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Stefani, Gianluca. "Economic aspects of information in environmental economics." Thesis, University of York, 2007. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.489205.
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Information may resolve uncertainty and uncertainty is pervasive. Thus, seeking, producing and trading of information are common economic activities. This is also true in the economics of the environment and for the different stakeholders therein involved. The central aim of this research is to investigate some theoretical aspects of the value and effects of information in environmental economics. Information is valuable either as a decision aid in contexts where either health and environmental characteristics of goods are uncertain or as the object of direct valuation under different provision rules. In a choice context three questions arise providing grounds for empirical investigations.
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Suutari, T. (Tero). "Economic aspects in education." Master's thesis, University of Oulu, 2015. http://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:oulu-201504021231.
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Leading theme in this master’s thesis is adaptation and preparation to ever changing requirements of skills and knowledge in the working life. These changes of requirements in the working life are implied by the changes in the occupational structure in Finland that is presented in the thesis. The data used in thesis to show the changes in the occupational structure in Finland Finnish Longitudinal Employer-Employee Data, FLEED, which is gathered by Statistics Finland and it shows changes in occupational structure of Finland between years 1995 and 2007. Education is considered in this thesis so that its object is to prepare children and future generations for working life with suitable skills and knowledge. The variety of other, equally important, objects that education has and possibly contradictions as well as problems that might arise in the course of achieving all the objects is beyond of this study. Changing occupational structure arises a question that how education prepares itself to the unknown changes? To answer the question asked, I will introduce Economics of education and Educational planning and how these two relate to each other, especially how economics of education has affected education and educational planning. Therefore I will first take historical review of the economics of education and introduce two main theories; human capital theory and screening theory. The main difference of these two will be explained and also what kind of difference it would make to education if either one could be proved right. It would also have an effect on how education should be arranged in the society. Educational planning has had, in its course, different approaches to analyze and predict future. I will review those approaches; also these approaches have been influenced by economics of education. In the last part of the thesis I bring up studies in Finland has tried to prepare and project changing work life. Also I discuss about can education bring something new to economics of education<br>Tämän Pro gradu-tutkielman johtava teema on mukautuminen ja valmistautuminen muuttuviin vaatimuksiin tiedoista ja taidoista työelämässä. Ammattirakenteen muutos Suomessa viittaa siihen että vaatimukset erilaisille tiedoille ja taidoille työelämässä on tapahtumassa. Aineisto ammattirakenteen muutoksesta on Tilastokeskuksen yhdistetty työntekijä-työnantaja-aineisto (Finnish Longitudinal Employer-Employee Data FLEED). Ammattirakenteen muutos ajoittuu vuosien 1995 ja 2007 välille. Koulutus mielletään tässä Pro gradu-tutkielmassa sellaiseksi toiminnaksi jonka tavoite on valmistaa lapsia sekä tulevia sukupolvia työelämään oikeanlaisilla taidoilla ja tiedoilla. Yhtälailla tärkeät muut tavoitteet, mitä koulutukselle ja kasvatukselle on annettu, sekä mahdollisesti syntyviä ristiriitoja tavoitteita saavuttamisessa ovat tämän tutkielman ulkopuolella. Muutokset ammattirakenteessa luo kysymyksen, että miten koulutus on valmistautunut tällaisiin tuntemattomiin muutoksiin? Vastatakseni kysymykseen esittelen koulutusekonomian ja koulutussuunnittelun, sekä erityisesti miten koulutusekonomia on vaikuttanut koulutussuunnitteluun. Aluksi käyn läpi koulutusekonomian ja esittelen sen kaksi pääteoriaa: inhimillisen pääoman teorian ja siiviläteorian. Selitän millä tavoin nämä teoriat eroavat toisistaan ja mikäli jompikumpi voidaan todistaa oikeaksi millainen vaikutus sillä olisi koulutukseen. Koulutussuunnittelussa on käytetty monenlaisia analysointivälineitä tulevaisuuden ennakoimiseksi. Esittelen nämä eri tavat ja työkalut, sekä miten koulutussuunnittelu on historiansa aikana muuttunut ja miten taloudellinen ajattelu on muuttanut koulutussuunnittelua. Viimeisessä osassa tuon esille tutkimuksia siitä miten Suomessa pyritään ennakoimaan ja valmistautumaan muutoksiin työelämässä. Käyn myös keskustelua siitä voiko kasvatustiede tuoda jotain uutta koulutusekonomiaan
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Troshchenkov, S. "ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF COMMUTING." Doctoral thesis, Università degli Studi di Milano, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2434/465740.
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This dissertation studies economic aspects of commuting. It explores, on one hand the mechanism of self-selection into long-distance commuting, return to commuting and, on the other hand, the factors that determine exits from commuting. After investigation of the main bulk of literature about commuting, the research addresses the selectivity of commuters from ex-ante earnings and ability distributions (Chapter 1), monetary return to the commuting distance (Chapter 2) and factors that affects the probability of various exits from commuting spells (Chapter 3) with particular focus on the role of commuting distance and earnings. The analysis uses extensive longitudinal dataset with the precise geocoded information on the individuals’ places of work and residence which is based on the administrative registers of Statistics Sweden.
The first research paper, titled “Self-selection into long-distance commuting on earnings and latent characteristics”, focuses on understanding the nature of selectivity, as it is important factor in interpretation the results of empirical research. In our study we consider two potential dimensions of self-selection: the selection based on latent characteristics and the selection based on the measured earnings before starting long distance commuting. Both dimensions are captured using single model allowing identification of testable hypothesis about the simultaneous selection based on the previous earnings and latent characteristics. In order to conduct our analysis, we apply extensive administrative geocoded dataset with precise individual information including the coordinates of the places of residence and work. We demonstrate the negative selection of commuters from the ex-ante earning distribution. In the same time, our results indicate that the individuals with unobserved traits associated with higher earnings are also more likely engage into the long distance commuting.
