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Journal articles on the topic 'Economic declines'

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Published: 3 June 2025

Last updated: 31 July 2025

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1

Mirowsky, John, and Catherine E. Ross. "Economic Hardship Declines with Age." American Sociological Review 64, no. 4 (1999): 577–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000312249906400407.

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2

Banker, Rajiv D., Shunlan Fang, and Mihir N. Mehta. "Anomalous Operating Performance During Economic Slowdowns." Journal of Management Accounting Research 32, no. 2 (2019): 57–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2308/jmar-52547.

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ABSTRACT Operating performance is an important and widely used measure for evaluating firms. This paper documents that, contrary to the common belief, firms experiencing sales declines during economic slowdowns exhibit higher operating margins than firms experiencing sales declines during normal periods. This anomalous behavior results from (1) a decrease in costs of goods sold overall during economic slowdowns and (2) an additional reduction in SG&A costs other than expenditures that could affect the competitiveness (i.e., R&D and advertising) of sales-down firms. The relatively highe

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3

Mirowsky, John, and Catherine E. Ross. "Economic Hardship across the Life Course." American Sociological Review 64, no. 4 (1999): 548–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000312249906400405.

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We test two hypotheses about the relationship between age and reported difficulty paying bills or buying things the family needs, such as food, clothing, medicine, and medical care. The affluence-trajectory hypothesis follows from age-group differences in income, income per capita, and official poverty, suggesting that economic hardship declines in successively older age groups up to late middle age but then rises. The adequacy-gradient hypothesis follows from research suggesting a progressively favorable balance of resources relative to needs in successively older age groups, suggesting that

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4

Davis, Steven J., and James A. Kahn. "Interpreting the Great Moderation: Changes in the Volatility of Economic Activity at the Macro and Micro Levels." Journal of Economic Perspectives 22, no. 4 (2008): 155–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.22.4.155.

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Most advanced economies have experienced a striking decline in the volatility of aggregate economic activity since the early 1980s. Volatility reductions are evident for output and employment at the aggregate level and across most industrial sectors and expenditure categories. Inflation and inflation volatility have also declined dramatically. Previous studies offer several potential explanations for this “Great Moderation.” We review evidence on the Great Moderation in conjunction with evidence about volatility trends at the micro level. We combine the two types of evidence to develop a tenta

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5

Black, Nicole, Angela Jackson, and David W. Johnston. "Whose mental health declines during economic downturns?" Health Economics 31, no. 1 (2021): 250–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hec.4449.

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6

Anderson, Kym. "On Why Agriculture Declines with Economic Growth." Agricultural Economics 1, no. 3 (1987): 195–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1574-0862.1987.tb00020.x.

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7

Bauer, Dana Marie, and Ian Sue Wing. "Economic Consequences of Pollinator Declines: A Synthesis." Agricultural and Resource Economics Review 39, no. 3 (2010): 368–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1068280500007371.

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This paper surveys the literature on pollinator declines and related concerns regarding global food security. Methods for valuing the economic risks associated with pollinator declines are also reviewed. A computable general equilibrium (CGE) approach is introduced to assess the effects of a global catastrophic loss of pollinators. There appears to be evidence supporting a trend towards future pollinator shortages in the United States and other regions of the world. Results from the CGE model show economic risks to both direct crop sectors and indirect noncrop sectors in the economy, with some

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8

Anderson, K. "On why agriculture declines with economic growth." Agricultural Economics 1, no. 3 (1987): 195–207. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-5150(87)90001-6.

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9

Caldwell, John C., and Bruce K. Caldwell. "Asia’s Demographic Transition." Asian Development Review 15, no. 01 (1997): 52–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0116110597000031.

