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1
Latov, Iu. "An Economic Theory of Crime and Punishment." Problems of Economic Transition 43, no. 4 (August 1, 2000): 6–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.2753/pet1061-199143046.
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Andresen, Martin A. "Location Quotients, Ambient Populations, and the Spatial Analysis of Crime in Vancouver, Canada." Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space 39, no. 10 (October 2007): 2423–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/a38187.
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This paper uses the location quotient, a common measurement from economic geography and regional economics, to capture the specialization of criminal activity in Vancouver, Canada. Location quotients have barely been introduced into criminological research, yet they provide additional insight into crime analysis not available using crime counts and crime rates. The location quotients for automotive theft, break and enter, and violent crimes are mapped for Vancouver, Canada, and tested using social disorganization and routine activity theory as a theoretical framework. Strong support is found for these theories to predict specialization in criminal activity by interpreting their expectations in the context of crime-specific attractors.
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Московцев, Александр, and Алексей Копылов. "CRIMINOGENIC DETERMINANTS OF ECONOMIC CRIME: THEORY AND PRACTICE." Криминологический журнал Байкальского государственного университета экономики и права, no. 4 (2014): 162–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/1996-7756.2014.8(4).162-174.
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Neanidis, Kyriakos C., and Vea Papadopoulou. "Crime, fertility, and economic growth: Theory and evidence." Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization 91 (July 2013): 101–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jebo.2013.04.007.
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Tsurikov, A., and V. Tsurikov. "The Economic Approach to the Analysis of Acquisitive Crimes." Voprosy Ekonomiki, no. 1 (January 20, 2007): 45–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32609/0042-8736-2007-1-45-54.
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The article analyzes the efficiency of various forms of punishment for acquisitive crimes in the light of the economic theory of crime proposed by G. S. Becker. The authors consider Russian legislation in this context and argue for the preference of the fine sanctions over the imprisonment.
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Melissa, Aldisa, Sukanda Husin, and Aria Zurnetti. "Crime of Illegal Fishing in Indonesian Exclusive Economic Zone in the Perspective of Economic Crime." International Journal of Multicultural and Multireligious Understanding 6, no. 3 (July 12, 2019): 683. http://dx.doi.org/10.18415/ijmmu.v6i3.884.
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The losses arising from illegal fishing in Indonesian EEZ are IDR 101,040,000,000. Economic losses related to fisheries resources are a form of violation in the economic field so that it can be included in terms of crime in the economic field. The problems raised in this study include what are the legal consequences of the crime of illegal fishing in Indonesia’s exclusive economic zone and how it is viewed from an economic crime perspective. This study applies a normative juridical method by reviewing the relevant legal materials of legislation and theories to the results of the research as the following: 1) fishing in the area of the Exclusive Economic Zone, based on jurisdictional theory, can be regulated by the Indonesian state as a sovereign coastal country where the regulation is strictly in accordance with Article 5 of the Indonesian Exclusive Economic Zone Law; moreover, if the obligation to have a Fishing Approval Letter (SIPI) and a Fish-Carrier Ship Approval Letter (SIKPI) is violated, violators will be subject to punishment in accordance with Articles 93, 94 and 94A of Law No. 45 of 2009, 2) losses incurred as a result of the crime of illegal fishing in the Exclusive Economic Zone can be detrimental to the country’s economy in the field of fisheries resources; so, according to the theory of economic approaches and broad economic crime definitions, the crime of illegal fishing in EEZ Indonesia is part of economic crime.
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Shestak, Victor, and Vladimir Doroshkov. "Modern Approaches in the Theory of Economic Crime Prevention: Spanish Experience." Russian Journal of Criminology 14, no. 3 (June 30, 2020): 379–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-4255.2020.14(3).379-386.
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The authors explore the theoretical difficulties of developing the most effective ways to prevent economic crime. The practical significance of the results of the study is based on a thorough analysis of the work of Spanish lawyers. The authors have proposed the most effective and time-tested methods of crime prevention in the economic sector. The initial goal of the study is to provide specific recommendations (based on the experience of criminological theories in Spain) on developing the most effective measures to prevent economic crime. The Spanish doctrine itself believes the current stage of criminological science development to be quite a good opportunity to reconsider some criminological theories on this topic. In particular, the aim of such an approach is mainly to develop specific ways so as to prevent economic crime. The basic postulates of psychological theories, aimed at explaining the etiology of economic crime, are being discussed in the following article, despite the crisis they are currently going through and the criticism towards them for a certain share of their ideologization and their desire to reduce the phenomenon of economic crime to some individual pathological traits of a personality. Sociological theories that have a solid ground, but do not allow us to understand the origins of criminal behavior in the economy at the whole scale, are also being analyzed in this work.
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Saed, Hasan A. S., and Haider S. Aref. "Criminal Responsibility for The Crime of Administrative, Financial Corruption and the Crime of Money Laundering." Academic Journal of Nawroz University 9, no. 2 (August 28, 2020): 291. http://dx.doi.org/10.25007/ajnu.v9n2a844.