The second research paper, titled “Return to commuting distance in Sweden”, aims to estimate the magnitude of the economic return to commuting and compare the relative returns received by men and women. We apply fixed effect models to deal with individual unobserved heterogeneity that could potentially generate an endogeneity issue. We use a large dataset based on Administrative Registers for Sweden, which gathers detailed information on residential and job location, and indirectly on commuting. Results indicate that individuals receive relatively small compensations for commuting, with higher returns in agglomerations. Moreover, the relative return as a fraction of hourly wage is approximately similar across genders. This last finding provides evidence of similar bargaining powers for both men and women.
In our third paper, titles “Hazard from commuting: the role of earnings and distance. The case of Sweden”, we estimate the effect of earnings and commuting distance on the probability of exiting from a duration spell of commuting using a discrete time competing risk model. The data set, used in analysis, is based on the Swedish administrative registers from Statistics Sweden and the Swedish Tax Board and covers the period between 2000 and 2009. The problem of endogeneity of individual earnings and commuting distance in determining the length of work-related commuting spells is addressed using two-stage residual inclusion (2SRI). The estimates reveal that the earnings paid by firms have a positive impact on the probability of migration and a negative impact on the probability of job separation. At the same time, greater distance increases the probabilities of migrating closer to the place of work, re-employment closer to the place of residence and separation to non-employment while decreasing the probabilities of migration further away from the place of work and re-employment further away from the place of residence. The results are revealed to be robust in the samples of married and unmarried individuals.
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Vougas, Dimitrios V. "Aspects of integration in econometrics." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243693.
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Чорток, Юлія Володимирівна, Юлия Владимировна Чорток, Yuliia Volodymyrivna Chortok, and T. Chuyko. "Economic aspects of sustainable development." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2004. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/22787.
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Loshak, O., and K. Bondarenko. "Economic aspects in environmental education." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2006. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/8543.
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Aguilar, Bobadilla Silvia E. "ECONOMIC ASPECTS OF HISTORICAL CONTAMINATION." Doctoral thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-161826.
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The main scope of the work is to support a wider understanding of the achievements and limitations of economic analysis in historical contamination issues. The work describes how various schools of economics focus their study on environmental problems, specifically on Brownfields redevelopment. It presents the ideas of environmental economics, resource economics, free market environmentalism, institutional economics, political economy and ecological economics. The work includes a case study from the region of Ralsko in North Bohemia.
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Millo, Giovanni. "Some economic aspects of insurance." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Trieste, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10077/3505.
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2008/2009<br>This dissertation is based on three papers concerning aspects of insurance market development, analyzed in the light of the economic function of insurance and with the methodological tools of Econometrics and based on evidence from Italy. The first deals with the development of the non-life market, the second analyzes the life market and the third a particular facet of, again, non-life: the influence of the legal environment. The abstracts for the three papers follow.
In the first, we analyze the consumption of non-life insurance across 103 Italian provinces in 1998-2002 in order to assess its determinants, in the light of the empirical literature. Using sub-regional data we overcome an important limitation of cross-country analyses, i.e. the systemic heterogeneity due to country-specific characteristics. Individual heterogeneity is accounted for through panel data techniques. However, considering spatial units within a single market raises issues of cross-sectional or spatial dependence, either due to common nation-wide and/or regional factors or to spatial proximity. We carefully assess spatial dependence, employing recent diagnostic tests, finding out that the regressors included in our specification successfully account for spatial dependence. Insurance turns out to depend on income, wealth and some demographics, as already established, but also on trust, judicial efficiency and borrowing conditions. This finding helps in explaining the gap between Central-Northern Italy and the South of the country.
In the second we analyze the consumption of life insurance across 103 Italian provinces in 1996-2002. Cross-country analyses of insurance development have suffered from the presence of too many idiosyncratic country-level determinants (like legal system, social security, taxation or inflation history). Panel studies in the field suffer from the curse of dimensionality as well. A regional analysis of Italy, a notoriously very
diverse country, provides an environment with less unobserved heterogeneity
while retaining a fair amount of variance in income, demographics etc.. An-
other limitation of cross-country studies of life insurance, the difficulty of observing prices, may be overcome as average policy loadings tend to be uniform across regions. On the converse, a regional study raises issues of cross-sectional dependence, either due to common nationwide factors or to spatial proximity.
We control for unobserved heterogeneity through macroregional and time fixed
effects. We develop a new spatial random effects model including both spatial
lags of the dependent variable and spatial and serial correlation in the errors; we estimate it by maximum likelihood through an algorythm implemented in the R language. Life insurance turns out to depend on economic development, savings and some demographics, as expected, but also on the general level of trust and the density of the distribution network. Life insurance is negatively correlated with education, supporting the view that better education fosters financial risk taking.
In the third, we start from the consideration that civil trials take far too long in Italy compared to other countries. Inefficiency of civil law in enforcing property rights is recognized as a limiting factor for economic development at large and for that of financial markets in particular. Of the three main elements of judicial inefficiency: unfair judgment, costly procedures and lengthy procedures, we concentrate on the third analyzing its
relevance for the insurance contract. We contend that the duration of civil trials is an important obstacle to non-life insurance, because it reduces the present value of the contingent claim held by the insured in case of litigation. Thus we expect non-life insurance consumption to be lower, all other things being equal, where judicial procedures are slower. We test our hypothesis on two datasets: a provincial panel dataset for the years 1998-2002 and a household survey comprising three waves for the years 1989, 1991 and 1993. We estimate a number of alternative specifications on the aggregate data, and probit and tobit models on household data, finding significant negative effects of judicial inefficiency on insurance consumption in both settings. We conclude that the excessive length
of civil trials is a depressing factor for the development of the Italian non-life insurance market.<br>Questa tesi si basa su tre articoli riguardanti aspetti dello svilupo del mercato assicurativo, analizzato alla luce della funzione economica dell’assicurazione e con gli strumenti metodologici dell’Econometria, sulla base di dati italiani. Il primo si occupa dello sviluppo del mercato non-vita, il secondo analizza il mercato vita e il terzo un particolare aspetto del non-vita: l’influsso dell’ambiente legale.
