective solution to communication problems of an ethno-cultural nature. Based on the analysis of theoretical aspects, the author proposes to develop a program to increase the ethnic tolerance of students in a multicultural world through the bilateral involvement of individuals. The project is based on the principles of reliability of the information provided, the possibility of intercultural interaction, as well as monitoring and solving related socially significant problems and tasks.
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Salvati, Luca, Margherita Carlucci, Pere Serra, and Ilaria Zambon. "Demographic Transitions and Socioeconomic Development in Italy, 1862–2009: A Brief Overview." Sustainability 11, no. 1 (January 6, 2019): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11010242.
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The present study investigates long-term population dynamics in Italy, 1862–2009, in light of Demographic Transitions (DTs). Under the assumption that DTs are multidimensional processes of change involving several aspects, including population structure and dynamics, an exploratory analysis was carried out in this study to verify temporal coherency of 15 indicators in Italy, identifying homogeneous time periods with distinct demographic characteristics. Indicators’ trends were identified using a multivariate statistical approach. The results of this study allow empirical testing of the assumption of temporal coherence between different aspects of a long-term DT, distinguishing distinctive population dynamics and the differential impact on population structure over two centuries. After a relatively long period of demographic stability, the time window encompassing the two World Wars—approximately between 1921 and 1951—was identified as a primary turning point of population dynamics in Italy; a second turning point was estimated at the beginning of the 1970s. These time intervals may represent conditions of dynamic equilibrium between demographic and socioeconomic contexts, highlighting latent system transitions. The study concludes by outlining the importance of a more effective integration of demographic transition theories into a broader sustainability framework, and implementing a diachronic analysis of political, economic, and social forces associated with population dynamics in both advanced economies and emerging countries.
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Nagaichuk, Andrei F. "Socio-political technology of war and armed conflict: Some aspects of history and modernity." Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Philosophy and Conflict Studies 37, no. 2 (2021): 281–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.21638/spbu17.2021.208.
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The theme of war worries everyone in the modern world, it is the most dangerous and large-scale socio-political conflict that has the prospect of developing to the level of a global catastrophe, characterized as the “third world war”, “nuclear war”, “war with weapons of mass destruction”, etc. Furthermore, the theme includes the whole complex of knowledge and events that affect all spheres of social life and the scientific knowledge. Owing to its pervasive and multidimensional nature, war is studied simultaneously within the framework of military history, economic and the managerial paradigms, political-legal and the psychological realms of research. At the same time, there is almost no serious and detailed study of this type of conflict within conflictology, aimed at presenting an integrated and an interdisciplinary approach to the most dangerous form of a large-scale conflict. The article is an attempt to understand the essence and nature of war, its types and the forms of its manifestation, the foundations of war, technology for the development of this violent social-political conflict and the goals and functions it performs. The methods of theoretical analysis of a specific conflict situation, war and armed conflict, abstraction, specification, analysis, classification, procedure of terms and data operationalization and interpretation are used. Applied research methods are also used (document analysis, observation, etc.). As a result, a socio-political model for analyzing the technology of war is proposed, which characterizes its base, structural elements (tools, methods, procedures, techniques, operations), and algorithm. In conclusion, derivative knowledge about the main socio-political methods and technologies for study, analysis of modern wars and armed conflicts, their peaceful regulation and peacekeeping is proposed.
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Bolotnikova, O. "Ethno-Separatism and its Prospects." World Economy and International Relations, no. 5 (2011): 32–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2011-5-32-42.
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The author explores the phenomenon of today's ethnic conflicts which are less frequently turning into the wars between states. The author uses the cases of the countries of former Soviet Union, Western Europe, Africa in order to examine important aspects of the ethnic conflicts settlement. It is concluded that the heart of the problems is the correlation between two fundamental principles of the international law (usually regarded as antagonists in terms of the settlement of such conflicts). Namely, these are the principle of states’ territorial integrity and the principle of peoples’ right to self-determination.
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Petrov, A. M., L. M. Sembieva, N. I. Golysheva, R. A. Ivanov, and N. K. Muravitskaya. "EVALUATION OF CRITERIA FOR THE ACTIVITIES OF REPRESENTATIVE OFFICES OF JAPANESE COMPANIES IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AND THE NEED TO IMPROVE THEIR EFFICIENCY." BULLETIN 2, no. 390 (April 15, 2021): 70–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2021.2518-1467.53.