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At the end of the Second World War, it was uncertain whether Asia would follow Western countries in experiencing a demographic transition, due to its low per capita incomes, apart from Japan. Unexpectedly, most of Asia experienced unprecedented steep mortality declines from 1945 and accounted disproportionately for the so-called global “population explosion”. The movement toward long-term equilibrium began with fertility declines starting in the 1960s. These were produced by both socioeconomic change and strong national family planning programs. Population growth rates declined from 1970, and

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10

Ogada, Darcy L., Felicia Keesing, and Munir Z. Virani. "Dropping dead: causes and consequences of vulture population declines worldwide." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1249, no. 1 (2012): 57–71. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13412933.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Vultures are nature's most successful scavengers, and they provide an array of ecological, economic, and cultural services. As the only known obligate scavengers, vultures are uniquely adapted to a scavenging lifestyle. Vultures' unique adaptations include soaring flight, keen eyesight, and extremely low pH levels in their stomachs. Presently, 14 of 23 (61%) vulture species worldwide are threatened with extinction, and the most rapid declines have occurred in the vulturerich regions of Asia and Africa. The reasons for the population declines a

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Ogada, Darcy L., Felicia Keesing, and Munir Z. Virani. "Dropping dead: causes and consequences of vulture population declines worldwide." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1249, no. 1 (2012): 57–71. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13412933.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Vultures are nature's most successful scavengers, and they provide an array of ecological, economic, and cultural services. As the only known obligate scavengers, vultures are uniquely adapted to a scavenging lifestyle. Vultures' unique adaptations include soaring flight, keen eyesight, and extremely low pH levels in their stomachs. Presently, 14 of 23 (61%) vulture species worldwide are threatened with extinction, and the most rapid declines have occurred in the vulturerich regions of Asia and Africa. The reasons for the population declines a

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Ogada, Darcy L., Felicia Keesing, and Munir Z. Virani. "Dropping dead: causes and consequences of vulture population declines worldwide." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1249, no. 1 (2012): 57–71. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13412933.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Vultures are nature's most successful scavengers, and they provide an array of ecological, economic, and cultural services. As the only known obligate scavengers, vultures are uniquely adapted to a scavenging lifestyle. Vultures' unique adaptations include soaring flight, keen eyesight, and extremely low pH levels in their stomachs. Presently, 14 of 23 (61%) vulture species worldwide are threatened with extinction, and the most rapid declines have occurred in the vulturerich regions of Asia and Africa. The reasons for the population declines a

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13

Ogada, Darcy L., Felicia Keesing, and Munir Z. Virani. "Dropping dead: causes and consequences of vulture population declines worldwide." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1249, no. 1 (2012): 57–71. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13412933.

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Abstract:

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Vultures are nature's most successful scavengers, and they provide an array of ecological, economic, and cultural services. As the only known obligate scavengers, vultures are uniquely adapted to a scavenging lifestyle. Vultures' unique adaptations include soaring flight, keen eyesight, and extremely low pH levels in their stomachs. Presently, 14 of 23 (61%) vulture species worldwide are threatened with extinction, and the most rapid declines have occurred in the vulturerich regions of Asia and Africa. The reasons for the population declines a

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14

Ogada, Darcy L., Felicia Keesing, and Munir Z. Virani. "Dropping dead: causes and consequences of vulture population declines worldwide." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1249, no. 1 (2012): 57–71. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13412933.

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Abstract:

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Vultures are nature's most successful scavengers, and they provide an array of ecological, economic, and cultural services. As the only known obligate scavengers, vultures are uniquely adapted to a scavenging lifestyle. Vultures' unique adaptations include soaring flight, keen eyesight, and extremely low pH levels in their stomachs. Presently, 14 of 23 (61%) vulture species worldwide are threatened with extinction, and the most rapid declines have occurred in the vulturerich regions of Asia and Africa. The reasons for the population declines a

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15

Ogada, Darcy L., Felicia Keesing, and Munir Z. Virani. "Dropping dead: causes and consequences of vulture population declines worldwide." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 1249, no. 1 (2012): 57–71. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13412933.