Nel primo articolo analizziamo il consumo di assicurazione non-vita in 103 province italiane nel 1998-2002 allo scopo di stabilirne le determinanti, alla luce della letteratura empirica. Usando dati provinciali superiamo un’importante limite degli studi sui paesi:l’eterogeneità sistemica. Teniamo conto di quella individuale tramite tecniche per dati panel. Comunque, considerare unità spaziali entro un singolomercato dà luogo a problemi di dipendenza sezionale o spaziale, dovuta a fattori comuni o alla prossimità nello spazio. Controlliamo la dipendenza spaziale per mezzo di recenti test diagnostici, scoprendo che i regressori da noi inclusi nella specificazione cntrollano efficacemente la dipendenza spaziale. Ne risulta che l’assicurazione dipende dal reddito, dalla ricchezza e da variabili demografiche, come già noto, ma anche dal livello di fiducia nel prossimo, dall’efficienza del sistema giudiziario e dalle condizioni del mercato del credito. Questi risultati aiutano a spiegare il divario tra il Centro-Nord e il Sud del paese.
Nel secondo lavoro analizziamo il consumo di assicurazione vita in 103 province italiane nel 1996-2001. Le analisi sezionali su paesi dello sviluppo assicurativo hanno sofferto della presenza di troppi elementi idiosincratici (il sistema legale, quello di sicurezza sociale, quello fiscale o la storia inflazionistica). Anche le analisi panel soffrono del problema delle variabili incidentali. Un’analisi regionale dell’Italia, paese notoriamente vario, offre un ambiente con meno eterogeneità mantenendo una buona variabilità nelle caratteristiche osservabili. Un’ulteriore limitazione degli studi sui paesi, la difficoltà nel definire e nell’osservare i prezzi, viene superata constatando che gli stessi sono uniformi a livello nazionale. D’altra parte, uno studio regionale pone prob-
lemi di dipendenza sezionale dovuta a fattori comuni o alla prossimità nello spazio. Controlliamo per l’eterogeneità non osservabile mediante effetti fissi macroregionali e temporali. Sviluppiamo un nuovo modello a effetti random comprendente sia ritardi spaziali della variabile dipendente che correlazione seriale e spaziale negli errori. Lo stimiamo a massima verosimiglianza tramite un algoritmo implementato nel linguaggio R. L’assicurazione vita risulta dipendere dallo sviluppo economico, dal risparmio e da alcune variabili demografiche, come ci si attendeva, ma anche dal livello generale di fiducia e dalla densità della rete agenziale. L’assicurazione vita è negativamente correlata con il livello di educazione, supportando l’ipotesi che una maggiore educazione aumenti la propensione al rischio finanziario.
Nel terzo partiamo dalla constatazione che i processi civili sono troppo lunghi in Italia rispetto agli altri paesi. L’inefficienza della giustizia civile nel far valere i diritti di proprietà è riconosciuta come un fattore limitante per lo sviluppo economico in generale e per quello finanziario in particolare. Dei tre elementi del’inefficienza giuridica: giustizia, costo e tempo dei procedimenti, ci concentriamo sul terzo analizzando la sua rilevanza per il contratto assicurativo. Sosteniamo che la durata dei processi civili è un importante ostacolo per l’assicurazione non-vita, in quanto riduce il valore attuale del
diritto condizionato detenuto dall’assicurato nel caso si vada in giudizio. Pertanto ci aspettiamo che a parità di altre condizioni il consumo di assicurazione sia minore dove le procedure giudiziarie sono più lente. Testiamo la nostra ipotesi su due basi dati: una provinciale relativa agli anni 1998-2002 e un’indagine campionaria sulle famiglie comprendente le tre ondate 1989,1991 e 1993. Stimiamo varie specificazioni alternative sui dati aggregati e modelli probit e tobit sui dati micro, trovando un significativo effetto negativo dell’ineficienza giudiziaria sul consumo di assicurazione in entrambi i casi. Ne concludiamo che l’eccessiva lunghezza dei processi civili deprime lo sviluppo del mercato assicurativo non-vita in Italia.<br>XXII Ciclo<br>1970
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Santos, Alvaro K. "Economic aspects of airport security measures." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1999. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA366334.
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Heintz, Emelie. "Health economic aspects of diabetic retinopathy." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Utvärdering och hälsoekonomi, 2012. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-76283.
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To ensure that the resources of the health care sector are used effectively, new technologies need to be evaluated before implementation to examine if they generate health outcomes at an acceptable cost. This information can be collected by performing health economic evaluations in which the costs and health outcomes of different technologies are compared. To estimate the effect on health care budgets, there is also a need for information about the prevalence of the specific disease. Health outcomes in health economic evaluations are often measured in quality-adjusted life years (QALYs), which are calculated by multiplying the remaining life years after an intervention by a weight representing the health-related quality of life (HRQoL) during those years. This thesis aims to provide deeper knowledge of the health economic aspects of diabetic retinopathy (DR), an eye complication that affects patients with diabetes and may in the worst case lead to blindness. The focus is on three empirical and two methodological health economic research questions. The empirical research areas cover prevalence, costs, and HRQoL related to patients with DR. The methodological research questions explore the performance of different methods for estimation of QALY weights. This is of interest since it has been argued that the most common methods for estimating QALY weights may not capture all relevant vision-related aspects of quality of life. The analyses comprehend the validity of different methods for estimating QALY weights among patients with DR and if the results of one of the specific methods for estimating QALY weights, the time trade-off (TTO) exercise, are affected by patients’ subjective life expectancy (SLE). The empirical results demonstrate that DR is seen in approximately 40% and 30% of patients with type I and type II diabetes respectively, indicating that the prevalence of DR has decreased in both of these patient groups. Healthcare costs vary considerably between different severity levels of the disease, being estimated at €26, €257, €216, and €433 per patient per year for background retinopathy, proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR), diabetic macular oedema (DMO), and PDR combined with DMO respectively. Blindness due to DR is associated with an increased use of transportation services, caregiving services, and assistive technologies as well as productivity losses. This suggests that preventing the progression of DR may lower healthcare costs. Patients with vision impairment due to DR have lowered HRQoL in various dimensions, but the diagnosis of DR in itself has only a limited effect on HRQoL. The results on the methodological research questions show that different methods for estimating QALY weights seem to give different results. In comparison to EQ-5D, the Health Utilities Index Mark 3 (HUI-3) is the most sensitive method for detecting differences in QALY weights due to DR, and if decisions are to be made based on values from the general public, it can be recommended for use in cost-utility analyses of interventions directed at DR. Neither of the direct methods, TTO and the visual analogue scale, seems to be sensitive to differences in visual function, and more research is needed concerning the role of vision in people’s responses to the TTO exercises. In TTO exercises with time frames based on actuarial life expectancy, the patients’ SLE has an effect on their willingness to trade off years for full health. Thus, applying time frames deviating from patients’ SLE may result in biased QALY weights. Such bias may appear stronger within patient populations than within the general public. In conclusion, this thesis offers estimates for prevalence, costs, and QALY weights that can be used in economic evaluations of interventions directed at DR and as benchmarks for future DR research in order to follow up consequences of changes in diabetes care. In addition, it demonstrates that the choice of method for estimating QALY weights may have an impact on whether an intervention is considered cost-effective.