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Being one of the most important tools of the national economy, foreign direct investment provides means for production expansion, creating employment opportunities and jobs, accelerating structural changes, improving the country’s financial standing in foreign relations, increasing its foreign exchange reserves, reducing budget holdbacks, and improving its credit rating. In Russia, foreign investments are primarily made through capital contributions by registered foreign residents. According to official reports, in the total annual capital inflows into the Russian Federation, 10 to 12% are attributable to foreign direct investment, 1 to 2% - to indirect investment, and up to 80% - to other investments. The current state of the world economy is characterized by many challenges: from increased competition and a new round of trade wars between major economic powers to a shift in emphasis in approaches to assessing the effectiveness of economic entities from exclusively financial to mainly non-financial, including environmental and social aspects. The corresponding economic conditions, coupled with significant political and economic pressure from a number of countries, sharply raise the issue of developing new approaches to determining the effectiveness of their own activities. Determining the effectiveness of business entities is necessary in order to ensure timely and adequate assessment of their business model from the perspective of key stakeholders and to develop an effective strategy for long-term sustainable functioning in the new business environment. This issue is particularly relevant for those economic entities that implement their activities, including through foreign representative offices. Determining the effectiveness of business entities ' representative offices abroad and evaluating their strategic performance, in addition to differences in approaches to accounting and public reporting, is also complicated by the specifics of the legal status of representative offices of economic entities, as well as the processes of legal regulation of their activities in different countries.
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Ryoo and Youn. "The Evolutionary Use of Curved Wood in Korean Traditional Architecture." Sustainability 11, no. 23 (November 20, 2019): 6557. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11236557.
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Various types of curved wooden have always been used in traditional Korean architecture. One component is a curvaceous column with varying thicknesses, and the others are curved beams or girders that are needed to support the roof and present diverse curvature. By examining the historical alteration of the parts and shapes of these curved members, it is possible to identify the sustainable aspects of Korean traditional architecture and infer the influence of the historical background on forming the sustainability of the architecture. To be specific, while the Goryeo Dynasty (10–14 C) showed an aesthetic summit of temple architecture in terms of extravagant curved wooden members precisely calculated and designed under the influence of Buddhism and aristocracy, the early Joseon Dynasty (15–16 C) presented restrained curve forms of wooden members with fewer materials and a faster process due to Neo-Confucianism, which emphasized austerity. After tremendous social crisis and two wars, the mid-Joseon Dynasty (17–18 C) showed creative indigenous houses with naturally curved timbers, minimizing the manufacturing process and maximizing the pragmatic functionality of the space under the influence of the wars and Silhak (the Realist School of Confucianism). In addition, the late Joseon Dynasty (19–20 C) presented office buildings with strengthened dynamic shapes of the naturally curved timbers as symbolic expression, which is an expanded concept beyond the functionality. In Korean traditional architecture, curved wood members have been used without interruption—although in varying degrees depending on social and economic situations—and have continued to be one of the characteristics of Korean architecture.
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OJO, OLATUNJI. "SLAVERY AND HUMAN SACRIFICE IN YORUBALAND: ONDO, c. 1870–94." Journal of African History 46, no. 3 (November 2005): 379–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021853705000472.
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This article, focusing on the operation and abolition of human sacrifice in eastern Yorubaland, examines a key aspect of the dialogue and conflict between Yoruba chiefs and their opponents – slaves, Christians and British colonialists – during the late nineteenth century. The exchange reflected the position of human sacrifice in the consolidation of economic inequalities and socio-cultural privileges. The article examines this controversy in the context of the broader changes of the era, including the ending of the Yoruba wars and the approach of colonial rule. It analyses the interaction of external and internal forces that produced the eventual demise of human sacrifice.
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Melita, Asantael Williams. "The Relationship between Tourism and Socio-Economic Aspects of the Maasai in Ngorongoro Conservation, Tanzania." Business and Management Horizons 2, no. 1 (June 24, 2014): 78. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/bmh.v2i1.5860.
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Tourism Industry by its nature in the World, it is the trait that cannot be separated from the social life of the communities as it is practised on their territorial lands that they depend for their socio-economic aspects. That strong relationship has caused rapid growth of tourism activities to developing countries and led to new national and international expectations for tourism as an agent of socio-economic development. The World GDP contributions from tourism by 2013 grew to 3.1% and contribute to 101 million jobs, and in Tanzania total contribution to GDP was 12.7% where by contributed 4.9% direct and total employment contribution were 11.2% and 3.8% direct of the total employment. In Ngorongoro Conservation Area with a population of about 87,851 residents from Maasai, Datoga and Hadzabe tourism contributed to 92% of the total economy of the area where by 8% was from other sources and 48% total community economy and 29.2% direct to people and 9.7% of total employment. The findings revealed that major relationship of the tourism and socio-economic based on economic activities contributions (livestock services), Social services (education, healthy, culture and life style), resources ownerships and infrastructure developments. The paper considered community survey of 120 local residents from 4 wards of the NCA, examines whether tourism has direct relationship to the Socio-economic aspects of the residents of the area and the levels of the contributions to their development. I found that regardless a claimed little contribution to their economy; many people appreciated the social and economic changes related to the tourism of the area.