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Abstract:

(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Vultures are nature's most successful scavengers, and they provide an array of ecological, economic, and cultural services. As the only known obligate scavengers, vultures are uniquely adapted to a scavenging lifestyle. Vultures' unique adaptations include soaring flight, keen eyesight, and extremely low pH levels in their stomachs. Presently, 14 of 23 (61%) vulture species worldwide are threatened with extinction, and the most rapid declines have occurred in the vulturerich regions of Asia and Africa. The reasons for the population declines a

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16

Mammen, Kristin, and Christina Paxson. "Women's Work and Economic Development." Journal of Economic Perspectives 14, no. 4 (2000): 141–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.14.4.141.

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Using a cross-country dataset and microdata from India and Thailand, we examine how women's work status changes with economic development. Several clear patterns emerge: women's labor force participation first declines and then rises with development; women move from work in family enterprises to work as paid employees; fertility declines; and gender gaps in education narrow. Women's education levels, and those of their spouses, appear to be important determinants of women's labor market activities. Broad welfare indicators, such as mortality rates and education levels, indicate that women's w

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17

Ibert, Markus, Ben Knox, and Francisco Vazquez-Grande. "Are Stocks Pricing in Recession Risks? Evidence from Dividend Futures." FEDS Notes, no. 2022-08-18 (August 2022): None. http://dx.doi.org/10.17016/2380-7172.3176.

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Since the beginning of this year, broad equity price indexes around the world have declined significantly. In interpreting the declines, market commentaries have highlighted the risks to the economic outlook in the United States and other advanced economies.

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18

Nugent, David, and Monsurur Rahman. "Possible Effects Of Government Action To Curb Global Warming On Stock Market Performance." Journal of Business & Economics Research (JBER) 12, no. 3 (2014): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jber.v12i3.8734.

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In recent years the stock market has experienced two steep declines. Between March 23, 2000 and October 9, 2002, the S & P 500 index fell from 1,527.35 to 776.76. After rising to an intraday high of 1,576.09 on October 11, 2007, the S & P 500 index fell to 676.53 on March 9, 2009 (GSPC Historical Prices S&P 500 Stock). Although the stock market has recovered in the years since, the double decline may make investors wonder if the stock market will decline again and what might cause any future decline. Finance theory (Block, 2010) suggests that corporate stock value is affected by in

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19

Wu, Ruiyu. "Research on the Development Mechanism and Economic Impact of China's Robot Industry and Manufacturing Industry." Advances in Economics and Management Research 12, no. 1 (2024): 320. https://doi.org/10.56028/aemr.12.1.320.2024.

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In recent years, China's demographic dividend has declined and the aging of the population has deepened. As the labor force declines, socioeconomic growth is bound to suffer. The rapid development of industrial robots in recent years has brought hope to China's economy. This paper uses PEST model and other data to study the impact of China's industrial robots on China's manufacturing industry and even China's economy, as well as the support and acceptance of the Chinese government and society for the robot industry. In addition, this paper also studies the technological progress of China's ind

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20

Gunderson, Ryan, Diana Stuart, and Brian Petersen. "The political economy of amphibian declines." Reptiles & Amphibians 32, no. 1 (2025): e21692. https://doi.org/10.17161/randa.v32i1.21692.

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Recent conservation research stresses the importance of examining economic growth as an underlyingdriver of biodiversity loss. With exceptions, herpetological research on the causes of amphibian declines, endangerments,and extinction risks tends to focus on proximate rather than underlying drivers. This paper connects proximatecauses of amphibian declines to structural attributes of modern societies, specifically a growth-dependent economic system.Amphibian declines caused by habitat modification, climate change, contaminants, and commercial use are all inpart driven by “the treadmill of produ

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21

Bloom, Bernard S., and Urs Gessner. "Long-Term Technology Assessment: Mortality, Hospitalization, and Work Loss Due to Peptic Ulcer and Gastritis/Duodenitis in the Federal Republic of Germany." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 5, no. 2 (1989): 215–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266462300006449.