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When we talk about economic crime, we mean the economic world as a special environment for the emergence and growth of crime. There is no doubt that the world of economy has developed with the development of civilization in the industrial renaissance, where the industrial inventions that brought the development of civilization to progress and growth and then reached the modern renaissance the revolution of technology, satellite and computer and its uses, and thus emerged other types of economic crimes that were not known before and do not necessarily accompanied by violence, but it appeared that the perpetrators of these crimes of different quality destroy the theory of “Lombroso” we have seen criminals of another model, the most luxurious of white collar and smarter than the most serious criminals we have read or encountered in our lives. Wars and crises have helped to develop the economic penal law, especially the First World War. During this war, some of the activities directed against the system of food grain supply and the crisis known by the world beginning in (1929) has also recorded the important impact on the development of economic sanctions law, economic sanctions law by nature aims to protect economic policy and the appearance of this policy legislation economic development, which is issued by the state. Therefore, the definition of economic law is one of the most important and necessary issues to define the economic penal law. Perhaps the most prominent field in this development is the field of economic relations. The law and the economy are two types of law of the society and the modern state can no longer overlook the interference in the economy even if economic freedom has been inspired as a fundamental principle and the relationship of economic crime to economic science. Economic crime is an integral part of the economy and therefore economic irregularities are not considered a form of deviation but are rooted in economics himself and the market is considered the primary responsibility for illegal actions and the term economic law can be raised in all societies, regardless of the degree of development.Regardless of how the organization of its economic activity because it is linked to a normal relationship is the relationship of law to the economy, a relationship of cooperation between two branches of social sciences (law in the service of economy) and (economy in the service of law) for example, require legal regulation or the inevitable outcome of the presence of monopolistic centers and consequently the retreat of free competition and economy is in the service of the law when it helps to understand the forensic systems and to clarify their reality and to clarify the change in the application may reach to the point of emptying it of its content, despite the fact that its text and its external frame remain stable and stable.This study is intended to examine the most important and most serious types of economic crimes such as administrative and financial corruption and money laundering. These crimes constitute a danger to national and international security through the alliances of organized crime gangs and terrorist gangs.
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Cameron, Samuel. "Killing for Money and the Economic Theory of Crime." Review of Social Economy 72, no. 1 (October 9, 2013): 28–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00346764.2013.845336.
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Blackburn, Keith, Kyriakos C. Neanidis, and Maria Paola Rana. "A theory of organized crime, corruption and economic growth." Economic Theory Bulletin 5, no. 2 (April 5, 2017): 227–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40505-017-0116-5.
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Korsell, Lars. "A Theory of Selection in the Response to Economic Crime." Monatsschrift für Kriminologie und Strafrechtsreform 90, no. 2-3 (June 1, 2007): 140–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/mks-2007-902-307.
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Miceli, Thomas J. "On proportionality of punishments and the economic theory of crime." European Journal of Law and Economics 46, no. 3 (January 13, 2016): 303–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10657-016-9524-5.
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Chamlin, Mitchell B., and Robert H. Langworthy. "The police, crime, and economic theory: A replication and extension." American Journal of Criminal Justice 20, no. 2 (March 1996): 165–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02886924.
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Chaharborj, Fatemeh Seddighi, Babak Pourghahramani, and Sarkhosh Seddighi Chaharborj. "A dynamic economic model of criminal activity in the criminal law." International Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences 6, no. 4 (September 20, 2017): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijbas.v6i4.7969.
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Poverty and crime are two major problem areas. The economic theory of crime shows a direct correlation between poverty and crime. In this study, we propose a model that shows the correlation between poverty and crime. Then we obtain the dynamic system of the proposed model. In the next step, we will compute the reproductive number by finding the maximum eigenvalue of Jacobian matrix to study of stability and un-stability of the presented model.
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Ruggiero, Vincenzo. "Hypotheses on the causes of financial crime." Journal of Financial Crime 27, no. 1 (December 19, 2019): 245–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfc-02-2019-0021.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the aftermath of the 2006-07 financial crisis and attempts to identify a range of causes that were responsible for it and are likely to trigger similar events in the future. The analytical tradition established by the study of white-collar crime provides the background for such an examination, which avails itself of some conceptualisations derived from classical economic thought. Design/methodology/approach Explanations of financial crime can resort to general theories based on allegedly universal values. They can posit the existence of criminaloids, namely, individuals who indulge in illegal practices, or ‘honest fraud’, while not deeming themselves culpable. Anomie and control theory in criminology have highlighted how the causes of financial crime are associated with general criminogenic contexts or with individual propensities or mindsets. This paper adds to the existing perspectives a number of variables that can provide a more nuanced picture of financial crimes. Findings This paper attempts to identify a range of discrete variables that can be termed interstitial in the sense that they can accompany a variety of theoretical hypotheses, locate themselves in the space left in between the different approaches while providing supplementary analytical foci. Ignorance, entitlement, reverse Keynesianism, recklessness, efficiency and the finance curse may offer additional angles from which the causation of financial crime can be observed. Sociological and criminological arguments, in this paper, are interspersed with notions derived from classical economics. Originality/value The originality of this contribution is to be found in its use of different theoretical traditions, establishing a dialogue between social theory, criminology and economic thought.
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Ljujic, Vanja, Jan Willem van Prooijen, and Frank Weerman. "Beyond the crime-terror nexus: socio-economic status, violent crimes and terrorism." Journal of Criminological Research, Policy and Practice 3, no. 3 (September 18, 2017): 158–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jcrpp-02-2017-0010.
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Purpose The literature on terrorism suggests a strong link between criminal offending and terrorism – the crime-terror nexus. Building upon a strain theory perspective, the purpose of this paper is to suggest that devalued socio-economic status (i.e. limited education and unemployment) and criminal past define the pool of people from which violent and terror offenders may be recruited. Design/methodology/approach The current study compares three sources of data on educational and employment characteristics of violent and terror offenders: Dutch statistical data (CBS) including the Police Recognition System (HKS) on violent criminals, the findings on jihadist networks and the open access on European terrorists. Findings The majority of Dutch violent offenders, foreign fighters and European terrorists have only completed secondary school (or lower) and were unemployed in the year of offending. Half of recent European terrorists had previously been involved in violent crimes and/or had joined jihadi groups abroad. Research limitations/implications One limitation of the study concerns the exploratory use of secondary and open-access data. While it was impossible to establish causality with the current methodology, these findings highlight the background conditions under which violent and terrorist crime can originate, and suggest one of the mechanisms that shapes the crime-terror nexus. Future research would benefit from more work identifying the causal antecedents to terrorism. Practical implications Whether relative deprivation is a direct cause or merely an amplifying factor in criminal motivation needs to be scrutinized in future research. However, its consideration may have great implications for policy and law enforcement agencies. Social implications An individual’s desire to improve status and personal significance by the virtue of illegal activity may be particularly salient in the context of cultural polarization, which manifests as decreased trust and loyalty toward national laws and institutions. Parallel to preventive and security measures, it may be worthwhile to encourage multicultural associations and community networks in support of mutual (interethnic and interreligious) understanding. Originality/value The paper explores one of the oldest factors that has been suspected of leading to terrorism in lack of economic or educational opportunity. However, the paper also offers a new perspective on how these factors may relate to participation in terrorism. Rather than claiming these factors directly cause terrorism, the authors take a strain theory perspective to argue that these strains induce fewer opportunities to engage in terrorism and provide individuals with the skills/strength to resist de-radicalization or counter-radicalization.