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Sach, Tracey Helen. "Economic aspects of paediatric cochlear implantation." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.403949.
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Echevarne, R. "Economic aspects of the Spanish airports." Thesis, Cranfield University, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.309617.
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Miltz, David. "Economic aspects of targeting environmental policy." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.235914.
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This thesis is composed of two parts; the first addresses theoretical aspects of the economics of targeting pollution control policy, whilst the second is an illustrative case study designed to embellish the more abstract insights of the first section.
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Денисенко, Павло Анатолійович, Павел Анатольевич Денисенко, and Pavlo Anatoliiovych Denysenko. "Some economic aspects of social capital." Thesis, Вид-во СумДУ, 2010. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/8091.
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Nowadays innovation-oriented development of particular socio-economic system is no longer considered as a result of some individual breakthrough, it was substituted by systematic work of specially created professional networks of different kind and size. Formal and informal interrelations among talented workers, knowledge management, creative environment, social capital, organizational culture becomes the new frontier of competitive advantage.
When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/8091
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Kharlamova, G. "Environmental security: economic and social aspects." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2011. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/10022.
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Ecology – is complex problem, so complex decisions are needed.
Preservation of environment and acceptance of administrative decisions, recreational use of natural resources of natural-resources fund territories demand certain regulating actions. These actions have to be based on exact basis of complex interdisciplinary approach to environment security.
When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/10022
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Konoplina, Yu S. "Economic and ecological aspects of modernization." Thesis, Університетська книга, 2005. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/64204.
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In this article positive and negative aspects of informational and telecommunication technologies and systems ecological impact are regarded. The author analyzes direct as well as indirect ecological impact of informational and telecommunication technologies.<br>У даній публікації розглядаються позитивні і негативні аспекти екологічного впливу інформаційних та телекомунікаційних технологій. Автор аналізує як прямий, так і непрямий екологічний вплив інформаційних і телекомунікаційних технологій.
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Kasianenko, Ju. "Ecological-economic aspects of waste management." Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2013. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/31585.
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One of the hottest environmental issues has recently become the fight against the rubbish. Both air pollution, depletion of the ozone layer and global warming are the result of human activity.
Ukraine is taking the lead.
When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/31585
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Hefti, Elise. "Economic aspects and implications of obesity." Frankfurt, M. Berlin Bern Bruxelles New York, NY Oxford Wien Lang, 2009. http://d-nb.info/995713553/04.
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Nazerzadeh, Hamid. "Internet advertising : optimization and economic aspects /." May be available electronically:, 2009. http://proquest.umi.com/login?COPT=REJTPTU1MTUmSU5UPTAmVkVSPTI=&clientId=12498.
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Hietasalo, P. (Pauliina). "Behavioral and economic aspects of caries control." Doctoral thesis, Oulun yliopisto, 2010. http://urn.fi/urn:isbn:9789514263453.
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Abstract The aim was to determine the association between baseline factors, such as oral health-related behavior, attitudes, knowledge and beliefs in relation to caries increment during a randomized clinical trial (RCT). A further aim was to evaluate treatment costs and health outcomes during and after the RCT. In Pori Finland, 11- to 12-year-old children with active initial caries lesion(s) participated in the RCT in 2001–05. The experimental group (n=250) received multiple measures for controlling caries. The control group (n=247) received standard dental care. In 2005–08, all received standard dental care. Regression analyses were used to study the associations between behavioral factors and caries increment. Cost-effectiveness analysis was conducted (trial period), and costs and health outcomes as well as dental service utilization were evaluated (post-trial period). In the experimental group, brushing teeth twice a day was indicative of developing no new caries lesions, whereas eating candy at least once a day, predicted new lesions. In the experimental and control groups, lack of concern about cavities and lack of knowledge about mother’s dental health predicted new caries lesions. The average incremental cost for averting one DMF surface was €34. The experimental regimen was more effective and more costly than the standard dental care. The total costs decreased year after year. The mean total cost per adolescent was lower and the clinical outcome was better among the former participants in the experimental group. The utilization of dental services was significantly more regular among the former participants in this group. It may be feasible to control caries more effectively by affecting toothbrushing, candy eating and oral health-related attitudes, as preventive procedures may be ineffective if those factors are not in order. It is important to discuss oral health-related topics in families, because this may improve the oral health-related behavior of children. Cost-effectiveness of regimen used for the experimental group may be improved by division of work or by selective reduction of preventive procedures. Well-timed caries control can decrease treatment cost and yield long-term improvement of dental health<br>Tiivistelmä Tutkimuksen tarkoituksena oli selvittää satunnaistetun kliinisen kokeen alussa rekisteröityjen suunterveyteen liittyvien tapojen, tietojen, asenteiden, uskomusten ja karieskertymän välisiä yhteyksiä. Lisäksi arvioitiin hoitokustannuksia ja hoidollisia tuloksia sekä kokeen ajalta että kokeen jälkeiseltä ajalta. Ne 11–12-vuotiaat lapset, joilla oli ainakin yksi alkava aktiivinen kariesvaurio, osallistuivat kokeeseen Porissa vuosina 2001–05. Koeryhmän lapset (n=250) saivat tehostettua ehkäisevää hoitoa ja kontrolliryhmän lapset (n=247) tavanomaista hammashoitoa. Kaikki saivat tavanomaista hammashoitoa vuosina 2005–08. Käyttäytymisellisten tekijöiden ja karieskertymän välisiä yhteyksiä tutkittiin regressioanalyysien avulla. Kustannusvaikuttavuusanalyysi tehtiin kokeen ajalta. Hoitokustannuksia ja hoidollisia tuloksia sekä palveluiden käyttöä arvioitiin kokeen jälkeiseltä ajalta. Lapsilla, jotka harjasivat vähintään kaksi kertaa päivässä, oli yleensä ehjät hampaat, kun taas lapsilla, jotka söivät päivittäin makeisia, oli