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Once the effects of short-term data analysis of new medical technology appear clear, additional or long-term analyses are infrequently performed on subsequent information. This often leads to incomplete understanding of the technology's full medical, social, and economic effects.Available data for the Federal Republic of Germany on mortality, hospitalization, and work loss due to gastric and duodenal ulcer and gastritis/duodenitis allowed long-term analysis of direct and indirect impacts on the population from 1975 through 1984. Mortality rates declined for all ages (ρ ≤ 0.01) except for those

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22

Wheeler, Erin, Bill Golden, Jeffrey Johnson, and Jeffrey Peterson. "Economic Efficiency of Short-Term Versus Long-Term Water Rights Buyouts." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 40, no. 2 (2008): 493–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800023786.

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Because of the decline of the Ogallala Aquifer, water districts, regional water managers, and state water officers are becoming increasingly interested in conservation policies. This study evaluates both short-term and long-term water rights buyout policies. This research develops dynamic production functions for the major crops in the Texas Panhandle. The production functions are incorporated into optimal temporal allocation models that project annual producer behavior, crop choices, water use, and aquifer declines over 60 years. Results suggest that long-term buyouts may be more economically

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23

Lynch, Laurel. "The crucial role of scavengers in ecosystem health." Open Access Government 40, no. 1 (2023): 434–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.56367/oag-040-11111.

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The crucial role of scavengers in ecosystem health Animal scavengers’ role in maintaining ecosystem balance is often overlooked. Dr Laurel Lynch from the University of Idaho tells us about her important research on how scavenging by Tasmanian devils influences ecosystem processes. Declines in biodiversity threaten the function of ecosystems worldwide. Species populations have declined by ~68% globally since 1970, and humans and their livestock now account for ~97% of Earth’s biomass. Declines of top predators and scavengers are of particular concern because their loss can have devastating impa

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Tamura, Robert, and Curtis Simon. "SECULAR FERTILITY DECLINES, BABY BOOMS, AND ECONOMIC GROWTH: INTERNATIONAL EVIDENCE." Macroeconomic Dynamics 21, no. 7 (2017): 1601–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100515001017.

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We present a model capable of explaining 200 years of declining fertility, 200 years of rising educational achievement, and a significant baby boom for the United States and twenty other industrialized market countries. We highlight the importance of secularly declining young adult mortality risk for producing secularly declining fertility and a sudden decline in housing costs after the end of the Second World War, but ending by 1970. In addition, we introduce a new puzzle for the profession: Given the magnitude of the Baby Boom, roughly equal to fertility in 1900 for many of these countries,

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Mirowsky, John, and Catherine E. Ross. "Economic Hardship Declines with Age: Reply to Hardy & Hazelrigg." American Sociological Review 64, no. 4 (1999): 577. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2657257.

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26

Steinbacher, Mitja, and Timotej Jagrič. "Interbank rules during economic declines: Can banks safeguard capital base?" Journal of Economic Interaction and Coordination 15, no. 2 (2018): 471–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11403-018-0228-5.

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Snow, S., C. Skedgel, D. Rayson, et al. "Adjuvant trastuzumab for breast cancer outside of clinical trials: Cardiotoxicity and economic evaluation." Journal of Clinical Oncology 27, no. 15_suppl (2009): 6585. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2009.27.15_suppl.6585.

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6585 Background: Clinical and economic evaluations of adjuvant trastuzumab (aTZ) in breast cancer (BC) are based on clinical trial outcomes. Population based studies however provide unique opportunities to examine outcomes in a real world setting. We previously examined aTZ uptake in all patients diagnosed with stage I-III BC over one year in Nova Scotia, Canada (Snow et al SABCS 2007). We now report cardiotoxic events (CE) and an economic evaluation based on our previous cohort. Methods: A retrospective chart review of all patients treated with aTZ was conducted to abstract clinical-pathologi

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Giles, John, Albert Park, and Fang Cai. "How has Economic Restructuring Affected China's Urban Workers?" China Quarterly 185 (March 2006): 61–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0305741006000051.