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Panchenko, O. H. "CLASSIFICATION OF CRIME OBJECTS IN THE CONCEPTUAL POSITIONS OF THE THEORY OF STATE AND LAW." Actual problems of native jurisprudence, no. 4 (August 30, 2019): 22–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/391905.
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The article examines the specifics of the philosophical and legal classification of crime in the conceptual positions of the theory of state and law. The categorical classification of the objects of the crime system as structured vertically and structured horizontally, which allowed distribution of crimes directly, kind, generic, general, was analyzed. It is shown that the general object of the crime is traditionally in the conceptual positions of the theory of state and law called the whole set of social relations, which are protected by criminal law. The generic object of the crime is a certain circle of homogeneous economic, social, political content of social relations, which, for some reason, should be protected by a single set of legal norms. It is made general that the specific object of a crime is a set of social relations within the generic object, which reflect the same interest of the participants in such relations or express though the nonidentical, but closely interrelated interests. The direct object of the crime is those specifically social relations, set by the legislator under the protection of a certain legal norm. It is shown that structured horizontal objects of crime are distributed directly to the main and directly additional. It is traced that under the direct object of the crime is understood those social relations, the violation of which is the social content of the crime and for the protection of which there is a legal norm, which implies responsibility for the commission of the crime. Under the direct additional object of the crime are those social relations, the encroachment on which does not constitute the content of the crime, but the commission of such a crime is always caused damage. It is concluded that the study of the concept of crime within the conceptual concepts of the theory of state and law is justified by the subject of its study. The fundamental questions in this context arose the problem of what exactly is the legal facts, which, depending on the result, can be classified categorically into legal, lawful, and law-stopping. It is proved that the most important is the distribution of legal facts by their individual connection with the participants in the legal relationship. Thus, according to the categorical regularity of concepts of the theory of state and law, wrongful actions are divided, first, into offenses, that is, crimes and misdemeanors; and secondly, on objectively unlawful acts.
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Bibik, O. "Category of guilt in criminal law: economic approach." Law Enforcement Review 2, no. 4 (December 28, 2018): 98–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.24147/2542-1514.2018.2(4).98-105.
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The subject of the paper is guilt as criminal legal category.The main aim of the paper is to confirm or disprove the hypothesis that there is a need for risk management in order to prevent crime.The description of methodology. The author uses economic approach and the theory of rational choice as well as the dialectic and formal-legal methodology.The main results and scope of their application. The greater the probability of socially dangerous consequences of actions, the greater the risk, the greater the degree of guilt of the subject and the degree of danger of the crime. In criminalization the risks should be optimally distributed between the state (installs criminal prohibitions) and the citizens (complying with those prohibitions), as well as between the potential offender and the victim. It is necessary to quantify the risk of socially dangerous consequences (for example, as a percentage) for each form of guilt. This will make it possible to streamline and develop forms of guilt, to correlate specific types of guilt with specific crimes in terms of the risks that the crime carries. New forms of guilt, in particular criminal ignorance, need to be introduced. Unlike negligence, which is difficult to control, ignorance, as well as competence, can be fully controlled. It is necessary to take into account the guilt of the victim, who by his behavior contributed to the crime. If the victim has not taken all precautions ( the more provoked the offender) - he must share the overall result, bear the risk of socially dangerous consequences. If there is a violation of the rules of conduct by the offender and the victim, the court should have the right to substantially mitigate the punishment or to refuse to apply it at all, taking into account the nature and extent of the violations committed by each party. For example, with regard to crimes of minor gravity when the victim provoking a crime, failure to take precautions should provide for mandatory exemption from criminal liability with compensation for harm in civil law. Premeditated intent seriously complicates the disclosure of crimes. This intent should be seen as a basis for more severe sanctions. The results of research may be used as the basis of correction of the criminal legislation.It is concluded that any form of guilt in any legal system is based on an assessment of the risks of negative consequences.
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Mills, Colleen E. "A Common Target: Anti-Jewish Hate Crime in New York City Communities, 1995-2010." Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 57, no. 6 (February 6, 2020): 643–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022427820902832.
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Objectives: There is a growing body of macro-level studies examining hate crime. These studies however largely focus on ethnoracial hate crime, leading to a relative dearth of research investigating the etiology of anti-Jewish hate crime. The current study seeks to fill this gap by conducting a community-level analysis of anti-Jewish hate crime in New York City. Methods: Using data from the New York Police Department’s Hate Crimes Task Force, the current study employs a series of negative binomial regressions to investigate the impact of defended neighborhoods, social disorganization, and strain variables on anti-Jewish hate crime. Results: The results show that defended neighborhoods consistently predict higher levels of anti-Jewish hate crime in White, Black, and non-White neighborhoods even when accounting for social disorganization and strain variables. Results also demonstrate that anti-Jewish crime occurs in communities that are more socially organized and with better economic conditions. Conclusions: This study’s findings reveal Jewish victims to be a catchall target when a minority group increasingly moves into a majority area. These defended neighborhoods, and other findings have intriguing implications for both criminology’s social disorganization theory and the police and others charged with combatting bias crimes.
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Aghazadeh, Alireza, Mohammadali Ardebili, Mohammad Ashouri, and Mohammadali Mahdavisabet. "Organized Smuggling of Goods in the Criminal Law of Iran and Turkey." Journal of Politics and Law 10, no. 5 (October 18, 2017): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v10n5p24.