useasti reikiä. Huolettomuus reikiintymistä kohtaan ja tietämättömyys äidin hampaiden kunnosta näkyi lasten hampaiden reikiintymisenä. Yhden hammaspinnan säästyminen paikkaukselta maksoi keskimäärin 34 €. Koeryhmän saama hoito oli vaikuttavampaa, mutta kalliimpaa kuin kontrolliryhmän saama hoito. Kokonaiskustannukset laskivat vuosi vuodelta. Keskimääräiset hoitokustannukset olivat pienemmät ja hammasterveys parempi entisen koeryhmän jäsenillä kuin kontrolliryhmäläisillä. Myös palveluiden käyttö oli säännöllisempää koeryhmässä. Karieksen hallintaa voidaan todennäköisesti tehostaa vaikuttamalla hampaiden harjaukseen, makeisten syöntiin ja suunterveyteen liittyviin asenteisiin. On tärkeää varmistaa, että nämä asiat ovat kunnossa, koska ehkäisevät toimenpiteet saattavat muuten jäädä tehottomiksi. Suunterveyteen liittyvistä asioista olisi hyvä keskustella perheissä, koska asioiden esillä pitäminen voi vaikuttaa suotuisasti lasten terveystapoihin. Koeryhmän saaman hoito-ohjelman kustannusvaikuttavuutta voisi todennäköisesti parantaa muuttamalla suunterveydenhuollon henkilöstön työnjakoa tai karsimalla valikoiden ehkäisevien toimenpiteiden määrää. Oikea-aikainen karieksen hallinta voi vähentää hoitokustannuksia ja lisätä hammasterveyttä pitkällä aikavälillä
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Cali, Massimiliano. "Spatial aspects of the economic development process." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 2009. http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/2068/.
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In recent years the spatial dimension of economic development has attracted increasing interest in the development field. However there is still little analysis and evidence of the ways many spatial dimensions interact with other economic dimensions in the development process. This thesis aims to help filling this gap by bringing a geographical perspective into development economics frameworks. It is empirical in nature and uses data on different sub-national units from India and Uganda. The work is structured around four main papers (divided into six chapters). The first paper analyses two important aspects of the Indian urbanisation process. First it finds a U-shaped relation between rural-urban disparities in living standards and income per capita across Indian states in the Post-Independence period. Second, it shows that the urbanisation process in India has been characterised by convergence in the 20th century: smaller towns grow faster than large ones. The second paper examines the role of the agricultural sector in influencing the shape of the urban system. The analysis suggests that the elasticity of rural-urban labour supply increases both urban primacy and the urbanisation rate in Indian states during the Post-Independence period. The third paper tests for the impact of urban growth on rural poverty using a sample of Indian districts in the period 1981-1999. It finds that urbanisation reduces poverty surrounding rural areas. This effect is largely attributable to positive spillovers from urbanisation rather than to the movement of the rural poor to urban areas. The final paper examines the deteminants of rising returns to schooling in Ugandan districts during the 1990s. The findings suggest that both educational supply and demand factors influenced the wedge between skilled and unskilled labour. Moreover while trade opening reduced this wedge, pro-market reforms increasing inter-district trade raised returns to education in districts relatively abundant in skilled labour.
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Ivlevs, Artjoms. "Economic and political economy aspects of migration." Aix-Marseille 2, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006AIX24009.
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L’objectif de cette thèse est d’explorer plusieurs phénomènes liés à la migration en prenant en considération différents aspects de la réalité économique contemporaine : l’importance du secteur non-échangeable, l’asymétrie entre les flux migratoires et les flux des investissements, ainsi que les problèmes persistants entre différentes communautés ethniques. Dans le premier chapitre introductif, nous explorons la littérature sur la politique économique de l’immigration et nous étudions les différentes voies par lesquelles les immigrés peuvent affecter le bien-être des résidents domestiques. Dans la deuxième partie, nous développons un cadre théorique afin d’analyser les effets de l’immigration sur le bien-être individuel dans une petite économie ouverte avec le secteur non-échangeable. Nos résultats expliquent pourquoi les résidents domestiques sont généralement opposés à l’immigration peu qualifiée et favorisent l’influx des immigrés hautement qualifiés. Dans le chapitre trois, nous faisons une extension du modèle élaboré dans le chapitre deux, en prenant en compte les flux internationaux du capital. D’abord nous cherchons à décrire le lien entre la migration peu et hautement qualifiée et les investissements directs à l’étranger. Puis, nous analysons le changement dans les attitudes envers l’immigration suite à l’introduction de la mobilité internationale du capital. Dans le quatrième chapitre, nous démontrons comment la diversité ethnique peut affecter les intentions d’émigrer. Nous traitons le cas de la Lettonie où les minorités ethniques constituent 40% de la population. Nous pouvons constater que les individus appartenant aux minorités ethniques sont plus probables d’émigrer et que cette probabilité augmente avec le revenu. Les individus appartenant à la majorité ethnique, au contraire, sont plus probables d’émigrer si leurs revenus sont plus bas<br>The objective of this thesis is to contribute to a better understanding of migration-related economic issues in the world today. We concentrate both on immigration and emigration and at various stages of our work address all three parties involved in migration process : people hosting immigrants, people left behind and the migrants themselves. We account for several important features of today’s rapidly globalising life : the importance of the non-traded sector, asymmetry between capital and labour flows, and persisting problems between ethnic communities. The first chapter in an overview of the political economy of immigration literature and addresses the multiple ways in which immigrants may affect natives’ welfare. In particular, we discuss the role of economic and non-economic arguments in shaping immigration attitudes and summarise main labour market and welfare-state effects of immigration. Chapter two develops open economy with a non-traded sector. Our finding provide additional understanding of why native population is generally opposed to low-skilled immigrants and favouring high-skilled foreign workers. The third chapter extends the model developed in chapter two to accommodate internationally mobile capital. First, we investigate whether immigration of high-skilled and low-skilled labour leads to positive or negative FDI. Then, we find out how would immigration attitudes change if a country allows international capital movements. Chapter four investigates how ethnic diversity at home may influence emigration intentions of an individual. We explore the case of Latvia where ethnic minorities constitute 40% of the population. We find that ethnic minorities are more likely to emigrate and are positively self-selected on the basis of income, while the opposite is true for ethnic majority population
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Soares, Richard Queirós. "OTT TV services: technical and economic aspects." Master's thesis, Universidade de Aveiro, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10773/12846.