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Using data from the China Urban Labour Survey conducted in five large Chinese cities at year end 2001, we quantify the nature and magnitude of shocks to employment and worker benefits during the period of economic restructuring from 1996 to 2001, and evaluate the extent to which adversely affected urban workers had access to public and private assistance. Employment shocks were large and widespread, and were particularly hard on older workers and women. During the period of economic restructuring, unemployment reached double figures in all sample cities and labour force participation declined

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Prettner, Klaus. "A NOTE ON THE IMPLICATIONS OF AUTOMATION FOR ECONOMIC GROWTH AND THE LABOR SHARE." Macroeconomic Dynamics 23, no. 3 (2017): 1294–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1365100517000098.

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We introduce automation into a standard model of capital accumulation and show that (i) there is the possibility of perpetual growth, even in the absence of technological progress; (ii) the long-run economic growth rate declines with population growth, which is consistent with the available empirical evidence; (iii) there is a unique share of savings diverted to automation that maximizes long-run growth; and (iv) automation explains around 14% of the observed decline of the labor share over the last decades in the United States.

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Chase-Dunn, Christopher, Andrew K. Jorgenson, Thomas E. Reifer, and Shoon Lio. "The Trajectory of the United States in the World-System: A Quantitative Reflection." Sociological Perspectives 48, no. 2 (2005): 233–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/sop.2005.48.2.233.

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Using improved estimates of world and country GDPs, population, and GDP per capita published by Angus Maddison (2001), we report findings of a quantitative study of the trajectory of the United States in world historical perspective. We compare the U.S. economic hegemony of the twentieth century with the seventeenth-century Dutch hegemony and the British hegemony of the nineteenth century. We also track the trajectories of challengers and discuss the future of hegemonic rivalry and global governance. Our findings support the existence of a sequence of hegemonic rises and declines. Despite a re

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Sandhu, Harpinder, Benjamin Waterhouse, Stephane Boyer, and Steve Wratten. "Scarcity of ecosystem services: an experimental manipulation of declining pollination rates and its economic consequences for agriculture." PeerJ 4 (July 5, 2016): e2099. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.2099.

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Ecosystem services (ES) such as pollination are vital for the continuous supply of food to a growing human population, but the decline in populations of insect pollinators worldwide poses a threat to food and nutritional security. Using a pollinator (honeybee) exclusion approach, we evaluated the impact of pollinator scarcity on production in four brassica fields, two producing hybrid seeds and two producing open-pollinated ones. There was a clear reduction in seed yield as pollination rates declined. Open-pollinated crops produced significantly higher yields than did the hybrid ones at all po

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Meurs, Mieke, Juna Miluka, and Tom Hertz. "Declining Secondary Enrollment in Albania: What Drives Household Decisions?" Carl Beck Papers in Russian and East European Studies, no. 2003 (January 1, 2009): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.5195/cbp.2009.148.

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Many post-socialist countries have seen a decline in school enrollments, especially at the secondary level, and declines in average school attainment (Hertz, Meurs and Selcuk, 2009). The declines in enrollment rates may be temporary, but the effects may persist across generations, given the generally high correlation between parent and child educational outcomes.In this paper, we examine secondary schooling dynamics in Albania, where enrollment declines have occurred. We examine both demand- and supply-side factors which might underlie household-level enrollment decisions. Using Living Standar

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Leopold, Thomas, and Florian Schulz. "Health and Housework in Later Life: A Longitudinal Study of Retired Couples." Journals of Gerontology: Series B 75, no. 1 (2018): 184–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geronb/gby015.