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Smuggling of goods, known as one of the most obvious instances of economic crimes, has done irreversible harms to the economic systems of countries through placing obstacles in the way of productive investment, undermining healthy competitions in business, and finally forming and expanding underground and hidden economies. Creating the areas of money laundering and committing transnationally organized crimes, smuggling jeopardizes the economic and political security of countries seriously. On the other hand, committing smuggling crimes in groups has led to the expansion and intensification of such actions and made it quite difficult for the criminal justice systems to identify and deal with them. Organized crimes, which are among more evolved forms of group crimes, influence different areas of society because such crimes are compulsorily accompanied by the prevalence of bureaucratic and financial corruption. In addition, such crimes have negative impacts on the cultures of societies. Based on the proportionality of crimes, punishments, and distributive justice and the theory of punishment, criminal policy makers, therefore, have considered the quality of committing smuggling crime, such as organization, in order to effectively deal with this phenomenon in different countries. They have also showed differentiating and strict reactions to this type of crime. The aim of the current study was to investigate the theoretical concepts and foundations of organized smuggling of goods in Iran and Turkey. It was also intended to study the legal approaches adopted by these countries to this type of crime along with the similarities and differences of their legal systems.
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Adekoya, Adenuga Fabian, and Nor Azam Abdul Razak. "The Link Between Economic Growth, Crime and Deterrence Measures in Nigeria." Studia Universitatis „Vasile Goldis” Arad – Economics Series 26, no. 4 (November 1, 2016): 24–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/sues-2016-0017.
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Abstract The level of crime in Nigeria has become devastating and in order to put more sanity into the economy and the country at large, the Government has embarked on different deterrence measures in curbing crime. Thus, this study examined the interaction of deterrence measures with crime in order to see how economic growth was affected when they were used in curbing crime at different instances. That is, the interaction of deterrence measures with crime informed us how they have helped in lowering crime in Nigeria for a better economic growth to subsist. The deterrence measures considered in this work are in line with the rational choice theory being the cost of crime imposed on the society. Furthermore, this study considered data from 1975 to 2013 with the use of autoregressive distributed lag model. Moreover, the results showed that crime dependency on deterrence measures asymmetrically constituted means of lowering economic growth in the country. Hence, this study suggested that prosecution should be well funded and in order to curb crime and improve economic growth in Nigeria. That is, this would afford the country to reduce the congestion of prison inmates and thus, it would discourage long waiting trials.
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Berk, Richard A., Peter Schmidt, and Ann D. Witte. "An Economic Analysis of Crime and Justice: Theory, Methods, and Applications." Contemporary Sociology 14, no. 5 (September 1985): 590. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2069522.
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Hoffman, Joan. "Legal responsiveness: a contribution to a structural theory of economic crime." International Journal of Social Economics 30, no. 3 (March 2003): 255–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/03068290310460152.
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McPheters, Lee R. "An economic analysis of crime and justice: Theory, methods and applications." Journal of Criminal Justice 14, no. 2 (January 1986): 186–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0047-2352(86)90067-x.
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Emery, Anthony, and Michael Watson. "Organizations and environmental crime." Managerial Auditing Journal 19, no. 6 (August 1, 2004): 741–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/02686900410543868.
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Examines the emergence of environmental legislation and the response of organizations. Most legal academics have attempted to explain these responses in the context of rational choice theory, using an economic framework such as the rational polluter model. Argues that whilst the rational polluter model offers a partial explanation of organizations’ behaviour in response to environmental legislation, it does not explain why the majority of organizations are law abiding. Examines work on legitimacy theory, and by drawing on that work and placing it in the context of case law, suggests that it offers a better explanatory framework.
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Fisunenko, Nadiya, Pavlo Tkachenko, and Albina Kuzmenko. "Criminological characteristics of the manifestations of the shadow economy." Naukovyy Visnyk Dnipropetrovs'kogo Derzhavnogo Universytetu Vnutrishnikh Sprav 3, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 232–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.31733/2078-3566-2020-3-232-239.
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The article analyzes the features of the criminological characteristics of the manifestations of the shadow economy. The essence of the concept of “shadow economy” and its characteristic are investigated. As a result, it turned out that the shadow economy is one of the biggest obstacles to the development of the country's competitiveness, the growth of social standards of living of the population and integration into the European community. It is a reflection of the active criminalization of economic processes, the high corruption of state authorities and the low legal and tax culture of legal entities and individuals. The study found that the shadow economy gives rise to economic crime, which is harming the economic interests of the state and citizens protected by law, through theft, economic and mercenary official crimes. Statistical data of the General Prosecutor's Office of Ukraine for recent years are analyzed. Based on the results, it is established that a tendency towards an increase in the severity of economic crimes is observed in the country. Analysis of crimes in the field of economic activity (by types of economic crimes) indicates an increase in tax evasion, misuse of budget funds, etc. So, criminological studies indicate the growing urgency of economic crime in the country. Criminological theory is investigated, persons who commit economic crimes, their relationship between men and women and areas of professional activity are examined and characterized. According to the results of the study, it was found that in the structure of economic crimes, a third are attacks against property, and almost half are criminal acts using official powers. The urgent issue is the prevention of economic crimes, effective and more specific are criminological preventive measures, which include the performance by the relevant authorities of inspections for the implementation of commodity-money transactions by business entities, it is advisable to use budgetary funds, legally conduct operational search activities in in order to counter the legalization (laundering) of proceeds from crime, and more. Only with strict observance of all procedural rules and the rule of law, is it possible to overcome the country's shadow economy.
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Stacey, Michele. "Adapting Minority Group Threat to Examine the Social Control of Sexual Orientation Bias." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 33, no. 20 (February 24, 2016): 3079–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260516633687.
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Blalock proposed that the threat of a minority group toward a majority in sheer size, economic competition, or power will result in an increase in discrimination toward that group. His original formulation of this theory of minority group threat, and its subsequent extensions, has focused almost exclusively on racial minority–majority relationships; however, Blalock asserted that his theory would apply to any minority–majority group relationship. Extensions to religious groups have shown this is likely the case. The current analysis assesses a further extension of minority group threat by reframing the arguments of the theory and adding two additional sources of threat to examine sexual orientation bias. Data from the Uniform Crime Reports Hate Crime Statistics program are used to assess whether the minority group threat hypotheses explain the reporting of sexual orientation bias crimes. The findings indicate that the original formulation of Blalock’s theory does not suffice to explain the reporting of anti–Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual bias crime, but the proposed extensions may explain some of this variation.