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Mestrado em Engenharia Eletrónica e Telecomunicações<br>The breadth of availability and variety of online video contents has helped to encourage a far more mobile experience, which has proved particularly popular among younger generations. Over The Top (OTT) services, particularly those on-demand video platforms, became more and more attractive to consumers when compared with the current main TV packages.
This document describes how the video OTT Ecosystem works from a technical side. The description presented reaches both ends of the distribution chain: from how the video signals are acquired and processed, thru all the way to how they are delivered to the client, passing by the challenges and consequences that such services have on the network.
The main objective of this dissertation is to understand the possibility to create in Portugal a new operator where the core business is video delivery using only OTT services.<br>A amplitude e variedade de conteúdos disponíveis online têm ajudado a promover uma experiência cada ver mais móvel da televisão, serviço que se tem revelado particularmente popular entre os mais jovens. Serviços Over The Top (OTT), sobretudo aqueles disponíveis através de plataformas de video on-demand, têm-se tornado cada vez mais atraentes para os consumidores, em comparação com os atuais pacotes de televisão.
Este documento descreve como funciona, do ponto de vista técnico, o ecossistema do vídeo sobre OTT. A descrição apresentada abrange ambas as extremidades da cadeia de distribuição: desde a forma como os sinais de vídeo são adquiridos e processados até ao modo como eles são entregues ao cliente, passando pelos problemas e consequências que tais serviços podem ter na rede.
O principal objectivo deste trabalho é contribuir para compreender se é possível criar em Portugal um novo operador onde o core business seja a distribuição de vídeo utilizando apenas serviços OTT.
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Russell, Phillip Byron. "Law and economics : an economic and legal analysis of US antitrust." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1992. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/29530.
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Lipczynski, J. "Selected aspects of cartel stability : (with reference to UK data)." Thesis, London School of Economics and Political Science (University of London), 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.284592.
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The thesis examines the nature of cartel stabilit y by trying to complement standard economic analysis with evidence of the institutional detail surrounding such solutions to the problem of oli g opolistic interdependence. Firstly, the thesis discusses the raison d'etre of cartels as well as the factors responsible for their characteristic instability. Secondly, a systematic anal ysis is presented of the data found in the files at the Office of Fair Trading of oligopolistic agreements registered under the 1956 Restrictive Trade Practices Act. Finally, the thesis will describe and analyse in the context of the prior discussion, the outcome, in the case of eight cartels that successfully passed through the Restrictive Trade Practices Court.
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Nicholas, Tom. "Aspects of entrepreneurship and wealth accumulation in Britain since 1850." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.267663.
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Meng, Sisi. "Economic Aspects of Climate Change Adaptation and Natural Hazard Risk Mitigation." FIU Digital Commons, 2016. http://digitalcommons.fiu.edu/etd/2630.
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According to Munich Re (2013), economic losses related to natural disasters have increased from an average of $50 billion in the 1980s to $200 billion over the last decade. The cost of natural disasters is accumulating rapidly and some claim that climate change is responsible. Others believe that human behaviors like population growth or land use should be blamed for these rising costs. The process of climate change has already taken place, and it is expected to continue to impact the future. As a result, people are more vulnerable today. Therefore, understanding the economic aspects of climate change and natural hazard risks should be considered as a major issue and addressed in greater detail. This dissertation aimed to explore household preferences of climate change adaptation and the economic impacts of natural hazards at both micro- and macro- levels.
The dissertation consisted of three related empirical studies based on the two main changes that will occur with climate change predicted by scientific climate models: stronger hurricanes and rising sea levels. The first chapter examined the impact of a recent hurricane on household activities. The objective was to find out whether a more intensified hurricane caused greater damages, and whether such damages had a long-lasting impact on household recovery. If the impact of natural hazards is worse than before, people should avoid putting themselves in harm's way. However, evidence indicates that the population in coastal cities is still growing fast, as people tend to reside near the beaches and attractive landscapes. Concerns are thus prompted by the possible lack of perceptions for future risks caused by natural hazards. Therefore, the second chapter focused on household perceptions and preferences for adapting to sea level rise in Florida. Lastly, although a disaster strikes rich or poor nations indifferently, some small island nations are among the most vulnerable. In the third chapter, the macroeconomic implications of natural hazards in Central America and the Caribbean were investigated. A careful examination of the economic factors that can lead to smaller losses and higher abilities to cope with disasters is crucial in such countries.
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Ravn, Morten Overgaard. "Studies on business cycles with special attention to open economy aspects." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.387025.
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Tahir, Pervez. "Some aspects of development and underdevelopment : critical perspectives on Joan Robinson." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.358808.
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Hon, Tow Siew Mark. "Aspects of market efficiency : an investigation of the UK equity market." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/d9cf9a7f-7b17-4968-96a2-09effffdc6ed.
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Agrawal, Ajay K. "Economic issues concerning the mobility of scientific inventions and implications for firm strategy." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0013/NQ56491.pdf.
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Taranenko, Y. V. "Ecological and economical aspects of the development of the socio-and-economic system." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2006. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/21509.
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Penn, Simon Andrew Christopher. "Social and economic aspects of fourteenth century Bristol." Thesis, University of Bolton, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.731703.
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文玉蘭 and Yuk-lan Catherine Man. "Cyanide waste management: technologies, economic aspects, and constraints." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1996. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31253507.
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Willekens, Marleen. "Economic aspects of audit regulation and auditor liability." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1995. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/36143/.