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Abstract Objectives To examine how changes in wives’ and husbands’ health influenced housework time and domestic outsourcing in retired couples. Method We estimated fixed-effects models to test hypotheses about the gendered influence of health declines on absolute and relative measures of time spent on routine and nonroutine housework as well as the probability of outsourcing housework. The data were obtained from 23 waves of the German Socio-Economic Panel Study, comprising N = 25,119 annual observations of N = 3,889 retired couples aged 60–85 years. Results Wives’ and husbands’ housework tim

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Ezeh, Alex C., Blessing U. Mberu, and Jacques O. Emina. "Stall in fertility decline in Eastern African countries: regional analysis of patterns, determinants and implications." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences 364, no. 1532 (2009): 2991–3007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2009.0166.

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We use data from the Demographic and Health Surveys to examine the patterns of stall in fertility decline in four Eastern African countries. Contrary to patterns of fertility transition in Africa that cut across various socio-economic and geographical groups within countries, we find strong selectivity of fertility stall across different groups and regions in all four countries. In both Kenya and Tanzania where fertility decline has stalled at the national level, it continued to decline among the most educated women and in some regions. While fertility has remained at pre-transition level in U

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Goldman, Abe. "Pest and Disease Hazards and Sustainability in African Agriculture." Experimental Agriculture 32, no. 2 (1996): 199–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700026107.

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SUMMARYSurveys of the relationship between pests and diseases and crop sustainability in several areas of Kenya, Nigeria, and other regions of Africa indicate that the production of numerous crops has declined sharply as a result of major pest and disease outbreaks, and others are threatened with major decline because of a surge in virulence of an endemic pest or disease, the introduction of a virulent exotic pest or pathogen, or because a system of control used previously has collapsed. Many of the crops that have declined were already experiencing reduced economic demand. In other cases, cro

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Bems, Rudolfs. "Economic Consequences of Large Extraction Declines: Lessons for the Green Transition." IMF Working Papers 2023, no. 097 (2023): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5089/9798400241123.001.

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37

Fahey, Tony. "Housework, the Household Economy and Economic Development in Ireland since the 1920s." Irish Journal of Sociology 2, no. 1 (1992): 42–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/079160359200200103.

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This paper proposes a concept of the household economy which incorporates housework as a productive activity, and on the basis of that concept re-examines the thesis that the household economy declines during economic development. It looks in particular at Irish evidence for the period 1926–86, as well as at secondary evidence for international trends. The analysis suggests that, although certain segments of the household economy have declined, the services production element identified with modern housework remains a major user of labour and source of output and shows surprising durability as

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Ruggerone, Gregory T., and Brendan M. Connors. "Productivity and life history of sockeye salmon in relation to competition with pink and sockeye salmon in the North Pacific Ocean." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 72, no. 6 (2015): 818–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjfas-2014-0134.

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Sockeye salmon (Oncorhynchus nerka) populations from Southeast Alaska through British Columbia to Washington State have experienced similar declines in productivity over the past two decades, leading to economic and ecosystem concerns. Because the declines have spanned a wide geographic area, the primary mechanisms driving them likely operate at a large, multiregional scale at sea. However, identification of such mechanisms has remained elusive. Using hierarchical models of stock–recruitment dynamics, we tested the hypothesis that competition between pink (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) and sockeye s

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Fuglie, Keith O., and Thomas S. Walker. "Economic Incentives and Resource Allocation in U.S. Public and Private Plant Breeding." Journal of Agricultural and Applied Economics 33, no. 3 (2001): 459–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1074070800020939.

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AbstractPrivate investment in plant breeding has been increasing while public plant breeding has stagnated or declined. Moreover, research investment among crop commodities is uneven. Using a comprehensive survey of U.S. plant breeders from 1994, we use a simultaneous equations model to examine incentives and public-private tradeoffs in plant breeding research among 84 crop commodities. Allocation of private breeders among crops is strongly influenced by market size, hybrid seed technology, and ease of breeding improvement. In general, the allocation of public breeders does not appear to “crow

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Giglio, Stefano, Matteo Maggiori, Johannes Stroebel, and Stephen Utkus. "The joint dynamics of investor beliefs and trading during the COVID-19 crash." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 118, no. 4 (2021): e2010316118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2010316118.