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Kramer, Ronald C., Raymond J. Michalowski, and David Kauzlarich. "The Origins and Development of the Concept and Theory of State-Corporate Crime." Crime & Delinquency 48, no. 2 (April 2002): 263–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128702048002005.
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The important contributions made by Richard Quinney to the study of corporate crime and the sociology of law, crime, and justice have influenced the development of the concept of state-corporate crime. This concept has been advanced to examine how corporations and governments intersect to produce social harm. State-corporate crime is defined as criminal acts that occur when one or more institutions of political governance pursue a goal in direct cooperation with one or more institutions of economic production and distribution. The creation of this concept has directed attention to a neglected form of organizational crime and inspired numerous empirical studies and theoretical refinements.
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Adekoya, Adenuga Fabian, and Nor Azam Abdul Razak. "The Dynamic Relationship between Crime and Economic Growth in Nigeria." International Journal of Management and Economics 53, no. 1 (March 1, 2017): 47–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijme-2017-0004.
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Abstract Crime is a major impediment to economic growth and development in Nigeria despite measures taken to reduce it. There is, however, currently no major statistical analysis of how crime affects economic growth in that country. This study examines the link between crime and growth based on the theory of rational choice and empirical data. Exogenous and endogenous growth models are employed, and include deterrence variables. The period examined is 1970–2013 and estimation is done using the autoregressive distributed lag model. The results of our study show that crime affects economic growth at a 1% and 10% level of significance. In other words, crime imposes the costs of prosecution and punishment on the citizens and country, which influences the growth of the economy. Given our results, we suggest that police and the system of justice should be strengthened. Indeed, this may be necessary if the development target stated in Nigeria vision 20: 2020 is to be reached.
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Lynch, Michael J., Paul B. Stretesky, and Michael A. Long. "Situational Crime Prevention and the Ecological Regulation of Green Crime: A Review and Discussion." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 679, no. 1 (August 20, 2018): 178–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716218789080.
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Situational crime prevention theory suggests the need for innovative, non-criminal-justice polices to control crime, but that approach has not been widely employed by criminologists addressing the control of environmental crime. Numerous examples of innovative environmental social control practices can be found outside of the criminological literature; but within criminology, such studies have most often been undertaken by conservation criminologists, while green criminologists have undertaken empirical studies illustrating the ineffectiveness of traditional, punitive responses to environmental crime. Here, we briefly review the use of situational crime prevention theory and research by conservation criminologists and provide examples of environmental social control policies used by various nations that are consistent with situational crime prevention arguments. We also note that research and theory in other disciplines suggest that crime is produced by larger structural economic forces, indicating that situational crime prevention alone is likely not sufficient to control environmental crime.
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Melyukhanova, Evgenia E. "ECONOMIC AND MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF CRIMINAL PUNISHMENT." Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta. Pravo, no. 38 (2020): 62–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/22253513/38/7.
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Economic and mathematical modelling is used to solve complex economic problems, one of which is to improve the economic efficiency of state activities in the field of sentencing and execution of criminal sanctions. From an economic point of view, researchers focus their attention primarily on the problem of crime. In this regard, useful from the methodological point of view is the economic-mathematical model of crime as outlined by S.A. Kolesnikov which is based on the offender behaviour model. There are three objects in the economic-mathematical model of crime. The first object is an offender, the second one is a victim possessing some asset attractive to an offender, and the third object in the model is the state which can detain and punish an offender. The author has developed and proposed an economic-mathematical model of criminal punishment. Rationality of state activity in the field of sentencing and execution of punish-ment means that the punishment is imposed and executed only if the expected costs of its imposition and execution are less than the amount of negative consequences resulting from the crime (both tangible and intangible). If criminal behaviour is rational, state activity should also be rational. Moreover, if the criminal acts on his own behalf and personally bears the risks arising from the criminal activity, the state acts on behalf of the entire society and may not be exposed to excessive risks and unreasonable costs in the process of punishment. Therefore the rational criminal activity of citizens must be contrasted with the rational punitive activity of the state. In order to rationalise the punitive activity of the state, an economic-mathematical model of criminal punishment should be developed. If the economic-mathematical model of crime is based on the theory of expected utility, then the economic-mathematical model of criminal punishment should be based on the theory of costs, because state activities involving punishment are inevitably accompanied by certain costs. Moreover, there are negative consequences (both tangible and intangible) that result from the crime, which also constitute a cost to society. In conclusion, the author concludes that the economic-mathematical model of criminal punishment makes it possible to determine the efficiency of the state's activities in prescribing and enforcing punishment, therefore, it can be used in the law enforcement activities of state authorities.
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Daly, Sarah Zukerman, Laura Paler, and Cyrus Samii. "Wartime ties and the social logic of crime." Journal of Peace Research 57, no. 4 (April 22, 2020): 536–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0022343319897098.
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While ex-combatant reintegration is vital to successful transitions from war to peace, some former fighters turn to crime following demobilization. Such criminality undermines the consolidation of political order. Leading theories of crime participation emphasize the role of both individual economic opportunities and factors related to social ties. Yet, we still know little about the social logic of ex-combatant criminality and how social and economic factors relate as drivers of crime participation. This article presents a theory of how wartime social ties – namely, vertical ties to former commanders and horizontal ties to ex-combatant peers – influence ex-combatant crime on their own and via their relationship to economic opportunity costs. We use the theory to derive predictions in the context of Colombia, and then test them with a combination of administrative data and high-quality original survey data. We find that both vertical and horizontal wartime ties are powerful drivers of ex-combatant criminality. Our evidence indicates that wartime ties mitigate the risks of criminal behavior by facilitating the transmission of criminal capabilities and pro-crime social norms. We do not find that economic conditions moderate the effect of wartime times nor do we find any indication that economic opportunity costs, on their own, predict criminality. These findings underscore the importance of wartime ties – both vertical and horizontal – to understanding post-conflict transitions and designing reintegration interventions.