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This thesis provides one of the first (to the author's knowledge, the first) micro-economic analyses of audit regulation and auditor liability. The analysis draws on insights from the economics and law literature that liability and regulation affect behaviour of individuals and organisations. The major research questions addressed in the thesis are the following: 1) How is demand for external audit services affected by joint and several liability of directors and external auditors? 2) How do auditor liability and professional audit standards affect audit quality? 3) Is it in the public interest to use auditor liability and professional audit standards jointly to monitor audit quality? The analysis is general, in the sense that a number of alternative regulatory scenarios are considered, and therefore hopes to be of relevance to various legal environments. Propositions about audit demand and production behaviour are drawn, as well as corollaries about the welfare implications of audit regulation and liability. Some major conclusions from the economic analysis are the following. 1) Consistency in judicial reasoning should be promoted. Certainty about what constitutes 'due care' leads to compliance by directors and auditors. 2) Uncertainty about due care crucially affects behaviour, both of auditors and directors. 3) Liability insurance arguments are irrelevant for audit demand when the due care level for directors is fairly certain. 4) Statutory audit requirements should only be imposed under limited circumstances. 5) More prescriptive professional audit standards have a positive effect on audit quality, but one standard for all client situations can never lead to social efficiency. 6) Liability restriction has a negative effect on audit quality. It may however promote socially efficient behaviour when there is overproduction of audit quality. 7) The joint use of liability restriction and more prescriptive professional audit standards may lead to a status quo in terms of audit quality produced, and therefore not welfare improving.
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Doyle, C. "Some intertemporal and informational aspects of economic theory." Thesis, University of Warwick, 1987. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.383632.
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Novais, Joana Lobo Fernandes. "Economic and engineering aspects of disposables-based bioprocessing." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.270590.
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Loiko, V. V., and O. I. Tymots. "Diagnosis of economic security: theoretical and practical aspects." Thesis, КНУТД, 2016. https://er.knutd.edu.ua/handle/123456789/4886.
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Prudnikova, N. "Theoretical and methodological aspects of enterprise economic security." Thesis, Київський національний університет технологій та дизайну, 2018. https://er.knutd.edu.ua/handle/123456789/11395.
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Паламарчук, В. А. "Target aspects of the economic category "environmental responsibility"." Thesis, Київський національний університет технологій та дизайну, 2021. https://er.knutd.edu.ua/handle/123456789/18625.
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Rushenko, Liliia. "Winemaking industry in Ukraine: environmental and economic aspects." Thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2013. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/31701.
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One of the most widely consumed beverages in many parts of the world is wine, which has been well-known since the early periods of civilization. Besides its economical importance, this beverage can have a positive impact on human health, including the anti – cancer effect.
When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/31701
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Hulevskaya, Nataliya. "Economic, social and political aspects of sustainable tourism." Thesis, Видавництво СумДУ, 2007. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/8280.
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The definition of sustainable tourism was given in 1988 by World Trade Organization (WTO). Sustainable tourism satisfies present needs of the tourists and destinations by protecting and increasing opportunities for the future. Management of all resources should be carried out in such way, that satisfaction of economic, social and aesthetic needs provide preservation of cultural values, essential ecological processes, biological variety and system of life-support. The output of sustainable tourism is the production, which exists in the consent with local environment, community and culture in such a manner that it is of benefit, instead of damage to tourism development.
When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/8280
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Man, Yuk-lan Catherine. "Cyanide waste management : technologies, economic aspects, and constraints /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1996. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B17665346.
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Mani, Kevin. "Abdominal aortic aneurysm epidemiological and health economic aspects /." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala : Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis : Univ.-bibl. [distributör], 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-110810.
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Genc, Talat. "Some economic aspects of a restructured electricity industry." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/280472.
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This thesis examines several issues that arise in restructured electricity markets. These issues include production, scheduling and forward contract decision making, capital investment decisions in uncertain environments, and equilibrium bidding in wholesale electricity auctions. In the chapter, "Supply Function Equilibria with Pivotal Suppliers", we study the impact of pivotal suppliers in supply function bidding settings. Observers of these markets have noted the important role that pivotal suppliers, those who can substantially raise the market price by unilaterally withholding generation output, sometimes play. However the literature on SFE has not considered the potential impact of pivotal suppliers on equilibrium predictions. This is a potentially important deficiency of applications of SFE to electricity markets, given the large role that pivotal suppliers sometimes play in these markets. We formulate a model in which generation capacity constraints can cause some suppliers to be pivotal. In symmetric and asymmetric versions of the model we show that when pivotal suppliers are present, the set of SFE is reduced relative to when no suppliers are pivotal. In the chapter, "Dynamic Oligopolistic Games Under Uncertainty: A Stochastic Programming Approach", we study several stochastic programming formulations of dynamic oligopolistic games under uncertainty. It is well known that if the number of state variables increases, dynamic programming becomes computationally intractable. For such games, we show that under certain symmetry assumptions, players earn greater expected profits as demand volatility increases. The key to our approach is the "scenario formulation" of stochastic programming. The examples presented in this paper illustrate that this approach can address dynamic games that are clearly out of reach for dynamic programming, the common approach in the literature on dynamic games. In the chapter, "Scenario-based Electricity-Gas Forward and Spot Pricing and Load Formulations", we propose load models and price and return formulations in specific energy markets. Existing energy models do not consider inter-relations between the trio: spot price, derivative price and electric load. Also these models, which are in the spirit of the models proposed in financial and commodity markets, ignore special characteristics of electricity, which may make the proposed models useless. In our formulations we consider these characteristics and correlations between these variables. Simulation results that we run support our modeling approaches.
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Baccin, Giulia Alessandra <1991>. "The Bolivian water wars: social and economic aspects." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/8727.