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We analyze how investor expectations about economic growth and stock returns changed during the February−March 2020 stock market crash induced by the COVID-19 pandemic, as well as during the subsequent partial stock market recovery. We surveyed retail investors who are clients of Vanguard at three points in time: 1) on February 11–12, around the all-time stock market high, 2) on March 11–12, after the stock market had collapsed by over 20%, and 3) on April 16–17, after the market had rallied 25% from its lowest point. Following the crash, the average investor turned more pessimistic about the

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Roos, Patricia A., and Barbara F. Reskin. "Occupational Desegregation in the 1970s: Integration and Economic Equity?" Sociological Perspectives 35, no. 1 (1992): 69–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1389369.

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During the 1970s, women made dramatic inroads into a select number of traditionally male occupations. Although media pundits touted women's gains as dramatic, there is reason to suspect whether these inroads actually represent progress for women. Using a queuing perspective, we examine whether women's gains represent genuine integration, ghettoization, or resegregation, and whether women gained economically from occupational feminization. Case studies of fourteen occupations that became feminized during the 1970s reveal that women's occupational and economic progress relative to men was disapp

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Adedokun, Adeniyi J., Olabusuyi R. Falayi, Francis O. Adeyemi, and Terver T. Kumeka. "Global Economic Uncertainties and Exchange Rate Management in Africa: A Panel Study." Acta Universitatis Sapientiae, Economics and Business 10, no. 1 (2022): 161–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/auseb-2022-0010.

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Abstract This study investigates the effects of global economic uncertainties on exchange rate management in Africa from 1990 to 2021. Employing the quantile regression technique, findings show that both global and domestic economic uncertainties have significant influence on exchange rate management in Africa. The intensity of global economic uncertainty rises during the bearish and transitional markets, but dependence declines during the bullish markets. Moreover, the relationship between domestic uncertainty and African exchange rate management shows that the structure of dependence improve

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McConnell, Thomas Eric, Curtis L. VanderSchaaf, and Shaun M. Tanger. "Potential Changes to Louisiana Hardwood Timber Industry Economic Contributions Following Emerald Ash Borer (EAB) Invasion: An Input–Output Approach." Journal of Economic Entomology 112, no. 6 (2019): 2751–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jee/toz212.

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Abstract The emerald ash borer (EAB) Agrilus planipennis (Fairmaire, Coleoptera: Buprestidae) will have untold impacts on the contributions hardwood timber products provide Louisiana’s economy. We modeled a scenario where ash mortality was assumed to follow a PERT-Beta distribution to kill essentially all Louisiana ash within 25 yr. Future ash mortality volumes were discounted to the present and valued using market prices to estimate a present effect on timber receipts. Assuming the dead timber would have otherwise been typical trees of average quality, stumpage was presently valued at US$1.57

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Barnes, Ailidh E., Robert A. Robinson, and James W. Pearce-Higgins. "Collation of a century of soil invertebrate abundance data suggests long-term declines in earthworms but not tipulids." PLOS ONE 18, no. 4 (2023): e0282069. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0282069.

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Large-scale declines in terrestrial insects have been reported over much of Europe and across the world, however, population change assessments of other key invertebrate groups, such as soil invertebrates, have been largely neglected through a lack of available monitoring data. This study collates historic data from previously published studies to assess whether it is possible to infer previously undocumented long-term changes in soil invertebrate abundance. Earthworm and tipulid data were collated from over 100 studies across the UK, spanning almost 100 years. Analyses suggested long-term dec

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Lisiankova, Katerina, and Robert E. Wright. "Demographic Change and the European Union Labour Market." National Institute Economic Review 194 (October 2005): 74–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0027950105061497.