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Kostina, Elena, and Nadezhda Orlova. "Socio-Economic Determinants of Crime in Modern Russian Society." Всероссийский криминологический журнал 12, no. 6 (December 24, 2018): 795–805. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-4255.2018.12(6).795-805.
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The authors research the criminal situation in the conditions of globalization, reproduction of social risks, crisis and dominance of economic processes over all spheres of social and private life. The goal of the paper is to evaluate the actual degree of criminogenity of most important social institutions in modern Russia from the standpoint of the anomie theory of E. Durkheim, its interpretation by R. Merton and of the institutional anomie theory of S. Messner and R. Rosenfeld. They highlight changes in traditional non-economic social institutions and the actualization of conditions causing social stratification according to the «inclusion/exclusion» criterion, which act as a basis for the development of systemic deviantization factors. At the same time, the authors stress that the research of objective social processes should go hand-in-hand with the research of the subjective component, namely, social attitudes aimed at the assessment and the degree of interiorization, declared and often imposed and viewed as meaningful incentives for reaching objectives. This research uses the method of analyzing the secondary data of public surveys, it analyzes statistical data, including various socio-economic, demographic and other indices as well as the questionnaire method. In order to predict the situation in the sphere of studying criminal behavior, the authors suggest paying attention to the processes of de-commoditization, which act as a basis for reducing the imbalance in how a person perceives his/her position in society; they also suggest taking into consideration the negative impact of economic aspects on the cultural and moral principles of the society.
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Inshakova, Agnessa, Marina Goncharova, Tamara Makarenko, and Alexander Goncharov. "Conversion of Cashless Money into Banknotes as a Type of Economic Crime." Russian Journal of Criminology 13, no. 4 (August 23, 2019): 595–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.17150/2500-4255.2019.13(4).595-603.
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The conversion of cashless money into banknotes is described as a type of economic crime. It is proven that such acts should not be qualified as illegal entrepreneurship or illegal banking. The authors examine the elements of these economic crimes. They suggest changing the title of Art. 171 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. They also analyze formal elements of the crime under Art. 172 of the CC of the RF and prove that it has a special category of offender. It is argued that there are no grounds to view the conversion of cashless money into cash as a mock transaction because it is a mistake to think that the transaction does not lead to any legal consequences. The authors show that there is a number of legal facts arising after the conversion of cashless money into banknotes which constitute an actual fictitious deal, although it is not named in legislation. The research is based on the analysis of mainly Russian sources — research publications in legal and economic journals. Besides, the authors have critically assessed the positions of Western legal scholars and economists published in such journals as Journal of Financial Crime, Journal of Economic Surveys, Criminal Justice and Behavior, Journal of Business Ethics, Theory and Decision, Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization. As for the empirical part, they have studied the Decrees of the Plenary Sessions of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation in 2004 and 2015. Based on the scientific analysis of the constituent elements of the crime of evading taxes, duties, insurance premiums by an organization, the authors argue that the conversion of cashless money into banknotes is carried out by the leaders of commercial organizations with the goal of this criminal evasion. The crime is committed by a group of persons having conspired, as a rule, on a large scale, and is initiated by the head of a commercial company.
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Weatherburn, Don, Bronwyn Lind, and Simon Ku. "The Short-Run Effects of Economic Adversity on Property Crime: An Australian Case Study." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 34, no. 2 (August 2001): 134–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000486580103400203.
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Criminological theory has historically assumed that economic adversity increases crime rates because it increases the motivation to offend. This assumption appears supported in cross-sectional studies of the relationship between economic adversity and crime but time series studies have generally produced much less consistent results. Attempts to resolve this anomaly without abandoning the motivational hypothesis have met with mixed success. The purpose of this paper is to test the motivational assumption using monthly data drawn from a period during which a severe recession occurred. The results of the study do not support the motivational assumption. Alternative explanations of the aggregate-level relationship between economic adversity and property crime are canvassed.
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Ashtalkoska-Baloska, Tatijana, and Aleksandra Srbinovska-Doncevski. "PROHIBITION TO EXERCISE PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES AS A MODERN APPROACH OF CRIMINAL JUSTICE PROTECTION OF ECONOMIC CRIME." Knowledge International Journal 26, no. 6 (March 18, 2019): 1783–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.35120/kij26061783a.
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The increase of certain forms of crime, their transformation, as well as the creation of new forms of crime, unknown to the theory and practice until now, which it connects or uses the exercise of certain legal activity for the realization of property benefits, independently or in organized groups, contributes to the introduction of new, but also a revitalization of existing sanctions, that should enable the combating of these forms of crime, but also to be a message to others that crime is not paid. Hence, in the fight against organized crime, first of all economic crime, today, more attention turns to prohibition to exersice professional activities, as a punishments or punitive sanctions and other measures that should contribute to removing the motive for committing the criminal offense, alone or in combination with other penal sanctions and measures. The attention of this paper will be directed, precisely in the analysis of the characteristics, the effects and the role of these penal sanctions in the criminal justice protection of economic crime.
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Wood, Mark A., Briony Anderson, and Imogen Richards. "Breaking Down the Pseudo-Pacification Process: Eight Critiques of Ultra-Realist Crime Causation Theory." British Journal of Criminology 60, no. 3 (November 3, 2019): 642–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjc/azz069.
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Abstract This paper critically examines ultra-realist criminology’s two central crime causation theories: the breakdown of the pseudo-pacification process and special liberty. We identify a number of shortcomings in these theories pertaining to (1) their explanation of gender-related disparities in criminal offending; (2) their explanation of violence reduction through Freudian notions of drives, libidinal energy, and sublimation; and (3) their explication of crime as an expression of capitalist values. Fundamentally, we suggest that in treating political economy as the underlying source of all causative power in society, both theories engage in what Margaret Archer terms ‘downwards conflationism’. To this end, ultra-realism offers what we term a ‘direct expression theory of crime’, in which crime is a synecdoche and direct unmediated expression of political-economic conditions alone. Drawing on Margaret Archer’s realist social theory, we conclude by sketching out several potential principles of an ‘indirect expression theory’ that avoid the shortcomings of ultra-realism in explaining the complicated relationship between political economy and crime.