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Rondón, Hugo Alexander, Jesús Alfredo Hernández, and Fredy Alberto Reyes. "A Review of Warm Mix Asphalt Technology: Technical, Eco-nomical and Enviromental Aspects." Ingeniería e Investigación 35, no. 3 (December 14, 2015): 5–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15446/ing.investig.v35n3.50463.
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<p class="Abstractandkeywordscontent"><span lang="EN-US">In general terms, warm mix asphalt (WMA) technology presents a wide potential for successful use in road works construction projects. However, concerns remain regarding the durability and behavior of WMA mixtures in the long term, which need to be addressed. This review focuses on the technical, economic and environmental advantages and disadvantages. The review concludes that the main advantage, at the moment, of this technology concerns the environment. At the end of this work, the authors include certain recommendations for future works to continue strengthening the development of WMA technology. </span></p>
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Kovalev, Andrei Andreevich. "To the question of ensuring international economic security: logics and key stages." Национальная безопасность / nota bene, no. 1 (January 2020): 38–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.7256/2454-0668.2020.1.29844.
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The goal of this work is to examine the history of ensuring international economic security. This goal can be achieved through the following tasks: 1) determine and explore the stages of ensuring international economic security within historical-logical aspect; 2) characterize and signify the key events of these stages; 3) assess the effectiveness of the mechanism of international legal provision of economic security within the highlighted historical periods. History of ensuring international economic security allows understanding it as the state of global economy, which drives the significant and sustainable growth of economic indexes and demonstrates efficient satisfaction of the economic interests of all nations. In this article, the provision of international economic security was examined within the historical-logical aspect, determining three stages of this process: 1) period between two world wars, when for the first time humanity set forth a task to ensure economic security as the paramount existential factor; 2) during the 1940’s – 1980’s the struggle between the global system of Socialism and Capitalist world also took place as a competition for economic efficiency of the two socioeconomic formations; 3) the third period, arriving after the collapse of the Soviet Union and global system of Socialism, is characterized as creation of unipolar world that is dominated by the United States, which initiated the globalization processes. This led to collision of civilizations, threatening to morph into a large-scale civilizational conflict. At the current stage of civilizational collision, it is difficult to reach a consensus in majority of the key issues pertaining to international economic security.
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Taxel, I. "Luxury and common wares: socio-economic aspects of the distribution of glazed pottery in Early Islamic Palestine." Levant 46, no. 1 (April 2014): 118–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/0075891413z.00000000036.
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Kyevorkova, ZHanna. "Methodological Aspects of IT Audit As a Tool for Improving the Eff ectiveness of Internal Control." Auditor 7, no. 1 (February 8, 2021): 25–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1998-0701-2021-25-29.
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Th e article reveals the methodological aspects and key issues of data audit, tracked directly by programs using information technologies, the soft ware of which allows you to automate the organizational activities of an economic entity for the development of various business processes. Th e article reveals the author’s position of the practice of applying the results of IT audit and its directions at each stage of the audit, taking into account the audit procedures carried out, modern information technologies that allow internal control to work more eff ectively, analyze the functioning of IT audit, changes in the organization and develop scientifi cally based tools that allow IT audit to be rebuilt in accordance with changes in the situation in the activities of economic entities.
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Zvarych, Roman. "A conceptual model of the subject area of alter-globalization." Herald of Ternopil National Economic University, no. 1(87) (January 30, 2018): 73–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.35774/visnyk2018.01.073.
Full textAbstract:
The article highlights certain aspects of a conceptual model of the subject area of alterglobalization and estimates the implementation of an alternative global transformation pro gram. The research paper also evidences the relevance of an alter-global development model, which enables the fulfilment of new principles for the functioning of the world system and is based on social partnership, social protection and diversification. Prerequisites and consequences of the alternative global movement are identified and critical imperatives for the development of globalization are outlined. A number of imperatives for structural shifts which determine an alter-global model of the world economy development are indicated. The impact of these imperatives will strengthen over time, namely: global expansion of rights and freedoms, diffusion of global influence, demographic changes and lack of food and resources. The etymology of tectonic shifts in the development of the world economy is analyzed and its bifurcation points which require a transformation from a global model of development to alter-global are identified. Today, the major shifts are as follows: accessibility of technologies, aging of the population, urbanization, global growth of the middle class and shift of economic power to the east. The “black swan” theory is considered and factors that cause “black swans” events to occur are explored. The “black swan” theory is extrapolated and a number of potential unexpected events are described. These events could significantly threaten the current global economic order and can be prevented or resolved through the implementation of the alternative global concept of world development. It is found that pandemics, climate changes, economic collapse, wars and geopolitical changes are potential “black swans” of the current global economic order. The crisis background of the global economy is considered and it is shown that the threat of global instability and contradictions in economic interests can result in the collapse of the current economic order. Finally, the conclusions are made and prospects for further research on the subject area of alter-globalization are highlighted.