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If current demographic trends continue, the combined population of the twenty-five countries that currently make up the European Union will age rapidly and decline in size in the coming decades. As the EU population ages and declines, so will its labour force, which will likely constrain the labour market and generate lower rates of economic growth. Data from the most recent round of United Nation population projections is used to illustrate the scale of these changes.

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Lin, I.-Fen, and Susan Brown. "THE ECONOMIC CONSEQUENCES OF GRAY DIVORCE FOR WOMEN AND MEN." Innovation in Aging 6, Supplement_1 (2022): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igac059.1171.

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Abstract Surprisingly little is known about the consequences of gray divorce (after age 50) and how women and men fare economically during the aftermath. Using longitudinal data from the 2004-2014 Health and Retirement Study, we estimated hybrid fixed/random effects models comparing women’s and men’s economic well-being prior to, during, and following gray divorce and subsequent repartnering. Women experienced a 45% decline in their standard of living, whereas men’s dropped by just 21%. These declines persisted over time for men, and only reversed for women following repartnering, which essent

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Lichter, Daniel T., Domenico Parisi, and Michael C. Taquino. "Spatial Assimilation in U.S. Cities and Communities? Emerging Patterns of Hispanic Segregation from Blacks and Whites." ANNALS of the American Academy of Political and Social Science 660, no. 1 (2015): 36–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0002716215572995.

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This article provides a geographically inclusive empirical framework for studying changing U.S. patterns of Hispanic segregation. Whether Hispanics have joined the American mainstream depends in part on whether they translate upward mobility into residence patterns that mirror the rest of the nation. Based on block and place data from the 1990–2010 decennial censuses, our results provide evidence of increasing spatial assimilation among Hispanics, both nationally and in new immigrant destinations. Segregation from whites declined across the urban size-of-place hierarchy and in new destinations

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Venter, Zander S., Kristin Aunan, Sourangsu Chowdhury, and Jos Lelieveld. "COVID-19 lockdowns cause global air pollution declines." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 32 (2020): 18984–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2006853117.

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The lockdown response to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has caused an unprecedented reduction in global economic and transport activity. We test the hypothesis that this has reduced tropospheric and ground-level air pollution concentrations, using satellite data and a network of >10,000 air quality stations. After accounting for the effects of meteorological variability, we find declines in the population-weighted concentration of ground-level nitrogen dioxide (NO2: 60% with 95% CI 48 to 72%), and fine particulate matter (PM2.5: 31%; 95% CI: 17 to 45%), with marginal increases in ozone

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Ogada, Darcy, Phil Shaw, Rene L. Beyers, et al. "Another Continental Vulture Crisis: Africa's Vultures Collapsing toward Extinction: African vultures collapsing toward extinction." Conservation Letters 9, no. 2 (2016): 89–97. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13412496.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Vultures provide critical ecosystem services, yet populations of many species have collapsed worldwide. We present the first estimates of a 30-year PanAfrican vulture decline, confirming that declines have occurred on a scale broadly comparable with those seen in Asia, where the ecological, economic, and human costs are already documented. Populations of eight species we assessed had declined by an average of 62%; seven had declined at a rate of 80% or more over three generations. Of these, at least six appear to qualify for uplisting to Criti

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Ogada, Darcy, Phil Shaw, Rene L. Beyers, et al. "Another Continental Vulture Crisis: Africa's Vultures Collapsing toward Extinction: African vultures collapsing toward extinction." Conservation Letters 9, no. 2 (2016): 89–97. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13412496.

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(Uploaded by Plazi for the Bat Literature Project) Vultures provide critical ecosystem services, yet populations of many species have collapsed worldwide. We present the first estimates of a 30-year PanAfrican vulture decline, confirming that declines have occurred on a scale broadly comparable with those seen in Asia, where the ecological, economic, and human costs are already documented. Populations of eight species we assessed had declined by an average of 62%; seven had declined at a rate of 80% or more over three generations. Of these, at least six appear to qualify for uplisting to Criti

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