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DeFronzo, James. "Economic Frustration and Sexual Assault in Large American Cities." Psychological Reports 70, no. 3 (June 1992): 897–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1992.70.3.897.
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Frustration-Aggression Theory suggests that alleviating economically generated frustration can reduce violent crime. The present multivariate analysis suggested differences in the amount of welfare assistance to the poor had a relatively strong negative relationship to the variation in reported rates of sexual assault among 142 large American cities.
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Klevorick, Alvtn K. "The Economic Theory of Crime and the Problems of a Society in Transition." International Journal of the Economics of Business 2, no. 2 (July 1995): 345–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/758519318.
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Goda, Thomas, and Alejandro Torres García. "Inequality and Property Crime: Does Absolute Inequality Matter?" International Criminal Justice Review 29, no. 2 (September 18, 2018): 121–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1057567718799829.
Full textAbstract:
Economic crime models and the social strain theory argue that income inequality can foster property crime, yet empirical studies do not provide strong support for this relationship across countries. An important limitation of these studies is that they only consider relative inequality measures and omit absolute ones. Absolute inequality can have a crime-inducing effect for two main reasons: First, the potential monetary returns from crime can be expected to depend on the interaction between relative income inequality and mean income. Second, higher levels of absolute inequality imply that the economic elite can capture institutions in ways that can make them dysfunctional for society as a whole. This article finds that, in contrast to relative inequality, absolute inequality is a robust and statistically significant determinant of violent property crime rates for a sample of up to 59 developed and developing countries.
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Kuzmin, Yury A. "THEORETICAL ASPECTS OF CRIME PREVENTION." Oeconomia et Jus, no. 3 (September 28, 2020): 40–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.47026/2499-9636-2020-3-40-47.
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The problem of criminality prevention is being updated. The relevance of issues related to crime prevention as the main factor of criminality prevention in general is substantiated. The essence of criminality prevention is in implementation of the law's educational function. Its mission is not in punishment, but in fostering anti-criminal cogitative-behavioral “in-stincts” of a personality. Criminality prevention should be based on certain universally rec-ognized international and national principles aimed at decriminalizing the identity of poten-tial criminals. Crime theory is a whole system of modern scientific knowledge, forms and methods (historical, socio-political, psychological, medical, legal, economic, etc.). The urgency of the research is caused by the fact that in the conditions of the Russian re-ality criminality is the most serious form of a social disease, in the “treatment” of which there are no universal and final remedies. There are only means to stabilize it, to minimize, to reduce it, etc. It is really utopian to remain on its complete eradication by state-legal means. However, the latter is very relevant for society, the state, the citizen. The problem of criminality prevention is notable for its complex and multifaceted character. Therefore, the state has applied and is now applying all available civilized means of its social and legal control. Effective criminality prevention requires improved law en-forcement activities, namely, focusing on identifying, researching, analyzing the main as-pects of criminality prevention, as well as on characterization and evaluation of the crim-inality prevention system in modern conditions, taking into account domestic and foreign experience. Various methods for prevention of crimes and offenses are analyzed. Criminality preven-tion must be understood as a specific direction in the state activity to affect the causal set of illegal behavior and conditions conducive to it, which results in the reduction, stabilization, quantitative reduction and qualitative mitigation of crime.
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Sutton, Adam. "Crime Prevention: Promise or Threat?" Australian & New Zealand Journal of Criminology 27, no. 1 (June 1994): 5–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000486589402700103.
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In many Western countries, traditional criminal justice responses to crime are being questioned. Crime prevention has been endorsed as a policy objective by a range of governments including Australia's, with most States and Territories implementing programs. The paper summarises approaches to prevention and reviews promises and threats these developments pose. Promises include less divisive and ‘exclusionary’ modes of social control, and greater policy relevance for criminology. Threats include the possibility that organising social initiatives around crime prevention themes may detract attention from underlying structural issues, and that techniques of opportunity reduction and surveillance will extend social control and accelerate the ‘privatising’ of safety and security. The paper acknowledges the relevance of these critiques to current practice in Australia. However it argues that problems are due to political and economic pressures rather than to flaws in prevention theory itself. Criminologists should insist that prevention programs and strategies be located within the context of critical social theory.
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Zaluar, Alba. "Sociability in crime. Culture, form of life or ethos?" Vibrant: Virtual Brazilian Anthropology 11, no. 2 (December 2014): 12–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1809-43412014000200001.
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This article discusses how primary social bonds, which constitute sociability, or the lifeworld, or day-to-day experience of what is taken for granted, are influenced, dominated or even colonized by economic and politico-institutional systems. It focuses on how the theory of transnational network-organized crime is important to understand the lives of the poorest young inhabitants of the favelas of Rio de Janeiro. It explores the politico-economic associations and cultural interpenetrations between professionalized crime and local politics; the connections between illegal and legal commerce, the transitions between deviance and the conventional world; the links between the economic system, with the power structure that accompanies illicit activity, and the lifeworld of small vendors, their families and neighbours.
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Stassen, Richard, and Vania Ceccato. "Environmental and Wildlife Crime in Sweden from 2000 to 2017." Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice 36, no. 3 (June 17, 2020): 403–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1043986220927123.