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My research covers the story of the water wars in Bolivia. Water is a natural monopoly and it expects very high costs for infrastructures technologies, indeed its market cannot be competitive. Bolivia is a country in which Indigenous heritage is still strong in language and other aspects of everyday life. The commonest water management system in the Andes region among the Aymara and Quechua was that of “Communal Waters”. It originated in the Incan period, and was organized considering the intensity of rain and the needs of every family, based on equity and reciprocity. Bolivia confronts the two cultures of water: western and indigenous. The management of water, until 1999 in the hands of SEMAPA, was privatized and entrusted to the American Multinational Bechtel. It was investing to modernize the water network and drainage system and to extend it to the favelas. The loans were guaranteed by the World Bank and as there was no money in the public fund, the tariffs would sustain the reimbursement of the loan, but it was unaffordable by the majority of Bolivians. Soon people rose against the water privatization. In January 2000, a strike paralyzed the country in the name of the right to water; the government reacted harshly, imposing the martial law. The multinational was sent away and the administration belonged to the people. Soon people realized that the problem was not Bechtel or the law on privatization, it had to do with social conflicts, ethnic and economic that are Bolivian. In 2009 the Bolivian changed their constitution, which now proclaims that water is a human right and bans its privatization. Under Morales government the Water Ministry was created in 2006, to integrate the functions of water supply and sanitation.
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Wong, Chi-kwong Patrick, and 黃志光. "Economic changes in rural China." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1995. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B31954509.
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Sarcinelli, Oscar 1979. "Custo efetividade na conservação dos serviços ecossistêmicos : estudo de caso no Sistema Produtor de Água Cantareira." [s.n.], 2015. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/286544.
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Orientador: Ademar Ribeiro Romeiro<br>Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-27T02:34:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1
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Previous issue date: 2015<br>Resumo: O Sistema Produtor de Água Cantareira, um dos maiores sistemas de abastecimento de água para consumo humano do mundo, passa pela maior crise de capacidade de provisão de água em sua história. Especialistas apontam para o maior período de estiagem das últimas décadas como principal justificativa para esta situação. Entretanto, em um contexto de mudanças climáticas, como vem sendo alertado pela comunidade técnica internacional, é possível que esta situação permaneça por mais algum tempo e que volte a se repetir num futuro próximo. Desta forma, estratégias de conservação ambiental que tenham como objetivo a conservação dos serviços ecossistêmicos relacionados à regulação e provisão de recursos hídricos tornam-se prioridade para esta região. Esta investigação tem como objetivo principal identificar o cenário em que práticas direcionadas à conservação destes serviços ecossistêmicos dentro da área de drenagem do Sistema Produtor de Água Cantareira são adotas de forma mais custo-efetiva, ou seja, são capazes de ajudar na garantia da provisão de recursos hídricos ao menor custo possível. Para alcançar o objetivo a que se propõe, a presente investigação se apoia em uma das principais hipóteses da economia ecológica a qual considera que, para se alcançar a conservação dos serviços ecossistêmicos torna-se fundamental a conservação das estruturas que formam os ecossistemas naturais e os agroecossistemas manejados pelo homem. Desta forma, a investigação procede com uma análise dos impactos ambientais decorrentes do uso e ocupação atual do solo na região Cantareira para propor práticas conservacionistas que podem ampliar a resiliência ecológica das bacias hidrográficas que formam este Sistema e que, ao mesmo tempo, são compatíveis com a realidade socioeconômica da região. Os resultados obtidos para alguns indicadores ecológicos utilizados como referência para a conservação dos recursos hídricos demonstram que o cenário conservacionista mais custo-efetivo destinado à conservação dos recursos hídricos na região do Sistema Cantareira pode ser alcançado a partir da melhoria na cobertura vegetal do solo nas áreas atualmente ocupadas com pastagens. A atividade pecuária ocupa atualmente cerca de 40% das terras nesta região. Desta forma, os efeitos ecológicos esperados a partir de um programa de incentivos econômicos direcionados a promover melhoria das pastagens teria o potencial de reduzir em até 30% o total de sedimentos que anualmente são depositados nos rios, córregos e reservatórios que formam o Sistema Cantareira<br>Abstract: The Cantareira Water Supply System is one of the most important water supply systems for human consumption in the world. This system is currently passing through its biggest crisis of water supply capacity in its history. Experts are appointing to the largest dry season in decades as the main reason for this situation. In a context of climate change, as the international society has been appointing, the possibility of this critic situation still remains for a long time and happen again in the near future is strong. In this situation environmental conservation programs directed to conserve ecosystem services related to the regulation and provision of water resources becomes priority for this region. This research has an objective to identify the scenario in which practices involving the conservation of these ecosystem services into the Cantareira water supply system are more cost-effective. In this scenario conservation practices are able to ensure water provision at the lowest cost possible. To achieve this goal the investigation uses one of the main hypotheses of ecological economics which considers that the conservation of ecosystem services can be achieved conserving ecological structures that support natural ecosystems and the agro-ecosystems managed by humans. The investigation proceeds with an analysis of the environmental impacts of current land occupation in the Cantareira region to propose conservation practices that enhance the ecological resilience of watersheds that make up this System and at the same time are in the same direction of the socio-economic reality of the region. The analysis of the private cost for environmental conservation in the region and the results obtained for some ecological indicators analyzed by this investigation showed the more cost-effective scenario can be achieved by improving the ground cover in areas currently occupied with pastures. Livestock grazing occupies 40% of all land in the region. Thus the ecological effects expected from economic incentives directed to improve pastures has the potential to reduce 30% of the sediments that annually are deposited in rivers, streams, springs and reservoirs that sustain the Cantareira System and contributing to water provision security in this region<br>Doutorado<br>Desenvolvimento Economico, Espaço e Meio Ambiente<br>Doutor em Desenvolvimento Economico
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Vigier, Adrien. "Essays on economic and social networks." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.609482.
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Simon, Scott 1965. "Economics of the Tao : social and economic dimensions of a Taoist monastery." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=68136.
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Most studies of monasticism have concentrated on the religious discourse of asceticism as a withdrawal from the secular world. Based on three months of field research in a Taoist monastery at a holy mountain in Wenzhou, China, however, this thesis describes the close relationship between the monastery and the local society and economy. Social and economic factors influence the decisions of individuals to become monks or nuns. Through networks of lay disciples, the monastery maintains close social links to society. Furthermore, the monastery is intricately tied to the economy as a provider of ritual and tourist services. It is hoped that this thesis will contribute to a better understanding of the place of religious institutions in rural Chinese society.