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This study combines police records with newspaper articles (media archives) to report the nature and trends of environmental and wildlife crime (EWC) in Sweden from 2000 to 2017. Geographic information systems (GIS) and spatial statistical techniques are used to implement a temporal and spatial analysis of EWC in Swedish municipalities, which are split into three types: urban, accessible rural, and remote rural. Findings show that following the 2006 legal reform that increased possibilities for prosecuting EWC, the number of both police-recorded cases and newspaper articles increased and eventually stabilized. They also show that although the majority of EWCs are minor crimes, particularly in urban municipalities, many of the more serious crimes show chronic temporal and spatial patterns in more rural and remote areas. The persistence of certain serious crimes over time is interpreted as an indication that the costs of breaking environmental law are low relative to economic gains. Then, drawing from criminological theory, the article finishes by discussing implications to research and policy.
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Piscitelli, Anthony, and Sean Doherty. "The social disorganization of intimate partner violence." Journal of Community Safety and Well-Being 4, no. 2 (August 12, 2019): 37–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.35502/jcswb.94.
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Recently, scholars have begun to recognize new theoretical connections between geography and intimate partner violence (IPV). One such theory is social disorganization theory (SDT). According to SDT, crime in communities can primarily be explained as a consequence of economic disadvantage, insufficient informal social control, lack of collective efficacy, and family breakdown. SDT is typically used in the context of property crime and public violence. This article reviews this evolving literature, proposing a unique and comprehensive concept map offering insights into how neighbourhood dynamics influence IPV.
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DeKeseredy, Walter S., and Martin D. Schwartz. "Friedman economic policies, social exclusion, and crime: toward a gendered left realist subcultural theory." Crime, Law and Social Change 54, no. 2 (August 3, 2010): 159–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10611-010-9251-8.
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Bun, Maurice J. G., Richard Kelaher, Vasilis Sarafidis, and Don Weatherburn. "Crime, deterrence and punishment revisited." Empirical Economics 59, no. 5 (September 10, 2019): 2303–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00181-019-01758-6.
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Abstract Despite an abundance of empirical evidence on crime spanning over 40 years, there exists no consensus on the impact of the criminal justice system on crime activity. We construct a new panel data set that contains all relevant variables prescribed by economic theory. Our identification strategy allows for a feedback relationship between crime and deterrence variables, and it controls for omitted variables and measurement error. We deviate from the majority of the literature in that we specify a dynamic model, which captures the essential feature of habit formation and persistence in aggregate behaviour. Our results show that the criminal justice system exerts a large influence on crime activity. Increasing the risk of apprehension and conviction is more influential in reducing crime than raising the expected severity of punishment.
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Gottschalk, Petter. "Filling the Gap in White-Collar Crime Detection Between Government and Governance: The Role of Investigative Journalists and Fraud Examiners." Journal of White Collar and Corporate Crime 2, no. 1 (May 29, 2020): 36–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2631309x20925818.
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This article suggests that investigative journalists in the media and fraud examiners in private investigations have the potential of filling some of the detection gap. Based on the theory of crime signal detection, this article suggests that investigative journalists are in the position of detecting white-collar crime scandals as they rely on tips and whistleblowing. Empirical evidence from Norway documents that the media disclose a significant fraction of crime stories that later result in prosecution and conviction of white-collar offenders. Empirical evidence from Norway does not document any contribution from fraud examiners in private policing of economic crime, as they typically conclude with misconduct, but no crime, often to the satisfaction of their clients.
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Sainchin, Oleksandr. "Theory and History Development of Criminal Investigations abroad." Naukovyy Visnyk Dnipropetrovs'kogo Derzhavnogo Universytetu Vnutrishnikh Sprav 2, no. 2 (June 3, 2020): 235–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.31733/2078-3566-2020-2-235-241.
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In the conditions of formation and development of new socio-economic relations, reformation of legislative state structures, executive and judicial power, the task of creating a legal basis for law strengthening and the law enforcement activity improving arises. The legal sciences should develop and form the statehood and lawfulness legal basis of law-enforcement activity, aimed to reliable protection of constitutional rights and legitimate interests of citizens, public formations and state structures of Ukraine. Criminalistics equips law enforcement officers with effective methods and means of detecting and investigating crimes, which promotes the principle of the inevitability of punishment, the objective use of criminal law and preventive influence. Recently, Ukraine has been paying special attention to the law enforcement agencies activities improving and strengthening the scientific and technical base for combating crime in general, and organized in particular. The current level of criminalistics science and the scientific and technical potential of the natural and technical sciences, allowing prosecutors, internal affairs, security and court authorities to prevent, suspend and investigate very complex crimes, thereby contributing to the solution of one of the main tasks – strengthening law and order in Ukraine . Criminalistics science is a legal science that has emerged in the criminal process depths in the last century as a set of technical means and tactical techniques, as well as ways of using them for disclosure and investigation. The article further investigates the problems of criminalistics theory and history in some countries of Europe, USA, and England. The overall purpose of this analysis is to investigate how the development of criminalistics outside our country, their problems, and most importantly, to reach a conclusion about the need for restructuring (or sufficiency) of criminalistics methods and expert research system. The study deals exclusively with the theory and history of scientific knowledge development in criminalistics outside our country, to identify the positive features of its modern development and extrap-olation to the conditions of our science, which serves as a specific tool in investigating crimes and identi-fying the perpetrators. In the next study, it is planned to offer a discussion among scholars and practitioners involved in crime investigations about the contemporary achievements possible implementation of our criminalistics colleagues abroad.
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Bulmer, Martin. "Problems of Theory and Measurement." Journal of Public Policy 9, no. 4 (October 1989): 407–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0143814x00008254.
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Social indicators have not fulfilled their promise, or at least have not lived up to the expectations held of them in the late 1950s and 1960s. Despite the continued growth of social statistics, produced both by governments and other organisations, the aim of producing precise, concise and evaluatively neutral measures of the state of society and of change in society has apparently eluded some of the best minds of the social science and governmental statistics communities. Whereas a wide range of economic indicators and data are readily available, if not without their problems (cf. Johnson, 1988), and integrated into the concepts of economic theory, standard measures of crime, health, well-being, education and many other social characteristics have proven much more difficult to construct and establish as standard yardsticks of social conditions. This note considers some of the reasons for these difficulties. It relates specifically to the aspiration to construct social indicators, not to social statistics more generally (as reviewed in, for example, Carley, 1981).